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Shen Z, Xu L, Wu T, Wang H, Wang Q, Ge X, Kong F, Huang G, Pan X. Structural basis for urate recognition and apigenin inhibition of human GLUT9. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5039. [PMID: 38866775 PMCID: PMC11169512 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Urate, the physiological form of uric acid and a potent antioxidant in serum, plays a pivotal role in scavenging reactive oxygen species. Yet excessive accumulation of urate, known as hyperuricemia, is the primary risk factor for the development of gout. The high-capacity urate transporter GLUT9 represents a promising target for gout treatment. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human GLUT9 in complex with urate or its inhibitor apigenin at overall resolutions of 3.5 Å and 3.3 Å, respectively. In both structures, GLUT9 exhibits an inward open conformation, wherein the substrate binding pocket faces the intracellular side. These structures unveil the molecular basis for GLUT9's substrate preference of urate over glucose, and show that apigenin acts as a competitive inhibitor by occupying the substrate binding site. Our findings provide critical information for the development of specific inhibitors targeting GLUT9 as potential therapeutics for gout and hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Shen
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Bio-Architecture and Bio-Interactions (IBABI), Shenzhen Medical Academy of Research and Translation (SMART), Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qifan Wang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Ge
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Kong
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Gaoxingyu Huang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Pan
- Institute of Bio-Architecture and Bio-Interactions (IBABI), Shenzhen Medical Academy of Research and Translation (SMART), Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China.
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Silva-Aguiar RP, Teixeira DE, Peruchetti DB, Peres RAS, Alves SAS, Calil PT, Arruda LB, Costa LJ, Silva PL, Schmaier AH, Rocco PRM, Pinheiro AAS, Caruso-Neves C. Toll like receptor 4 mediates the inhibitory effect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on proximal tubule albumin endocytosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167155. [PMID: 38579939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Tubular proteinuria is a common feature in COVID-19 patients, even in the absence of established acute kidney injury. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) was shown to inhibit megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis in proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). Angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) was not directly involved. Since Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates S protein effects in various cell types, we hypothesized that TLR4 could be participating in the inhibition of PTECs albumin endocytosis elicited by S protein. Two different models of PTECs were used: porcine proximal tubule cells (LLC-PK1) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293). S protein reduced Akt activity by specifically inhibiting of threonine 308 (Thr308) phosphorylation, a process mediated by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1). GSK2334470, a PDK1 inhibitor, decreased albumin endocytosis and megalin expression mimicking S protein effect. S protein did not change total TLR4 expression but decreased its surface expression. LPS-RS, a TLR4 antagonist, also counteracted the effects of the S protein on Akt phosphorylation at Thr308, albumin endocytosis, and megalin expression. Conversely, these effects of the S protein were replicated by LPS, an agonist of TLR4. Incubation of PTECs with a pseudovirus containing S protein inhibited albumin endocytosis. Null or VSV-G pseudovirus, used as control, had no effect. LPS-RS prevented the inhibitory impact of pseudovirus containing the S protein on albumin endocytosis but had no influence on virus internalization. Our findings demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of the S protein on albumin endocytosis in PTECs is mediated through TLR4, resulting from a reduction in megalin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P Silva-Aguiar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas E Teixeira
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo B Peruchetti
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A S Peres
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sarah A S Alves
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro T Calil
- Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Arruda
- Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana J Costa
- Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Silva
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alvin H Schmaier
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S Pinheiro
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Huang B, Li X, Zhang X, Li S, Liu Y, Zhang M, Cui J. Fractional Excretion of Urate is Positively Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in HUA Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:1701-1713. [PMID: 38633278 PMCID: PMC11022882 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s454711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose People with hyperuricemia (HUA) are often related to metabolic disorders such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and obesity. However, the correlation between excretion of uric acid and these diseases is unclear. Our study aimed to explore the relationship between uric acid excretion and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods A total of 228 HUA patients from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from 2022 to 2023 were included in this study. We collected demographic, biochemical, and anthropometric data on each subject. Urine uric acid excretion (UUAE) was calculated enzymatically from a single urine collection that lasted 24 hours. And fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) was calculated from serum uric acid and creatinine and uric acid and creatinine. Binary logistic regression modeling assessed the association between uric acid excretion and T2D. Results Of the 228 subjects, 13.4% had T2D and 48.7% had obesity. The obesity group had a lower FEUA (p<0.05) and a higher UUAE compared to the control group (p<0.05). And FEUA had a stronger correlation with the risk of T2D (p<0.001). Also, there was a negative association between BMI and FEUA and a positive link between BMI and UUAE in the outpatients. Conclusion Increased FEUA levels were significantly associated with T2D in HUA patients. Therefore, routine calculating of FEUA is essential for proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment T2D of in HUA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingqiu Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Moraleda Mesa T, de la Torre Sandoval C, Duque González S, Rolo Álvarez AK, Luis Yanes MI, García Nieto VM. Hypouricemia with hypercalciuria: Longitudinal study and review of the topic. Nefrologia 2024; 44:233-240. [PMID: 38631961 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The association of hypouricemia and hypercalciuria is rare. In 1974 a new syndrome named Hypouricemia with hypercalciuria and decreased bone density was described. Afterwards, some cases with such association were published in which the fractional excretion of urate was higher than 20ml/100ml FGR. We have analyzed a series of children who were diagnosed with hypouricemia and hypercalciuria and who were monitored. The aim of this study was to determine whether our patients could be affected by the aforementioned syndrome or be carriers of a variant of idiopathic hypercalciuria. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective longitudinal study in which the medical records of eight patients (5V, 3M) diagnosed with hypouricemia and hypercalciuria in childhood. Clinical features at diagnosis, ultrasound and densitometric findings and selected biochemical variables were noted, with special emphasis on renal tubular handling of urate. Results were compared with 36 children with idiopathic hypercalciuria without hypouricemia (14V, 22M). RESULTS In the hypouricemia group baseline urate levels were 1.9 (0.3) mg/dl (range: 1.5-2) and first day urine calcium/creatinine ratio 0.27 (0.05) mg/mg (range: 0.23-0.31). In all cases fractional urate excretion was less than 20ml/100ml FGR. The z-DMO values were less than -1 in 4/8 cases. At the last follow-up only three cases still had an elevated calcium/creatinine ratio and in all of them the urates levels was greater than 2mg/dl. The z-DMO value had improved in five cases and worsened in three others. In relation to the group without hypouricemia, no differences were observed between the various parameters studied including the z-DMO value, with the exception of fractional excretion and tubular urate reabsorption although plasmatic uric acid levels were still significantly lower. CONCLUSION Our patients with hypercalciuria and hypouricemia would be affected by a variant of idiopathic hypercalciuria in which, due to an unknown cause, the proximal tubular reabsorption of urate is modestly reduced and improves over time. Hypouricemia with hypercalciuria and decreased bone density may not be a specific entity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Duque González
- Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Karina Rolo Álvarez
- Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - María Isabel Luis Yanes
- Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Víctor M García Nieto
- Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
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Wu S, Li C, Li Y, Liu J, Rong C, Pei H, Li X, Zeng X, Mao W. SLC2A9 rs16890979 reduces uric acid absorption by kidney organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1268226. [PMID: 38269090 PMCID: PMC10806012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1268226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The excretion and absorption of uric acid (UA) by the kidneys helps regulate serum UA levels. GLUT9, encoded by SLC2A9, is mainly expressed in the renal tubules responsible for UA absorption. SLC2A9 polymorphisms are associated with different serum UA levels. However, the lack of proper in vitro models has stalled research on the mechanisms of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect UA metabolism in human urate transporters. Methods: In this study, we constructed a gene-edited human embryonic stem cells-9 (ESC-H9) derived kidney organoid bearing rs16890979, an SLC2A9 missense mutation with undetermined associations with hyperuricemia or hypouricemia. Kidney organoids derived from ESC-H9 with genetical overexpression (OE) and low expression (shRNA) of SLC2A9 to serve as controls to study the function of SLC2A9. The function of rs16890979 on UA metabolism was evaluated after placing the organoids to urate-containing medium and following histopathological analysis. Results: The kidney organoids with heterozygous or homozygous rs16890979 mutations showed normal SLC2A9 expression levels and histological distribution, phenotypically similar to the wild-type controls. However, reduced absorption of UA by the kidney organoids with rs16890979 mutants was observed. This finding together with the observation that UA absorption is increased in organoids with SLC2A9 overexpression and decreased in those with SLC2A9 knockdown, suggest that GLUT9 is responsible for UA absorption, and the rs16890979 SNP may compromise this functionality. Moreover, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was detected in organoids after UA treatment, especially in the kidney organoid carrying GLUT9OE, suggesting the cytobiological mechanism explaining the pathological features in hyperuricosuria-related renal injury. Discussion: This study showing the transitional value of kidney organoid modeling the function of SNPs on UA metabolism. With a defined genetic background and a confirmed UA absorption function should be useful for studies on renal histological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms with this organoid model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Rong
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongfei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lab of Stem Cell Biology and Innovative Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine/Guangdong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- National Institute for Stem Cell Clinical Research, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Ichida K. [Uric Acid Metabolism, Uric Acid Transporters and Dysuricemia]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2024; 144:659-674. [PMID: 38825475 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Serum urate levels are determined by the balance between uric acid production and uric acid excretion capacity from the kidneys and intestinal tract. Dysuricemia, including hyperuricemia and hypouricemia, develops when the balance shifts towards an increase or a decrease in the uric acid pool. Hyperuricemia is mostly a multifactorial genetic disorder involving several disease susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Hypouricemia, on the other hand, is caused by genetic abnormalities. The main genes involved in dysuricemia are xanthine oxidoreductase, an enzyme that produces uric acid, and the urate transporters urate transporter 1/solute carrier family 22 member 12 (URAT1/SLC22A12), glucose transporter 9/solute carrier family 2 member 9 (GLUT9/SLC2A9) and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). Deficiency of xanthine oxidoreductase results in xanthinuria, a rare disease with marked hypouricemia. Xanthinuria can be due to a single deficiency of xanthine oxidoreductase or in combination with aldehyde oxidase deficiency as well. The latter is caused by a deficiency in molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, which is responsible for adding sulphur atoms to the molybdenum cofactor required for xanthine oxidoreductase and aldehyde oxidase to exert their action. URAT1/SLC22A12 and GLUT9/SLC2A9 are involved in urate reabsorption and their deficiency leads to renal hypouricemia, a condition that is common in Japanese due to URAT1/SLC22A12 deficiency. On the other hand, ABCG2 is involved in the secretion of urate, and many Japanese have single nucleotide polymorphisms that result in its reduced function, leading to hyperuricemia. In particular, severe dysfunction of ABCG2 leads to hyperuricemia with reduced extrarenal excretion.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Hyperuricemia/etiology
- Hyperuricemia/metabolism
- Hyperuricemia/genetics
- Uric Acid/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters/genetics
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/metabolism
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Xanthine Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Xanthine Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Xanthine Dehydrogenase/deficiency
- Animals
- Organic Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Organic Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/etiology
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Urinary Calculi/etiology
- Urinary Calculi/metabolism
- Urinary Calculi/genetics
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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Moreira R, Martins AD, Ferreira R, Alves MG, Pereira MDL, Oliveira PF. Impact of Chromium Picolinate on Leydig Cell Steroidogenesis and Antioxidant Balance Using an In Vitro Insulin Resistance Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:40. [PMID: 38247463 PMCID: PMC10812815 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Leydig cells (LCs) play a pivotal role in male fertility, producing testosterone. Chromium (III) picolinate (CrPic3), a contentious supplement with antidiabetic and antioxidant properties, raises concerns regarding male fertility. Using a rodent LC line, we investigated the cytotoxicity of increasing CrPic3 doses. An insulin resistance (IR) model was established using palmitate (PA), and LCs were further exposed to CrPic3 to assess its antioxidant/antidiabetic activities. An exometabolome analysis was performed using 1H-NMR. Mitochondrial function and oxidative stress were evaluated via immunoblot. Steroidogenesis was assessed by quantifying androstenedione through ELISA. Our results uncover the toxic effects of CrPic3 on LCs even at low doses under IR conditions. Furthermore, even under these IR conditions, CrPic3 fails to enhance glucose consumption but restores the expression of mitochondrial complexes CII and CIII, alleviating oxidative stress in LCs. While baseline androgen production remained unaffected, CrPic3 promoted androstenedione production in LCs in the presence of PA, suggesting that it promotes cholesterol conversion into androgenic intermediates in this context. This study highlights the need for caution with CrPic3 even at lower doses. It provides valuable insights into the intricate factors influencing LCs metabolism and antioxidant defenses, shedding light on potential benefits and risks of CrPic3, particularly in IR conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúben Moreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (R.M.); (A.D.M.); (R.F.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana D. Martins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (R.M.); (A.D.M.); (R.F.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (R.M.); (A.D.M.); (R.F.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marco G. Alves
- iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro F. Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (R.M.); (A.D.M.); (R.F.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Zhou J, Zhang M, Xie Q, Xu N, Li M, Zhang M, Hao C. Recurrent exercise-induced acute kidney injury associated with hypouricemia: a case report and literature review. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:384. [PMID: 38129773 PMCID: PMC10740252 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03378-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary renal hypouricemia (RHUC) is a heterogenous disorder characterized by defective uric acid (UA) reabsorption resulting in hypouricemia and increased fractional excretion of UA. RHUC is an important cause of exercise-induced acute kidney injury (EIAKI), nephrolithiasis and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). We present here an unusual case of a patient with RHUC who presented with recurrent EIAKI and had two heterozygous mutations in the SLC2A9 gene. CASE PRESENTATION A 43-year old man was admitted to our clinic because of bilateral loin pain, nausea and sleeplessness for 3 days after strenuous exercise. The laboratory results revealed increased levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (15 mmol/l) and serum creatinine (Scr) (450 μmol/l), while the UA level was extremely low at 0.54 mg/dl, and his fractional excretion of urate (FE-UA) was 108%. The patient had an episode of acute kidney injury after playing soccer approximately 20 years ago, and on routine physical examination, his UA was less than 0.50 mg/dl. In view of the marked hypouricemia and high FE-UA, a diagnosis of RHUC was suspected, which led us to perform mutational screening of the SLC22A12 and SLC2A9 genes. DNA sequencing revealed no mutation in SLC22A12 gene, but two heterozygous mutations in the SLC2A9 gene. CONCLUSIONS This is a rare report of a patient with RHUC2 due to the mutation of SLC2A9. And this unique symptom of EIAKI and decreased or normal serum concentrations of UA warrant more attention as an early cue of RHUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qionghong Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxin Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanming Hao
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Perdomo-Ramírez A, Ramos-Trujillo E, Claverie-Martín F. New SLC22A12 (URAT1) Variant Associated with Renal Hypouricemia Identified by Whole-Exome Sequencing Analysis and Bioinformatics Predictions. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1823. [PMID: 37761963 PMCID: PMC10530539 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal hypouricemia (RHUC) is a rare hereditary disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the SLC22A12 (RHUC type 1) or SLC2A9 (RHUC type 2) genes, encoding urate transporters URAT1 and GLUT9, respectively, that reabsorb urate in the renal proximal tubule. The characteristics of this disorder are low serum urate levels, high renal fractional excretion of urate, and occasional severe complications such as nephrolithiasis and exercise-induced acute renal failure. In this study, we report two Spanish (Caucasian) siblings and a Pakistani boy with clinical characteristics compatible with RHUC. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis identified two homozygous variants: a novel pathogenic SLC22A12 variant, c.1523G>A; p.(S508N), in the two Caucasian siblings and a previously reported SLC2A9 variant, c.646G>A; p.(G216R), in the Pakistani boy. Our findings suggest that these two mutations cause RHUC through loss of urate reabsorption and extend the SLC22A12 mutation spectrum. In addition, this work further emphasizes the importance of WES analysis in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Perdomo-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.P.-R.); (E.R.-T.)
| | - Elena Ramos-Trujillo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.P.-R.); (E.R.-T.)
- Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Sección Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Claverie-Martín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.P.-R.); (E.R.-T.)
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Perdomo-Ramirez A, Cordoba-Lanus E, Trujillo-Frias CJ, Gonzalez-Navasa C, Ramos-Trujillo E, Luis-Yanes MI, Garcia-Nieto V, Claverie-Martin F. Pathogenic Variants of SLC22A12 (URAT1) and SLC2A9 (GLUT9) in Spanish Patients with Renal Hypouricemia: Founder Effect of SLC2A9 Variant c.374C>T; p.(T125M). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098455. [PMID: 37176161 PMCID: PMC10179447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal hypouricemia (RHUC) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by impaired urate reabsorption in the proximal tubule resulting in low urate serum levels and increased urate excretion. Some patients may present severe complications such as exercise-induced acute renal failure and nephrolithiasis. RHUC is caused by inactivating mutations in the SLC22A12 (RHUC type 1) or SLC2A9 (RHUC type 2) genes, which encode urate transporters URAT1 and GLUT9, respectively. In this study, our goal was to identify mutations associated with twenty-one new cases with RHUC through direct sequencing of SLC22A12 and SLC2A9 coding exons. Additionally, we carried out an SNPs-haplotype analysis to determine whether the rare SLC2A9 variant c.374C>T; p.(T125M), which is recurrent in Spanish families with RHUC type 2, had a common-linked haplotype. Six intragenic informative SNPs were analyzed using PCR amplification from genomic DNA and direct sequencing. Our results showed that ten patients carried the SLC22A12 mutation c.1400C>T; p.(T467M), ten presented the SLC2A9 mutation c.374C>T, and one carried a new SLC2A9 heterozygous mutation, c.593G>A; p.(R198H). Patients carrying the SLC2A9 mutation c.374C>T share a common-linked haplotype, confirming that it emerged due to a founder effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Perdomo-Ramirez
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Cordoba-Lanus
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Publica de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna, 38296 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Jane Trujillo-Frias
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Navasa
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Seccion Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Fisica y Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elena Ramos-Trujillo
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Seccion Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Fisica y Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Luis-Yanes
- Unidad de Nefrologia Pediatrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Victor Garcia-Nieto
- Unidad de Nefrologia Pediatrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Felix Claverie-Martin
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Chamarthy S, Mekala JR. Functional importance of glucose transporters and chromatin epigenetic factors in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM): possible therapeutics. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1441-1469. [PMID: 37093461 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer affecting glial cells and is chemo- and radio-resistant. Glucose is considered the most vital energy source for cancer cell proliferation. During metabolism, hexose molecules will be transported into the cells via transmembrane proteins known as glucose transporter (GLUT). Among them, GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 play pivotal roles in glucose transport in GBM. Knockdown studies have established the role of GLUT-1, and GLUT-3 mediated glucose transport in GBM cells, providing insight into GLUT-mediated cancer signaling and cancer aggressiveness. This review focussed on the vital role of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 proteins, which regulate glucose transport. Recent studies have identified the role of GLUT inhibitors in effective cancer prevention. Several of them are in clinical trials. Understanding and functional approaches towards glucose-mediated cell metabolism and chromatin epigenetics will provide valuable insights into the mechanism of cancer aggressiveness, cancer stemness, and chemo-resistance in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). This review summarizes the role of GLUT inhibitors, micro-RNAs, and long non-coding RNAs that aid in inhibiting glucose uptake by the GBM cells and other cancer cells leading to the identification of potential therapeutic, prognostic as well as diagnostic markers. Furthermore, the involvement of epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs, in regulating glycolytic genes was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahiti Chamarthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India
| | - Janaki Ramaiah Mekala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India.
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12
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Cachau R, Shahsavari S, Cho SK. The in-silico evaluation of important GLUT9 residue for uric acid transport based on renal hypouricemia type 2. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 373:110378. [PMID: 36736875 PMCID: PMC10596759 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism. Uric acid transporters in the renal proximal tubule plays a key role in uric acid transport. Functional abnormalities in these transporters could lead to high or low levels of uric acid in the blood plasma, known as hyperuricemia and hypouricemia, respectively. GLUT9 has been reported as a key transporter for uric acid reuptake in renal proximal tubule. GLUT9 mutation is known as causal gene for renal hypouricemia due to defective uric acid uptake, with more severe cases resulting in urolithiasis and exercise induced acute kidney injury (EIAKI). However, the effect of mutation is not fully investigated and hard to predict the change of binding affinity. We comprehensively described the effect of GLUT9 mutation for uric acid transport using molecular dynamics and investigated the specific site for uric acid binding differences. R171C and R380W showed the significant disruption of the structure not affecting transport dynamics whereas L75R, G216R, N333S, and P412R showed the reduced affinity of the extracellular vestibular area towards urate. Interestingly, T125 M showed a significant increase in intracellular binding energy, associated with distorted geometries. We can use this classification to consider the effect mutations by comparing the transport profiles of mutants against those of chemical candidates for transport and providing new perspectives to urate lowering drug discovery using GLUT9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Cachau
- Integrated Data Science Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Sung Kweon Cho
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology Ajou University, School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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Mandal AK, Leask MP, Sumpter NA, Choi HK, Merriman TR, Mount DB. Genetic and Physiological Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) on Human Urate Homeostasis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:451-466. [PMID: 36735516 PMCID: PMC10103387 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hyperinsulinemia induces hyperuricemia by activating net renal urate reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. The basolateral reabsorptive urate transporter GLUT9a appears to be the dominant target for insulin. By contrast, IGF-1 infusion reduces serum urate (SU), through mechanisms unknown. Genetic variants of IGF1R associated with reduced SU have increased IGF-1R expression and interact with genes encoding the GLUT9 and ABCG2 urate transporters, in a sex-specific fashion, which controls the SU level. Activation of IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling in Xenopus oocytes modestly activates GLUT9a and inhibits insulin's stimulatory effect on the transporter, which also activates multiple secretory urate transporters-ABCG2, ABCC4, OAT1, and OAT3. The results collectively suggest that IGF-1 reduces SU by activating secretory urate transporters and inhibiting insulin's action on GLUT9a. BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome and hyperinsulinemia are associated with hyperuricemia. Insulin infusion in healthy volunteers elevates serum urate (SU) by activating net urate reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule, whereas IGF-1 infusion reduces SU by mechanisms unknown. Variation within the IGF1R gene also affects SU levels. METHODS Colocalization analyses of a SU genome-wide association studies signal at IGF1R and expression quantitative trait loci signals in cis using COLOC2, RT-PCR, Western blotting, and urate transport assays in transfected HEK 293T cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes. RESULTS Genetic association at IGF1R with SU is stronger in women and is mediated by control of IGF1R expression. Inheritance of the urate-lowering homozygous genotype at the SLC2A9 locus is associated with a differential effect of IGF1R genotype between men and women. IGF-1, through IGF-1R, stimulated urate uptake in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells and transfected HEK 293T cells, through activation of IRS1, PI3/Akt, MEK/ERK, and p38 MAPK; urate uptake was inhibited in the presence of uricosuric drugs, specific inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase, PI3 kinase (PI3K), ERK, and p38 MAPK. In X. laevis oocytes expressing ten individual urate transporters, IGF-1 through endogenous IGF-1R stimulated urate transport mediated by GLUT9, OAT1, OAT3, ABCG2, and ABCC4 and inhibited insulin's stimulatory action on GLUT9a and OAT3. IGF-1 significantly activated Akt and ERK. Specific inhibitors of PI3K, ERK, and PKC significantly affected IGF-1 stimulation of urate transport in oocytes. CONCLUSIONS The combined results of infusion, genetics, and transport experiments suggest that IGF-1 reduces SU by activating urate secretory transporters and inhibiting insulin's action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim K. Mandal
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Megan P. Leask
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nicholas A. Sumpter
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tony R. Merriman
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David B. Mount
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Renal Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Yang B, Xin M, Liang S, Xu X, Cai T, Dong L, Wang C, Wang M, Cui Y, Song X, Sun J, Sun W. New insight into the management of renal excretion and hyperuricemia: Potential therapeutic strategies with natural bioactive compounds. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1026246. [PMID: 36483739 PMCID: PMC9723165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is the result of increased production and/or underexcretion of uric acid. Hyperuricemia has been epidemiologically associated with multiple comorbidities, including metabolic syndrome, gout with long-term systemic inflammation, chronic kidney disease, urolithiasis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, dyslipidemia, diabetes/insulin resistance and increased oxidative stress. Dysregulation of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOD), the enzyme that catalyzes uric acid biosynthesis primarily in the liver, and urate transporters that reabsorb urate in the renal proximal tubules (URAT1, GLUT9, OAT4 and OAT10) and secrete urate (ABCG2, OAT1, OAT3, NPT1, and NPT4) in the renal tubules and intestine, is a major cause of hyperuricemia, along with variations in the genes encoding these proteins. The first-line therapeutic drugs used to lower serum uric acid levels include XOD inhibitors that limit uric acid biosynthesis and uricosurics that decrease urate reabsorption in the renal proximal tubules and increase urate excretion into the urine and intestine via urate transporters. However, long-term use of high doses of these drugs induces acute kidney disease, chronic kidney disease and liver toxicity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new nephroprotective drugs with improved safety profiles and tolerance. The current systematic review summarizes the characteristics of major urate transporters, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia, and the regulation of uric acid biosynthesis and transport. Most importantly, this review highlights the potential mechanisms of action of some naturally occurring bioactive compounds with antihyperuricemic and nephroprotective potential isolated from various medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bendong Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Meiling Xin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shufei Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Tianqi Cai
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yuting Cui
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Shandong Qingyujiangxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zibo, China
| | - Jinyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Shandong Qingyujiangxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zibo, China
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Hyperuricemia during Pregnancy Leads to a Preeclampsia-Like Phenotype in Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223703. [PMID: 36429132 PMCID: PMC9688737 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a common feature in pregnancies compromised by pre-eclampsia, a pregnancy disease characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia remains largely unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of elevated uric acid serum levels during pregnancy on maternal blood pressure and neonatal outcome using two different murine knockout models. Non-pregnant liver-specific GLUT9 knockout (LG9KO) mice showed elevated uric acid serum concentrations but no hypertensive blood pressure levels. During pregnancy, however, blood pressure levels of these animals increased in the second and third trimester, and circadian blood pressure dipping was severely altered when compared to non-pregnant LG9KO mice. The impact of hyperuricemia on fetal development was investigated using a systemic GLUT9 knockout (G9KO) mouse model. Fetal hyperuricemia caused distinctive renal tissue injuries and, subsequently an impaired neonatal growth pattern. These findings provide strong evidence that hyperuricemia plays a major role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive pregnancy disorders such as pre-eclampsia. These novel insights may enable the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for hyperuricemia-related diseases.
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Jiang Z, Cao J, Su H, Cao H, Sun Z, Jiang H, Fan Y. Exercise serum regulates uric acid transporters in normal rat kidney cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18086. [PMID: 36302802 PMCID: PMC9613886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) refers to a physiological condition of high serum uric acid (SUA) level in the body, which may cause an increased risk of several chronic diseases. The kidney's impaired uric acid (UA) metabolism is an important reason for HUA. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that circulating factors produced during exercise regulate the expression of ABCC4, ABCG2, URAT1, and GLUT9 in normal rat kidneys and normal rat kidney cells (NRK-52E) and their relationship with NF-κB and NRF-2. NRK-52E cells were separately cultured by serum from 10 healthy SD rats who did not exercise (CON) and 10 healthy SD rats who did aerobic treadmill exercise for 6 weeks. Cells cultured by serum from rats who did aerobic treadmill exercise for 6 weeks were separated by without NRF-2 inhibitor (EXE) and with NRF-2 inhibitor (EXE + ML). SUA level of rats was tested by using dry chemical assays, xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in serum and liver were tested by using enzyme colorimetry assays, protein expression in kidney and NRK-52E cells were tested by using Western-blot, and UA levels in the upper or lower chamber were tested by colorimetry assays. Aerobic exercise reduced SUA levels in rats but did not significantly affect on liver xanthine oxidase. It also increased the expression of some UA transporters in the kidney and NRK-52E cells and increased the cells' ability in UA excretion. When the NRF-2 was inhibited, the NF-κB and ABCG2 increased, and the expression of ABCC4, URAT1, and GLUT9 decreased. In conclusion, this study suggested that 6 weeks of aerobic treadmill exercise intervention may help to improve the excretion of UA in renal cells, suggesting that long-term aerobic exercise may be a means to prevent hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongye Jiang
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Cao
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Su
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Cao
- grid.261049.80000 0004 0645 4572North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyuan Sun
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoze Jiang
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Fan
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394Sport Biochemistry Department, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Chang YS, Lin CY, Liu TY, Huang CM, Chung CC, Chen YC, Tsai FJ, Chang JG, Chang SJ. Polygenic risk score trend and new variants on chromosome 1 are associated with male gout in genome-wide association study. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:229. [PMID: 36221101 PMCID: PMC9552457 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gout is a highly hereditary disease, but not all those carrying well-known risk variants have developing gout attack even in hyperuricemia status. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis to illustrate the new genetic architectures of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AH). Methods GWAS was performed to identify variants associated with gout/AH compared with normouricemia. The participants were males, enrolled from the Taiwan Biobank and China Medical University, and divided into discovery (n=39,594) and replication (n=891) cohorts for GWAS. For PRS analysis, the discovery cohort was grouped as base (n=21,814) and target (n=17,780) cohorts, and the score was estimated by grouping the polymorphisms into protective or not for the phenotypes in the base cohort. Results The genes ABCG2 and SLC2A9 were found as the major genetic factors governing gouty and AH, and even in those carrying the rs2231142 (ABCG2) wild-genotype. Surprisingly, variants on chromosome 1, such as rs7546668 (DNAJC16), rs10927807 (AGMAT), rs9286836 (NUDT17), rs4971100 (TRIM46), rs4072037 (MUC1), and rs2974935 (MTX1), showed significant associations with gout in both discovery and replication cohorts (all p-values < 1e−8). Concerning the PRS, the rates of gout and AH increased with increased quartile PRS in those SNPs having risk effects on the phenotypes; on the contrary, gout/AH rates decreased with increased quartile PRS in those protective SNPs. Conclusions We found new variants on chromosome 1 significantly relating to gout, and PRS predicts the risk of developing gout/AH more robustly based on the SNPs’ effect types on the trait. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-022-02917-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Sian Chang
- Center for Precision Medicine and Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Zhubei City, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Huang
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chun Chung
- Center for Precision Medicine and Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine and Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- Center for Precision Medicine and Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Jen Chang
- Center for Precision Medicine and Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung, No. 700, Kaohsiung University Road, Nanzih District, 81148, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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18
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Zeng H, Tang C, Lin B, Yu M, Wang X, Wang J, Chen S, Yu C. The regulation effect of GLUT9/SLC2A9 on intrahepatic uric acid level and metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Hepatol Int 2022; 16:1064-1074. [PMID: 36006548 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-022-10371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. The important role of urid acid (UA) in MAFLD has been widely investigated. Our previous studies unveiled the elevation of serum UA levels independently predicts an increased risk of incident MAFLD. However, the role of intrahepatic UA in MAFLD has not been investigated yet. Glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) is a key transporter that mediates the uptake of UA in hepatocytes. METHODS In this study, we first explored the clinical association between GLUT9 polymorphism and MAFLD. Blood samples of 247 male Chinese (127 were MAFLD patients) were collected and tested for the blood UA levels and genotype of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of GLUT9 (rs1014290). Next, Glut9 hepatic-specific knockout mice (Glut9Hep-ko) were generated to investigate the role of hepatic GLUT9 in MAFLD in male mice. RESULTS We found that the GA/AA genotypes (rs1014290) were associated with elevated serum UA levels in MAFLD patients. Meanwhile, we found that Glut9Hep-ko mice displayed lower intrahepatic UA levels, down-regulated lipogenesis genes expressions, and attenuated MAFLD symptoms after 12 weeks of high-fat diet feeding, compared with Glut9Fl/Fl littermates. However, Glut9Hep-ko mice and wild-type littermates showed no significant difference on hepatic fatty acid oxidation or inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that GLUT9 polymorphism was significantly associated with MAFLD, and hepatic-specific knockout of Glut9 significantly decreased intrahepatic contents and ameliorated diet-induced MAFLD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Chenxi Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Bingru Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Mengli Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shenghui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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19
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Nian YL, You CG. Susceptibility genes of hyperuricemia and gout. Hereditas 2022; 159:30. [PMID: 35922835 PMCID: PMC9351246 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-022-00243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is a chronic metabolic disease that seriously affects human health. It is also a major challenge facing the world, which has brought a heavy burden to patients and society. Hyperuricemia (HUA) is the most important risk factor for gout. In recent years, with the improvement of living standards and the change of dietary habits, the incidence of gout in the world has increased dramatically, and gradually tends to be younger. An increasing number of studies have shown that gene mutations may play an important role in the development of HUA and gout. Therefore, we reviewed the existing literature and summarized the susceptibility genes and research status of HUA and gout, in order to provide reference for the early diagnosis, individualized treatment and the development of new targeted drugs of HUA and gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Li Nian
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Chong-Ge You
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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20
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Ismail A, Tanasova M. Importance of GLUT Transporters in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8698. [PMID: 35955833 PMCID: PMC9368955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Facilitative sugar transporters (GLUTs) are the primary method of sugar uptake in all mammalian cells. There are 14 different types of those transmembrane proteins, but they transport only a handful of substrates, mainly glucose and fructose. This overlap and redundancy contradict the natural tendency of cells to conserve energy and resources, and has led researchers to hypothesize that different GLUTs partake in more metabolic roles than just sugar transport into cells. Understanding those roles will lead to better therapeutics for a wide variety of diseases and disorders. In this review we highlight recent discoveries of the role GLUTs play in different diseases and disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Marina Tanasova
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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21
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Silva-Aguiar RP, Teixeira DE, Peruchetti DB, Florentino LS, Peres RAS, Gomes CP, Paz-Marzolo M, Rocco PMR, Pinheiro AAS, Caruso-Neves C. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein inhibits megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis in proximal tubule epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166496. [PMID: 35863591 PMCID: PMC9290338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 have high prevalence of albuminuria which is used as a marker of progression of renal disease and is associated with severe COVID-19. We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) could modulate albumin handling in proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) and, consequently contribute to the albuminuria observed in patients with COVID-19. In this context, the possible effect of S protein on albumin endocytosis in PTECs was investigated. Two PTEC lines were used: HEK-293A and LLC-PK1. Incubation of both cell types with S protein for 16 h inhibited albumin uptake at the same magnitude. This effect was associated with canonical megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis because: (1) DQ-albumin uptake, a marker of the lysosomal degradation pathway, was reduced at a similar level compared with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-albumin uptake; (2) dextran-FITC uptake, a marker of fluid-phase endocytosis, was not changed; (3) cell viability and proliferation were not changed. The inhibitory effect of S protein on albumin uptake was only observed when it was added at the luminal membrane, and it did not involve the ACE2/Ang II/AT1R axis. Although both cells uptake S protein, it does not seem to be required for modulation of albumin endocytosis. The mechanism underlying the inhibition of albumin uptake by S protein encompasses a decrease in megalin expression without changes in megalin trafficking and stability. These results reveal a possible mechanism to explain the albuminuria observed in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P Silva-Aguiar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas E Teixeira
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo B Peruchetti
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Florentino
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A S Peres
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Gomes
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Paz-Marzolo
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia M R Rocco
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S Pinheiro
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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22
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Fetomaternal Expression of Glucose Transporters (GLUTs)—Biochemical, Cellular and Clinical Aspects. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102025. [PMID: 35631166 PMCID: PMC9146575 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of specialized glucose transporters (GLUTs) provide constant glucose transport from the maternal circulation to the developing fetus through the placental barrier from the early stages of pregnancy. GLUT1 is a prominent protein isoform that regulates placental glucose transfer via glucose-facilitated diffusion. The GLUT1 membrane protein density and permeability of the syncytial basal membrane (BM) are the main factors limiting the rate of glucose diffusion in the fetomaternal compartment in physiological conditions. Besides GLUT1, the GLUT3 and GLUT4 isoforms are widely expressed across the human placenta. Numerous medical conditions and molecules, such as hormones, adipokines, and xenobiotics, alter the GLUT’s mRNA and protein expression. Diabetes upregulates the BM GLUT’s density and promotes fetomaternal glucose transport, leading to excessive fetal growth. However, most studies have found no between-group differences in GLUTs’ placental expression in macrosomic and normal control pregnancies. The fetomaternal GLUTs expression may also be influenced by several other conditions, such as chronic hypoxia, preeclampsia, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
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23
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Giussani M, Lieti G, Orlando A, Parati G, Genovesi S. Fructose Intake, Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Aspects. A Narrative Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:792949. [PMID: 35492316 PMCID: PMC9039289 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.792949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, alterations in glucose metabolism and fatty liver, either alone or in association, are frequently observed in obese children and may seriously jeopardize their health. For obesity to develop, an excessive intake of energy-bearing macronutrients is required; however, ample evidence suggests that fructose may promote the development of obesity and/or metabolic alterations, independently of its energy intake. Fructose consumption is particularly high among children, because they do not have the perception, and more importantly, neither do their parents, that high fructose intake is potentially dangerous. In fact, while this sugar is erroneously viewed favorably as a natural nutrient, its excessive intake can actually cause adverse cardio-metabolic alterations. Fructose induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduces the production of anti-atherosclerotic cytokines, such as adiponectin. Furthermore, by interacting with hunger and satiety control systems, particularly by inducing leptin resistance, it leads to increased caloric intake. Fructose, directly or through its metabolites, promotes the development of obesity, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and fatty liver. This review aims to highlight the mechanisms by which the early and excessive consumption of fructose may contribute to the development of a variety of cardiometabolic risk factors in children, thus representing a potential danger to their health. It will also describe the main clinical trials performed in children and adolescents that have evaluated the clinical effects of excessive intake of fructose-containing drinks and food, with particular attention to the effects on blood pressure. Finally, we will discuss the effectiveness of measures that can be taken to reduce the intake of this sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giussani
- Cardiologic Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Lieti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonina Orlando
- Cardiologic Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Cardiologic Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Simonetta Genovesi
- Cardiologic Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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24
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García-Nieto VM, Claverie-Martín F, Moraleda-Mesa T, Perdomo-Ramírez A, Tejera-Carreño P, Cordoba-Lanus E, Luis-Yanes MI, Ramos-Trujillo E. Gout associated with reduced renal excretion of uric acid. Renal tubular disorder that nephrologists do not treat. Nefrologia 2022; 42:273-279. [PMID: 36210617 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is recurrent inflammatory arthritis caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints. The risk factors that predispose to suffering from gout include non-modifiable factors such as gender, age, ethnicity and genetics, and modifiable factors such as diet and lifestyle. It has been shown that the heritability of uric acid levels in the blood is greater than 30%, which indicates that genetics play a key role in these levels. Hyperuricaemia is often a consequence of reduced renal urate excretion since more than 70% is excreted by the kidneys, mainly through the proximal tubule. The mechanisms that explain that hyperuricaemia associated with reduced renal urate excretion is, to a large extent, a proximal renal tubular disorder, have begun to be understood following the identification of two genes that encode the URAT1 and GLUT9 transporters. When they are carriers of loss-of-function mutations, they explain the two known variants of renal tubular hypouricaemia. Some polymorphisms in these genes may have an opposite gain-of-function effect, with a consequent increase in urate reabsorption. Conversely, loss-of-function polymorphisms in other genes that encode transporters involved in urate excretion (ABCG2, ABCC4) can lead to hyperuricaemia. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) methods have made it possible to locate new gout-related loci associated with reduced renal urate excretion (NIPAL1, FAM35A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M García-Nieto
- Sección de Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Félix Claverie-Martín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Teresa Moraleda-Mesa
- Sección de Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Perdomo-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Patricia Tejera-Carreño
- Sección de Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Cordoba-Lanus
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - María I Luis-Yanes
- Sección de Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elena Ramos-Trujillo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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25
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Otani N, Ouchi M, Misawa K, Hisatome I, Anzai N. Hypouricemia and Urate Transporters. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030652. [PMID: 35327453 PMCID: PMC8945357 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypouricemia is recognized as a rare disorder, defined as a serum uric acid level of 2.0 mg/dL or less. Hypouricemia is divided into an overexcretion type and an underproduction type. The former typical disease is xanthinuria, and the latter is renal hypouricemia (RHUC). The frequency of nephrogenic hypouricemia due to a deficiency of URAT1 is high in Japan, accounting for most asymptomatic and persistent cases of hypouricemia. RHUC results in a high risk of exercise-induced acute kidney injury and urolithiasis. It is vital to promote research on RHUC, as this will lead not only to the elucidation of its pathophysiology but also to the development of new treatments for gout and hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Otani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
| | - Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan;
| | - Kazuharu Misawa
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Ichiro Hisatome
- Yonago Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Yonago 683-0006, Tottori, Japan;
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, Yonago 680-8550, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Chiba, Japan
- Correspondence:
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26
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Wang Z, Gao L, Ren S, Sun G, Lin Y, Wang S, Wu B. E4BP4 regulates hepatic SLC2A9 and uric acid disposition in mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:591-599. [PMID: 35246462 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC2A9 is a voltage-driven transporter that mediates cellular uptake and efflux of various substrates such as uric acid. Here, we investigated the role of the transcription factor E4BP4 in regulating hepatic SLC2A9 in mice. Effects of E4BP4 on hepatic SLC2A9 and other transporters were examined using E4bp4 knockout (E4bp4 -/-) mice. Transporting activity of SLC2A9 was assessed using uric acid as a prototypical substrate. We found that three SLC genes (i.e., Slc2a9, Slc17a1, and Slc22a7) were up-regulated in the liver in E4bp4 -/- mice with Slc2a9 altered the most. E4bp4 ablation in mice blunted the diurnal rhythm in hepatic SLC2A9, in addition to increasing its expression. Furthermore, E4bp4 -/- mice showed increased hepatic uric acid but reduced uric acid in the plasma and urine. Consistently, allantoin, a metabolite of uric acid generated in the liver, was increased in the liver of E4bp4 -/- mice. E4bp4 ablation also protected mice from potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia. Moreover, negative effects of E4BP4 on SLC2A9 were validated in Hepa-1c1c7 and in primary mouse hepatocytes. In addition, according to luciferase reporter and ChIP assays, we found that E4BP4 repressed Slc2a9 transcription and expression through direct binding to a D-box element (-531 bp to -524 bp) on the P2 promoter. In conclusion, E4BP4 was identified as a novel regulator of SLC2A9 and uric acid homeostasis, which might facilitate new therapies for reducing uric acid in various conditions related to hyperuricemia. Significance Statement Our findings identify E4BP4 as a novel regulator of SLC2A9 and uric acid homeostasis, which might facilitate new therapies for reducing uric acid in various conditions related to hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shuai Wang
- Guangzhou university of Chinese medicine, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, China
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27
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Glucose Transporter 9 (GLUT9) Plays an Important Role in the Placental Uric Acid Transport System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040633. [PMID: 35203284 PMCID: PMC8870656 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyperuricemia is a common laboratory finding in pregnant women compromised by preeclampsia. A growing body of evidence suggests that uric acid is involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) is a high-capacity uric acid transporter. The aim of this study was to investigate the placental uric acid transport system, and to identify the (sub-) cellular localization of GLUT9. Methods: Specific antibodies against GLUT9a and GLUT9b isoforms were raised, and human villous (placental) tissue was immunohistochemically stained. A systemic GLUT9 knockout (G9KO) mouse model was used to assess the placental uric acid transport capacity by measurements of uric acid serum levels in the fetal and maternal circulation. Results: GLUT9a and GLUT9b co-localized with the villous (apical) membrane, but not with the basal membrane, of the syncytiotrophoblast. Fetal and maternal uric acid serum levels were closely correlated. G9KO fetuses showed substantially higher uric acid serum concentrations than their mothers. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the placenta efficiently maintains uric acid homeostasis, and that GLUT9 plays a key role in the placental uric acid transport system, at least in this murine model. Further studies investigating the role of the placental uric acid transport system in preeclampsia are eagerly needed.
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28
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Vallon V, Nakagawa T. Renal Tubular Handling of Glucose and Fructose in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:2995-3044. [PMID: 34964123 PMCID: PMC9832976 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The proximal tubule of the kidney is programmed to reabsorb all filtered glucose and fructose. Glucose is taken up by apical sodium-glucose cotransporters SGLT2 and SGLT1 whereas SGLT5 and potentially SGLT4 and GLUT5 have been implicated in apical fructose uptake. The glucose taken up by the proximal tubule is typically not metabolized but leaves via the basolateral facilitative glucose transporter GLUT2 and is returned to the systemic circulation or used as an energy source by distal tubular segments after basolateral uptake via GLUT1. The proximal tubule generates new glucose in metabolic acidosis and the postabsorptive phase, and fructose serves as an important substrate. In fact, under physiological conditions and intake, fructose taken up by proximal tubules is primarily utilized for gluconeogenesis. In the diabetic kidney, glucose is retained and gluconeogenesis enhanced, the latter in part driven by fructose. This is maladaptive as it sustains hyperglycemia. Moreover, renal glucose retention is coupled to sodium retention through SGLT2 and SGLT1, which induces secondary deleterious effects. SGLT2 inhibitors are new anti-hyperglycemic drugs that can protect the kidneys and heart from failing independent of kidney function and diabetes. Dietary excess of fructose also induces tubular injury. This can be magnified by kidney formation of fructose under pathological conditions. Fructose metabolism is linked to urate formation, which partially accounts for fructose-induced tubular injury, inflammation, and hemodynamic alterations. Fructose metabolism favors glycolysis over mitochondrial respiration as urate suppresses aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and has been linked to potentially detrimental aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:2995-3044, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA,Correspondence to and
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Rakuwakai-Otowa Hospital, Kyoto, Japan,Correspondence to and
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29
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Abstract
Circulation of urate levels is determined by the balance between urate production and excretion, homeostasis regulated by the function of urate transporters in key epithelial tissues and cell types. Our understanding of these physiological processes and identification of the genes encoding the urate transporters has advanced significantly, leading to a greater ability to predict risk for urate-associated diseases and identify new therapeutics that directly target urate transport. Here, we review the identified urate transporters and their organization and function in the renal tubule, the intestinal enterocytes, and other important cell types to provide a fuller understanding of the complicated process of urate homeostasis and its role in human diseases. Furthermore, we review the genetic tools that provide an unbiased catalyst for transporter identification as well as discuss the role of transporters in determining the observed significant gender differences in urate-associated disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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30
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Nakagawa T, Kang DH. Fructose in the kidney: from physiology to pathology. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2021; 40:527-541. [PMID: 34781638 PMCID: PMC8685370 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.21.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Warburg effect is a unique property of cancer cells, in which glycolysis is activated instead of mitochondrial respiration despite oxygen availability. However, recent studies found that the Warburg effect also mediates non-cancer disorders, including kidney disease. Currently, diabetes or glucose has been postulated to mediate the Warburg effect in the kidney, but it is of importance that the Warburg effect can be induced under nondiabetic conditions. Fructose is endogenously produced in several organs, including the kidney, under both physiological and pathological conditions. In the kidney, fructose is predominantly metabolized in the proximal tubules; under normal physiologic conditions, fructose is utilized as a substrate for gluconeogenesis and contributes to maintain systemic glucose concentration under starvation conditions. However, when present in excess, fructose likely becomes deleterious, possibly due in part to excessive uric acid, which is a by-product of fructose metabolism. A potential mechanism is that uric acid suppresses aconitase in the Krebs cycle and therefore reduces mitochondrial oxidation. Consequently, fructose favors glycolysis over mitochondrial respiration, a process that is similar to the Warburg effect in cancer cells. Activation of glycolysis also links to several side pathways, including the pentose phosphate pathway, hexosamine pathway, and lipid synthesis, to provide biosynthetic precursors as fuel for renal inflammation and fibrosis. We now hypothesize that fructose could be the mediator for the Warburg effect in the kidney and a potential mechanism for chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duk-Hee Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yoon J, Cachau R, David VA, Thompson M, Jung W, Jee SH, Daar IO, Winkler CA, Cho SK. Characterization of a Compound Heterozygous SLC2A9 Mutation That Causes Hypouricemia. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091172. [PMID: 34572357 PMCID: PMC8471325 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal hypouricemia is a rare genetic disorder. Hypouricemia can present as renal stones or exercise-induced acute renal failure, but most cases are asymptomatic. Our previous study showed that two recessive variants of SLC22A12 (p.Trp258*, pArg90His) were identified in 90% of the hypouricemia patients from two independent cohorts: the Korean genome and epidemiology study (KoGES) and the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS-II). In this work, we investigate the genetic causes of hypouricemia in the rest of the 10% of unsolved cases. We found a novel non-synonymous mutation of SLC2A9 (voltage-sensitive uric acid transporter) in the whole-exome sequencing (WES) results. Molecular dynamics prediction suggests that the novel mutation p.Met126Val in SLCA9b (p.Met155Val in SLC2A9a) hinders uric acid transport through a defect of the outward open geometry. Molecular analysis using Xenopus oocytes confirmed that the p.Met126Val mutation significantly reduced uric acid transport but does not affect the SLC2A9 protein expression level. Our results will shed light on a better understanding of SLC2A9-mediated uric acid transport and the development of a uric acid-lowering agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Yoon
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (J.Y.); (I.O.D.)
| | - Raul Cachau
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA;
| | - Victor A. David
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (V.A.D.); (C.A.W.)
| | - Mary Thompson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA;
| | - Wooram Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Sun-Ha Jee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Ira O. Daar
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (J.Y.); (I.O.D.)
| | - Cheryl A. Winkler
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (V.A.D.); (C.A.W.)
| | - Sung-Kweon Cho
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (V.A.D.); (C.A.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +82-31-219-4506; Fax: +82-31-219-5069
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García-Nieto VM, Claverie-Martín F, Moraleda-Mesa T, Perdomo-Ramírez A, Tejera-Carreño P, Córdoba-Lanus E, Luis-Yanes MI, Ramos-Trujillo E. Gout associated with reduced renal excretion of uric acid. Renal tubular disorder that nephrologists do not treat. Nefrologia 2021; 42:S0211-6995(21)00142-9. [PMID: 34503865 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is recurrent inflammatory arthritis caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints. The risk factors that predispose to suffering from gout include non-modifiable factors such as gender, age, ethnicity and genetics, and modifiable factors such as diet and lifestyle. It has been shown that the heritability of uric acid levels in the blood is greater than 30%, which indicates that genetics play a key role in these levels. Hyperuricaemia is often a consequence of reduced renal urate excretion since more than 70% is excreted by the kidneys, mainly through the proximal tubule. The mechanisms that explain that hyperuricaemia associated with reduced renal urate excretion is, to a large extent, a proximal renal tubular disorder, have begun to be understood following the identification of two genes that encode the URAT1 and GLUT9 transporters. When they are carriers of loss-of-function mutations, they explain the two known variants of renal tubular hypouricaemia. Some polymorphisms in these genes may have an opposite gain-of-function effect, with a consequent increase in urate reabsorption. Conversely, loss-of-function polymorphisms in other genes that encode transporters involved in urate excretion (ABCG2, ABCC4) can lead to hyperuricaemia. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) methods have made it possible to locate new gout-related loci associated with reduced renal urate excretion (NIPAL1, FAM35A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M García-Nieto
- Sección de Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España.
| | - Félix Claverie-Martín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
| | - Teresa Moraleda-Mesa
- Sección de Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
| | - Ana Perdomo-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
| | - Patricia Tejera-Carreño
- Sección de Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
| | - Elizabeth Córdoba-Lanus
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
| | - María I Luis-Yanes
- Sección de Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
| | - Elena Ramos-Trujillo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
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Identification of two novel heterozygous SLC2A9 mutations in a Chinese woman and review of literature. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:58-64. [PMID: 34499869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is aimed to describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of a Chinese woman diagnosed with renal hypouricemia type 2 (RHUC2). We also summarize the advances in research on RHUC2 by reviewing related literature. METHODS We measured clinical parameters of a 57-year-old female and performed whole-exome sequencing to screen for mutations. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells were transiently transfected with plasmids containing wild-type or mutants. Relative mRNA quantification was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS This patient was diagnosed with diabetes and coronary heart disease. In addition, a decrease in 24-hour urinary chloride was observed. Two novel heterozygous variants of SLC2A9 (NM_020041.2): c.682-2_682-1insC and c.267C > G (p.Y89X) were identified. The mini-gene splicing assay revealed that c.682-2_682-1insC variant resulted in a frameshift mutation p. E228PfsX23. There was a statistically significant difference in mRNA expression level between the two mutants and the wild-type. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly suggest that the two novel mutations are the causative agents of RHUC2. In particular, our findings provide further insights into the function of SLC2A9 and mechanisms of the complications.
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Qin Y, Zhang S, Cui S, Shen X, Wang J, Cui X, Zuo M, Gao Z, Zhang J, Yang J, Zhu H, Chang B. High urinary excretion rate of glucose attenuates serum uric acid level in type 2 diabetes with normal renal function. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1981-1988. [PMID: 33515212 PMCID: PMC8357730 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The relationship between urinary excretion rate of glucose (UEGL) and uric acid (UA) metabolism in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear to date. This study aimed to investigate the relationships of UEGL with serum UA (SUA), urinary excretion rate of uric acid (UEUA), and renal clearance of uric acid (CLUA) in adults with T2D. We hypothesised that high UEGL increases UA excretion, which in turn leads to lower SUA. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 635 inpatients with T2D recruited between 2018 and 2019. The relationships of UEGL with UEUA, CLUA, and hyperuricaemia were assessed using analysis of covariance and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS Patients in the higher quartile of UEGL tended to have lower SUA levels than those in the lower quartile. In contrast, patients in the higher quartile of UEGL tended to have higher CLUA (p for trend < 0.0001), and a similar trend was observed for UEUA. In adjusted multivariable linear regression model, UEGL was negatively correlated with SUA (β = - 0.023, 95% CI - 0.034 to - 0.013, p < 0.0001). However, positive correlations of UEGL with UEUA (β = 0.046, 95% CI 0.018-0.074, p = 0.001) and CLUA (β = 0.063, 95% CI 0.042-0.085, p < 0.0001) were found. Furthermore, consistent significant inverse associations were observed between quartiles of UEGL and hyperuricaemia in the adjusted multivariate logistic regression model. CONCLUSIONS A high UEGL level was positively correlated with UEUA and CLUA. Moreover, it was inversely associated with SUA level, and a consistently increased UEGL level reduced the risk of hyperuricaemia in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - S Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, The First Center Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - X Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - X Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - M Zuo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Z Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - H Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - B Chang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Mandal AK, Leask MP, Estiverne C, Choi HK, Merriman TR, Mount DB. Genetic and Physiological Effects of Insulin on Human Urate Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:713710. [PMID: 34408667 PMCID: PMC8366499 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.713710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and hyperinsulinemia reduce renal fractional excretion of urate (FeU) and play a key role in the genesis of hyperuricemia and gout, via uncharacterized mechanisms. To explore this association further we studied the effects of genetic variation in insulin-associated pathways on serum urate (SU) levels and the physiological effects of insulin on urate transporters. We found that urate-associated variants in the human insulin (INS), insulin receptor (INSR), and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) loci associate with the expression of the insulin-like growth factor 2, IRS1, INSR, and ZNF358 genes; additionally, we found genetic interaction between SLC2A9 and the three loci, most evident in women. We also found that insulin stimulates the expression of GLUT9 and increases [14C]-urate uptake in human proximal tubular cells (PTC-05) and HEK293T cells, transport activity that was effectively abrogated by uricosurics or inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), PI3 kinase, MEK/ERK, or p38 MAPK. Heterologous expression of individual urate transporters in Xenopus oocytes revealed that the [14C]-urate transport activities of GLUT9a, GLUT9b, OAT10, OAT3, OAT1, NPT1 and ABCG2 are directly activated by insulin signaling, through PI3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt, MEK/ERK and/or p38 MAPK. Given that the high-capacity urate transporter GLUT9a is the exclusive basolateral exit pathway for reabsorbed urate from the renal proximal tubule into the blood, that insulin stimulates both GLUT9 expression and urate transport activity more than other urate transporters, and that SLC2A9 shows genetic interaction with urate-associated insulin-signaling loci, we postulate that the anti-uricosuric effect of insulin is primarily due to the enhanced expression and activation of GLUT9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim K. Mandal
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megan P. Leask
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christopher Estiverne
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tony R. Merriman
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - David B. Mount
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Renal Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Joshi NP, Mane AR, Sahay AS, Sundrani DP, Joshi SR, Yajnik CS. Role of Placental Glucose Transporters in Determining Fetal Growth. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:2744-2759. [PMID: 34339038 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrient availability and its transport through the placenta are crucial for fetal development. Nutrients are transported to the fetus via specific transporters present on the microvillous (MVM) and basal membrane (BM) of the placenta. Glucose is the most abundant nutrient transferred to the fetus and plays a key role in the fetal growth and development. The transfer of glucose across the human placenta is directly proportional to maternal glucose concentrations, and is mediated by glucose transporter family proteins (GLUTs). Maternal glucose concentration influences expression and activity of GLUTs in the MVM (glucose uptake) and BM (glucose delivery). Alteration in the number and function of these transporters may affect the growth and body composition of the fetus. The thin-fat phenotype of the Indian baby (low ponderal index, high adiposity) is proposed as a harbinger of future metabolic risk. We propose that placental function mediated through nutrient transporters contributes to the phenotype of the baby, specifically that glucose transporters will influence neonatal fat. This review discusses the role of various glucose transporters in the placenta in determining fetal growth and body composition, in light of the above hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita P Joshi
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Aditi R Mane
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Akriti S Sahay
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Deepali P Sundrani
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Sadhana R Joshi
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India.
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Chung S, Kim GH. Urate Transporters in the Kidney: What Clinicians Need to Know. Electrolyte Blood Press 2021; 19:1-9. [PMID: 34290818 PMCID: PMC8267069 DOI: 10.5049/ebp.2021.19.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urate is produced in the liver by the degradation of purines from the diet and nucleotide turnover and excreted by the kidney and gut. The kidney is the major route of urate removal and has a pivotal role in the regulation of urate homeostasis. Approximately 10% of the glomerular filtered urate is excreted in the urine, and the remainder is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. However, the transport of urate in the proximal tubule is bidirectional: reabsorption and secretion. Thus, an increase in reabsorption or a decrease in secretion may induce hyperuricemia. In contrast, a decrease in reabsorption or an increase in secretion may result in hyperuricosuria. In the proximal tubule, urate reabsorption is mainly mediated by apical URAT1 (SLC22A12) and basolateral GLUT9 (SLC2A9) transporter. OAT4 (SLC22A11) also acts in urate reabsorption in the apical membrane, and its polymorphism is associated with the risk of hyperuricemia. Renal hypouricemia is caused by SLC22A12 or SLC2A9 loss-of-function mutations, and it may be complicated by exercise-induced acute kidney injury. URAT1 and GLUT9 are also drug targets for uricosuric agents. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors may induce hyperuricosuria by inhibiting GLUT9b located in the apical plasma membrane. Urate secretion is mediated by basolateral OAT1 (SLC22A6) and OAT3 (SLC22A8) and apical ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2), NPT1 (SLC17A1), and NPT4 (SLC17A3) transporter in the proximal tubule. NPT1 and NPT4 may be key players in renal urate secretion in humans, and deletion of SLC22A6 and SLC22A8 in mice leads to decreased urate excretion. Dysfunctional variants of ABCG2 inhibit urate secretion from the gut and kidney and may cause gout. In summary, the net result of urate transport in the proximal tubule is determined by the dominance of transporters between reabsorption (URAT1, OAT4, and GLUT9) and secretion (ABCG2, NPT1, NPT4, OAT1, and OAT3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gheun-Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ding X, Peng C, Li S, Li M, Li X, Wang Z, Li Y, Wang X, Li J, wu J. Chicken serum uric acid level is regulated by glucose transporter 9. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:670-679. [PMID: 32810934 PMCID: PMC7961270 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) is a uric acid transporter that is associated with uric absorption in mice and humans; but it is unknown whether GLUT9 involves in chicken uric acid regulation. This experiment aimed to investigate the chicken GLUT9 expression and serum uric acid (SUA) level.Methods: Sixty chickens were divided into 4 groups (n = 15): a control group (NC); a sulfonamide-treated group (SD) supplemented with sulfamonomethoxine sodium via drinking water (8 mg/L); a fishmeal group (FM) supplemented with 16% fishmeal in diet; and a uric acid-injection group (IU), where uric acid (250 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected once a day. The serum was collected weekly to detect the SUA level. Liver, kidney, jejunum, and ileum tissues were collected to detect the GLUT9 mRNA and protein expression.Results: The results showed in the SD and IU groups, the SUA level increased and GLUT9 expression increased in the liver, but decreased in the kidney, jejunum, and ileum. In the FM group, the SUA level decreased slightly and GLUT9 expression increased in the kidney, but decreased in the liver, jejunum, and ileum. Correlation analysis revealed that liver GLUT9 expression correlated positively, and renal GLUT9 expression correlated negatively with the SUA level.Conclusion: These results demonstrate that there may be a feedback regulation of GLUT9 in the chicken liver and kidney to maintain the SUA balance; however, the underlying mechanism needs to be investigated in future studies.
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Nogues P, Dos Santos E, Couturier-Tarrade A, Berveiller P, Arnould L, Lamy E, Grassin-Delyle S, Vialard F, Dieudonne MN. Maternal Obesity Influences Placental Nutrient Transport, Inflammatory Status, and Morphology in Human Term Placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1880-e1896. [PMID: 32936881 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Maternal obesity has a significant impact on placental development. However, this impact on the placenta's structure and function (ie, nutrient transport and hormone and cytokine production) is a controversial subject. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that maternal obesity is associated with morphologic, secretory, and nutrient-related changes and elevated levels of inflammation in the placenta. DESIGN We collected samples of placental tissue from 2 well-defined groups of pregnant women from 2017 to 2019. We compared the 2 groups regarding placental cytokine and hormone secretion, immune cell content, morphology, and placental nutrient transporter expressions. SETTING Placenta were collected after caesarean section performed by experienced clinicians at Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal (CHI) of Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye. PATIENTS The main inclusion criteria were an age between 27 and 37 years old, no complications of pregnancy, and a first-trimester body mass index of 18-25 kg/m2 for the nonobese (control) group and 30-40 kg/m2 for the obese group. RESULTS In contrast to our starting hypothesis, we observed that maternal obesity was associated with (1) lower placental IL-6 expression and macrophage/leukocyte infiltration, (2) lower placental expression of GLUT1 and SNAT1-2, (3) a lower placental vessel density, and (4) lower levels of placental leptin and human chorionic gonadotropin production. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the placenta is a plastic organ and could optimize fetal growth. A better understanding of placental adaptation is required because these changes may partly determine the fetal outcome in cases of maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Nogues
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Esther Dos Santos
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Service de Biologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, Poissy, France
| | - Anne Couturier-Tarrade
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Paul Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - Lucie Arnould
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Elodie Lamy
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et inflammation, Département de Biotechnologie de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et inflammation, Département de Biotechnologie de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
- Hôpital Foch, Département des maladies des voies respiratoires, Suresnes, France
| | - François Vialard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Département de Biologie de la Reproduction, Cytogénétique, Gynécologie et Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Dieudonne
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Hu M, Li J, Baker PN, Tong C. Revisiting preeclampsia: a metabolic disorder of the placenta. FEBS J 2021; 289:336-354. [PMID: 33529475 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide, impacting the long-term health of both mother and offspring. PE has long been characterized by deficient trophoblast invasion into the uterus and consequent placental hypoperfusion, yet the upstream causative factors and effective interventional targets for PE remain unknown. Alterations in the metabolism of preeclamptic placentas are thought to result from placental ischemia, while disturbances of the metabolism and of metabolites in PE pathogenesis are largely ignored. In fact, as one of the largest fetal organs at birth, the placenta consumes a considerable amount of glucose and fatty acid. Increasing evidence suggests glucose and fatty acid exist as energy substrates and regulate placental development through bioactive derivates. Moreover, recent findings have revealed that the placental metabolism adapts readily to environmental changes, altering its response to nutrients and endocrine signals; this adaptability optimizes pregnancy outcomes by diversifying available carbon sources for energy production, hormone synthesis, angiogenesis, immune activation, and tolerance, and fetoplacental growth. These observations raise the possibility that carbohydrate and lipid metabolism abnormalities play a role in both the etiology and clinical progression of PE, sparking a renewed interest in the interrelationship between PE and metabolic dysregulation. This review will focus on key metabolic substrates and regulatory molecules in the placenta and aim to provide novel insights with respect to the metabolism's role in modulating placental development and functions. Further investigations from this perspective are poised to decipher the etiology of PE and suggest potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Chao Tong
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
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41
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Alternative Splicing and Cleavage of GLUT8. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 41:MCB.00480-20. [PMID: 33077497 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00480-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The GLUT (SLC2) family of membrane-associated transporters are described as glucose transporters. However, this family is divided into three classes and, though the regulated transporter activity of class I proteins is becoming better understood, class III protein functions continue to be obscure. We have cataloged the relative expression and splicing of SLC2 mRNA isomers in tumors and normal tissues, with a focus on breast tumors and cell lines. mRNA for the class III protein GLUT8 is the predominant SLC2 species expressed alongside GLUT1 in many tissues, but GLUT8 mRNA exists mostly as an untranslated splice form in tumors. We confirm that GLUT8 is not presented at the cell surface and does not transport glucose directly. However, we reveal a lysosome-dependent reaction that cleaves the GLUT8 protein and releases the carboxy-terminal peptide to a separate vesicle population. Given the localization of GLUT8 at a major metabolic hub (the late endosomal/lysosomal interface) and its regulated cleavage reaction, we evaluated TXNIP-mediated hexosamine homeostasis and speculate that GLUT8 may function as a sensory component of this reaction.
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42
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Wang T, Wang J, Hu X, Huang XJ, Chen GX. Current understanding of glucose transporter 4 expression and functional mechanisms. World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:76-98. [PMID: 33274014 PMCID: PMC7672939 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i3.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is used aerobically and anaerobically to generate energy for cells. Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are transmembrane proteins that transport glucose across the cell membrane. Insulin promotes glucose utilization in part through promoting glucose entry into the skeletal and adipose tissues. This has been thought to be achieved through insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation from intracellular compartments to the cell membrane, which increases the overall rate of glucose flux into a cell. The insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation has been investigated extensively. Recently, significant progress has been made in our understanding of GLUT4 expression and translocation. Here, we summarized the methods and reagents used to determine the expression levels of Slc2a4 mRNA and GLUT4 protein, and GLUT4 translocation in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, heart and brain. Overall, a variety of methods such real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, fusion proteins, stable cell line and transgenic animals have been used to answer particular questions related to GLUT4 system and insulin action. It seems that insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation can be observed in the heart and brain in addition to the skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Hormones other than insulin can induce GLUT4 translocation. Clearly, more studies of GLUT4 are warranted in the future to advance of our understanding of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinge Hu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Xian-Ju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
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43
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Abstract
Uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gout and other disease processes. The circulating serum uric acid concentration is governed by the relative balance of hepatic production, intestinal secretion, and renal tubular reabsorption and secretion. An elegant synergy between genome-wide association studies and transport physiology has led to the identification and characterization of the major transporters involved with urate reabsorption and secretion, in both kidney and intestine. This development, combined with continued analysis of population-level genetic data, has yielded an increasingly refined mechanistic understanding of uric acid homeostasis as well as greater understanding of the genetic and acquired influences on serum uric acid concentration. The continued delineation of novel and established regulatory pathways that regulate uric acid homeostasis promises to lead to a more complete understanding of uric acid-associated diseases and to identify new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asim K Mandal
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David B Mount
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Renal Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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44
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Holman GD. Structure, function and regulation of mammalian glucose transporters of the SLC2 family. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1155-1175. [PMID: 32591905 PMCID: PMC7462842 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The SLC2 genes code for a family of GLUT proteins that are part of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of membrane transporters. Crystal structures have recently revealed how the unique protein fold of these proteins enables the catalysis of transport. The proteins have 12 transmembrane spans built from a replicated trimer substructure. This enables 4 trimer substructures to move relative to each other, and thereby alternately opening and closing a cleft to either the internal or the external side of the membrane. The physiological substrate for the GLUTs is usually a hexose but substrates for GLUTs can include urate, dehydro-ascorbate and myo-inositol. The GLUT proteins have varied physiological functions that are related to their principal substrates, the cell type in which the GLUTs are expressed and the extent to which the proteins are associated with subcellular compartments. Some of the GLUT proteins translocate between subcellular compartments and this facilitates the control of their function over long- and short-time scales. The control of GLUT function is necessary for a regulated supply of metabolites (mainly glucose) to tissues. Pathophysiological abnormalities in GLUT proteins are responsible for, or associated with, clinical problems including type 2 diabetes and cancer and a range of tissue disorders, related to tissue-specific GLUT protein profiles. The availability of GLUT crystal structures has facilitated the search for inhibitors and substrates and that are specific for each GLUT and that can be used therapeutically. Recent studies are starting to unravel the drug targetable properties of each of the GLUT proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Holman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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45
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Sano R, Shinozaki Y, Ohta T. Sodium-glucose cotransporters: Functional properties and pharmaceutical potential. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:770-782. [PMID: 32196987 PMCID: PMC7378437 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, and an essential source of energy for most living cells. Glucose transport across the cell membrane is mediated by two types of transporters: facilitative glucose transporters (gene name: solute carrier 2A) and sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs; gene name: solute carrier 5A). Each transporter has its own substrate specificity, distribution, and regulatory mechanisms. Recently, SGLT1 and SGLT2 have attracted much attention as therapeutic targets for various diseases. This review addresses the basal and functional properties of glucose transporters and SGLTs, and describes the pharmaceutical potential of SGLT1 and SGLT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Sano
- Biological/Pharmacological Research LaboratoriesCentral Pharmaceutical Research InstituteJapan Tobacco IncTakatsukiJapan
| | - Yuichi Shinozaki
- Biological/Pharmacological Research LaboratoriesCentral Pharmaceutical Research InstituteJapan Tobacco IncTakatsukiJapan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional AnatomyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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46
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Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1273-1298. [PMID: 32591906 PMCID: PMC7462924 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) is involved in regulating tissue-specific glucose uptake and metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue to ensure homeostatic control of blood glucose levels. Reduced glucose transport activity results in aberrant use of energy substrates and is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. It is well established that GLUT2, the main regulator of hepatic hexose flux, and GLUT4, the workhorse in insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, are critical contributors in the control of whole-body glycemia. However, the molecular mechanism how insulin controls glucose transport across membranes and its relation to impaired glycemic control in type 2 diabetes remains not sufficiently understood. An array of circulating metabolites and hormone-like molecules and potential supplementary glucose transporters play roles in fine-tuning glucose flux between the different organs in response to an altered energy demand.
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47
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Szostaczuk N, van Schothorst EM, Sánchez J, Priego T, Palou M, Bekkenkamp-Grovenstein M, Faustmann G, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Tiran B, Roob JM, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Keijer J, Palou A, Picó C. Identification of blood cell transcriptome-based biomarkers in adulthood predictive of increased risk to develop metabolic disorders using early life intervention rat models. FASEB J 2020; 34:9003-9017. [PMID: 32474969 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000071rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction during gestation in rats has long-lasting adverse effects in the offspring. It induces metabolic syndrome-related alterations, which are partially reversed by leptin supplementation during lactation. We employed these conditions to identify transcript-based nutrient sensitive biomarkers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) predictive of later adverse metabolic health. The best candidate was validated in humans. Transcriptome analysis of PBMCs from adult male Wistar rats of three experimental groups was performed: offspring of control dams (CON), and offspring of 20% calorie-restricted dams during gestation without (CR) and with leptin supplementation throughout lactation (CR-LEP). The expression of 401 genes was affected by gestational calorie restriction and reversed by leptin. The changes preceded metabolic syndrome-related phenotypic alterations. Of these genes, Npc1 mRNA levels were lower in CR vs CON, and normalized to CON in CR-LEP. In humans, NPC1 mRNA levels in peripheral blood cells (PBCs) were decreased in subjects with mildly impaired metabolic health compared to healthy subjects. Therefore, a set of potential transcript-based biomarkers indicative of a predisposition to metabolic syndrome-related alterations were identified, including NPC1, which was validated in humans. Low NPC1 transcript levels in PBCs are a candidate biomarker of increased risk for impaired metabolic health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Szostaczuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Teresa Priego
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Gernot Faustmann
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Tiran
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes M Roob
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitte M Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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48
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Otani N, Ouchi M, Kudo H, Tsuruoka S, Hisatome I, Anzai N. Recent approaches to gout drug discovery: an update. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:943-954. [PMID: 32329387 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1755251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation induced by urate deposition in joints causes gout. Healthy individuals maintain serum levels of urate by balancing urate production/excretion, whereas a production/excretion imbalance increases urate levels. Hyperuricemia is diagnosed when the serum urate level is continuously above 7 mg/dl as the solubility limit, and urate accumulates in the kidneys and joints. Because hyperuricemia increases the risk of gout, therapies aim to eliminate urate deposition to prevent gouty arthritis and kidney injury. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the mechanism underlying hyperuricemia with respect to urate production and urate transport, along with urate-lowering therapeutics, including urate synthesis inhibitors, uricolytic enzymes, and uricosuric agents. The authors asses published data on relevant commercial therapy development projects and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Available treatment options for hyperuricemia are limited. Allopurinol, a urate synthesis inhibitor, is generally administered at a reduced dosage to patients with renal impairment. Some URAT1 inhibitors have an unfavorable side effect profile. A promising strategy for treatment is the use of uricosuric agents that inhibit transporters (e.g. URAT1, URATv1/GLUT9, OAT10) which reabsorb urate from the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Otani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine , Oita, Japan
| | - Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine , Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideo Kudo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine , Oita, Japan
| | | | - Ichiro Hisatome
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Science , Tottori, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba, Japan
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49
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Keerman M, Yang F, Hu H, Wang J, Wang F, Li Z, Yuan J, Yao P, Zhang X, Guo H, Yang H, He M. Mendelian randomization study of serum uric acid levels and diabetes risk: evidence from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000834. [PMID: 32111716 PMCID: PMC7050304 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limited Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have assessed the causal relationship between serum uric acid levels and diabetes risk. Here we investigated causality between the serum uric acid concentration and diabetes risk in Chinese population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The observational analysis, based on the Dongfeng-Tongji prospective cohort (n=15 195) we tested the association of serum uric acid levels with incident diabetes risk. In the instrumental variable analysis, we examined the association of the genetic risk score (GRS) of serum uric acid with diabetes risk in case-control design (2539 cases and 4595 controls) via MR analysis. RESULTS During a mean (SD) follow-up of 4.5 (0.5) years, 1156 incident diabetes cases were identified. Compared with those in the lowest quintile of serum uric acid levels, the HRs of incident diabetes were 1.19 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.48), 1.12 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.40), 1.38 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.70), and 1.51 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.87) for Q2, Q3, Q4 and Q5, respectively (P-trend <0.001). The GRS was strongly associated with serum uric acid levels (β=0.17, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.19; P=2.81×10-67). However, no significant association was observed between the GRS and diabetes risk (OR=1.01, 95 CI 0.95 to 1.06; P=0.75). CONCLUSIONS Even though serum uric acid levels were significantly associated with increased incident diabetes risk, the results did not provide evidence for a causal relationship between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulatibieke Keerman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Dongfeng Motor Corporation General Hospital, Shiyan, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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50
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Kappen C, Kruger C, Jones S, Herion NJ, Salbaum JM. Maternal diet modulates placental nutrient transporter gene expression in a mouse model of diabetic pregnancy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224754. [PMID: 31774824 PMCID: PMC6881028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes in the mother during pregnancy is a risk factor for birth defects and perinatal complications and can affect long-term health of the offspring through developmental programming of susceptibility to metabolic disease. We previously showed that Streptozotocin-induced maternal diabetes in mice is associated with altered cell differentiation and with smaller size of the placenta. Placental size and fetal size were affected by maternal diet in this model, and maternal diet also modulated the risk for neural tube defects. In the present study, we sought to determine the extent to which these effects might be mediated through altered expression of nutrient transporters, specifically glucose and fatty acid transporters in the placenta. Our results demonstrate that expression of several transporters is modulated by both maternal diet and maternal diabetes. Diet was revealed as the more prominent determinant of nutrient transporter expression levels, even in pregnancies with uncontrolled diabetes, consistent with the role of diet in placental and fetal growth. Notably, the largest changes in nutrient transporter expression levels were detected around midgestation time points when the placenta is being formed. These findings place the critical time period for susceptibility to diet exposures earlier than previously appreciated, implying that mechanisms underlying developmental programming can act on placenta formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kappen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Kruger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sydney Jones
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nils J. Herion
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - J. Michael Salbaum
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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