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Ochiai K, Hirooka R, Sakaino M, Takeuchi S, Hira T. 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol potently induces cholecystokinin secretion in murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cells via cannabinoid receptor CB1. Lipids 2021; 56:603-611. [PMID: 34533218 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone secreted from enteroendocrine cells and regulates the exocrine pancreas, gastric motility, and appetite. Dietary triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed to fatty acids (FA) and 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAG) in the small intestine. Although it is well known that FA stimulate CCK secretion, whether 2-MAG have the CCK-releasing activity remains unclear. We examined the CCK-releasing activity of four commercially available 2-MAG in a murine CCK-producing cell line, STC-1, and the molecular mechanism underlying 2-MAG-induced CCK secretion. CCK released from the cells was measured using ELISA. Among four 2-MAG (2-palmitoyl, 2-oleoyl, 2-linoleoyl, and 2-arachidonoyl monoacylglycerols) examined, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) potently stimulated CCK secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Structurally related compounds, such as 2-arachidonoyl glycerol ether and 1-arachidonoyl glycerol, did not stimulate CCK secretion. Both arachidonic acid and 2-AG stimulated CCK secretion at 100 μM, but only 2-AG did at 50 μM. 2-AG-induced CCK secretion but not arachidonic acid-induced CCK secretion was attenuated by treatment with a cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist. These results indicate that a specific 2-MAG, 2-AG, directly stimulates CCK secretion via CB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Ochiai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tohru Hira
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Argueta DA, Perez PA, Makriyannis A, DiPatrizio NV. Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptors Inhibit Gut-Brain Satiation Signaling in Diet-Induced Obesity. Front Physiol 2019; 10:704. [PMID: 31281260 PMCID: PMC6597959 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-brain signaling controls feeding behavior and energy homeostasis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms and impact of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on these pathways are poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that elevated endocannabinoid activity at cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1Rs) in the gut of mice rendered DIO by chronic access to a high fat and sucrose diet for 60 days inhibits nutrient-induced release of satiation peptides and promotes overeating. Immunoreactivity for CB1Rs was present in enteroendocrine cells in the mouse’s upper small-intestinal epithelium that produce and secrete the satiation peptide, cholecystokinin (CCK), and expression of mRNA for CB1Rs was greater in these cells when compared to non-CCK producing cells. Oral gavage of corn oil increased levels of bioactive CCK (CCK-8) in plasma from mice fed a low fat no-sucrose diet. Pretreatment with the cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2, blocked this response, which was reversed by co-administration with the peripherally-restricted CB1R neutral antagonist, AM6545. Furthermore, monoacylglycerol metabolic enzyme function was dysregulated in the upper small-intestinal epithelium from DIO mice, which was met with increased levels of a variety of monoacylglycerols including the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol. Corn oil failed to affect levels of CCK in DIO mouse plasma; however, pretreatment with AM6545 restored the ability for corn oil to stimulate increases in levels of CCK, which suggests that elevated endocannabinoid signaling at small intestinal CB1Rs in DIO mice inhibits nutrient-induced CCK release. Moreover, the hypophagic effect of AM6545 in DIO mice was reversed by co-administration with the CCKA receptor antagonist, devazepide. Collectively, these results provide evidence that hyperphagia associated with DIO is driven by a mechanism that includes CB1R-mediated inhibition of gut-brain satiation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Pedro A Perez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Hira T, Ogasawara S, Yahagi A, Kamachi M, Li J, Nishimura S, Sakaino M, Yamashita T, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Hara H. Novel Mechanism of Fatty Acid Sensing in Enteroendocrine Cells: Specific Structures in Oxo-Fatty Acids Produced by Gut Bacteria Are Responsible for CCK Secretion in STC-1 Cells via GPR40. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800146. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hira
- Research Faculty of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Shono Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Asuka Yahagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Minami Kamachi
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Saki Nishimura
- Fundamental Research Laboratory, Research and Development Division; J-Oil Mills, Inc.; Yokohama 230-0053 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaino
- Fundamental Research Laboratory, Research and Development Division; J-Oil Mills, Inc.; Yokohama 230-0053 Japan
| | - Takatoshi Yamashita
- Fundamental Research Laboratory, Research and Development Division; J-Oil Mills, Inc.; Yokohama 230-0053 Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
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Nakajima S, Hira T, Yahagi A, Nishiyama C, Yamashita T, Imagi J, Hara H. Unsaturated aldehydes induce CCK secretion via TRPA1 in STC-1 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:1042-51. [PMID: 24357536 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cholecystokinin (CCK) producing cells sense luminal contents to regulate the exocrine pancreas, gastric motility, and appetite. Although long-chain fatty acids (FAs, ≥ C12) are well known to stimulate CCK secretion, the CCK-releasing activities of other aliphatic compounds, such as aldehydes (Alds) or alcohols (Alcs), have not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested the CCK-releasing activities of various aliphatic compounds with various carbon chain lengths (C3-C13) and degrees of unsaturation in the enteroendocrine cell line STC-1. CCK released from the cell was measured using an ELISA, and intracellular calcium concentration was measured using Fura-2. Mono- and di-unsaturated Alds at 100 μM, but not saturated Alds, induced CCK secretion in STC-1 cells. Alcs and FAs failed to induce CCK secretion, regardless of carbon chain length or degree of unsaturation. Unsaturated Alds increased intracellular calcium concentration, but saturated Alds, Alcs, and FAs did not. Intracellular calcium mobilization and CCK secretion induced by unsaturated Alds was abolished in the absence of extracellular calcium. In addition, the inhibition of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel suppressed unsaturated Ald-induced CCK secretion and intracellular calcium mobilization. CONCLUSION Unsaturated Alds are potent aliphatic stimulants for CCK secretion through the activation of TRPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakajima
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Chiariello CS, LaComb JF, Bahou WF, Schmidt VA. Ablation of Iqgap2 protects from diet-induced hepatic steatosis due to impaired fatty acid uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 173:36-46. [PMID: 21968151 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) serve as structural components for membrane biogenesis and as primary energy sources during mitochondrial β-oxidation reactions. Hepatic LCFA uptake is complex, with characteristics suggestive of a dual-kinetic model manifested by rapid (carrier-assisted/facilitated) and delayed (passive diffusional) phases. Our previous work using mice deficient of the Iqgap2 gene established a highly novel link between IQGAP2, a putative GTPase-activating protein, and hepatocarcinogenesis. Now we report that Iqgap2 deficiency also results in selective loss of the facilitated phase of hepatocyte LCFA uptake with preservation of the diffusional component. This molecular defect was seen in Iqgap2(-/-) hepatocytes of all ages studied (1-, 4-, 8-months). The loss of facilitated LCFA uptake protected against development of hepatic triglyceride accumulation in Iqgap2-deficient mice fed high-fat diet, consistent with a fundamental role in physiological fat partitioning. These phenotypic changes could not be explained by genetic loss of fatty acid processing proteins known to regulate lipid uptake or metabolic processing pathways. Iqgap2-deficient livers also displayed enhanced insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION These observations identify a novel property of the putative GTPase-activating protein IQGAP2 in LCFA uptake in vitro and in vivo, and implicate IQGAP2 in an intracellular signaling pathway necessary for functional fatty acid uptake, lipid processing, and, possibly, glucose homeostasis.
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Zhu BW, Li DM, Zhou DY, Han S, Yang JF, Li T, Ye WX, Greeley GH. Structural analysis and CCK-releasing activity of a sulphated polysaccharide from abalone (Haliotis Discus Hannai Ino) viscera. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jackson A, Case R, Bruce J, McLaughlin J. Fatty acids do not stimulate enteroendocrine cells via particle sensing mechanisms. Int Dairy J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cholecystokinin secretion induced by β-conglycinin peptone depends on Gαq-mediated pathways in enteroendocrine cells. Eur J Nutr 2008; 48:124-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-0764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract actively responds to the presence of nutrients in the lumen, and there is a high level of specificity to these responses. This specificity exists for different nutrient types and anatomical regions, with physiologically appropriate target end-organ responses. This review will journey from outlining the effects of dietary fat on digestive function and feeding behaviour to the evidence for lipid sensory cells, particularly the enteroendocrine system, in the epithelium. It will also outline potential molecular bases for these mechanisms. This will deal exclusively with issues specific to fatty acid sensing and not the emergent acid pH-sensing mechanisms that may also be activated in the presence of free fatty acids.
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Hira T, Takahashi K, Hara H. Sucrose fatty acid esters suppress pancreatic secretion accompanied by peptide YY release in pancreatico-biliary diverted rats. Exp Physiol 2007; 92:687-94. [PMID: 17384118 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2006.036400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that intestinal administration of triglycerides suppressed protein-induced increases in pancreatic exocrine secretion in pancreatico-biliary diverted (PBD) rats, though the mechanism has not been clarified. The present study was conducted to determine whether esterified fatty acids or free fatty acids are responsible for this suppression, and whether an esterified fatty acid stimulates secretion of a pancreatic inhibitory hormone, peptide YY (PYY). We examined the effects of cocoa butter or non-digestible sucrose fatty acid esters on protein-induced pancreatic secretion in conscious PBD rats whose bile-pancreatic juice was diverted from the proximal small intestine through a catheter. Intraduodenal administration of the protein guanidinated casein hydrolysate (HGC, 150 mg in 1 ml water) enhanced pancreatic protein and trypsin secretion. However, administration of HGC with cocoa butter (100 mg ml(-1)) partly suppressed the increase in pancreatic secretion, and HGC with a highly esterified sucrose fatty acid ester, F-10 (100 mg ml(-1)), completely suppressed it. The low-esterified, water-soluble sucrose fatty acid ester F-160 also completely inhibited protein-induced pancreatic secretion in the presence or absence of the lipase inhibitor orlistat. In anaesthetized PBD rats, intraduodenal administration of HGC with sucrose ester F-160 suppressed HGC-induced pancreatic secretion, and induced PYY secretion more strongly than HGC with sucrose. These results suggest that the esterified fatty acid itself stimulates PYY release in the distal intestine, thereby inhibiting protein-induced pancreatic secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hira
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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Bogunovic M, Davé SH, Tilstra JS, Chang DTW, Harpaz N, Xiong H, Mayer LF, Plevy SE. Enteroendocrine cells express functional Toll-like receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1770-83. [PMID: 17395901 PMCID: PMC3203538 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00249.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) provide a physical and immunological barrier against enteric microbial flora. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), through interactions with conserved microbial patterns, activate inflammatory gene expression in cells of the innate immune system. Previous studies of the expression and function of TLRs in IECs have reported varying results. Therefore, TLR expression was characterized in human and murine intestinal sections, and TLR function was tested in an IEC line. TLR1, TLR2, and TLR4 are coexpressed on a subpopulation of human and murine IECs that reside predominantly in the intestinal crypt and belong to the enteroendocrine lineage. An enteroendocrine cell (EEC) line demonstrated a similar expression pattern of TLRs as primary cells. The murine EEC line STC-1 was activated with specific TLR ligands: LPS or synthetic bacterial lipoprotein. In STC-1 cells stimulated with bacterial ligands, NF-kappaB and MAPK activation was demonstrated. Furthermore, the expression of TNF and macrophage inhibitory protein-2 were induced. Additionally, bacterial ligands induced the expression of the anti-inflammatory gene transforming growth factor-beta. LPS triggered a calcium flux in STC-1 cells, resulting in a rapid increase in CCK secretion. Finally, conditioned media from STC-1 cells inhibited the production of nitric oxide and IL-12 p40 by activated macrophages. In conclusion, human and murine IECs that express TLRs belong to the enteroendocrine lineage. Using a murine EEC model, a broad range of functional effects of TLR activation was demonstrated. This study suggests a potential role for EECs in innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bogunovic
- Div. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Univ. of North Carolina School of Medicine, 103 Mason Farm Rd., Campus Box 7032, 7341C MBRB, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7032, USA
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Masuho I, Tateyama M, Saitoh O. Characterization of Bitter Taste Responses of Intestinal STC-1 Cells. Chem Senses 2005; 30:281-90. [PMID: 15741596 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bji022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses of STC-1 cells to two bitter tastants (denatonium and caffeine) were investigated using a calcium-imaging technique and compared with the response to bombesin. Caffeine is known to stimulate taste receptor cells, but the properties of its signaling have not been well studied. STC-1 cells responded to all three molecules in a dose-dependent manner, and when a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for denatonium receptor was performed, the product of predicted size was detected in STC-1 cells. Furthermore, all three signaling pathways were blocked by a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, demonstrating the essential involvement of PLC in cellular responses. To study the regulatory system of G protein signaling in STC-1 cells, we searched G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) by the degenerate-primer PCR method and found that GRK2 is expressed. We also demonstrated that three GRKs (GRK2, GRK3 and GRK5) are differentially distributed in the circumvallate papilla while only GRK2 is present in taste bud cells. Finally, we overexpressed GRK2 in SCT-1 cells and found that bombesin-induced response was strongly inhibited by GRK2 but denatonium-activated signaling was not affected. In the case of caffeine, response was decreased by expression of GRK2 only when cells were activated by 1 mM caffeine. Thus, we showed that STC-1 cells emerge as a cell model for studying the molecular mechanism of bitter taste signaling, and could indicate properties of caffeine-induced signaling in comparison with other signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Bio-Science, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
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