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Lu H, Jiang J, Min J, Huang X, McLeod P, Liu W, Haig A, Gunaratnam L, Jevnikar AM, Zhang ZX. The CaMK Family Differentially Promotes Necroptosis and Mouse Cardiac Graft Injury and Rejection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4428. [PMID: 38674016 PMCID: PMC11050252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is associated with various forms of programmed cell death which can accelerate transplant injury and rejection. Targeting cell death in donor organs may represent a novel strategy for preventing allograft injury. We have previously demonstrated that necroptosis plays a key role in promoting transplant injury. Recently, we have found that mitochondria function is linked to necroptosis. However, it remains unknown how necroptosis signaling pathways regulate mitochondrial function during necroptosis. In this study, we investigated the receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and necroptosis. We demonstrate that the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) family members CaMK1, 2, and 4 form a complex with RIPK3 in mouse cardiac endothelial cells, to promote trans-phosphorylation during necroptosis. CaMK1 and 4 directly activated the dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1), while CaMK2 indirectly activated Drp1 via the phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5). The inhibition of CaMKs restored mitochondrial function and effectively prevented endothelial cell death. CaMKs inhibition inhibited activation of CaMKs and Drp1, and cell death and heart tissue injury (n = 6/group, p < 0.01) in a murine model of cardiac transplantation. Importantly, the inhibition of CaMKs greatly prolonged heart graft survival (n = 8/group, p < 0.01). In conclusion, CaMK family members orchestrate cell death in two different pathways and may be potential therapeutic targets in preventing cell death and transplant injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Lu
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada; (H.L.); (A.M.J.)
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Jifu Jiang
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada; (H.L.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Jeffery Min
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada; (H.L.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Xuyan Huang
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada; (H.L.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Patrick McLeod
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada; (H.L.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Aaron Haig
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Lakshman Gunaratnam
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada; (H.L.); (A.M.J.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Anthony M. Jevnikar
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada; (H.L.); (A.M.J.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Zhu-Xu Zhang
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada; (H.L.); (A.M.J.)
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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Yoshida A, Ohtsuka S, Matsumoto F, Miyagawa T, Okino R, Ikeda Y, Tada N, Gotoh A, Magari M, Hatano N, Morishita R, Satoh A, Sunatsuki Y, Nilsson UJ, Ishikawa T, Tokumitsu H. Development of a novel AAK1 inhibitor via Kinobeads-based screening. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6723. [PMID: 38509168 PMCID: PMC10954696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A chemical proteomics approach using Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) inhibitor-immobilized sepharose (TIM-063-Kinobeads) identified main targets such as CaMKKα/1 and β/2, and potential off-target kinases, including AP2-associated protein kinase 1 (AAK1), as TIM-063 interactants. Because TIM-063 interacted with the AAK1 catalytic domain and inhibited its enzymatic activity moderately (IC50 = 8.51 µM), we attempted to identify potential AAK1 inhibitors from TIM-063-derivatives and found a novel AAK1 inhibitor, TIM-098a (11-amino-2-hydroxy-7H-benzo[de]benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-7-one) which is more potent (IC50 = 0.24 µM) than TIM-063 without any inhibitory activity against CaMKK isoforms and a relative AAK1-selectivity among the Numb-associated kinases family. TIM-098a could inhibit AAK1 activity in transfected cultured cells (IC50 = 0.87 µM), indicating cell-membrane permeability of the compound. Overexpression of AAK1 in HeLa cells significantly reduced the number of early endosomes, which was blocked by treatment with 10 µM TIM-098a. These results indicate TIM-063-Kinobeads-based chemical proteomics is efficient for identifying off-target kinases and re-evaluating the kinase inhibitor (TIM-063), leading to the successful development of a novel inhibitory compound (TIM-098a) for AAK1, which could be a molecular probe for AAK1. TIM-098a may be a promising lead compound for a more potent, selective and therapeutically useful AAK1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Yoshida
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Satomi Ohtsuka
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Fumiya Matsumoto
- Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyagawa
- Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Rei Okino
- Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yumeya Ikeda
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Natsume Tada
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akira Gotoh
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryo Morishita
- CellFree Sciences Co. Ltd, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Ayano Satoh
- Organelle Systems Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yukinari Sunatsuki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Teruhiko Ishikawa
- Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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3
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Ohtsuka S, Miyai Y, Mima H, Magari M, Chiba Y, Suizu F, Sakagami H, Ueno M, Tokumitsu H. Transcriptional, biochemical, and immunohistochemical analyses of CaMKKβ/2 splice variants that co-localize with CaMKIV in spermatids. Cell Calcium 2024; 117:102820. [PMID: 37979343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) phosphorylates and activates downstream protein kinases, including CaMKI, CaMKIV, PKB/Akt, and AMPK; thus, regulates various Ca2+-dependent physiological and pathophysiological pathways. Further, CaMKKβ/2 in mammalian species comprises multiple alternatively spliced variants; however, their functional differences or redundancy remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterize mouse CaMKKβ/2 splice variants (CaMKKβ-3 and β-3x). RT-PCR analyses revealed that mouse CaMKKβ-1, consisting of 17 exons, was predominantly expressed in the brain; whereas, mouse CaMKKβ-3 and β-3x, lacking exon 16 and exons 14/16, respectively, were primarily expressed in peripheral tissues. At the protein level, the CaMKKβ-3 or β-3x variants showed high expression levels in mouse cerebrum and testes. This was consistent with the localization of CaMKKβ-3/-3x in spermatids in seminiferous tubules, but not the localization of CaMKKβ-1. We also observed the co-localization of CaMKKβ-3/-3x with a target kinase, CaMKIV, in elongating spermatids. Biochemical characterization further revealed that CaMKKβ-3 exhibited Ca2+/CaM-induced kinase activity similar to CaMKKβ-1. Conversely, we noted that CaMKKβ-3x impaired Ca2+/CaM-binding ability, but exhibited significantly weak autonomous activity (approximately 500-fold lower than CaMKKβ-1 or β-3) due to the absence of C-terminal of the catalytic domain and a putative residue (Ile478) responsible for the kinase autoinhibition. Nevertheless, CaMKKβ-3x showed the ability to phosphorylate downstream kinases, including CaMKIα, CaMKIV, and AMPKα in transfected cells comparable to CaMKKβ-1 and β-3. Collectively, CaMKKβ-3/-3x were identified as functionally active and could be bona fide CaMKIV-kinases in testes involved in the activation of the CaMKIV cascade in spermatids, resulting in the regulation of spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Ohtsuka
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yumi Miyai
- Inflammation Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mima
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Inflammation Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Futoshi Suizu
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Inflammation Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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4
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Nakamura KN, Yamauchi H, Mima H, Yerun C, Ohtsuka S, Magari M, Morishita R, Tokumitsu H. Rapid detection of calmodulin/target interaction via the proximity biotinylation method. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 659:29-33. [PMID: 37031591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is known to function as a central signal transducer in calcium-mediated intracellular pathways. In this study, a fusion molecule of a recently developed proximity biotinylation enzyme (AirID) with rat CaM (AirID-CaM) was expressed and purified to near homogeneity using an E. coli expression system to examine the physical interactions between CaM and its target proteins by converting the interaction to biotinylation of CaM targets under nondenatured conditions. AirID-CaM catalyzed a Ca2+-dependent biotinylation of a target protein kinase (Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase kinase α/1, CaMKKα/1) in vitro, which was suppressed by the addition of excess amounts of CaM, and AirID alone did not catalyze the biotinylation of CaMKKα/1, indicating that the biotinylation of CaMKKα/1 by AirID-CaM likely occurs in an interaction-dependent manner. Furthermore, we also observed the Ca2+-dependent biotinylation of GST-CaMKIα and GST-CaMKIV by AirID-CaM, suggesting that AirID-CaM can be useful for the rapid detection of CaM/target interactions with relatively high sensitivity.
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5
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Kaneshige R, Ohtsuka S, Harada Y, Kawamata I, Magari M, Kanayama N, Hatano N, Sakagami H, Tokumitsu H. Substrate recognition by Arg/Pro-rich insert domain in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase for target protein kinases. FEBS J 2022; 289:5971-5984. [PMID: 35490408 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases (CaMKKs) activate CaMKI, CaMKIV, protein kinase B/Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by phosphorylating Thr residues in activation loops to mediate various Ca2+ -signaling pathways. Mammalian cells expressing CaMKKα and CaMKKβ lacking Arg/Pro-rich insert domain (RP-domain) sequences showed impaired phosphorylation of AMPKα, CaMKIα, and CaMKIV, whereas the autophosphorylation activities of CaMKK mutants remained intact and were similar to those of wild-type CaMKKs. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1, an AMPK kinase) complexed with STRAD and MO25 and was unable to phosphorylate CaMKIα and CaMKIV; however, mutant LKB1 with the RP-domain sequences of CaMKKα and CaMKKβ inserted between kinase subdomains II and III acquired CaMKIα and CaMKIV phosphorylating activity in vitro and in transfected cultured cells. Furthermore, ionomycin-induced phosphorylation of hemagglutinin (HA)-CaMKIα at Thr177, HA-CaMKIV at Thr196, and HA-AMPKα at Thr172 in transfected cells was significantly suppressed by cotransfection of kinase-dead mutants of CaMKK isoforms, but these dominant-negative effects were abrogated with RP-deletion mutants, suggesting that sequestration of substrate kinases by loss-of-function CaMKK mutants requires the RP-domain. This was confirmed by pulldown experiments that showed that dominant-negative mutants of CaMKKα and CaMKKβ interact with target kinases but not RP-deletion mutants. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that both CaMKK isoforms require the RP-domain to recognize downstream kinases to interact with and phosphorylate Thr residues in their activation loops. Thus, the RP-domain may be a promising target for specific CaMKK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Kaneshige
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Satomi Ohtsuka
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Yuhei Harada
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Issei Kawamata
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanayama
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Japan
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6
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Ohtsuka S, Okumura T, Τabuchi Y, Miyagawa T, Kanayama N, Magari M, Hatano N, Sakagami H, Suizu F, Ishikawa T, Tokumitsu H. Conformation-Dependent Reversible Interaction of Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase with an Inhibitor, TIM-063. Biochemistry 2022; 61:545-553. [PMID: 35274528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK), a Ca2+/CaM-dependent enzyme that phosphorylates and activates multifunctional kinases, including CaMKI, CaMKIV, protein kinase B/Akt, and 5'AMP-activated protein kinase, is involved in various Ca2+-signaling pathways in cells. Recently, we developed an ATP-competitive CaMKK inhibitor, TIM-063 (2-hydroxy-3-nitro-7H-benzo[de]benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-7-one, Ohtsuka et al. Biochemistry 2020, 59, 1701-1710). To gain mechanistic insights into the interaction of CaMKK with TIM-063, we prepared TIM-063-coupled sepharose (TIM-127-sepharose) for association/dissociation analysis of the enzyme/inhibitor complex. CaMKKα/β in transfected COS-7 cells and in mouse brain extracts specifically bound to TIM-127-sepharose and dissociated following the addition of TIM-063 in a manner similar to that of recombinant GST-CaMKKα/β, which could bind to TIM-127-sepharose in a Ca2+/CaM-dependent fashion and dissociate from the sepharose following the addition of TIM-063 in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast to GST-CaMKKα, GST-CaMKKβ was able to weakly bind to TIM-127-sepharose in the presence of EGTA, probably due to the partially active conformation of recombinant GST-CaMKKβ without Ca2+/CaM-binding. These results suggested that the regulatory domain of CaMKKα prevented the inhibitor from interacting with the catalytic domain as the GST-CaMKKα mutant (residues 126-434) lacking the regulatory domain (residues 438-463) interacted with TIM-127-sepharose regardless of the presence or absence of Ca2+/CaM. Furthermore, CaMKKα bound to TIM-127-sepharose in the presence of Ca2+/CaM completely dissociated from TIM-127-sepharose following the addition of excess EGTA. These results indicated that TIM-063 interacted with and inhibited CaMKK in its active state but not in its autoinhibited state and that this interaction is likely reversible, depending on the concentration of intracellular Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Ohtsuka
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Taisei Okumura
- Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuna Τabuchi
- Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyagawa
- Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanayama
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Futoshi Suizu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Ishikawa
- Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Fukumoto Y, Harada Y, Ohtsuka S, Kanayama N, Magari M, Hatano N, Sakagami H, Tokumitsu H. Oligomerization of Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 587:160-165. [PMID: 34875535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases (CaMKKα and β) are regulatory kinases for multiple downstream kinases, including CaMKI, CaMKIV, PKB/Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through phosphorylation of each activation-loop Thr residue. In this report, we biochemically characterize the oligomeric structure of CaMKK isoforms through a heterologous expression system using COS-7 cells. Oligomerization of CaMKK isoforms was readily observed by treating CaMKK transfected cells with cell membrane permeable crosslinkers. In addition, His-tagged CaMKKα (His-CaMKKα) pulled down with FLAG-tagged CaMKKα (FLAG-CaMKKα) in transfected cells. The oligomerization of CaMKKα was confirmed by the fact that GST-CaMKKα/His-CaMKKα complex from transiently expressed COS-7 cells extracts was purified to near homogeneity by the sequential chromatography using glutathione-sepharose/Ni-sepharose and was observed in a Ca2+/CaM-independent manner by reciprocal pulldown assay, suggesting the direct interaction between monomeric CaMKKα. Furthermore, the His-CaMKKα kinase-dead mutant (D293A) complexed with FLAG-CaMKKα exhibited significant CaMKK activity, indicating the active CaMKKα multimeric complex. Collectively, these results suggest that CaMKKα can self-associate in the cells, constituting a catalytically active oligomer that might be important for the efficient activation of CaMKK-mediated intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Fukumoto
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuhei Harada
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Satomi Ohtsuka
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanayama
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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The Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinases II and IV as Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094307. [PMID: 33919163 PMCID: PMC8122486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CaMKII and CaMKIV are calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases playing a rudimentary role in many regulatory processes in the organism. These kinases attract increasing interest due to their involvement primarily in memory and plasticity and various cellular functions. Although CaMKII and CaMKIV are mostly recognized as the important cogs in a memory machine, little is known about their effect on mood and role in neuropsychiatric diseases etiology. Here, we aimed to review the structure and functions of CaMKII and CaMKIV, as well as how these kinases modulate the animals’ behavior to promote antidepressant-like, anxiolytic-like, and procognitive effects. The review will help in the understanding of the roles of the above kinases in the selected neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, and this knowledge can be used in future drug design.
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Takata T, Araki S, Tsuchiya Y, Watanabe Y. Persulfide Signaling in Stress-Initiated Calmodulin Kinase Response. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:1308-1319. [PMID: 32460522 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Calcium ion (Ca2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are activated by phosphorylation of a crucial threonine residue either by itself (CaMKII) or by upstream kinases, CaMK kinases (CaMKKs) (CaMKI and CaMKIV). CaMKs, present in most mammalian tissues, can phosphorylate many downstream targets, thereby regulating numerous cellular functions. Recent Advances: Aside from canonical post-translational modifications, cysteine-based redox switches in CaMKs affect their enzyme activities. In addition to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), reactive sulfur species (RSS) are also recognized as key signaling molecules, regulating protein function through polysulfidation, formation of polysulfides [-S-(S)n-H] on their reactive cysteine residues. To comprehend the biological significance of RSS signaling-related CaMK regulation, here we introduce a novel concept defining CaMKs as RSS targets in stress responses. The stress responses include an irreversible electrophile attack for CaMKI, inflammation for CaMKII, and endoplasmic reticulum stress for CaMKIV. Critical Issues: Development of various human diseases is associated with increased ROS, RNS, and RSS generation. Therefore, depending on specific pathophysiology, RSS could have very particular effects on CaMK functions. Future Directions: How multiple sources and mutual reactions of ROS, RNS, and RSS are coordinated is obscure. Elucidating the mechanisms through applications of enzymology, chemical biology, and mass spectrometry enables to uncover the complexities of redox regulation of CaMK cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shoma Araki
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Ohtsuka S, Ozeki Y, Fujiwara M, Miyagawa T, Kanayama N, Magari M, Hatano N, Suizu F, Ishikawa T, Tokumitsu H. Development and Characterization of Novel Molecular Probes for Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase, Derived from STO-609. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1701-1710. [PMID: 32298102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) activates particular multifunctional kinases, including CaMKI, CaMKIV, and 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), resulting in the regulation of various Ca2+-dependent cellular processes, including neuronal, metabolic, and pathophysiological pathways. We developed and characterized a novel pan-CaMKK inhibitor, TIM-063 (2-hydroxy-3-nitro-7H-benzo[de]benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-7-one) derived from STO-609 (7H-benzimidazo[2,1-a]benz[de]isoquinoline-7-one-3-carboxylic acid), and an inactive analogue (TIM-062) as molecular probes for the analysis of CaMKK-mediated cellular responses. Unlike STO-609, TIM-063 had an inhibitory activity against CaMKK isoforms (CaMKKα and CaMKKβ) with a similar potency (Ki = 0.35 μM for CaMKKα, and Ki = 0.2 μM for CaMKKβ) in vitro. Two TIM-063 analogues lacking a nitro group (TIM-062) or a hydroxy group (TIM-064) completely impaired CaMKK inhibitory activities, indicating that both substituents are necessary for the CaMKK inhibitory activity of TIM-063. Enzymatic analysis revealed that TIM-063 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor that directly targets the catalytic domain of CaMKK, similar to STO-609. TIM-063 suppressed the ionomycin-induced phosphorylation of exogenously expressed CaMKI, CaMKIV, and endogenous AMPKα in HeLa cells with an IC50 of ∼0.3 μM, and it suppressed CaMKK isoform-mediated CaMKIV phosphorylation in transfected COS-7 cells. Thus, TIM-063, but not the inactive analogue (TIM-062), displayed cell permeability and the ability to inhibit CaMKK activity in cells. Taken together, these results indicate that TIM-063 could be a useful tool for the precise analysis of CaMKK-mediated signaling pathways and may be a promising lead compound for the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of CaMKK-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Ohtsuka
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Naoki Kanayama
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Futoshi Suizu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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11
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Guo JB, Zhu Y, Chen BL, Song G, Peng MS, Hu HY, Zheng YL, Chen CC, Yang JZ, Chen PJ, Wang XQ. Network and pathway-based analysis of microRNA role in neuropathic pain in rat models. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4534-4544. [PMID: 31066224 PMCID: PMC6584487 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain (NP) remain poorly understood. Emerging evidence has suggested the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the initiation and development of NP, but the specific effects of miRNAs in NP are largely unknown. Here, we use network- and pathway-based methods to investigate NP-induced miRNA changes and their biological functions by conducting a systematic search through multiple electronic databases. Thirty-seven articles meet the inclusion criteria. Venn analysis and target gene forecasting are performed and the results indicate that 167 overlapping target genes are co-regulated by five down-regulated miRNAs (rno-miR-183, rno-miR-96, rno-miR-30b, rno-miR-150 and rno-miR-206). Protein-protein interaction network analysis shows that 77 genes exhibit interactions, with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta (degree = 11) and cAMP-response element binding protein 1 (degree = 10) having the highest connectivity degree. Gene ontology analysis shows that these target genes are enriched in neuron part, neuron projection, somatodendritic compartment and nervous system development. Moreover, analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes reveals that three pathways, namely, axon guidance, circadian entrainment and insulin secretion, are significantly enriched. In addition, rno-miR-183, rno-miR-96, rno-miR-30b, rno-miR-150 and rno-miR-206 are consistently down-regulated in the NP models, thus constituting the potential biomarkers of this disease. Characterizing these miRNAs and their target genes paves way for their future use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bao Guo
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bing-Lin Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Si Peng
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Yu Hu
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Li Zheng
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Chen
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Zhao Yang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Jie Chen
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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12
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Takabatake S, Ohtsuka S, Sugawara T, Hatano N, Kanayama N, Magari M, Sakagami H, Tokumitsu H. Regulation of Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β by cAMP signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:672-680. [PMID: 30660766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) is a pivotal activator of CaMKI, CaMKIV and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), controlling Ca2+-dependent intracellular signaling including various neuronal, metabolic and pathophysiological responses. Recently, we demonstrated that CaMKKβ is feedback phosphorylated at Thr144 by the downstream AMPK, resulting in the conversion of CaMKKβ into Ca2+/CaM-dependent enzyme. However, the regulatory phosphorylation of CaMKKβ at Thr144 in intact cells and in vivo remains unclear. METHODS Anti-phosphoThr144 antibody was used to characterize the site-specific phosphorylation of CaMKKβ in immunoprecipitated samples from mouse cerebellum and in transfected mammalian cells that were treated with various agonists and protein kinase inhibitors. CaMKK activity assay and LC-MS/MS analysis were used for biochemical characterization of phosphorylated CaMKKβ. RESULTS Our data suggest that the phosphorylation of Thr144 in CaMKKβ is rapidly induced by cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling in CaMKKβ-transfected HeLa cells, that is physiologically relevant in mouse cerebellum. We confirmed that the catalytic subunit of PKA was capable of directly phosphorylating CaMKKβ at Thr144 in vitro and in transfected cells. In addition, the basal phosphorylation of CaMKKβ at Thr144 in transfected HeLa cells was suppressed by AMPK inhibitor (compound C). PKA-catalyzed phosphorylation reduced the autonomous activity of CaMKKβ in vitro without significant effect on the Ca2+/CaM-dependent activity, resulting in the conversion of CaMKKβ into Ca2+/CaM-dependent enzyme. CONCLUSION cAMP/PKA signaling may confer Ca2+-dependency to the CaMKKβ-mediated signaling pathway through direct phosphorylation of Thr144 in intact cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest a novel cross-talk between cAMP/PKA and Ca2+/CaM/CaMKKβ signaling through regulatory phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takabatake
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Satomi Ohtsuka
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Sugawara
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanayama
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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13
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Takata T, Kimura J, Ihara H, Hatano N, Tsuchiya Y, Watanabe Y. Redox regulation of Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV via oxidation of its active-site cysteine residue. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:99-106. [PMID: 30394289 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) is inactivated by reactive sulfur species via polysulfidation of the active-site Cys residue. Here, we show that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) limit CaMKIV activity at the same active-site Cys residue through oxidation and downstream signaling in cells. CaMKIV is phosphorylated at Thr196 by its upstream CaMK kinase (CaMKK), which induces its full activity. In vitro incubation of CaMKIV with H2O2 resulted in reversible inhibition of CaMKK-induced phospho-Thr196 and the consequent inactivation of CaMKIV. In contrast, mutated CaMKIV (C198V) was refractory to the H2O2-induced enzyme inhibition. In transfected cells expressing CaMKIV, Ca2+ ionophore-induced CaMKIV phosphorylation at Thr196 was decreased upon treatment with H2O2, whereas cells expressing mutant CaMKIV (C198V) were resistant to H2O2 treatment. Modification of free thiol with N-ethylmaleimide revealed that Cys198 in CaMKIV is a target for S-oxidation. Additionally, the Ca2+ influx-induced phospho-Thr196 of endogenous CaMKIV was also inhibited upon treatment with H2O2 in Jurkat T-lymphocytes and cerebellar granule cells. Phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) at Ser133, which is downstream of CaMKIV, was also decreased upon treatment with H2O2. Thus, our results indicate that oxidation stress regulates cellular function by decreasing the activity of CaMKIV through Cys198 oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Pharmacology, High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Jun Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology, High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Pharmacology, High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yasuo Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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14
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Vogt J, Kirischuk S, Unichenko P, Schlüter L, Pelosi A, Endle H, Yang JW, Schmarowski N, Cheng J, Thalman C, Strauss U, Prokudin A, Bharati BS, Aoki J, Chun J, Lutz B, Luhmann HJ, Nitsch R. Synaptic Phospholipid Signaling Modulates Axon Outgrowth via Glutamate-dependent Ca2+-mediated Molecular Pathways. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:131-145. [PMID: 27909001 PMCID: PMC5939201 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered synaptic bioactive lipid signaling has been recently shown to augment neuronal excitation in the hippocampus of adult animals by activation of presynaptic LPA2-receptors leading to increased presynaptic glutamate release. Here, we show that this results in higher postsynaptic Ca2+ levels and in premature onset of spontaneous neuronal activity in the developing entorhinal cortex. Interestingly, increased synchronized neuronal activity led to reduced axon growth velocity of entorhinal neurons which project via the perforant path to the hippocampus. This was due to Ca2+-dependent molecular signaling to the axon affecting stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton. The spontaneous activity affected the entire entorhinal cortical network and thus led to reduced overall axon fiber numbers in the mature perforant path that is known to be important for specific memory functions. Our data show that precise regulation of early cortical activity by bioactive lipids is of critical importance for proper circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Petr Unichenko
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leslie Schlüter
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Assunta Pelosi
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko Endle
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolai Schmarowski
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carine Thalman
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulf Strauss
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, 10119 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexey Prokudin
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Suman Bharati
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jerold Chun
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Nakanishi A, Hatano N, Fujiwara Y, Sha'ri A, Takabatake S, Akano H, Kanayama N, Magari M, Nozaki N, Tokumitsu H. AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated feedback phosphorylation controls the Ca 2+/calmodulin (CaM) dependence of Ca 2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase kinase β. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19804-19813. [PMID: 28974582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.805085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ)/5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation cascade affects various Ca2+-dependent metabolic pathways and cancer growth. Unlike recombinant CaMKKβ that exhibits higher basal activity (autonomous activity), activation of the CaMKKβ/AMPK signaling pathway requires increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Moreover, the Ca2+/CaM dependence of CaMKKβ appears to arise from multiple phosphorylation events, including autophosphorylation and activities furnished by other protein kinases. However, the effects of proximal downstream kinases on CaMKKβ activity have not yet been evaluated. Here, we demonstrate feedback phosphorylation of CaMKKβ at multiple residues by CaMKKβ-activated AMPK in addition to autophosphorylation in vitro, leading to reduced autonomous, but not Ca2+/CaM-activated, CaMKKβ activity. MS analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of AMPK phosphorylation sites in CaMKKβ indicated that Thr144 phosphorylation by activated AMPK converts CaMKKβ into a Ca2+/CaM-dependent enzyme as shown by completely Ca2+/CaM-dependent CaMKK activity of a phosphomimetic T144E CaMKKβ mutant. CaMKKβ mutant analysis indicated that the C-terminal domain (residues 471-587), including the autoinhibitory region, plays an important role in stabilizing an inactive conformation in a Thr144 phosphorylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis with anti-phospho-Thr144 antibody revealed phosphorylation of Thr144 in CaMKKβ in transfected COS-7 cells that was further enhanced by exogenous expression of AMPKα. These results indicate that AMPK-mediated feedback phosphorylation of CaMKKβ regulates the CaMKKβ/AMPK signaling cascade and may be physiologically important for intracellular maintenance of Ca2+-dependent AMPK activation by CaMKKβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nakanishi
- From the Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, and
| | - Yuya Fujiwara
- From the Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Arian Sha'ri
- From the Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shota Takabatake
- From the Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Akano
- From the Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanayama
- From the Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- From the Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- From the Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan,
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16
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Shi D, Gu R, Song Y, Ding M, Huang T, Guo M, Xiao J, Huang W, Liao H. Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV (CaMKIV) Mediates Acute Skeletal Muscle Inflammatory Response. Inflammation 2017; 41:199-212. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Reactive sulfur species inactivate Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV via S-polysulfidation of its active-site cysteine residue. Biochem J 2017. [PMID: 28637792 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS) modulate protein functions via S-polysulfidation of reactive Cys residues. Here, we report that Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) was reversibly inactivated by RSS via polysulfidation of the active-site Cys residue. CaMKIV is phosphorylated at Thr196 by its upstream CaMK kinase (CaMKK), resulting in the induction of its full activity. In vitro incubation of CaMKIV with the exogenous RSS donors Na2S n (n = 2-4) resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of the CaMKK-induced phospho-Thr196 and consequent inactivation of the enzyme activity. Conversely, mutated CaMKIV (C198V) was refractory to the Na2S n -induced enzyme inhibition. A biotin-polyethylene glycol-conjugated maleimide capture assay revealed that Cys198 in CaMKIV represents a target for S-polysulfidation. Furthermore, phosho-Thr196 and CaMKIV activity were inhibited by incubation with cysteine hydropersulfide, a newly identified RSS that is generated from cystine by cystathionine-γ-lyase. In transfected cells expressing CaMKIV, ionomycin-induced CaMKIV phosphorylation at Thr196 was decreased upon treatment with either Na2S4 or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer thapsigargin, whereas cells expressing mutant CaMKIV (C198V) were resistant to this treatment. In addition, the ionomycin-induced phospho-Thr196 of endogenous CaMKIV was also inhibited by treatment either with Na2S4 or thapsigargin in Jurkat T lymphocytes. Taken together, these data define a novel signaling function for intracellular RSS in inhibiting CaMKIV activity via S-polysulfidation of its Cys198 during the response to ER stress.
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18
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Takemoto-Kimura S, Suzuki K, Horigane SI, Kamijo S, Inoue M, Sakamoto M, Fujii H, Bito H. Calmodulin kinases: essential regulators in health and disease. J Neurochem 2017; 141:808-818. [PMID: 28295333 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity induces intracellular Ca2+ increase, which triggers activation of a series of Ca2+ -dependent signaling cascades. Among these, the multifunctional Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs, or calmodulin kinases) play key roles in neuronal transmission, synaptic plasticity, circuit development and cognition. The most investigated CaMKs for these roles in neuronal functions are CaMKI, CaMKII, CaMKIV and we will shed light on these neuronal CaMKs' functions in this review. Catalytically active members of CaMKs currently are CaMKI, CaMKII, CaMKIV and CaMKK. Although they all necessitate the binding of Ca2+ and calmodulin complex (Ca2+ /CaM) for releasing autoinhibition, each member of CaMK has distinct activation mechanisms-autophosphorylation mediated autonomy of multimeric CaMKII and CaMKK-dependent phosphoswitch-induced activation of CaMKI or CaMKIV. Furthermore, each CaMK shows distinct subcellular localization that underlies specific compartmentalized function in each activated neuron. In this review, we first summarize these molecular characteristics of each CaMK as to regulation and subcellular localization, and then describe each biological function. In the last section, we also focus on the emerging role of CaMKs in pathophysiological conditions by introducing the recent studies, especially focusing on drug addiction and depression, and discuss how dysfunctional CaMKs may contribute to the pathology of the neuropsychological disorders. This article is part of the mini review series "60th Anniversary of the Japanese Society for Neurochemistry".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Takemoto-Kimura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.,PRESTO-Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanzo Suzuki
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Horigane
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamijo
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inoue
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sakamoto
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Fujii
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Fujiwara Y, Hiraoka Y, Fujimoto T, Kanayama N, Magari M, Tokumitsu H. Analysis of Distinct Roles of CaMKK Isoforms Using STO-609-Resistant Mutants in Living Cells. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3969-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Fujiwara
- Division
of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and
Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuri Hiraoka
- Division
of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and
Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Kanayama
- Division
of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and
Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Division
of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and
Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Division
of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and
Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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20
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Yeon JT, Choi SW, Ryu BJ, Kim KJ, Lee JY, Byun BJ, Son YJ, Kim SH. Praeruptorin A inhibits in vitro migration of preosteoclasts and in vivo bone erosion, possibly due to its potential to target calmodulin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:776-782. [PMID: 25734761 DOI: 10.1021/np501017z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Excessive activity and/or increased number of osteoclasts lead to bone resorption-related disorders. Here, we investigated the potential of praeruptorin A to inhibit migration/fusion of preosteoclasts in vitro and bone erosion in vivo. Praeruptorin A inhibited the RANKL-induced migration/fusion of preosteoclasts accompanied by the nuclear translocation of NFATc1, a master regulator of osteoclast differentiation. Antimigration/fusion activity of praeruptorin A was also confirmed by evaluating the mRNA expression of fusion-mediating molecules. In silico binding studies and several biochemical assays further revealed the potential of praeruptorin A to bind with Ca(2+)/calmodulin and inhibit its downstream signaling pathways, including the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-CaMKIV-CREB and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-calcineurin signaling axis responsible for controlling NFATc1. In vivo application of praeruptorin A significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced bone erosion, indicating its possible use to treat bone resorption-related disorders. In conclusion, praeruptorin A has the potential to inhibit migration/fusion of preosteoclasts in vitro and bone erosion in vivo by targeting calmodulin and inhibiting the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-CaMKIV-CREB-NFATc1 and/or Ca(2+)/calmodulin-calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Tae Yeon
- †Research Institute of Basic Science and §Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
- ‡Laboratory of Translational Therapeutics, Pharmacology Research Center, Drug Discovery Division, ⊥Korea Chemical Bank, and ∥Drug Discovery Platform Technology Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik-Won Choi
- †Research Institute of Basic Science and §Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
- ‡Laboratory of Translational Therapeutics, Pharmacology Research Center, Drug Discovery Division, ⊥Korea Chemical Bank, and ∥Drug Discovery Platform Technology Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jun Ryu
- †Research Institute of Basic Science and §Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
- ‡Laboratory of Translational Therapeutics, Pharmacology Research Center, Drug Discovery Division, ⊥Korea Chemical Bank, and ∥Drug Discovery Platform Technology Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Jin Kim
- †Research Institute of Basic Science and §Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
- ‡Laboratory of Translational Therapeutics, Pharmacology Research Center, Drug Discovery Division, ⊥Korea Chemical Bank, and ∥Drug Discovery Platform Technology Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yun Lee
- †Research Institute of Basic Science and §Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
- ‡Laboratory of Translational Therapeutics, Pharmacology Research Center, Drug Discovery Division, ⊥Korea Chemical Bank, and ∥Drug Discovery Platform Technology Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jin Byun
- †Research Institute of Basic Science and §Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
- ‡Laboratory of Translational Therapeutics, Pharmacology Research Center, Drug Discovery Division, ⊥Korea Chemical Bank, and ∥Drug Discovery Platform Technology Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Son
- †Research Institute of Basic Science and §Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
- ‡Laboratory of Translational Therapeutics, Pharmacology Research Center, Drug Discovery Division, ⊥Korea Chemical Bank, and ∥Drug Discovery Platform Technology Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- †Research Institute of Basic Science and §Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
- ‡Laboratory of Translational Therapeutics, Pharmacology Research Center, Drug Discovery Division, ⊥Korea Chemical Bank, and ∥Drug Discovery Platform Technology Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
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Yurimoto S, Fujimoto T, Magari M, Kanayama N, Kobayashi R, Tokumitsu H. In vitro substrate phosphorylation by Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase using guanosine-5'-triphosphate as a phosphate donor. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 13:27. [PMID: 23216827 PMCID: PMC3537517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-13-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) phosphorylates and activates particular downstream protein kinases — including CaMKI, CaMKIV, and AMPK— to stimulate multiple Ca2+-signal transduction pathways. To identify previously unidentified CaMKK substrates, we used various nucleotides as phosphate donors to develop and characterize an in vitro phosphorylation assay for CaMKK. Results Here, we found that the recombinant CaMKK isoforms were capable of utilizing Mg-GTP as a phosphate donor to phosphorylate the Thr residue in the activation-loop of CaMKIα (Thr177) and of AMPK (Thr172) in vitro. Kinetic analysis indicated that the Km values of CaMKK isoforms for GTP (400-500 μM) were significantly higher than those for ATP (~15 μM), and a 2- to 4-fold decrease in Vmax was observed with GTP. We also confirmed that an ATP competitive CaMKK inhibitor, STO-609, also competes with GTP to inhibit the activities of CaMKK isoforms. In addition, to detect enhanced CaMKI phosphorylation in brain extracts with Mg-GTP and recombinant CaMKKs, we found potential CaMKK substrates of ~45 kDa and ~35 kDa whose Ca2+/CaM-induced phosphorylation was inhibited by STO-609. Conclusions These results indicated that screens that use STO-609 as a CaMKK inhibitor and Mg-GTP as a CaMKK-dependent phosphate donor might be useful to identify previously unidentified downstream target substrates of CaMKK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Yurimoto
- Department of Signal Transduction Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Sueyoshi N, Nimura T, Onouchi T, Baba H, Takenaka S, Ishida A, Kameshita I. Functional processing of nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP-N): evidence for a critical role of proteolytic processing in the regulation of its catalytic activity, subcellular localization and substrate targeting in vivo. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 517:43-52. [PMID: 22100705 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP) and its nuclear homolog CaMKP-N are Ser/Thr protein phosphatases that belong to the PPM family. These phosphatases are highly specific for multifunctional CaM kinases and negatively regulate their activities. CaMKP-N is only expressed in the brain and specifically localized in the nucleus. In this study, we found that zebrafish CaMKP-N (zCaMKP-N) underwent proteolytic processing in both the zebrafish brain and Neuro2a cells. In Neuro2a cells, the proteolytic processing was effectively inhibited by the proteasome inhibitors MG-132, Epoxomicin, and Lactacystin, suggesting that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway was involved in this processing. Using MG-132, we found that the proteolytic processing changed the subcellular localization of zCaMKP-N from the nucleus to the cytosol. Accompanying this change, the cellular targets of zCaMKP-N in Neuro2a cells were significantly altered. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that the zCaMKP-N activity was markedly activated when the C-terminal domain was removed by the processing. Thus, the proteolytic processing of zCaMKP-N at the C-terminal region regulates its catalytic activity, subcellular localization and substrate targeting in vivo.
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Fujimoto T, Hatano N, Nozaki N, Yurimoto S, Kobayashi R, Tokumitsu H. Identification of a novel CaMKK substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:45-51. [PMID: 21640082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) phosphorylates and activates specific downstream protein kinases including CaMKI, CaMKIV and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase. In order to examine the variety of CaMKK-mediated signaling pathways, we searched for novel CaMKK substrate(s) using N(6)-(1-methylbutyl)-ATP and genetically engineered CaMKKα mutant, CaMKKα (Phe(230)Gly), that was capable of utilizing this ATP analogue as a phosphate donor. Incubation of rat brain extracts with recombinant CaMKKα (Phe(230)Gly), but not with wild-type kinase, in the presence of N(6)-(1-methylbutyl)-ATP and Ca(2+)/CaM, induced significant threonine phosphorylation of a 50kDa protein as well as CaMKI phosphorylation at Thr(177). The 50kDa CaMKK substrate was partially purified by using serial column chromatography, and was identified as Syndapin I by LC-MS/MS analysis. We confirmed that recombinant Syndapin I was phosphorylated by CaMKKα and β isoforms at Thr(355)in vitro. Phosphorylation of HA-Syndapin I at Thr(355) in transfected HeLa cells was significantly induced by co-expression of constitutively active mutants of CaMKK isoforms. This is the first report that CaMKK is capable of phosphorylating a non-kinase substrate suggesting the possibility of CaMKK-mediated novel Ca(2+)-signaling pathways that are independent of downstream protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Fujimoto
- Department of Signal Transduction Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Forebrain-specific constitutively active CaMKKα transgenic mice show deficits in hippocampus-dependent long-term memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:238-47. [PMID: 21558011 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) kinase cascade is activated by Ca(2+) influx through the voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels and the NMDA receptor. CaM kinase kinase (CaMKK), the most upstream kinase of the CaM kinase cascade, phosphorylates and activates both CaM kinase I (CaMKI) and CaMKIV, resulting in activation of cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-dependent gene transcription. Using transgenic techniques, we created mutant mice in which a constitutively active form of CaMKK1, the autoinhibitory domain truncated protein, is over-expressed specifically in the forebrain. In these mice, although performance was normal in basal activity and short-term memory, specific impairments were shown in hippocampus-dependent long-term memory after training in spatial memory tasks and after contextual fear conditioning. In cultured neurons of these mice, phosphorylation of CaMKI was significantly increased in basal states, whereas the activity range of CaMKI phosphorylation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and KCl stimulation was significantly diminished in mutant mice. Our results define a critical role for CaMKKα in synaptic plasticity and the retention of hippocampus-dependent long-term memory.
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25
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Analysis of CaM-kinase signaling in cells. Cell Calcium 2011; 50:1-8. [PMID: 21529938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A change in intracellular free calcium is a common signaling mechanism that modulates a wide array of physiological processes in most cells. Responses to increased intracellular Ca(2+) are often mediated by the ubiquitous protein calmodulin (CaM) that upon binding Ca(2+) can interact with and alter the functionality of numerous proteins including a family of protein kinases referred to as CaM-kinases (CaMKs). Of particular interest are multifunctional CaMKs, such as CaMKI, CaMKII, CaMKIV and CaMKK, that can phosphorylate multiple downstream targets. This review will outline several protocols we have used to identify which members and/or isoforms of this CaMK family mediate specific cellular responses with a focus on studies in neurons. Many previous studies have relied on a single approach such as pharmacological inhibitors or transfected dominant-negative kinase constructs. Since each of these protocols has its limitations, that will be discussed, we emphasize the necessity to use multiple, independent approaches in mapping out cellular signaling pathways.
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Deb TB, Zuo AH, Wang Y, Barndt RJ, Cheema AK, Sengupta S, Coticchia CM, Johnson MD. Pnck induces ligand-independent EGFR degradation by probable perturbation of the Hsp90 chaperone complex. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C1139-54. [PMID: 21325639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00167.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described a novel role for pregnancy-upregulated non-ubiquitous calmodulin kinase (Pnck) in the induction of ligand-independent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation (Deb TB, Coticchia CM, Barndt R, Zuo H, Dickson RB, and Johnson MD. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295: C365-C377, 2008). In the current communication, we explore the probable mechanism by which Pnck induces ligand-independent EGFR degradation. Pnck-induced EGFR degradation is calcium/calmodulin independent and is regulated by cell density, with the highest EGFR degradation observed at low cell density. Pnck is a novel heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) client protein that can be co-immunoprecipitated with Hsp90. Treatment of Pnck-overexpressing cells with the pharmacologic Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin results in enhanced EGFR degradation, and destruction of Pnck. In cells in which Pnck is inducing EGFR degradation, we observed that Hsp90 exhibits reduced electrophoretic mobility, and through mass spectrometric analysis of immunopurified Hsp90 protein we demonstrated enhanced phosphorylation at threonine 89 and 616 (in both Hsp90-α and -β) and serine 391 (in Hsp90-α). Kinase-active Pnck protein is degraded by the proteasome, concurrent with EGFR degradation. A Pnck mutant (T171A) protein with suppressed kinase activity induced EGFR degradation to essentially the same level as wild-type (WT) Pnck, suggesting that Pnck kinase activity is not required for the induction of EGFR degradation. Although EGFR is degraded, overexpression of WT Pnck paradoxically promoted cellular proliferation, whereas cells expressing mutant Pnck (T171A) were growth inhibited. WT Pnck promoted S to G(2) transition, but cells expressing the mutant exhibited higher residency time in S phase. Basal MAP kinase activity was inhibited by WT Pnck but not by mutant T171A Pnck protein. Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21/Cip-1/Waf-1 was transcriptionally suppressed downstream to MAP kinase inhibition by WT Pnck, but not the mutant protein. Collectively, these data suggest that 1) Pnck induces ligand-independent EGFR degradation most likely through perturbation of Hsp90 chaperone activity due to Hsp90 phosphorylation, 2) EGFR degradation is coupled to proteasomal degradation of Pnck, and 3) modulation of basal MAP kinase activity, p21/Cip-1/Waf-1 expression, and cellular growth by Pnck is independent of Pnck-induced ligand-independent EGFR degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar B Deb
- Dept. of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Takata T, Kimura J, Tsuchiya Y, Naito Y, Watanabe Y. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases as potential targets of nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:145-52. [PMID: 21255668 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis is controlled by Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) binding with and kinase-dependent phosphorylation of constitutive NO synthases, which catalyze the formation of NO and L-citrulline from L-arginine. NO operates as a mediator of important cell signaling pathways, such as cGMP signaling cascade. Another mechanism by which NO exerts biological effects is mediated via post-translational modification of redox-sensitive cysteine thiols of proteins. The Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) such as CaM kinase I, CaM kinase II, and CaM kinase IV, are a family of protein kinases which requires binding of Ca(2+)/CaM to and subsequent phosphorylation of the enzymes to initiate its activation process. We report other regulation mechanisms of CaM kinases, such as S-glutathionylation of CaM kinase I at Cys(179) and S-nitrosylation of CaM kinase II at Cys(6/30). Such unique post-translational modification of CaMKs by NO shed light on a new area of mutual regulation of NO- and CaM kinases-signals. Based on the novel direct regulation of these kinases, we propose that CaM kinases/NO signaling would be good targets for understanding how they can participate in neuronal physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Pharmacology, High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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Katagiri T, Hatano N, Aihara M, Kawano H, Okamoto M, Liu Y, Izumi T, Maekawa T, Nakamura S, Ishihara T, Shirai M, Mizukami Y. Proteomic analysis of proteins expressing in regions of rat brain by a combination of SDS-PAGE with nano-liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:41. [PMID: 20659346 PMCID: PMC2918549 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most biological functions controlled by the brain and their related disorders are closely associated with activation in specific regions of the brain. Neuroproteomics has been applied to the analysis of whole brain, and the general pattern of protein expression in all regions has been elucidated. However, the comprehensive proteome of each brain region remains unclear. RESULTS In this study, we carried out comparative proteomics of six regions of the adult rat brain: thalamus, hippocampus, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex, and amygdala using semi-quantitative analysis by Mascot Score of the identified proteins. In order to identify efficiently the proteins that are present in the brain, the proteins were separated by a combination of SDS-PAGE on a C18 column-equipped nano-liquid chromatograph, and analyzed by quadrupole-time of flight-tandem-mass spectrometry. The proteomic data show 2,909 peptides in the rat brain, with more than 200 identified as region-abundant proteins by semi-quantitative analysis. The regions containing the identified proteins are membrane (20.0%), cytoplasm (19.5%), mitochondrion (17.1%), cytoskeleton (8.2%), nucleus (4.7%), extracellular region (3.3%), and other (18.0%). Of the identified proteins, the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein, GABA transporter 3, Septin 5, heat shock protein 90, synaptotagmin, heat shock protein 70, and pyruvate kinase were confirmed by immunoblotting. We examined the distributions in rat brain of GABA transporter 3, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and heat shock protein 70 by immunohistochemistry, and found that the proteins are localized around the regions observed by proteomic analysis and immunoblotting. IPA analysis indicates that pathways closely related to the biological functions of each region may be activated in rat brain. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that proteomics in each region of adult rat brain may provide a novel way to elucidate biological actions associated with the activation of regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Katagiri
- Center for Gene Research, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
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Kambe T, Song T, Takata T, Hatano N, Miyamoto Y, Nozaki N, Naito Y, Tokumitsu H, Watanabe Y. Inactivation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I by S-glutathionylation of the active-site cysteine residue. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2478-84. [PMID: 20420839 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We show that Ca(2+)/calmodulin(CaM)-dependent protein kinase I (CaMKI) is directly inhibited by its S-glutathionylation at the Cys(179). In vitro studies demonstrated that treatment of CaMKI with diamide and glutathione results in inactivation of the enzyme, with a concomitant S-glutathionylation of CaMKI at Cys(179) detected by mass spectrometry. Mutagenesis studies confirmed that S-glutathionylation of Cys(179) is both necessary and sufficient for the inhibition of CaMKI by diamide and glutathione. In transfected cells expressing CaMKI, treatment with diamide caused a reversible decrease in CaMKI activity. Cells expressing mutant CaMKI (179CV) proved resistant in this regard. Thus, our results indicate that the reversible regulation of CaMKI via its modification at Cys(179) is an important mechanism in processing calcium signal transduction in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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Marin MT, Berkow A, Golden SA, Koya E, Planeta CS, Hope BT. Context-specific modulation of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the rat nucleus accumbens. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1931-40. [PMID: 19912338 PMCID: PMC2810354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Learned associations are hypothesized to develop between drug effects and contextual stimuli during repeated drug administration to produce context-specific sensitization that is expressed only in the drug-associated environment and not in a non-drug-paired environment. The neuroadaptations that mediate such context-specific behavior are largely unknown. We investigated context-specific modulation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and that of four upstream kinases in the nucleus accumbens that phosphorylate CREB, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), cAMP-dependent protein kinase, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) II and CaMKIV. Rats received seven once-daily injections of cocaine or saline in one of two distinct environments outside their home cages. Seven days later, test injections of cocaine or saline were administered in either the paired or the non-paired environment. CREB and ERK phosphorylation were assessed with immunohistochemistry, and phosphorylation of the remaining kinases, as well as of CREB and ERK, was assessed by western blotting. Repeated cocaine administration produced context-specific sensitized locomotor responses accompanied by context-specific enhancement of the number of cocaine-induced phosphoCREB-immunoreactive and phosphoERK-immunoreactive nuclei in a minority of neurons. In contrast, CREB and CaMKIV phosphorylation in nucleus accumbens homogenates were decreased by cocaine test injections. We have recently shown that a small number of cocaine-activated accumbens neurons mediate the learned association between cocaine effects and the drug administration environment to produce context-specific sensitization. Context-specific phosphorylation of ERK and CREB in the present study suggests that this signal transduction pathway is selectively activated in the same set of cocaine-activated accumbens neurons that mediate this learned association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T. Marin
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Berkow
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sam A. Golden
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Cleopatra S. Planeta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Bruce T. Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Li J, Murao K, Imachi H, Masugata H, Iwama H, Tada S, Zhang GX, Kobayashi R, Ishida T, Tokumitsu H. Exendin-4 regulates pancreatic ABCA1 transcription via CaMKK/CaMKIV pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1083-7. [PMID: 19874424 PMCID: PMC3822745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in pancreatic β cells influences insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. This study investigates whether the long-acting agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1, namely exendin-4, which mediates stimulatory effects on ABCA1 gene expression, could interfere with the Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) cascade. ABCA1 promoter activity was examined by reporter gene assay in rat insulin-secreting INS-1 cells incubated with exendin-4. CaMKIV activity was assessed by detection of activation-loop phosphorylation (Thr196) of CaMKIV. We investigated the influence of the constitutively active form (CaMKIVc) or CaMKIV knockdown on ABCA1 expression. Increased abundance of ABCA1 protein was noted in response to rising concentrations of exendin-4 with maximum induction at 10 nM. Exendin-4 also stimulated ABCA1 promoter activity, but failed to do so in the presence of STO-609, a CaMKK inhibitor. Up-regulation of CaMKIV phosphorylation (at Thr196) peaked after 10 min. of exposure to exendin-4. CaMKIVc enhanced or up-regulated ABCA1 promoter activity in INS-1 cells. Furthermore, exendin-4 induction of ABCA1 protein expression was significantly suppressed in cells treated with CaMKIV-siRNA. Activation of the CaMKK/CaMKIV cascade by exendin-4 stimulated ABCA1 gene transcription, indicating that exendin-4 plays an important role in insulin secretion and cholesterol ester content in pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe Miki-CHO, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
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Murao K, Li J, Imachi H, Muraoka T, Masugata H, Zhang GX, Kobayashi R, Ishida T, Tokumitsu H. Exendin-4 regulates glucokinase expression by CaMKK/CaMKIV pathway in pancreatic beta-cell line. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009; 11:939-46. [PMID: 19486109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glucokinase (GK) in pancreatic beta cells is thought to be involved in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. This study investigates whether the long-acting agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1, namely exendin-4, mediates stimulatory effects on GK gene expression through the Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) cascade. METHODS GK expression was examined by real-time PCR, western blot analysis and reporter gene assay in rat insulin-secreting INS-1 cells incubated with exendin-4. CaMKIV activity was assessed by detection of activation loop phosphorylation (Thr(196)) of CaMKIV. We investigated the effect of the constitutively active form (CaMKIVc) of CaMKIV on GK promoter activity. RESULTS Increased expression level of GK protein was noted in response to rising concentrations of exendin-4 with maximum induction at 10 nM. Real-time PCR analysis showed a significant increase in the amount of GK mRNA in response to rising concentrations of exendin-4. Exendin-4 also stimulated GK promoter activity but failed to do so in the presence of STO-609, a CaMKK inhibitor. This result is consistent with the observations that the upregulation of CaMKIV phosphorylation (at Thr(196)) peaked after 15 min of exposure to exendin-4 and that CaMKIVc enhanced or upregulated GK promoter activity in INS-1 cells. Furthermore, STO-609 significantly suppressed the exendin-4 - upregulated the expression of the GK protein. CONCLUSION Activation of the CaMKK/CaMKIV cascade might be required for exendin-4-induced GK gene transcription, indicating that exendin-4 plays an important role in insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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Feliciano DM, Edelman AM. Repression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV signaling accelerates retinoic acid-induced differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26466-81. [PMID: 19633294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.027680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma cells having stem cell-like qualities are widely employed models for the study of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. We find that human BE(2)C neuroblastoma cells possess a signaling cascade initiated by Ca(2+) influx via voltage-dependent calcium channels and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and culminating in nuclear calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV)-mediated phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factors Ca(2+)/cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and ATF1 (activating transcription factor-1). This pathway functions to maintain BE(2)C cells in an undifferentiated, proliferative state. Parallel to this Ca(2+)-dependent pathway is a hormone-responsive program by which retinoic acid (RA) initiates the differentiation of BE(2)C cells toward a neuronal lineage. This is evidenced by RA-dependent induction of the cell cycle inhibitor p21/Cip1 (Cdk-interacting protein 1) and cell cycle arrest, induction of the neuroblastic marker doublecortin and of the neuron-specific intermediate filament protein, peripherin, and by RA-stimulated extension of neuritic processes. During neuronal differentiation there is a complex antagonistic interplay between these two major signaling pathways. RA down-regulates expression of CaMKIV and one of its upstream activators, CaMKK1 (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 1). This is accompanied by RA-induced suppression of activating phosphorylation of CREB with a time course paralleling that of CaMKIV down-regulation. RA-induced repression of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase/CaMKIV/CREB pathway appears to be involved in regulating the timing of neuronal differentiation, as shown by the effect of RNA interference of CaMKIV to markedly accelerate RA-dependent up-regulation of p21/Cip1 and doublecortin expression and RA-promoted neurite outgrowth. RA-induced repression of the CaMKIV signaling pathway may represent an early event in retinoid-dependent neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Feliciano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Yurimoto S, Hatano N, Tsuchiya M, Kato K, Fujimoto T, Masaki T, Kobayashi R, Tokumitsu H. Identification and characterization of wolframin, the product of the wolfram syndrome gene (WFS1), as a novel calmodulin-binding protein. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3946-55. [PMID: 19292454 DOI: 10.1021/bi900260y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To search for calmodulin (CaM) targets, we performed affinity chromatography purification of a rat brain extract using CaM fused with GST as the affinity ligand. Proteomic analysis was then carried out to identify CaM-binding proteins. In addition to identifying 36 known CaM-binding proteins, including CaM kinases, calcineurin, nNOS, the IP(3) receptor, and Ca(2+)-ATPase, we identified an ER transmembrane protein, wolframin [the product of the Wolfram syndrome gene (WFS1)] as interacting. A CaM overlay and an immunoprecipitation assay revealed that wolframin is capable of binding the Ca(2+)/CaM complex in vitro and in transfected cells. Surface plasmon resonance analysis and zero-length cross-linking showed that the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain (residues 2-285) of wolframin binds to an equimolar unit of CaM in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner with a K(D) for CaM of 0.15 muM. Various truncation and deletion mutants showed that the Ca(2+)/CaM binding region in wolframin is located from Glu90 to Trp186. Furthermore, we demonstrated that three mutations (Ala127Thr, Ala134Thr, and Arg178Pro) associated with Wolfram syndrome completely abolished CaM binding of wolframin. This observation may indicate that CaM binding is important for wolframin function and that impairment of this interaction by mutation contributes to the pathology seen in Wolfram syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Yurimoto
- Department of Signal Transduction Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University,Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Coordination of PGC-1beta and iron uptake in mitochondrial biogenesis and osteoclast activation. Nat Med 2009; 15:259-66. [PMID: 19252502 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are acid-secreting polykaryons that have high energy demands and contain abundant mitochondria. How mitochondrial biogenesis is integrated with osteoclast differentiation is unknown. We found that the transcription of Ppargc1b, which encodes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1beta (PGC-1beta), was induced during osteoclast differentiation by cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) as a result of reactive oxygen species. Knockdown of Ppargc1b in vitro inhibited osteoclast differentiation and mitochondria biogenesis, whereas deletion of the Ppargc1b gene in mice resulted in increased bone mass due to impaired osteoclast function. We also observed defects in PGC-1beta-deficient osteoblasts. Owing to the heightened iron demand in osteoclast development, transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) expression was induced post-transcriptionally via iron regulatory protein 2. TfR1-mediated iron uptake promoted osteoclast differentiation and bone-resorbing activity, associated with the induction of mitochondrial respiration, production of reactive oxygen species and accelerated Ppargc1b transcription. Iron chelation inhibited osteoclastic bone resorption and protected against bone loss following estrogen deficiency resulting from ovariectomy. These data establish mitochondrial biogenesis orchestrated by PGC-1beta, coupled with iron uptake through TfR1 and iron supply to mitochondrial respiratory proteins, as a fundamental pathway linked to osteoclast activation and bone metabolism.
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Wayman GA, Lee YS, Tokumitsu H, Silva AJ, Silva A, Soderling TR. Calmodulin-kinases: modulators of neuronal development and plasticity. Neuron 2008; 59:914-31. [PMID: 18817731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the nervous system, many intracellular responses to elevated calcium are mediated by CaM kinases (CaMKs), a family of protein kinases whose activities are initially modulated by binding Ca(2+)/calmodulin and subsequently by protein phosphorylation. One member of this family, CaMKII, is well-established for its effects on modulating synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. However, recent studies indicate that some actions on neuronal development and function attributed to CaMKII may instead or in addition be mediated by other members of the CaMK cascade, such as CaMKK, CaMKI, and CaMKIV. This review summarizes key neuronal functions of the CaMK cascade in signal transduction, gene transcription, synaptic development and plasticity, and behavior. The technical challenges of mapping cellular protein kinase signaling pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Wayman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Mizukami Y, Ono K, Du CK, Aki T, Hatano N, Okamoto Y, Ikeda Y, Ito H, Hamano K, Morimoto S. Identification and physiological activity of survival factor released from cardiomyocytes during ischaemia and reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:589-99. [PMID: 18534967 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We carried out a screening of survival factors released from cells exposed to simulated ischaemia and reperfusion (sI/R) using the embryonic rat heart-derived cell line, H9c2 cells, and examined the physiological role of the identified factor. METHOD AND RESULTS The culture medium supernatant of H9c2 cells exposed to sI/R was separated by column chromatography and the fractions examined for survival activity. The protein with survival activity was identified by mass spectrometry, and its physiological role was examined in the models of ischaemia. Cell survival activity was detected in at least three fractions of the cell supernatant collected during sI/R and subjected to a series of column chromatographic steps. Among the proteins measured by mass spectrometry and western blotting, a p36 protein identified as a glycolytic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase muscle subunit (M-LDH), showed strong survival activity. H(2)O(2)-induced intracellular calcium overload in H9c2 cells and irregular Ca(2+) transients in adult rat cardiomyocytes were both found to be inhibited by pretreatment with M-LDH. M-LDH also lowered the frequency and amplitude of early afterdepolarizations induced by H(2)O(2) in adult rat cardiomyocytes and suppressed the ischaemia-reperfusion-induced reduction of cardiac output from mouse working heart preparations. M-LDH was found to increase the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), which plays a role in H9c2 cell survival. CONCLUSION M-LDH released from cardiomyocytes after hypoxia and reoxygenation has a role in protecting the heart from oxidative stress-induced injury through an intracellular signal transduction pathway involving ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Mizukami
- Center for Gene Research, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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Matsumoto K, Murao K, Imachi H, Nishiuchi T, Cao W, Yu X, Li J, Ahmed RAM, Iwama H, Kobayashi R, Tokumitsu H, Ishida T. The role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade on MIP-1alpha gene expression of ATL cells. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:390-400. [PMID: 18249060 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a mature CD4(+) T-cell malignancy caused by infection with human T-lymphotrophic virus type-1 and is associated with a marked hypercalcemia in many patients. Recently, it has been proposed that macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) is the clinical hallmark of hypercalcemia in ATL. In this study, we investigated the effect of extracellular calcium on MIP-1alpha secretion in ATL cells and the role of Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaM-K) cascade in transcriptional activation of MIP-1alpha. MATERIALS AND METHODS MIP-1alpha protein levels in the culture supernatant collected from ATL cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reporter plasmid containing the MIP-1alpha promoter was transfected to ATL cells, and the promoter activity was measured by luciferase assay. RESULTS The addition of calcium to the culture medium enhanced the secretion of MIP-1alpha from ATL cells, which was inhibited by the CaM-KK inhibitor. The transfection of CaM-KIV stimulated MIP-1alpha promoter activity, and the upstream kinase CaM-KK enhanced the stimulatory effect of CaM-KIV on the promoter activity. Mutation in the cyclic adenosine 5' monophosphate response element (CRE) within the MIP-1alpha promoter significantly reduced the effect of CaM-KIV, and CRE mutant promoter activity was not significantly enhanced by the addition of calcium to the culture medium as compared to wild-type promoter activity. CONCLUSION Hypercalcemia enhances MIP-1alpha secretion in ATL cells, and this mechanism requires the involvement of CaM-KK/CaM-KIV cascade through the CRE. These findings raise a possibility that the inhibitory effect of CaM-KK/CaM-KIV cascade may be a potential therapeutic target for ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Matsumoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
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Pérez-García MJ, Gou-Fabregas M, de Pablo Y, Llovera M, Comella JX, Soler RM. Neuroprotection by neurotrophic factors and membrane depolarization is regulated by calmodulin kinase IV. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:4133-44. [PMID: 18079114 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705477200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors promote motoneuron (MN) survival through increased intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) and regulation of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PKB) pathway by calmodulin (CaM). Activation of the PI 3-kinase/PKB pathway is one of the well established mechanisms involved in MN survival. The Ca(2+)/CaM complex interacts with and modulates the functionality of a large number of proteins, including serine/threonine protein kinases such as Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs). Using a primary culture of embryonic chicken spinal cord MNs, we investigated the role of CaMKIV in mediating this process. We cloned chicken CaMKIV and demonstrated its expression in purified MNs by means of reverse transcription-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Using RNA interference, we show that endogenous CaMKIV mediates cell survival induced by neurotrophic factors or membrane depolarization. The survival effect is independent of CaMKIV kinase activity; however, CaMKIV functionality depends on the presence of Ca(2+)/CaM. Finally, CaMKIV associates to the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, suggesting a role in regulating PI 3-kinase/PKB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Pérez-García
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina and Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Montserrat Roig, 2, 25008-Lleida, Spain
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Sueyoshi N, Takao T, Nimura T, Sugiyama Y, Numano T, Shigeri Y, Taniguchi T, Kameshita I, Ishida A. Inhibitors of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase family (CaMKP and CaMKP-N). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:715-21. [PMID: 17897624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP) and its nuclear isoform CaMKP-N are unique Ser/Thr protein phosphatases that negatively regulate the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) cascade by dephosphorylating multifunctional CaMKI, II, and IV. However, the lack of specific inhibitors of these phosphatases has hampered studies on these enzymes in vivo. In an attempt to obtain specific inhibitors, we searched inhibitory compounds and found that Evans Blue and Chicago Sky Blue 6B served as effective inhibitors for CaMKP. These compounds also inhibited CaMKP-N, but inhibited neither protein phosphatase 2C, another member of PPM family phosphatase, nor calcineurin, a typical PPP family phosphatase. The minimum structure required for the inhibition was 1-amino-8-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid. When Neuro2a cells cotransfected with CaMKIV and CaMKP-N were treated with these compounds, the dephosphorylation of CaMKIV was strongly suppressed, suggesting that these compounds could be used as potent inhibitors of CaMKP and CaMKP-N in vivo as well as in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Sueyoshi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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Witczak CA, Fujii N, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-alpha regulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake independent of AMP-activated protein kinase and Akt activation. Diabetes 2007; 56:1403-9. [PMID: 17287469 DOI: 10.2337/db06-1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies in nonmuscle cells have demonstrated that Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases (CaMKKs) are upstream regulators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt. In skeletal muscle, activation of AMPK and Akt has been implicated in the regulation of glucose uptake. The objective of this study was to determine whether CaMKKalpha regulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake, and whether it is dependent on AMPK and/or Akt activation. Expression vectors containing constitutively active CaMKKalpha (caCaMKKalpha) or empty vector were transfected into mouse muscles by in vivo electroporation. After 2 weeks, caCaMKKalpha was robustly expressed and increased CaMKI (Thr(177/180)) phosphorylation, a known CaMKK substrate. In muscles from wild-type mice, caCaMKKalpha increased in vivo [(3)H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake 2.5-fold and AMPKalpha1 and -alpha2 activities 2.5-fold. However, in muscles from AMPKalpha2 inactive mice (AMPKalpha2i), caCaMKKalpha did not increase AMPKalpha1 or -alpha2 activities, but it did increase glucose uptake 2.5-fold, demonstrating that caCaMKKalpha stimulates glucose uptake independent of AMPK. Akt (Thr(308)) phosphorylation was not altered by CaMKKalpha, and caCaMKKalpha plus insulin stimulation did not increase the insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt (Thr(308)). These results suggest that caCaMKKalpha stimulates glucose uptake via insulin-independent signaling mechanisms. To assess the role of CaMKK in contraction-stimulated glucose uptake, isolated muscles were treated with or without the CaMKK inhibitor STO-609 and then electrically stimulated to contract. Contraction increased glucose uptake 3.5-fold in muscles from both wild-type and AMPKalpha2i mice, but STO-609 significantly decreased glucose uptake (approximately 24%) only in AMPKalpha2i mice. Collectively, these results implicate CaMKKalpha in the regulation of skeletal muscle glucose uptake independent of AMPK and Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Witczak
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Nimura T, Sueyoshi N, Ishida A, Yoshimura Y, Ito M, Tokumitsu H, Shigeri Y, Nozaki N, Kameshita I. Knockdown of nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase causes developmental abnormalities in zebrafish. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 457:205-16. [PMID: 17169323 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP-N) is an enzyme that dephosphorylates and concomitantly downregulates multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) in vitro. However, the functional roles of this enzyme in vivo are not well understood. To investigate the biological significance of CaMKP-N during zebrafish embryogenesis, we cloned and characterized zebrafish CaMKP-N (zCaMKP-N). Based on the nucleotide sequences in the zebrafish whole genome shotgun database, we isolated a cDNA clone for zCaMKP-N, which encoded a protein of 633 amino acid residues. Transiently expressed full-length zCaMKP-N in mouse neuroblastoma, Neuro2a cells, was found to be localized in the nucleus. In contrast, the C-terminal truncated mutant lacking RKKRRLDVLPLRR (residues 575-587) had cytoplasmic staining, suggesting that the nuclear localization signal of zCaMKP-N exists in the C-terminal region. Ionomycin treatment of CaMKIV-transfected Neuro2a cells resulted in a marked increase in the phosphorylated form of CaMKIV. However, cotransfection with zCaMKP-N significantly decreased phospho-CaMKIV in ionomycin-stimulated cells. Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis of zebrafish embryos showed that zCaMKP-N is exclusively expressed in the head and neural tube regions. Gene knockdown of zCaMKP-N using morpholino-based antisense oligonucleotides induced significant morphological abnormalities in zebrafish embryos. A number of apoptotic cells were observed in brain and spinal cord of the abnormal embryos. These results suggest that zCaMKP-N plays a crucial role in the early development of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Nimura
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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Sato K, Suematsu A, Nakashima T, Takemoto-Kimura S, Aoki K, Morishita Y, Asahara H, Ohya K, Yamaguchi A, Takai T, Kodama T, Chatila TA, Bito H, Takayanagi H. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the CaMK-CREB pathway. Nat Med 2006; 12:1410-6. [PMID: 17128269 DOI: 10.1038/nm1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling is essential for a variety of cellular responses and higher biological functions. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMKs) and the phosphatase calcineurin activate distinct downstream pathways that are mediated by the transcription factors cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), respectively. The importance of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway in bone metabolism has been demonstrated in osteoclasts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes. However, the contribution of the CaMK-CREB pathway is poorly understood, partly because of the difficulty of dissecting the functions of homologous family members. Here we show that the CaMKIV-CREB pathway is crucial for osteoclast differentiation and function. Pharmacological inhibition of CaMKs as well as the genetic ablation of Camk4 reduced CREB phosphorylation and downregulated the expression of c-Fos, which is required for the induction of NFATc1 (the master transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis) that is activated by receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). Furthermore, CREB together with NFATc1 induced the expression of specific genes expressed by differentiated osteoclasts. Thus, the CaMK-CREB pathway biphasically functions to regulate the transcriptional program of osteoclastic bone resorption, by not only enhancing induction of NFATc1 but also facilitating NFATc1-dependent gene regulation once its expression is induced. This provides a molecular basis for a new therapeutic strategy for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Sato
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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Tokumitsu H, Hatano N, Yokokura S, Sueyoshi Y, Nozaki N, Kobayashi R. Phosphorylation of Numb regulates its interaction with the clathrin-associated adaptor AP-2. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5797-801. [PMID: 17022975 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Numb is thought to participate in clathrin-dependent endocytosis by directly interacting with the clathrin-associated adaptor complex AP-2, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Numb is also known to be phosphorylated at Ser(264)in vitro and in vivo. Here, we found that Numb is phosphorylated in vitro by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I on Ser(283). This phosphorylation was also observed in transfected COS-7 cells, indicating its physiological relevance. Pull-down experiments showed that the phosphorylation of Numb impaired its binding to the AP-2 complex and simultaneously recruited 14-3-3 proteins in vitro. Based on experiments using Numb mutants, both the initial phosphorylation of Ser(264) and the subsequent phosphorylation of Ser(283) are sufficient to abolish the binding of Numb to AP-2 and to promote the interaction with 14-3-3 protein. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for the regulation of Numb-mediated endocytosis, namely through direct phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Department of Signal Transduction Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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Mattson BJ, Bossert JM, Simmons DE, Nozaki N, Nagarkar D, Kreuter JD, Hope BT. Cocaine-induced CREB phosphorylation in nucleus accumbens of cocaine-sensitized rats is enabled by enhanced activation of extracellular signal-related kinase, but not protein kinase A. J Neurochem 2005; 95:1481-94. [PMID: 16219028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Repeated cocaine administration to rats outside their home cages sensitizes the behavioral effects of the drug, and enhances induction of the immediate early gene product Fos in nucleus accumbens. We hypothesized that the same treatment regimen would also enhance cocaine-induced activation of intracellular signaling kinases that phosphorylate cyclic AMP-regulated element-binding protein (CREB), an important mediator of c-fos transcription. Phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), calcium/calmodulin kinases (CaMKs) II and IV, and CREB were used to assess endogenous functional activity of these signaling molecules in rats behaviorally sensitized outside their home cages. Protein kinase A (PKA)-specific phosphorylation of Ser845 in the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor subunit GluR1 was used to assess endogenous functional activity of PKA. Using western blots and immunohistochemistry, we detected cocaine-induced CREB phosphorylation after repeated cocaine administration, but not after repeated saline administration. Using western blots and MAPK activity assays, we found that cocaine-induced phosphorylation and activation of ERK, but not of CaMKs II or IV or GluR1, was augmented in nucleus accumbens of cocaine-sensitized rats. Unilateral infusions of the MAPK kinase inhibitor U0126 into nucleus accumbens attenuated cocaine-induced ERK and CREB phosphorylation in cocaine-sensitized rats. In contrast, unilateral infusions of the PKA inhibitor Rp-isomer of adenosine-3',5'-cyclicmonophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPs) did not affect cocaine-induced CREB phosphorylation. Therefore, enhanced activation of ERK, but not PKA, enables and mediates cocaine-induced CREB phosphorylation in nucleus accumbens of rats that are sensitized by repeated cocaine administration outside their home cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi J Mattson
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Tokumitsu H, Hatano N, Inuzuka H, Sueyoshi Y, Yokokura S, Ichimura T, Nozaki N, Kobayashi R. Phosphorylation of Numb Family Proteins. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:35108-18. [PMID: 16105844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503912200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To search for the substrates of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (CaM-KI), we performed affinity chromatography purification using either the unphosphorylated or phosphorylated (at Thr177) GST-fused CaM-KI catalytic domain (residues 1-293, K49E) as the affinity ligand. Proteomic analysis was then carried out to identify the interacting proteins. In addition to the detection of two known CaM-KI substrates (CREB and synapsin I), we identified two Numb family proteins (Numb and Numbl) from rat tissues. These proteins were unphosphorylated and were bound only to the Thr177-phosphorylated CaM-KI catalytic domain. This finding is consistent with the results demonstrating that Numb and Numbl were efficiently and stoichiometrically phosphorylated in vitro at equivalent Ser residues (Ser264 in Numb and Ser304 in Numbl) by activated CaM-KI and also by two other CaM-Ks (CaM-KII and CaM-KIV). Using anti-phospho-Numb/Numbl antibody, we observed the phosphorylation of Numb family proteins in various rat tissue extracts, and we also detected the ionomycin-induced phosphorylation of endogenous Numb at Ser264 in COS-7 cells. The present results revealed that the Numb family proteins are phosphorylated in vivo as well as in vitro. Furthermore, we found that the recruitment of 14-3-3 proteins was the functional consequence of the phosphorylation of the Numb family proteins. Interaction of 14-3-3 protein with phosphorylated Numbl-blocked dephosphorylation of Ser304. Taken together, these results indicate that the Numb family proteins may be intracellular targets for CaM-Ks, and they may also be regulated by phosphorylation-dependent interaction with 14-3-3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Department of Signal Transduction Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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Chow FA, Anderson KA, Noeldner PK, Means AR. The autonomous activity of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV is required for its role in transcription. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:20530-8. [PMID: 15769749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500067200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase that is positively regulated by two main events. The first is the binding of calcium/calmodulin (Ca(2+)/CaM), which relieves intramolecular autoinhibition of the enzyme and leads to basal kinase activity. The second is activation by the upstream kinase, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase. Phosphorylation of Ca(2+)/CaM-bound CaMKIV on its activation loop threonine (residue Thr(200) in human CaMKIV) by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase leads to increased CaMKIV kinase activity. It has also been repeatedly noted that activation of CaMKIV is accompanied by the generation of Ca(2+)/CaM-independent or autonomous activity, although the significance of this event has been unclear. Here we demonstrate the importance of autonomous activity to CaMKIV biological function. We show that phosphorylation of CaMKIV on Thr(200) leads to the generation of a fully Ca(2+)/CaM-independent enzyme. By analyzing the behavior of wild-type and mutant CaMKIV proteins in biochemical experiments and cellular transcriptional assays, we demonstrate that CaMKIV autonomous activity is necessary and sufficient for CaMKIV-mediated transcription. The ability of wild-type CaMKIV to drive cAMP response element-binding protein-mediated transcription is strictly dependent upon an initiating Ca(2+) stimulus, which leads to kinase activation and development of autonomous activity in cells. Mutant CaMKIV proteins that are incapable of developing autonomous activity within a cellular context fail to drive transcription, whereas certain CaMKIV mutants that possess constitutive autonomous activity drive transcription in the absence of a Ca(2+) stimulus and independent of Ca(2+)/CaM binding or Thr(200) phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice A Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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