1
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Wells A. Role of CXCR3 in fibrotic tissue responses. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 152:106311. [PMID: 36195287 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of fibrosis leads to end stage diseases that defy treatments across all organs. This ensues as chronic inflammation is not dampened by physiologic processes that issue in the resolution phase of wound healing. Thus, these conditions can be considered diseases of "failure to heal". In the absence of broadly viable treatments, it is proposed to examine key switches in wound healing resolution to seek insights into novel approaches. Signaling through the GPCR CXCR3 has been shown to be one such critical player in this physiologic transition that limits and even reverses early fibrosis. As such, a number of investigators and early stage technology companies have posited that triggering this signaling network would limit fibrosis. While there are some conflicting results, a consensus is emerging that pharmacologic interventions that promote signaling through this pathway represent innovative ways to limit fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wells
- Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering, and Computational & Systems Biology, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; R&D Service, Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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2
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Black JD, Affandi T, Black AR, Reyland ME. PKCα and PKCδ: Friends and Rivals. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102194. [PMID: 35760100 PMCID: PMC9352922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PKC comprises a large family of serine/threonine kinases that share a requirement for allosteric activation by lipids. While PKC isoforms have significant homology, functional divergence is evident among subfamilies and between individual PKC isoforms within a subfamily. Here, we highlight these differences by comparing the regulation and function of representative PKC isoforms from the conventional (PKCα) and novel (PKCδ) subfamilies. We discuss how unique structural features of PKCα and PKCδ underlie differences in activation and highlight the similar, divergent, and even opposing biological functions of these kinases. We also consider how PKCα and PKCδ can contribute to pathophysiological conditions and discuss challenges to targeting these kinases therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
| | - Trisiani Affandi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
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3
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Chan GK, McGrath JA, Parsons M. Spatial activation of ezrin by epidermal growth factor receptor and focal adhesion kinase co-ordinates epithelial cell migration. Open Biol 2021; 11:210166. [PMID: 34375550 PMCID: PMC8354753 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a critical role in the promotion of epithelial cell proliferation and migration. Previous studies have suggested a cooperative role between EGFR and integrin signalling pathways that enable efficient adhesion and migration but the mechanisms controlling this remain poorly defined. Here, we show that EGFR forms a complex with focal adhesion kinase in epithelial cells. Surprisingly, this complex enhances local Src activity at focal adhesions to promote phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal adaptor protein ezrin at Y478, leading to actomyosin contractility, suppression of focal adhesion dynamics and slower migration. We further demonstrate this regulation of Src is due to the suppression of PTP1B activity. Our data provide new insight into EGF-independent cooperation between EGFR and integrins and suggest transient interactions between these kinases at the leading edge of cells act to spatially control signalling to permit efficient motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace K Chan
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - John A McGrath
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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4
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Savcı Y, Kırbaş OK, Bozkurt BT, Abdik EA, Taşlı PN, Şahin F, Abdik H. Grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles as a promising cell-free therapeutic tool for wound healing. Food Funct 2021; 12:5144-5156. [PMID: 33977960 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02953j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the prevalence of individuals suffering from chronic wounds, developing safe and effective wound care agents are one of the more prominent fields of research in biology. However, wound healing is a complex, multi-stage biological process, involving multiple sequences of biological responses from different types of cells, secreted mediators, and extracellular matrix elements. Plants have a long history of use in the treatment of wounds. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles, which are secreted nano vesicle messengers responsible for intercellular communications, show promise as a new, biotechnological wound-care agent. In this study, we assessed the wound healing potential of extracellular vesicles isolated from grapefruits - a plant with well-known anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. Grapefruit extracellular vesicles (GEVs) increased cell viability and cell migration while reducing intracellular ROS production in a dose-dependent manner in HaCaT cells. Expression of proliferation and migration-related genes were raised by GEV treatment in a dose dependent manner. Additionally, GEV treatment increased the tube formation capabilities of treated HUVEC cells. These findings suggest that GEVs can be used as plant-derived wound healing agents, and have shown potential as a biotechnological agent for wound healing. Further development and study of plant-derived extracellular vesicles may lead to the realization of their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yağız Savcı
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Kaan Kırbaş
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Batuhan Turhan Bozkurt
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Avşar Abdik
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pakize Neslihan Taşlı
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Abdik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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5
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Liu L, He F, Yu Y, Wang Y. Application of FRET Biosensors in Mechanobiology and Mechanopharmacological Screening. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:595497. [PMID: 33240867 PMCID: PMC7680962 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.595497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies have shown that cells can sense and modulate the biomechanical properties of the ECM within their resident microenvironment. Thus, targeting the mechanotransduction signaling pathways provides a promising way for disease intervention. However, how cells perceive these mechanical cues of the microenvironment and transduce them into biochemical signals remains to be answered. Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based biosensors are a powerful tool that can be used in live-cell mechanotransduction imaging and mechanopharmacological drug screening. In this review, we will first introduce FRET principle and FRET biosensors, and then, recent advances on the integration of FRET biosensors and mechanobiology in normal and pathophysiological conditions will be discussed. Furthermore, we will summarize the current applications and limitations of FRET biosensors in high-throughput drug screening and the future improvement of FRET biosensors. In summary, FRET biosensors have provided a powerful tool for mechanobiology studies to advance our understanding of how cells and matrices interact, and the mechanopharmacological screening for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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6
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Rao TC, Ma VPY, Blanchard A, Urner TM, Grandhi S, Salaita K, Mattheyses AL. EGFR activation attenuates the mechanical threshold for integrin tension and focal adhesion formation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238840. [PMID: 32546532 PMCID: PMC7358133 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces, growth factors and the extracellular matrix all play crucial roles in cell adhesion. To understand how epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) impacts the mechanics of adhesion, we employed tension gauge tether (TGT) probes displaying the integrin ligand cRGDfK and quantified integrin tension. EGF exposure significantly increased spread area, cell circularity, integrated integrin tension, mechanical rupture density, radial organization and size of focal adhesions in Cos-7 cells on TGT surfaces. These findings suggest that EGFR regulates integrin tension and the spatial organization of focal adhesions. Additionally, we found that the mechanical tension threshold for outside-in integrin activation is tunable by EGFR. Parallel genetic and pharmacologic strategies demonstrated that these phenotypes are driven by ligand-dependent EGFR signaling. Our results establish a novel mechanism whereby EGFR regulates integrin activation and cell adhesion, providing control over cellular responses to the environment.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Aaron Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tara M Urner
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shreya Grandhi
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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7
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Bordeleau F, Wang W, Simmons A, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA, Reinhart-King CA. Tissue transglutaminase 2 regulates tumor cell tensional homeostasis by increasing contractility. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.231134. [PMID: 31822629 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal tensional cellular homeostasis is now considered a hallmark of cancer. Despite this, the origin of this abnormality remains unclear. In this work, we investigated the role of tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2, also known as TGM2), a protein associated with poor prognosis and increased metastatic potential, and its relationship to the EGF receptor in the regulation of the mechanical state of tumor cells. Remarkably, we observed a TG2-mediated modulation of focal adhesion composition as well as stiffness-induced FAK activation, which was linked with a distinctive increase in cell contractility, in experiments using both pharmacological and shRNA-based approaches. Additionally, the increased contractility could be reproduced in non-malignant cells upon TG2 expression. Moreover, the increased cell contractility mediated by TG2 was largely due to the loss of EGFR-mediated inhibition of cell contractility. These findings establish intracellular TG2 as a regulator of cellular tensional homeostasis and suggest the existence of signaling switches that control the contribution of growth factor receptors in determining the mechanical state of a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Bordeleau
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Alysha Simmons
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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8
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Effects of specific pathogen-free porcine platelet-rich plasma activated by the novel activator ectoine on cell proliferation and biological function. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Yoshida GJ, Azuma A, Miura Y, Orimo A. Activated Fibroblast Program Orchestrates Tumor Initiation and Progression; Molecular Mechanisms and the Associated Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092256. [PMID: 31067787 PMCID: PMC6539414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Neoplastic epithelial cells coexist in carcinomas with various non-neoplastic stromal cells, together creating the tumor microenvironment. There is a growing interest in the cross-talk between tumor cells and stromal fibroblasts referred to as carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are frequently present in human carcinomas. CAF populations extracted from different human carcinomas have been shown to possess the ability to influence the hallmarks of cancer. Indeed, several mechanisms underlying CAF-promoted tumorigenesis are elucidated. Activated fibroblasts in CAFs are characterized as alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts and actin-negative fibroblasts, both of which are competent to support tumor growth and progression. There are, however, heterogeneous CAF populations presumably due to the diverse sources of their progenitors in the tumor-associated stroma. Thus, molecular markers allowing identification of bona fide CAF populations with tumor-promoting traits remain under investigation. CAFs and myofibroblasts in wound healing and fibrosis share biological properties and support epithelial cell growth, not only by remodeling the extracellular matrix, but also by producing numerous growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. Notably, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that anti-fibrosis agents suppress tumor development and progression. In this review, we highlight important tumor-promoting roles of CAFs based on their analogies with wound-derived myofibroblasts and discuss the potential therapeutic strategy targeting CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Arata Azuma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138603, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Miura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138603, Japan.
| | - Akira Orimo
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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10
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Islam SMA, Patel R, Bommareddy RR, Khalid KM, Acevedo-Duncan M. The modulation of actin dynamics via atypical Protein Kinase-C activated Cofilin regulates metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 13:106-120. [PMID: 30417717 PMCID: PMC6527392 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1546513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United States. The exact mechanism of CRC cells metastasis is poorly understood. Actin polymerization is thought to be an initial step in the cancer cell motility cycle which drives the formation of cell protrusions and defines the direction of migration. Cofilin, a significant actin-regulating molecule, regulates the migration of cancer cells by the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, however, little is known about the upstream regulation of cofilin. In this study, the effect of atypical Protein Kinase C (atypical PKC) on Cofilin activity in CRC was studied. This study demonstrates that the atypical PKC inhibition impedes the metastasis of CRC cells by increasing phospho-Cofilin (S3) and changing actin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Anisul Islam
- a Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Rekha Patel
- a Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
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11
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Skeletal muscle fibrosis: an overview. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:575-588. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Wu X, Du J, Song W, Cao M, Chen S, Xia R. Weak power frequency magnetic fields induce microtubule cytoskeleton reorganization depending on the epidermal growth factor receptor and the calcium related signaling. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205569. [PMID: 30312357 PMCID: PMC6185734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that a weak 50 Hz magnetic field (MF) invoked the actin-cytoskeleton, and provoked cell migration at the cell level, probably through activating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) related motility pathways. However, whether the MF also affects the microtubule (MT)-cytoskeleton is still unknown. In this article, we continuously investigate the effects of 0.4 mT, 50 Hz MF on the MT, and try to understand if the MT effects are also associated with the EGFR pathway as the actin-cytoskeleton effects were. Our results strongly suggest that the MF effects are similar to that of EGF stimulation on the MT cytoskeleton, showing that 1) the MF suppressed MT in multiple cell types including PC12 and FL; 2) the MF promoted the clustering of the EGFR at the protein and the cell levels, in a similar way of that EGF did but with higher sensitivity to PD153035 inhibition, and triggered EGFR phosphorylation on sites of Y1173 and S1046/1047; 3) these effects were strongly depending on the Ca2+ signaling through the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) phosphorylation and elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ level. Strong associations were observed between EGFR and the Ca2+ signaling to regulate the MF-induced-reorganization of the cytoskeleton network, via phosphorylating the signaling proteins in the two pathways, including a significant MT protein, tau. These results strongly suggest that the MF activates the overall cytoskeleton in the absence of EGF, through a mechanism related to both the EGFR and the LTCC/Ca2+ signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- Physics Department, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Du
- Physics Department, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weitao Song
- Physics Department, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiping Cao
- Physics Department, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shude Chen
- Physics Department, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruohong Xia
- Physics Department, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Kowtharapu BS, Prakasam RK, Murín R, Koczan D, Stahnke T, Wree A, Jünemann AGM, Stachs O. Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP7) in the Modulation of Corneal Stromal and Epithelial Cell Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051415. [PMID: 29747422 PMCID: PMC5983782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cornea, healing of the wounded avascular surface is an intricate process comprising the involvement of epithelial, stromal and neuronal cell interactions. These interactions result to the release of various growth factors that play prominent roles during corneal wound healing response. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are unique multi-functional potent growth factors of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. Treatment of corneal epithelial cells with substance P and nerve growth factor resulted to an increase in the expression of BMP7 mRNA. Since BMP7 is known to modulate the process of corneal wound healing, in this present study, we investigated the influence of exogenous rhBMP7 on human corneal epithelial cell and stromal cell (SFs) function. To obtain a high-fidelity expression profiling of activated biomarkers and pathways, transcriptome-wide gene-level expression profiling of epithelial cells in the presence of BMP7 was performed. Gene ontology analysis shows BMP7 stimulation activated TGF-β signaling and cell cycle pathways, whereas biological processes related to cell cycle, microtubule and intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization were significantly impacted in corneal epithelial cells. Scratch wound healing assay showed increased motility and migration of BMP7 treated epithelial cells. BMP7 stimulation studies show activation of MAPK cascade proteins in epithelial cells and SFs. Similarly, a difference in the expression of claudin, Zink finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 was observed along with phosphorylation levels of cofilin in epithelial cells. Stimulation of SFs with BMP7 activated them with increased expression of α-smooth muscle actin. In addition, an elevated phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor following BMP7 stimulation was also observed both in corneal epithelial cells and SFs. Based on our transcriptome analysis data on epithelial cells and the results obtained in SFs, we conclude that BMP7 contributes to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like responses and plays a role equivalent to TGF-β in the course of corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Kowtharapu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ruby Kala Prakasam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Radovan Murín
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute for Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Thomas Stahnke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute for Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Anselm G M Jünemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Oliver Stachs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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14
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Fong LWR, Yang DC, Chen CH. Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS): a multirole signaling protein in cancers. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:737-747. [PMID: 29039083 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), a major substrate of protein kinase C (PKC), in a critical role for cancer development and progression. MARCKS is tethered to the plasma membrane but can shuttle between the cytosol and plasma membrane via the myristoyl-electrostatic switch. Phosphorylation of MARCKS by PKC leads to its translocation from the plasma membrane to the cytosol where it functions in actin cytoskeletal remodeling, Ca2+ signaling through binding to calmodulin, and regulation of exocytic vesicle release in secretory cells such as neurons and airway goblet cells. Although the contribution of MARCKS to various cellular processes has been extensively studied, its roles in neoplastic disease have been conflicting. This review highlights the molecular and functional differences of MARCKS that exist between normal and tumor cells. We also discuss the recent advances in the potential roles of MARCKS in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and resistance to anti-cancer therapies, with a focus on addressing the inconsistent results regarding the function of MARCKS as a promoter or inhibitor of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon Wolf R Fong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David C Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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15
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Liu J, Zhao X, Pei D, Sun G, Li Y, Zhu C, Qiang C, Sun J, Shi J, Dong Y, Gou J, Wang S, Li A. The promotion function of Berberine for osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells via ERK-FOS pathway mediated by EGFR. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2848. [PMID: 29434321 PMCID: PMC5809428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coptidis Rhizoma binds to the membrane receptors on hPDLSC/CMC, and the active ingredient Berberine (BER) that can be extracted from it may promote the proliferation and osteogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSC). The membrane receptor that binds with BER on the cell surface of hPDLSC, the mechanism of direct interaction between BER and hPDLSC, and the related signal pathway are not yet clear. In this research, EGFR was screened as the affinity membrane receptor between BER and hPDLSC, through retention on CMC, competition with BER and by using a molecular docking simulation score. At the same time, the MAPK PCR Array was selected to screen the target genes that changed when hPDLSC was simulated by BER. In conclusion, BER may bind to EGFR on the cell membrane of hPDLSC so the intracellular ERK signalling pathways activate, and nuclear-related genes of FOS change, resulting in the effect of osteogenesis on PDLSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prothodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Research Center of Stomatology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Gou
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710 061, Shannxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China. .,Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China. .,Research Center of Stomatology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Caveolin-1 Controls Hyperresponsiveness to Mechanical Stimuli and Fibrogenesis-Associated RUNX2 Activation in Keloid Fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:208-218. [PMID: 28899682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are pathological scars characterized by excessive extracellular matrix production that are prone to form in body sites with increased skin tension. CAV1, the principal coat protein of caveolae, has been associated with the regulation of cell mechanics, including cell softening and loss of stiffness sensing ability in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Although CAV1 is present in low amounts in keloid fibroblasts (KFs), the causal association between CAV1 down-regulation and its aberrant responses to mechanical stimuli remain unclear. In this study, atomic force microscopy showed that KFs were softer than normal fibroblasts with a loss of stiffness sensing. The decrease of CAV1 contributed to the hyperactivation of fibrogenesis-associated RUNX2, a transcription factor germane to osteogenesis/chondrogenesis, and increased migratory ability in KFs. Treatment of KFs with trichostatin A, which increased the acetylation level of histone H3, increased CAV1 and decreased RUNX2 and fibronectin. Trichostatin A treatment also resulted in cell stiffening and decreased migratory ability in KFs. Collectively, these results suggest a role for CAV1 down-regulation in linking the aberrant responsiveness to mechanical stimulation and extracellular matrix accumulation with the progression of keloids, findings that may lead to new developments in the prevention and treatment of keloid scarring.
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17
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Saxena M, Liu S, Yang B, Hajal C, Changede R, Hu J, Wolfenson H, Hone J, Sheetz MP. EGFR and HER2 activate rigidity sensing only on rigid matrices. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:775-781. [PMID: 28459445 PMCID: PMC5920513 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) interacts with integrins during cell spreading and motility, but little is known about the role of EGFR in these mechanosensing processes. Here we show, using two different cell lines, that in serum- and EGF-free conditions, EGFR or HER2 activity increase spreading and rigidity-sensing contractions on rigid, but not soft, substrates. Contractions peak after 15-20 min, but diminish by tenfold after 4 h. Addition of EGF at that point increases spreading and contractions, but this can be blocked by myosin-II inhibition. We further show that EGFR and HER2 are activated through phosphorylation by Src family kinases (SFK). On soft surfaces, neither EGFR inhibition nor EGF stimulation have any effect on cell motility. Thus, EGFR or HER2 can catalyse rigidity sensing after associating with nascent adhesions under rigidity-dependent tension downstream of SFK activity. This has broad implications for the roles of EGFR and HER2 in the absence of EGF both for normal and cancerous growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Saxena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Shuaimin Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Bo Yang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Cynthia Hajal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Rishita Changede
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Junqiang Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Haguy Wolfenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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18
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Renault-Mihara F, Mukaino M, Shinozaki M, Kumamaru H, Kawase S, Baudoux M, Ishibashi T, Kawabata S, Nishiyama Y, Sugai K, Yasutake K, Okada S, Nakamura M, Okano H. Regulation of RhoA by STAT3 coordinates glial scar formation. J Cell Biol 2017. [PMID: 28642362 PMCID: PMC5551705 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT3 is known to control glial scar formation, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Renault-Mihara et al. show that inhibition of the small GTPase RhoA by STAT3 coordinates reactive astrocyte dynamics during glial scar formation. Understanding how the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription–3 (STAT3) controls glial scar formation may have important clinical implications. We show that astrocytic STAT3 is associated with greater amounts of secreted MMP2, a crucial protease in scar formation. Moreover, we report that STAT3 inhibits the small GTPase RhoA and thereby controls actomyosin tonus, adhesion turnover, and migration of reactive astrocytes, as well as corralling of leukocytes in vitro. The inhibition of RhoA by STAT3 involves ezrin, the phosphorylation of which is reduced in STAT3-CKO astrocytes. Reduction of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) levels in STAT3-CKO rescues reactive astrocytes dynamics in vitro. By specific targeting of lesion-proximal, reactive astrocytes in Nestin-Cre mice, we show that reduction of PTEN rescues glial scar formation in Nestin-Stat3+/− mice. These findings reveal novel intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying the contribution of reactive astrocyte dynamics to glial scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masahiko Mukaino
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shinozaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumamaru
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawase
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthieu Baudoux
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishibashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soya Kawabata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishiyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasutake
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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He M, Yang Z, Zhang L, Song C, Li Y, Zhang X. Additive effects of cherlerythrine chloride combination with erlotinib in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175466. [PMID: 28399187 PMCID: PMC5388488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies implicate that lung cancer progression is governed by the interaction between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. Combined the targeting of EGFR and PKC may have an additive or synergistic effects in lung cancer treatment. The aim of this study is to explore the potential utility by inhibiting these two pathways with the combination of erlotinib and chelerythrine chloride in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. The erlotinib-less sensitive cell lines SK-MES-1 and A549 were treated with erlotinib or chelerythrine by themselves or in combination with each other. The cell viability, clonogenic survival, cell migration, invasion, cell apoptosis effects and immunoblotting were accessed in vitro. Tumor growth was evaluated in vivo. There were additive effects of chelerythrine combined with erlotinib treatment in all NSCLC cell lines, resulting in a significant decrease in cell viability, clonogenicity, migratory and invasive capabilities as well as in the induction of apoptosis. Concordantly, the combined treatment caused a significant delay in tumor growth. The treatment effectively blocked EGFR signaling through decreasing phosphorylation of downstream targets such as STAT3, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and Bad proteins. Our study supports the functional interaction between the EGFR and PKC pathways in lung cancer and provides a clinically exploitable strategy for erlotinib-less sensitive non-small cell lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of anesthesia, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoying Yang
- Department of breast surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of breast surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changlong Song
- Department of breast surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Youjun Li
- Department of anatomy, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (YL)
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Department of thorax surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (YL)
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20
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Symonds JM, Ohm AM, Tan AC, Reyland ME. PKCδ regulates integrin αVβ3 expression and transformed growth of K-ras dependent lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17905-19. [PMID: 26918447 PMCID: PMC4951259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Protein Kinase C delta (PKCδ) functions as a tumor promoter in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), specifically in the context of K-ras addiction. Here we define a novel PKCδ -> integrin αVβ3->Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) pathway that regulates the transformed growth of K-ras dependent NSCLC cells. To explore how PKCδ regulates tumorigenesis, we performed mRNA expression analysis in four KRAS mutant NSCLC cell lines that stably express scrambled shRNA or a PKCδ targeted shRNA. Analysis of PKCδ-dependent mRNA expression identified 3183 regulated genes, 210 of which were specifically regulated in K-ras dependent cells. Genes that regulate extracellular matrix and focal adhesion pathways were most highly represented in this later group. In particular, expression of the integrin pair, αVβ3, was specifically reduced in K-ras dependent cells with depletion of PKCδ, and correlated with reduced ERK activation and reduced transformed growth as assayed by clonogenic survival. Re-expression of PKCδ restored ITGAV and ITGB3 mRNA expression, ERK activation and transformed growth, and this could be blocked by pretreatment with a αVβ3 function-blocking antibody, demonstrating a requirement for integrin αVβ3 downstream of PKCδ. Similarly, expression of integrin αV restored ERK activation and transformed growth in PKCδ depleted cells, and this could also be inhibited by pretreatment with PD98059. Our studies demonstrate an essential role for αVβ3 and ERK signalingdownstream of PKCδ in regulating the survival of K-ras dependent NSCLC cells, and identify PKCδ as a novel therapeutic target for the subset of NSCLC patients with K-ras dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Symonds
- Program in Cancer Biology, The Graduate School, Aurora, CO, USA.,Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela M Ohm
- The Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- The Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary E Reyland
- The Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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21
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Schultz V, Suflita M, Liu X, Zhang X, Yu Y, Li L, Green DE, Xu Y, Zhang F, DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Heparan Sulfate Domains Required for Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 and 2 Signaling through Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1c. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2495-2509. [PMID: 28031461 PMCID: PMC5313116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.761585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A small library of well defined heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides was chemoenzymatically synthesized and used for a detailed structure-activity study of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 and FGF2 signaling through FGF receptor (FGFR) 1c. The HS polysaccharide tested contained both undersulfated (NA) domains and highly sulfated (NS) domains as well as very well defined non-reducing termini. This study examines differences in the HS selectivity of the positive canyons of the FGF12-FGFR1c2 and FGF22-FGFR1c2 HS binding sites of the symmetric FGF2-FGFR2-HS2 signal transduction complex. The results suggest that FGF12-FGFR1c2 binding site prefers a longer NS domain at the non-reducing terminus than FGF22-FGFR1c2 In addition, FGF22-FGFR1c2 can tolerate an HS chain having an N-acetylglucosamine residue at its non-reducing end. These results clearly demonstrate the different specificity of FGF12-FGFR1c2 and FGF22-FGFR1c2 for well defined HS structures and suggest that it is now possible to chemoenzymatically synthesize precise HS polysaccharides that can selectively mediate growth factor signaling. These HS polysaccharides might be useful in both understanding and controlling the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of cells in stem cell therapies, wound healing, and the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinyue Liu
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Xing Zhang
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Yanlei Yu
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Lingyun Li
- the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Dixy E Green
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, and
| | - Yongmei Xu
- the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Fuming Zhang
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, and
| | - Jian Liu
- the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
- Biology
- Biomedical Engineering, and
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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22
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Omar HA, Tolba MF, Hung JH, Al-Tel TH. OSU-2S/Sorafenib Synergistic Antitumor Combination against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Role of PKCδ/p53. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:463. [PMID: 27965580 PMCID: PMC5127788 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sorafenib (Nexavar®) is an FDA-approved systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the low efficacy and adverse effects at high doses limit the clinical application of sorafenib and strongly recommend its combination with other agents aiming at ameliorating its drawbacks. OSU-2S, a PKCδ activator, was selected as a potential candidate anticancer agent to be combined with sorafenib to promote the anti-cancer activity through synergistic interaction. Methods: The antitumor effects of sorafenib, OSU-2S and their combination were assessed by MTT assay, caspase activation, Western blotting, migration/invasion assays in four different HCC cell lines. The synergistic interactions were determined by Calcusyn analysis. PKCδ knockdown was used to elucidate the role of PKCδ activation as a mechanism for the synergy. The knockdown/over-expression of p53 was used to explain the differential sensitivity of HCC cell lines to sorafenib and/or OSU-2S. Results: OSU-2S synergistically enhanced the anti-proliferative effects of sorafenib in the four used HCC cell lines with combination indices <1. This effect was accompanied by parallel increases in caspase 3/7 activity, PARP cleavage, PKCδ activation and inhibition of HCC cell migration/invasion. In addition, PKCδ knockdown abolished the synergy between sorafenib and OSU-2S. Furthermore, p53 restoration in Hep3B cells through the over-expression rendered them more sensitive to both agents while p53 knockdown from HepG2 cells increased their resistance to both agents. Conclusion: OSU-2S augments the anti-proliferative effect of sorafenib in HCC cell lines, in part, through the activation of PKCδ. The p53 status in HCC cells predicts their sensitivity toward both sorafenib and OSU-2S. The proposed combination represents a therapeutically relevant approach that can lead to a new HCC therapeutic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of SharjahSharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef UniversityBeni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mai F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams UniversityCairo, Egypt; School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, IrvineCA, USA
| | - Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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23
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Brea MS, Díaz RG, Escudero DS, Caldiz CI, Portiansky EL, Morgan PE, Pérez NG. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Silencing Blunts the Slow Force Response to Myocardial Stretch. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004017. [PMID: 27744404 PMCID: PMC5121502 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Myocardial stretch increases force biphasically: the Frank‐Starling mechanism followed by the slow force response (SFR). Based on pharmacological strategies, we proposed that epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR or ErbB1) activation is crucial for SFR development. Pharmacological inhibitors could block ErbB4, a member of the ErbB family present in the adult heart. We aimed to specifically test the role of EGFR activation after stretch, with an interference RNA incorporated into a lentiviral vector (small hairpin RNA [shRNA]‐EGFR). Methods and Results Silencing capability of p‐shEGFR was assessed in EGFR‐GFP transiently transfected HEK293T cells. Four weeks after lentivirus injection into the left ventricular wall of Wistar rats, shRNA‐EGFR–injected hearts showed ≈60% reduction of EGFR protein expression compared with shRNA‐SCR–injected hearts. ErbB2 and ErbB4 expression did not change. The SFR to stretch evaluated in isolated papillary muscles was ≈130% of initial rapid phase in the shRNA‐SCR group, while it was blunted in shRNA‐EGFR–expressing muscles. Angiotensin II (Ang II)‐dependent Na+/H+ exchanger 1 activation was indirectly evaluated by intracellular pH measurements in bicarbonate‐free medium, demonstrating an increase in shRNA‐SCR–injected myocardium, an effect not observed in the silenced group. Ang II‐ or EGF‐triggered reactive oxygen species production was significantly reduced in shRNA‐EGFR–injected hearts compared with that in the shRNA‐SCR group. Chronic lentivirus treatment affected neither the myocardial basal redox state (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) nor NADPH oxidase activity or expression. Finally, Ang II or EGF triggered a redox‐sensitive pathway, leading to p90RSK activation in shRNA‐SCR‐injected myocardium, an effect that was absent in the shRNA‐EGFR group. Conclusions Our results provide evidence that specific EGFR activation after myocardial stretch is a key factor in promoting the redox‐sensitive kinase activation pathway, leading to SFR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Brea
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Dr. Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Romina G Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Dr. Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daiana S Escudero
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Dr. Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Claudia I Caldiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Dr. Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Portiansky
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio E Morgan
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Dr. Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Néstor G Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Dr. Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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24
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Epidermal Growth Factor and Intestinal Barrier Function. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1927348. [PMID: 27524860 PMCID: PMC4976184 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1927348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a 53-amino acid peptide that plays an important role in regulating cell growth, survival, migration, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. In addition, EGF has been established to be an effective intestinal regulator helping to protect intestinal barrier integrity, which was essential for the absorption of nutrients and health in humans and animals. Several researches have demonstrated that EGF via binding to the EGF receptor and subsequent activation of Ras/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, PLC-γ/PKC, and STATS signal pathways regulates intestinal barrier function. In this review, the relationship between epidermal growth factor and intestinal development and intestinal barrier is described, to provide a better understanding of the effects of EGF on intestine development and health.
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Xie L, Chiang ET, Wu X, Kelly GT, Kanteti P, Singleton PA, Camp SM, Zhou T, Dudek SM, Natarajan V, Wang T, Black SM, Garcia JGN, Jacobson JR. Regulation of Thrombin-Induced Lung Endothelial Cell Barrier Disruption by Protein Kinase C Delta. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158865. [PMID: 27442243 PMCID: PMC4956111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase C (PKC) plays a significant role in thrombin-induced loss of endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity; however, the existence of more than 10 isozymes of PKC and tissue-specific isoform expression has limited our understanding of this important second messenger in vascular homeostasis. In this study, we show that PKCδ isoform promotes thrombin-induced loss of human pulmonary artery EC barrier integrity, findings substantiated by PKCδ inhibitory studies (rottlerin), dominant negative PKCδ construct and PKCδ silencing (siRNA). In addition, we identified PKCδ as a signaling mediator upstream of both thrombin-induced MLC phosphorylation and Rho GTPase activation affecting stress fiber formation, cell contraction and loss of EC barrier integrity. Our inhibitor-based studies indicate that thrombin-induced PKCδ activation exerts a positive feedback on Rho GTPase activation and contributes to Rac1 GTPase inhibition. Moreover, PKD (or PKCμ) and CPI-17, two known PKCδ targets, were found to be activated by PKCδ in EC and served as modulators of cytoskeleton rearrangement. These studies clarify the role of PKCδ in EC cytoskeleton regulation, and highlight PKCδ as a therapeutic target in inflammatory lung disorders, characterized by the loss of barrier integrity, such as acute lung injury and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishi Xie
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eddie T Chiang
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Gabriel T Kelly
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Prasad Kanteti
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patrick A Singleton
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sara M Camp
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Steven M Black
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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26
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Louzao-Martinez L, Vink A, Harakalova M, Asselbergs FW, Verhaar MC, Cheng C. Characteristic adaptations of the extracellular matrix in dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2016; 220:634-46. [PMID: 27391006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a relatively common heart muscle disease characterized by the dilation and thinning of the left ventricle accompanied with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Myocardial fibrosis is a major feature in DCM and therefore it is inevitable that corresponding extracellular matrix (ECM) changes are involved in DCM onset and progression. Increasing our understanding of how ECM adaptations are involved in DCM could be important for the development of future interventions. This review article discusses the molecular adaptations in ECM composition and structure that have been reported in both animal and human studies of DCM. Furthermore, we provide a transcriptome-based catalogue of ECM genes that are associated with DCM, generated by using NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database sets for DCM. Based on this in silico analysis, many novel ECM components involved in DCM are identified and discussed in this review. With the information gathered, we propose putative pathways of ECM adaptations in onset and progression of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Louzao-Martinez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Heart Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aryan Vink
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Harakalova
- Netherlands Heart Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Netherlands Heart Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Reyland ME, Jones DNM. Multifunctional roles of PKCδ: Opportunities for targeted therapy in human disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:1-13. [PMID: 27179744 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The serine-threonine protein kinase, protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ), is emerging as a bi-functional regulator of cell death and proliferation. Studies in PKCδ-/- mice have confirmed a pro-apoptotic role for this kinase in response to DNA damage and a tumor promoter role in some oncogenic contexts. In non-transformed cells, inhibition of PKCδ suppresses the release of cytochrome c and caspase activation, indicating a function upstream of apoptotic pathways. Data from PKCδ-/- mice demonstrate a role for PKCδ in the execution of DNA damage-induced and physiologic apoptosis. This has led to the important finding that inhibitors of PKCδ can be used therapeutically to reduce irradiation and chemotherapy-induced toxicity. By contrast, PKCδ is a tumor promoter in mouse models of mammary gland and lung cancer, and increased PKCδ expression is a negative prognostic indicator in Her2+ and other subtypes of human breast cancer. Understanding how these distinct functions of PKCδ are regulated is critical for the design of therapeutics to target this pathway. This review will discuss what is currently known about biological roles of PKCδ and prospects for targeting PKCδ in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - David N M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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28
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Giarnieri E, Bellipanni G, Macaluso M, Mancini R, Holstein AC, Milanese C, Giovagnoli MR, Giordano A, Russo G. Review: Cell Dynamics in Malignant Pleural Effusions. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:272-7. [PMID: 25205557 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) are a common manifestation found in patients with lung cancer. After cytological and histological confirmation of malignancy, talc pleurodesis still remains the treatment of choice in patients with MPEs resistant to chemotherapy. Despite this, primary challenges include reduced quality of life and life expectancy in general. Therefore, a better understanding of the cell biology of MPEs, along with improvements in treatment is greatly needed. It has recently been demonstrated that MPEs may represent an excellent source for identification of molecular mechanisms within the tumor and its environment. The present review summarizes the current understanding of MPEs cells and tumor microenvironment, and particularly focuses on dissecting the cross-talk between MPEs and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Giarnieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bellipanni
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcella Macaluso
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Adam Carl Holstein
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carla Milanese
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria Rosaria Giovagnoli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,INT-CROM, "Pascale Foundation" National Cancer Institute-Cancer Research Center, Mercogliano (AV), Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Russo
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Janjanam J, Chandaka GK, Kotla S, Rao GN. PLCβ3 mediates cortactin interaction with WAVE2 in MCP1-induced actin polymerization and cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4589-606. [PMID: 26490115 PMCID: PMC4678017 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration in vascular wall remodeling. However, the mechanisms underlying MCP1-induced VSMC migration have not been understood. Here we identify the signaling pathway associated with MCP1-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) migration. MCP1, a G protein-coupled receptor agonist, activates phosphorylation of cortactin on S405 and S418 residues in a time-dependent manner, and inhibition of its phosphorylation attenuates MCP1-induced HASMC G-actin polymerization, F-actin stress fiber formation, and migration. Cortactin phosphorylation on S405/S418 is found to be critical for its interaction with WAVE2, a member of the WASP family of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins required for cell migration. In addition, the MCP1-induced cortactin phosphorylation is dependent on PLCβ3-mediated PKCδ activation, and siRNA-mediated down-regulation of either of these molecules prevents cortactin interaction with WAVE2, affecting G-actin polymerization, F-actin stress fiber formation, and HASMC migration. Upstream, MCP1 activates CCR2 and Gαq/11 in a time-dependent manner, and down-regulation of their levels attenuates MCP1-induced PLCβ3 and PKCδ activation, cortactin phosphorylation, cortactin-WAVE2 interaction, G-actin polymerization, F-actin stress fiber formation, and HASMC migration. Together these findings demonstrate that phosphorylation of cortactin on S405 and S418 residues is required for its interaction with WAVE2 in MCP1-induced cytoskeleton remodeling, facilitating HASMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Janjanam
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Giri Kumar Chandaka
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
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30
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Constitutive and ligand-induced EGFR signalling triggers distinct and mutually exclusive downstream signalling networks. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5811. [PMID: 25503978 PMCID: PMC4268886 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression plays an important oncogenic role in cancer. Regular EGFR protein levels are increased in cancer cells and the receptor then becomes constitutively active. However, downstream signals generated by constitutively activated EGFR are unknown. Here we report that the overexpressed EGFR oscillates between two distinct and mutually exclusive modes of signalling. Constitutive or non-canonical EGFR signalling activates the transcription factor IRF3 leading to expression of IFI27, IFIT1 and TRAIL. Ligand-mediated activation of EGFR switches off IRF3-dependent transcription, activates canonical extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt signals, and confers sensitivity to chemotherapy and virus-induced cell death. Mechanistically, the distinct downstream signals result from a switch of EGFR-associated proteins. EGFR constitutively complexes with IRF3 and TBK1 leading to TBK1 and IRF3 phosphorylation. Addition of epidermal growth factor dissociates TBK1, IRF3 and EGFR leading to a loss of IRF3 activity, Shc-EGFR association and ERK activation. Finally, we provide evidence for non-canonical EGFR signalling in glioblastoma.
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31
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Shao H, Li S, Watkins SC, Wells A. α-Actinin-4 is required for amoeboid-type invasiveness of melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32717-28. [PMID: 25296750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.579185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Actinin-4 (ACTN4), a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, is up-regulated in melanoma, though its role in melanoma remains speculative. We have discovered that in WM1158, a highly aggressive melanoma cell line, down-regulation of ACTN4 by shRNA induces a collagen I-dependent amoeboidal-to-mesenchymal transition. Re-expression of low levels of WT ACTN4 but not similar expression levels of ACTN1 successfully restores the amoeboidal morphology and limits collagen I gel compaction. A truncated ACTN4 mutant 1-890, which lacks the C-terminal tail, fails to rescue the amoeboidal morphology and to compact collagen I gel. Interestingly, in three-dimensional collagen I gels, ACTN4 KD cells are more polarized compared with cells in which scrambled shRNA is expressed. Surprisingly, ACTN4 KD cells migrate faster than the ones expressing the scrambled shRNA on a collagen I gel (two-dimensional) although these two cell lines migrate similarly on tissue culture. Most importantly, down-regulation of ACTN4 significantly reduced invasion of WM1158 cells into the three-dimensional collagen I gel, a representative of the dermis. Taken together, these findings suggest that ACTN4 plays an important role in maintaining the amoeboidal morphology of invasive melanoma and thus promoting dissemination through collagen-rich matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaoyan Li
- Shady Side Academy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, and
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Cell Biology and Physiology, and McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Alan Wells
- From the Departments of Pathology and the Laboratory and Pathology Service, Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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32
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Lim SH, Kim C, Aref AR, Kamm RD, Raghunath M. Complementary effects of ciclopirox olamine, a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor and sphingosine 1-phosphate on fibroblasts and endothelial cells in driving capillary sprouting. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 5:1474-84. [PMID: 24190477 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary sprouting, a key step of neoangiogenesis in wound healing and tumor growth, also represents a therapeutic target for tissue repair. It requires crosstalk between endothelial cells (EC) and other cell types. We studied this process in a microfluidic platform that allows EC to migrate out of a channel across a collagen gel up a gradient of factors produced by a collection of encapsulated fibroblasts. Introduction of a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (PHi), ciclopirox olamine (CPX) to stabilize hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) predominantly in fibroblasts induced capillary sprouting in EC, but the most complex tubular networks with true lumina formed after combining CPX with the lysophospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The enhanced angiogenesis is a possible consequence of the generation of mutually stimulating factors as each cell type responded differently to the compounds. The combination of CPX and S1P induced secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in fibroblast culture whereas the angiogenic monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was exclusively secreted by fibroblasts, but only in the presence of EC-conditioned medium. Antibody interference with fibroblast-produced VEGF and MCP-1 inhibited the sprouting response. These observations not only demonstrate the collaboration of EC and fibroblasts in inducing capillary sprouting but also suggest that the combination of CPX and S1P enhances angiogenesis and thus might be of therapeutic value for the pharmacological induction of tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Hien Lim
- Biosystems & Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group (BioSyM), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore
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33
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Liu HW, Lin CP, Liou YJ, Hsu KW, Yang JY, Lin CH. NBT-II cell locomotion is modulated by restricting the size of focal contacts and is improved through EGF and ROCK signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:131-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Teramatsu Y, Maeda H, Sugii H, Tomokiyo A, Hamano S, Wada N, Yuda A, Yamamoto N, Koori K, Akamine A. Expression and effects of epidermal growth factor on human periodontal ligament cells. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:633-43. [PMID: 24850273 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Repair of damaged periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue is an essential challenge in tooth preservation. Various researchers have attempted to develop efficient therapies for healing and regenerating PDL tissue based on tissue engineering methods focused on targeting signaling molecules in PDL stem cells and other mesenchymal stem cells. In this context, we investigated the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in normal and surgically wounded PDL tissues and its effect on chemotaxis and expression of osteoinductive and angiogenic factors in human PDL cells (HPDLCs). EGF as well as EGF receptor (EGFR) expression was observed in HPDLCs and entire PDL tissue. In a PDL tissue-injured model of rat, EGF and IL-1β were found to be upregulated in a perilesional pattern. Interleukin-1β induced EGF expression in HPDLCs but not EGFR. It also increased transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) expression. Transwell assays demonstrated the chemotactic activity of EGF on HPDLCs. In addition, EGF treatment significantly induced secretion of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor, and gene expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), and early growth response-1 and -2 (EGR-1/2). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells developed well-formed tube networks when cultured with the supernatant of EGF-treated HPDLCs. These results indicated that EGF upregulated under inflammatory conditions plays roles in the repair of wounded PDL tissue, suggesting its function as a prospective agent to allow the healing and regeneration of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Teramatsu
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Jamison J, Wang JHC, Wells A. PKCδ regulates force signaling during VEGF/CXCL4 induced dissociation of endothelial tubes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93968. [PMID: 24699667 PMCID: PMC3974837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing requires the vasculature to re-establish itself from the severed ends; endothelial cells within capillaries must detach from neighboring cells before they can migrate into the nascent wound bed to initiate angiogenesis. The dissociation of these endothelial capillaries is driven partially by platelets' release of growth factors and cytokines, particularly the chemokine CXCL4/platelet factor-4 (PF4) that increases cell-cell de-adherence. As this retraction is partly mediated by increased transcellular contractility, the protein kinase c-δ/myosin light chain-2 (PKCδ/MLC-2) signaling axis becomes a candidate mechanism to drive endothelial dissociation. We hypothesize that PKCδ activation induces contractility through MLC-2 to promote dissociation of endothelial cords after exposure to platelet-released CXCL4 and VEGF. To investigate this mechanism of contractility, endothelial cells were allowed to form cords following CXCL4 addition to perpetuate cord dissociation. In this study, CXCL4-induced dissociation was reduced by a VEGFR inhibitor (sunitinib malate) and/or PKCδ inhibition. During combined CXCL4+VEGF treatment, increased contractility mediated by MLC-2 that is dependent on PKCδ regulation. As cellular force is transmitted to focal adhesions, zyxin, a focal adhesion protein that is mechano-responsive, was upregulated after PKCδ inhibition. This study suggests that growth factor regulation of PKCδ may be involved in CXCL4-mediated dissociation of endothelial cords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Jamison
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James H-C. Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Rittiner JE, Brings VE, Zylka MJ. Overexpression of diacylglycerol kinase η enhances Gαq-coupled G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:800-10. [PMID: 24608858 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.091280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple genome-wide association studies have linked diacylglycerol kinase η (DGKη) to bipolar disorder (BPD). Moreover, DGKη expression is increased in tissue from patients with BPD. How increased levels of this lipid kinase might affect cellular functions is currently unclear. Here, we overexpressed mouse DGKη in human embryonic kidney 293 cells to examine substrate specificity and signaling downstream of endogenous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We found that DGKη can phosphorylate diacylglycerol (DAG) with different acyl side chains (8:0, 12:0, 18:1). In addition, overexpression of DGKη enhanced calcium mobilization after stimulating muscarinic receptors with carbachol and after stimulating purinergic receptors with ATP. This effect required DGKη catalytic activity, as assessed using a kinase-dead (G389D) mutant and multiple truncation constructs. DGKη was localized throughout the cytosol and did not translocate to the plasma membrane after stimulation with carbachol. Since protein kinase C (PKC) can be activated by DAG and promotes receptor desensitization, we also examined functional interactions between PKC and DGKη. We found that acute activation of PKC with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate shortened carbachol-evoked calcium responses and occluded the effect of overexpressed DGKη. Moreover, inhibition of PKC activity with bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM I) produced the same enhancing effect on carbachol-evoked calcium mobilization as overexpressed DGKη, and overexpression of DGKη produced no additional effect on calcium mobilization in the presence of BIM I. Taken together, our data suggest that DGKη enhances GPCR signaling by reducing PKC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Rittiner
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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37
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Sterner E, Masuko S, Li G, Li L, Green DE, Otto NJ, Xu Y, DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Fibroblast growth factor-based signaling through synthetic heparan sulfate blocks copolymers studied using high cell density three-dimensional cell printing. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9754-65. [PMID: 24563485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.546937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Four well-defined heparan sulfate (HS) block copolymers containing S-domains (high sulfo group content) placed adjacent to N-domains (low sulfo group content) were chemoenzymatically synthesized and characterized. The domain lengths in these HS block co-polymers were ~40 saccharide units. Microtiter 96-well and three-dimensional cell-based microarray assays utilizing murine immortalized bone marrow (BaF3) cells were developed to evaluate the activity of these HS block co-polymers. Each recombinant BaF3 cell line expresses only a single type of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) but produces neither HS nor fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). In the presence of different FGFs, BaF3 cell proliferation showed clear differences for the four HS block co-polymers examined. These data were used to examine the two proposed signaling models, the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 ternary complex model and the asymmetric FGF2-HS1-FGFR2 ternary complex model. In the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 model, two acidic HS chains bind in a basic canyon located on the top face of the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex. In this model the S-domains at the non-reducing ends of the two HS proteoglycan chains are proposed to interact with the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex. In contrast, in the asymmetric FGF2-HS1-FGFR2 model, a single HS chain interacts with the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex through a single S-domain that can be located at any position within an HS chain. Our data comparing a series of synthetically prepared HS block copolymers support a preference for the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 ternary complex model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sterner
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
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Liu FF, Chen DP, Xiong YJ, Lv BC, Lin Y. Characteristics of diprophylline-induced bidirectional modulation on rat jejunal contractility. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:47-53. [PMID: 24634596 PMCID: PMC3951823 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose that diprophylline exerts bidirectional modulation (BM) on the isolated rat jejunal segment depending on its contractile state. The results supported the hypothesis. Diprophylline (20 µM) exerted stimulatory effects on the contractility of jejunal segment in six low contractile states while inhibitory effects in six high contractile states, showing the characteristics of BM. Diprophylline-induced stimulatory effect was significantly blocked by atropine, indicating the correlation with cholinergic activation. Diprophylline-induced inhibitory effect was partially blocked by phentolamine, propranolol, and L-N-Nitro-Arginine respectively, indicating their correlation with sympathetic activation and nitric oxide-mediated relaxing mechanisms. Diprophylline-induced BM was abolished by tetrodotoxin or in a Ca2+ free condition or pretreated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, suggesting that diprophylline-induced BM is Ca2+ dependent, and that it requires the presence of enteric nervous system as well as pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal. Diprophylline significantly increased the reduced MLCK expression and myosin extent in constipation-prominent rats and significantly decreased the increased MLCK expression and myosin extent in diarrhea-prominent rats, suggesting that the change of MLCK expression may also be involved in diprophylline-induced BM on rat jejunal contractility. In summary, diprophylline-exerted BM depends on the contractile states of the jejunal segments, requires the presence of Ca2+, enteric nervous system, pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal, and MLCK-correlated myosin phosphorylation. The results suggest the potential implication of diprophylline in relieving alternative hypo/hyper intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Da-Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yong-Jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bo-Chao Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Aguilar-Cuenca R, Juanes-García A, Vicente-Manzanares M. Myosin II in mechanotransduction: master and commander of cell migration, morphogenesis, and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:479-92. [PMID: 23934154 PMCID: PMC11113847 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction encompasses the role of mechanical forces in controlling cell behavior by activating signal transduction pathways. Most forces at a cellular level are caused by myosin II, which contracts and cross-links actin. Myosin II-dependent forces are transmitted through the actin cytoskeleton to molecular endpoints that promote specific cellular outcomes, e.g., cell proliferation, adhesion, or migration. For example, most adhesive and migratory phenomena are mechanically linked by a molecular clutch comprised of mechanosensitive scaffolds. Myosin II activation and mechanosensitive molecular mechanisms are finely tuned and spatiotemporally integrated to coordinate morphogenetic events during development. Mechanical events dependent on myosin II also participate in tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastatic dissemination. Specifically, tumor cells alter the mechanical properties of the microenvironment to create favorable conditions for proliferation and/or dissemination. These observations position myosin II-dependent force generation and mechanotransduction at the crossroads between normal development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Aguilar-Cuenca
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/Diego de León 62, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Juanes-García
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/Diego de León 62, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/Diego de León 62, Madrid, Spain
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Chen D, Xiong Y, Jiang C, Lv B, Liu F, Wang L, Lin Y. Effects of ginsenosides on rat jejunal contractility. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:162-168. [PMID: 24073926 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.821137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ginsenosides are primary active ingredients of ginseng, which are believed to have various health benefits. It is found that the biotransformation of ginsenosides mainly takes place in the gastrointestinal tract and the information about ginsenosides-exerted effects on intestinal contractility is not sufficient. AIMS The present study proposed that ginsenosides could exert stimulatory or inhibitory effects on intestinal motility depending on the assay condition-related intestinal contractile states and was to characterize the effects of ginsenosides on intestinal motility. METHODS Jejunal contractility determination, Western blotting analysis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to test the effects of total ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Mey (Araliaceae) root. RESULTS The results showed that ginsenosides at the fixed concentration of 20 mg/L exerted bidirectional regulation (BR) on the contractility of isolated jejunal segment (IJS), depending on the contractile states. The contractility of IJS was increased by ginsenosides in low contractile states, which were correlated to the cholinergic activation, and the contractility of IJS was decreased by ginsenosides in high contractile states, which were correlated to the adrenergic activation and nitric oxide related mechanisms. Ginsenosides-induced BR was abolished in the absence of Ca(2+) or by using tetrodotoxin, implicating the requirement of Ca(2+) and the enteric nervous system. Effects of ginsenosides on myosin light chain phosphorylation and the mRNA expression of myosin light chain kinase were also bidirectional. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Results suggest that ginsenosides may have the potential clinical implication for reliving the symptoms of alternative hypo- and hyper-intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
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Maghzal N, Kayali HA, Rohani N, Kajava AV, Fagotto F. EpCAM controls actomyosin contractility and cell adhesion by direct inhibition of PKC. Dev Cell 2013; 27:263-77. [PMID: 24183651 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a cell-surface protein highly expressed in embryonic tissues and in malignant carcinomas. We report that EpCAM acts as a potent inhibitor of novel protein kinase C (nPKC) in both embryos and cancer cells. We observed dramatic effects of loss of EpCAM on amphibian embryonic tissues, which include sequentially strong overstimulation of PKC activity and of the Erk pathway, leading to exacerbated myosin contractility, loss of cadherin-mediated adhesion, tissue dissociation, and, ultimately, cell death. We show that PKC inhibition is caused by a short segment of the EpCAM cytoplasmic tail. This motif resembles the pseudosubstrate inhibitory domains of PKCs and binds nPKCs with high affinity. A bioinformatics search reveals the existence of similar motifs in other plasma membrane proteins, most of which are cell-cell adhesion molecules. Thus, direct inhibition of PKC by EpCAM represents a general mode of regulation of signal transduction by cell-surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Maghzal
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, H3A1B1 Quebec, Canada
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Jamison J, Lauffenburger D, Wang JCH, Wells A. PKCδ localization at the membrane increases matrix traction force dependent on PLCγ1/EGFR signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77434. [PMID: 24155954 PMCID: PMC3796482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction During wound healing, fibroblasts initially migrate into the wound bed and later contract the matrix. Relevant mediators of transcellular contractility revealed by systems analyses are protein kinase c delta/myosin light chain-2 (PKCδ/MLC-2). PKCδ is activated by growth factor-driven PLCγ1 hydrolysis of phosphoinositide bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis when it becomes tranlocated to the membrane. This leads to MLC-2 phosphorylation that regulates myosin for contractility. Furthermore, PKCδ n-terminus mediates PKCδ localization to the membrane in relative proximity to PLCγ1 activity. However, the role this localization and the relationship to its activation and signaling of force is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated whether the membrane localization of PKCδ mediates the transcellular contractility of fibroblasts. Methods To determine PKCδ activation in targeted membrane locations in mouse fibroblast cells (NR6-WT), two PKCδ constructs were generated; PKCδ-CaaX with farnesylation moiety targeting PKCδ to the membrane and PKCδ-SaaX a non-targeting control. Results Increased mean cell force was observed before and during EGF stimulation in fibroblasts expressing membrane-targeted PKCδ (PKCδ-CaaX) when analyzed with 2D cell traction force and 3D compaction of collagen matrix. This effect was reduced in cells deficient in EGFR/PLCy1 signaling. In cells expressing non-membrane targeted PKCδ (PKCδ-SaaX), the cell force exerted outside the ECM (extracellular matrix) was less, but cell motility/speed/persistence was increased after EGF stimulation. Change in cell motility and increased force exertion was also preceded by change in cell morphology. Organization of actin stress fibers was also decreased as a result of increasing membrane targeting of PKCδ. Conclusion From these results membrane tethering of PKCδ leads to increased force exertion on ECM. Furthermore, our data show PLCγ1 regulation of PKCδ, at least in part, drives transcellular contractility in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Jamison
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James C.-H. Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rodrigues M, Blair H, Stockdale L, Griffith L, Wells A. Surface tethered epidermal growth factor protects proliferating and differentiating multipotential stromal cells from FasL-induced apoptosis. Stem Cells 2013; 31:104-16. [PMID: 22948863 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multipotential stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as aids in regenerating bone and adipose tissues, as these cells form osteoblasts and adipocytes. A major obstacle to this use of MSC is the initial loss of cells postimplantation. This cell death in part is due to ubiquitous nonspecific inflammatory cytokines such as FasL generated in the implant site. Our group previously found that soluble epidermal growth factor (sEGF) promotes MSC expansion. Furthermore, tethering EGF (tEGF) onto a two-dimensional surface altered MSC responses, by restricting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to the cell surface, causing sustained activation of EGFR, and promoting survival from FasL-induced death. sEGF by causing internalization of EGFR does not support MSC survival. However, for tEGF to be useful in bone regeneration, it needs to allow for MSC differentiation into osteoblasts while also protecting emerging osteoblasts from apoptosis. tEGF did not block induced differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts, or adipocytes, a common default MSC-differentiation pathway. MSC-derived preosteoblasts showed increased Fas levels and became more susceptible to FasL-induced death, which tEGF prevented. Differentiating adipocytes underwent a reduction in Fas expression and became resistant to FasL-induced death, with tEGF having no further survival effect. tEGF protected undifferentiated MSC from combined insults of FasL, serum deprivation, and physiologic hypoxia. Additionally, tEGF was dominant in the face of sEGF to protect MSC from FasL-induced death. Our results suggest that MSCs and differentiating osteoblasts need protective signals to survive in the inflammatory wound milieu and that tEGF can serve this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Allen-Petersen BL, Carter CJ, Ohm AM, Reyland ME. Protein kinase Cδ is required for ErbB2-driven mammary gland tumorigenesis and negatively correlates with prognosis in human breast cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:1306-15. [PMID: 23474764 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) regulates apoptosis in the mammary gland, however, the functional contribution of PKCδ to the development or progression of breast cancer has yet to be determined. Meta-analysis of ErbB2-positive breast cancers shows increased PKCδ expression, and a negative correlation between PKCδ expression and prognosis. Here, we present in-vivo evidence that PKCδ is essential for the development of mammary gland tumors in a ErbB2-overexpressing transgenic mouse model, and in-vitro evidence that PKCδ is required for proliferative signaling downstream of the ErbB2 receptor. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-ErbB2 mice lacking PKCδ (δKO) have increased tumor latency compared with MMTV-ErbB2 wild-type (δWT) mice, and the tumors show a dramatic decrease in Ki-67 staining. To explore the relationship between PKCδ and ErbB2-driven proliferation more directly, we used MCF-10A cells engineered to express a synthetic ligand-inducible form of the ErbB2 receptor. Depletion of PKCδ with short hairpin RNA inhibited ligand-induced growth in both two-dimensional (2D) (plastic) and three-dimensional (3D) (Matrigel) culture, and correlated with decreased phosphorylation of the ErbB2 receptor and reduced activation of Src and MAPK/ERK pathways. Similarly, in human breast cancer cell lines in which ErbB2 is overexpressed, depletion of PKCδ suppresses proliferation, Src and ERK activation. PKCδ appears to drive proliferation through the formation of an active ErbB2/PKCδ/Src signaling complex, as depletion of PKCδ disrupts association of Src with the ErbB2 receptor. Taken together, our studies present the first evidence that PKCδ is a critical regulator of ErbB2-mediated tumorigenesis, and suggest further investigation of PKCδ as a target in ErbB2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Allen-Petersen
- Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C J Carter
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - A M Ohm
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Xiong YJ, Chen DP, Lv BC, Liu FF, Wang L, Lin Y. The characteristics of genistin-induced inhibitory effects on intestinal motility. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:345-52. [PMID: 23435915 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genistin belongs to isoflavones. Based on the facts that genistin exerts inhibitory effects on the contractility of vascular smooth muscle,the present study was designed to characterize the effects of genistin on intestinal contractility and evaluate its potential clinical implication. Ex vivo [isolated jejunal segment (IJS) of rat], in vitro, and in vivo assays were used in the study. The results indicated that genistin (5-80 μmol/L) inhibited the contraction of IJS in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited the increased-contractility of IJS induced by acetylcholine (ACh), histamine, high Ca(2+), and erythromycin, respectively. The inhibitory effects of genistin were correlated with the stimulation of alpha adrenergic and beta adrenergic receptors since these inhibitory effects were significantly blocked in the presence of phentolamine and propranolol respectively. No further inhibitory effects of genistin were observed in the presence of verapamil or in Ca(2+)-free condition, indicating genistin-induced inhibitory effects are Ca(2+)-dependent. Genistin decreased myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) protein contents and MLCK mRNA expression in IJS, and inhibited both phosphorylation and Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of purified myosin, implicating that the decrease of MLCK contents and inhibition of MLCK activity are involved in the genistin-induced inhibitory effects. The study suggests the potential clinical implications of genistin in relieving intestinal hypercontractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
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Chen DP, Xiong YJ, Lv BC, Liu FF, Wang L, Tang ZY, Lin Y. Effects of berberine on rat jejunal motility. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:734-44. [PMID: 23600391 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate berberine-induced bidirectional regulation on the contractility of jejunum. METHODS Different low and high contractile states of isolated jejunal segment from rat were established to investigate the effects of berberine. KEY FINDINGS Stimulatory effects on jejunal segment were exerted by berberine in six low contractile states and inhibitory effects were produced on jejunal segment in six high contractile states. The effects of berberine on myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) mRNA expression, MLCK protein content, and myosin phosphorylation in jejunum were also bidirectional. Bidirectional regulation was not observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin. No regulatory effects of berberine on jejunal contractility were observed in the presence of verapamil. The stimulatory effects of berberine on jejunal contractility were blocked by atropine. The inhibitory effects of berberine on jejunal contractility were abolished by phentolamine, propranolol and L-NG-nitro-arginine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Berberine-induced bidirectional regulation needed the presence of the enteric nervous system, and depended on the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) , related to the cholinergic system while jejunum was in low contractile states, and related to the adrenergic system and nitric oxide relaxing mechanism while jejunum was in high contractile states. The results suggested the potential clinical implication of berberine for alternating-type irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Sugihara K, Delai M, Mahnna R, Kusch J, Poulikakos D, Vörös J, Zambelli T, Ferrari A. Label-free detection of cell-contractile activity with lipid nanotubes. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 5:423-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20202f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sugihara
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Delai
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rami Mahnna
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justine Kusch
- LMC, Switzerland Light Microscopy Center, D-Biol, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 18, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Chen DP, Xiong YJ, Tang ZY, Yao QY, Ye DM, Liu SS, Lin Y. Characteristics of deslanoside-induced modulation on jejunal contractility. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5889-96. [PMID: 23139604 PMCID: PMC3491595 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i41.5889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize the dual effects of deslanoside on the contractility of jejunal smooth muscle.
METHODS: Eight pairs of different low and high contractile states of isolated jejunal smooth muscle fragment (JSMF) were established. Contractile amplitude of JSMF in different low and high contractile states was selected to determine the effects of deslanoside, and Western blotting analysis was performed to measure the effects of deslanoside on myosin phosphorylation of jejunal smooth muscle.
RESULTS: Stimulatory effects on the contractility of JSMF were induced (45.3% ± 4.0% vs 87.0% ± 7.8%, P < 0.01) by deslanoside in 8 low contractile states, and inhibitory effects were induced (180.6% ± 17.8% vs 109.9% ± 10.8%, P < 0.01) on the contractility of JSMF in 8 high contractile states. The effect of deslanoside on the phosphorylation of myosin light chain of JSMF in low (78.1% ± 4.1% vs 96.0% ± 8.1%, P < 0.01) and high contractile state (139.2% ± 8.5% vs 105.5 ± 7.34, P < 0.01) was also bidirectional. Bidirectional regulation (BR) was abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin. Deslanoside did not affect jejunal contractility pretreated with the Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil or in a Ca2+-free assay condition. The stimulatory effect of deslanoside on JSMF in a low contractile state (low Ca2+ induced) was abolished by atropine. The inhibitory effect of deslanoside on jejunal contractility in a high contractile state (high Ca2+ induced) was blocked by phentolamine, propranolol and L-NG-nitro-arginine, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Deslanoside-induced BR is Ca2+ dependent and is related to cholinergic and adrenergic systems when JSMF is in low or high contractile states.
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Chen YJ, Tsai RK, Wu WC, He MS, Kao YH, Wu WS. Enhanced PKCδ and ERK signaling mediate cell migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells synergistically induced by HGF and EGF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44937. [PMID: 23028692 PMCID: PMC3447816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) are characterized by the development of epi-retinal membranes which may exert a tractional force on retina. A lot of inflammatory growth factors may disturb the local ocular cells such as retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, causing them to migrate and proliferate in the vitreous cavity and ultimately forming the PVR membrane. In this study, the signal pathways mediating cell migration of RPE induced by growth factors were investigated. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) or heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) induced a greater extent of migration of RPE50 and ARPE19 cells, compared with other growth factors. According to inhibitor studies, migration of RPE cells induced by each growth factor was mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) and ERK (MAPK). Moreover, HGF coupled with EGF or HB-EGF had synergistic effects on cell migration and enhanced activation of PKC and ERK, which were attributed to cross activation of growth factor receptors by heterogeneous ligands. Furthermore, using the shRNA technique, PKCδ was found to be the most important PKC isozyme involved. Finally, vitreous fluids from PVR and PDR patients with high concentration of HGF may induce RPE cell migration in PKCδ- and ERK- dependent manner. In conclusion, migration of RPE cells can be synergistically induced by HGF coupled with HB-EGF or EGF, which were mediated by enhanced PKCδ activation and ERK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jung Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Rong Kung Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen Chen Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming Shan He
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University College, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen Sheng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The peritoneal metastatic route of cancer dissemination is shared by cancers of the ovary and gastrointestinal tract. Once initiated, peritoneal metastasis typically proceeds rapidly in a feed-forward manner. Several factors contribute to this efficient progression. In peritoneal metastasis, cancer cells exfoliate into the peritoneal fluid and spread locally, transported by peritoneal fluid. Inflammatory cytokines released by tumor and immune cells compromise the protective, anti-adhesive mesothelial cell layer that lines the peritoneal cavity, exposing the underlying extracellular matrix to which cancer cells readily attach. The peritoneum is further rendered receptive to metastatic implantation and growth by myofibroblastic cell behaviors also stimulated by inflammatory cytokines. Individual cancer cells suspended in peritoneal fluid can aggregate to form multicellular spheroids. This cellular arrangement imparts resistance to anoikis, apoptosis, and chemotherapeutics. Emerging evidence indicates that compact spheroid formation is preferentially accomplished by cancer cells with high invasive capacity and contractile behaviors. This review focuses on the pathological alterations to the peritoneum and the properties of cancer cells that in combination drive peritoneal metastasis.
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