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Uchiumi O, Zou J, Yamaki S, Hori Y, Ono M, Yamamoto R, Kato N. Disruption of sphingomyelin synthase 2 gene alleviates cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2024; 1835:148934. [PMID: 38609029 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The membrane raft accommodates the key enzymes synthesizing amyloid β (Aβ). One of the two characteristic components of the membrane raft, cholesterol, is well known to promote the key enzymes that produce amyloid-β (Aβ) and exacerbate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Given that the raft is a physicochemical platform for the sound functioning of embedded bioactive proteins, the other major lipid component sphingomyelin may also be involved in AD. Here we knocked out the sphingomyelin synthase 2 gene (SMS2) in 3xTg AD model mice by hybridization, yielding SMS2KO mice (4S mice). The novel object recognition test in 9/10-month-old 4S mice showed that cognitive impairment in 3xTg mice was alleviated by SMS2KO, though performance in the Morris water maze (MWM) was not improved. The tail suspension test detected a depressive trait in 4S mice, which may have hindered the manifestation of performance in the wet, stressful environment of MWM. In the hippocampal CA1, hyperexcitability in 3xTg was also found alleviated by SMS2KO. In the hippocampal dentate gyrus of 4S mice, the number of neurons positive with intracellular Aβ or its precursor proteins, the hallmark of young 3xTg mice, is reduced to one-third, suggesting an SMS2KO-led suppression of syntheses of those peptides in the dentate gyrus. Although we previously reported that large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are suppressed in 3xTg mice and their recovery relates to cognitive amelioration, no changes occurred by hybridization. Sphingomyelin in the membrane raft may serve as a novel target for AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Uchiumi
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Jingyu Zou
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Sachiko Yamaki
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshie Hori
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Munenori Ono
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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2
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Pantelopulos GA, Abraham CB, Straub JE. Cholesterol and Lipid Rafts in the Biogenesis of Amyloid-β Protein and Alzheimer's Disease. Annu Rev Biophys 2024; 53:455-486. [PMID: 38382114 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-062823-023436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been conjectured to be a modulator of the amyloid cascade, the mechanism that produces the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides implicated in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. We propose that cholesterol impacts the genesis of Aβ not through direct interaction with proteins in the bilayer, but indirectly by inducing the liquid-ordered phase and accompanying liquid-liquid phase separations, which partition proteins in the amyloid cascade to different lipid domains and ultimately to different endocytotic pathways. We explore the full process of Aβ genesis in the context of liquid-ordered phases induced by cholesterol, including protein partitioning into lipid domains, mechanisms of endocytosis experienced by lipid domains and secretases, and pH-controlled activation of amyloid precursor protein secretases in specific endocytotic environments. Outstanding questions on the essential role of cholesterol in the amyloid cascade are identified for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor B Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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3
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Area-Gomez E, Schon EA. Towards a Unitary Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1243-1275. [PMID: 38578892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The "amyloid cascade" hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis invokes the accumulation in the brain of plaques (containing the amyloid-β protein precursor [AβPP] cleavage product amyloid-β [Aβ]) and tangles (containing hyperphosphorylated tau) as drivers of pathogenesis. However, the poor track record of clinical trials based on this hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of these peptides is not the only cause of AD. Here, an alternative hypothesis is proposed in which the AβPP cleavage product C99, not Aβ, is the main culprit, via its role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism. C99, which is a cholesterol sensor, promotes the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM), a cholesterol-rich lipid raft-like subdomain of the ER that communicates, both physically and biochemically, with mitochondria. We propose that in early-onset AD (EOAD), MAM-localized C99 is elevated above normal levels, resulting in increased transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to membranes of intracellular organelles, such as ER/endosomes, thereby upregulating MAM function and driving pathology. By the same token, late-onset AD (LOAD) is triggered by any genetic variant that increases the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol that, in turn, boosts the levels of C99 and again upregulates MAM function. Thus, the functional cause of AD is upregulated MAM function that, in turn, causes the hallmark disease phenotypes, including the plaques and tangles. Accordingly, the MAM hypothesis invokes two key interrelated elements, C99 and cholesterol, that converge at the MAM to drive AD pathogenesis. From this perspective, AD is, at bottom, a lipid disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development>, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Davra V, Benzeroual KE. Flavonoids and fibrate modulate apoE4-induced processing of amyloid precursor protein in neuroblastoma cells. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1245895. [PMID: 38204816 PMCID: PMC10777729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1245895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Apolipoprotein (apo) E4, being a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), is actively involved in the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, the principle constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer Disease (AD) patients. ApoE4 is believed to affect APP processing through intracellular cholesterol homeostasis, whereas lowering the cholesterol level by pharmacological agents has been suggested to reduce Aβ production. This study has investigated the effects of hypolipidemic agents fenofibrate, and the flavonoids-naringenin and diosmetin-on apoE4-induced APP processing in rat neuroblastoma cells stably transfected with human wild-type APP 695 (B103-hAPP695wt). Results B103-hAPP695wt cells were pretreated with different doses of flavonoids and fenofibrate for 1 h prior to apoE4 exposure for 24 h. ApoE4-induced production of intra- and extracellular Aβ peptides has been reduced with fenofibrate, naringenin, and diosmetin treatments. Pretreatment with diosmetin has significantly reduced apoE4-induced full-length APP (fl- APP) expression, whereas naringenin and fenofibrate had no effect on it. In addition, the increase in the apoE4-induced secretion of sAPPtotal and sAPPα has been dose-dependently reduced with drug pretreatment. On the other hand, the decrease in the expression of both APP-carboxy terminal fragments (CTF)-α and -β (generated by the α- or β-secretase cleavage of APP) by apoE4 was dose-dependently increased in cells pretreated with fenofibrate and naringenin but not diosmetin. Conclusion Thus, we suggest that fenofibrate, naringenin, and diosmetin treatments can reduce apoE4- induced Aβ production by distinct mechanisms that may prove useful in developing drugs for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenza E. Benzeroual
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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5
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Leinung N, Mentrup T, Patel M, Gallagher T, Schröder B. Dynamic association of the intramembrane proteases SPPL2a/b and their substrates with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. iScience 2023; 26:107819. [PMID: 37736044 PMCID: PMC10509304 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal peptide peptidase-like 2a and b (SPPL2a/b) are aspartyl intramembrane proteases and cleave tail-anchored proteins as well as N-terminal fragments (NTFs) derived from type II-oriented transmembrane proteins. How these proteases recruit substrates and cleavage is regulated, is still incompletely understood. We found that SPPL2a/b localize to detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) domains with the characteristics of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). Based on this, association with several tetraspanins was evaluated. We demonstrate that not only SPPL2a/b but also their substrates tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and CD74 associate with tetraspanins like CD9, CD81, and CD82 and/or TEMs and analyze the stability of these complexes in different detergents. CD9 and CD81 deficiency has protease- and substrate-selective effects on SPPL2a/b function. Our findings suggest that reciprocal interactions with tetraspanins may assist protease-substrate encounters of SPPL2a/b within the membrane. Beyond SPP/SPPL proteases, this supports previous concepts that tetraspanins facilitate membrane-embedded proteolytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Leinung
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torben Mentrup
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehul Patel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tom Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Rudajev V, Novotny J. Cholesterol-dependent amyloid β production: space for multifarious interactions between amyloid precursor protein, secretases, and cholesterol. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:171. [PMID: 37705117 PMCID: PMC10500844 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β is considered a key player in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many studies investigating the effect of statins on lowering cholesterol suggest that there may be a link between cholesterol levels and AD pathology. Since cholesterol is one of the most abundant lipid molecules, especially in brain tissue, it affects most membrane-related processes, including the formation of the most dangerous form of amyloid β, Aβ42. The entire Aβ production system, which includes the amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-secretase, and the complex of γ-secretase, is highly dependent on membrane cholesterol content. Moreover, cholesterol can affect amyloidogenesis in many ways. Cholesterol influences the stability and activity of secretases, but also dictates their partitioning into specific cellular compartments and cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts, where the amyloidogenic machinery is predominantly localized. The most complicated relationships have been found in the interaction between cholesterol and APP, where cholesterol affects not only APP localization but also the precise character of APP dimerization and APP processing by γ-secretase, which is important for the production of Aβ of different lengths. In this review, we describe the intricate web of interdependence between cellular cholesterol levels, cholesterol membrane distribution, and cholesterol-dependent production of Aβ, the major player in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Rudajev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Vuu YM, Kadar Shahib A, Rastegar M. The Potential Therapeutic Application of Simvastatin for Brain Complications and Mechanisms of Action. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:914. [PMID: 37513826 PMCID: PMC10385015 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are common drugs that are clinically used to reduce elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Based on their solubility, statins are considered to be either hydrophilic or lipophilic. Amongst them, simvastatin has the highest lipophilicity to facilitate its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Recent studies have suggested that simvastatin could be a promising therapeutic option for different brain complications and diseases ranging from brain tumors (i.e., medulloblastoma and glioblastoma) to neurological disorders (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease). Specific mechanisms of disease amelioration, however, are still unclear. Independent studies suggest that simvastatin may reduce the risk of developing certain neurodegenerative disorders. Meanwhile, other studies point towards inducing cell death in brain tumor cell lines. In this review, we outline the potential therapeutic effects of simvastatin on brain complications and review the clinically relevant molecular mechanisms in different cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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8
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Takasugi N, Komai M, Kaneshiro N, Ikeda A, Kamikubo Y, Uehara T. The Pursuit of the "Inside" of the Amyloid Hypothesis-Is C99 a Promising Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease? Cells 2023; 12:cells12030454. [PMID: 36766796 PMCID: PMC9914381 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aducanumab, co-developed by Eisai (Japan) and Biogen (U.S.), has received Food and Drug Administration approval for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, its successor antibody, lecanemab, has been approved. These antibodies target the aggregated form of the small peptide, amyloid-β (Aβ), which accumulates in the patient brain. The "amyloid hypothesis" based therapy that places the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ at the center of the etiology is about to be realized. However, the effects of immunotherapy are still limited, suggesting the need to reconsider this hypothesis. Aβ is produced from a type-I transmembrane protein, Aβ precursor protein (APP). One of the APP metabolites, the 99-amino acids C-terminal fragment (C99, also called βCTF), is a direct precursor of Aβ and accumulates in the AD patient's brain to demonstrate toxicity independent of Aβ. Conventional drug discovery strategies have focused on Aβ toxicity on the "outside" of the neuron, but C99 accumulation might explain the toxicity on the "inside" of the neuron, which was overlooked in the hypothesis. Furthermore, the common region of C99 and Aβ is a promising target for multifunctional AD drugs. This review aimed to outline the nature, metabolism, and impact of C99 on AD pathogenesis and discuss whether it could be a therapeutic target complementing the amyloid hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Takasugi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Masato Komai
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Nanaka Kaneshiro
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for RNA Biology and Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Atsuya Ikeda
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamikubo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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9
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Lardelli M. An Alternative View of Familial Alzheimer's Disease Genetics. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:13-39. [PMID: 37718800 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Probabilistic and parsimony-based arguments regarding available genetics data are used to propose that Hardy and Higgin's amyloid cascade hypothesis is valid but is commonly interpreted too narrowly to support, incorrectly, the primacy of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in driving Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Instead, increased activity of the βCTF (C99) fragment of AβPP is the critical pathogenic determinant altered by mutations in the APP gene. This model is consistent with the regulation of APP mRNA translation via its 5' iron responsive element. Similar arguments support that the pathological effects of familial Alzheimer's disease mutations in the genes PSEN1 and PSEN2 are not exerted directly via changes in AβPP cleavage to produce different ratios of Aβ length. Rather, these mutations likely act through effects on presenilin holoprotein conformation and function, and possibly the formation and stability of multimers of presenilin holoprotein and/or of the γ-secretase complex. All fAD mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 likely find unity of pathological mechanism in their actions on endolysosomal acidification and mitochondrial function, with detrimental effects on iron homeostasis and promotion of "pseudo-hypoxia" being of central importance. Aβ production is enhanced and distorted by oxidative stress and accumulates due to decreased lysosomal function. It may act as a disease-associated molecular pattern enhancing oxidative stress-driven neuroinflammation during the cognitive phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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10
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Kwak M, Southard KM, Kim WR, Lin A, Kim NH, Gopalappa R, Lee HJ, An M, Choi SH, Jung Y, Noh K, Farlow J, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK, Kang MK, Kutys ML, Seo D, Kim HH, Kim YH, Cheon J, Gartner ZJ, Jun YW. Adherens junctions organize size-selective proteolytic hotspots critical for Notch signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1739-1753. [PMID: 36456828 PMCID: PMC10665132 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) create spatially, chemically and mechanically discrete microdomains at cellular interfaces. Here, using a mechanogenetic platform that generates artificial AJs with controlled protein localization, clustering and mechanical loading, we find that AJs also organize proteolytic hotspots for γ-secretase with a spatially regulated substrate selectivity that is critical in the processing of Notch and other transmembrane proteins. Membrane microdomains outside of AJs exclusively organize Notch ligand-receptor engagement (LRE microdomains) to initiate receptor activation. Conversely, membrane microdomains within AJs exclusively serve to coordinate regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP microdomains). They do so by concentrating γ-secretase and primed receptors while excluding full-length Notch. AJs induce these functionally distinct microdomains by means of lipid-dependent γ-secretase recruitment and size-dependent protein segregation. By excluding full-length Notch from RIP microdomains, AJs prevent inappropriate enzyme-substrate interactions and suppress spurious Notch activation. Ligand-induced ectodomain shedding eliminates size-dependent segregation, releasing Notch to translocate into AJs for processing by γ-secretase. This mechanism directs radial differentiation of ventricular zone-neural progenitor cells in vivo and more broadly regulates the proteolysis of other large cell-surface receptors such as amyloid precursor protein. These findings suggest an unprecedented role of AJs in creating size-selective spatial switches that choreograph γ-secretase processing of multiple transmembrane proteins regulating development, homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Kwak
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaden M Southard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Woon Ryoung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annie Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nam Hyeong Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramu Gopalappa
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minji An
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Choi
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmin Jung
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoo Noh
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Farlow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anastasios Georgakopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min K Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew L Kutys
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daeha Seo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongbum Henry Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Young-Wook Jun
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Amyloid β, Lipid Metabolism, Basal Cholinergic System, and Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012092. [PMID: 36292947 PMCID: PMC9603563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of insoluble aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) in the form of neuritic plaques (NPs) is one of the main features that define Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have suggested that the accumulation of these peptides in the brain significantly contributes to extensive neuronal loss. Furthermore, the content and distribution of cholesterol in the membrane have been shown to have an important effect on the production and subsequent accumulation of Aβ peptides in the plasma membrane, contributing to dysfunction and neuronal death. The monomeric forms of these membrane-bound peptides undergo several conformational changes, ranging from oligomeric forms to beta-sheet structures, each presenting different levels of toxicity. Aβ peptides can be internalized by particular receptors and trigger changes from Tau phosphorylation to alterations in cognitive function, through dysfunction of the cholinergic system. The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of lipids in Alzheimer’s disease and their relationship with the basal cholinergic system, as well as potential disease-modifying therapies.
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12
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Todd NK, Huang Y, Lee JY, Doruker P, Krieger JM, Salisbury R, MacDonald M, Bahar I, Thathiah A. GPCR kinases generate an APH1A phosphorylation barcode to regulate amyloid-β generation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111110. [PMID: 35858570 PMCID: PMC9373432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) are associated with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, GRKs have not been directly implicated in regulation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) pathogenic cascade in AD. Here, we determine that GRKs phosphorylate a non-canonical substrate, anterior pharynx-defective 1A (APH1A), an integral component of the γ-secretase complex. Significantly, we show that GRKs generate distinct phosphorylation barcodes in intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) and the C terminus of APH1A, which differentially regulate recruitment of the scaffolding protein β-arrestin 2 (βarr2) to APH1A and γ-secretase-mediated Aβ generation. Further molecular dynamics simulation studies reveal an interaction between the βarr2 finger loop domain and ICL2 and ICL3 of APH1A, similar to a GPCR-β-arrestin complex, which regulates γ-secretase activity. Collectively, these studies provide insight into the molecular and structural determinants of the APH1A-βarr2 interaction that critically regulate Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Todd
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yunhong Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pemra Doruker
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - James M Krieger
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ryan Salisbury
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Matthew MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amantha Thathiah
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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13
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Subcellular dynamics and functional activity of the cleaved intracellular domain of the Na + channel β1 subunit. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102174. [PMID: 35752364 PMCID: PMC9304784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated Na+ channel β1 subunit, encoded by SCN1B, regulates cell surface expression and gating of α subunits and participates in cell adhesion. β1 is cleaved by α/β and γ-secretases, releasing an extracellular domain and intracellular domain (ICD), respectively. Abnormal SCN1B expression/function is linked to pathologies including epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia, and cancer. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of secretase cleavage on β1 function in breast cancer cells. Using a series of GFP-tagged β1 constructs, we show that β1-GFP is mainly retained intracellularly, particularly in the endoplasmic reticulum and endolysosomal pathway, and accumulates in the nucleus. Reduction in endosomal β1-GFP levels occurred following γ-secretase inhibition, implicating endosomes and/or the preceding plasma membrane as important sites for secretase processing. Using live-cell imaging, we also report β1ICD-GFP accumulation in the nucleus. Furthermore, β1-GFP and β1ICD-GFP both increased Na+ current, whereas β1STOP-GFP, which lacks the ICD, did not, thus highlighting that the β1-ICD is necessary and sufficient to increase Na+ current measured at the plasma membrane. Importantly, although the endogenous Na+ current expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells is tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant (carried by Nav1.5), the Na+ current increased by β1-GFP or β1ICD-GFP was TTX-sensitive. Finally, we found β1-GFP increased mRNA levels of the TTX-sensitive α subunits SCN1A/Nav1.1 and SCN9A/Nav1.7. Taken together, this work suggests that the β1-ICD is a critical regulator of α subunit function in cancer cells. Our data further highlight that γ-secretase may play a key role in regulating β1 function in breast cancer.
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14
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Hur JY. γ-Secretase in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:433-446. [PMID: 35396575 PMCID: PMC9076685 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by synaptic and neuronal loss in the brain. One of the characteristic hallmarks of AD is senile plaques containing amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Aβ is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential proteolytic cleavages by β-secretase and γ-secretase, and the polymerization of Aβ into amyloid plaques is thought to be a key pathogenic event in AD. Since γ-secretase mediates the final cleavage that liberates Aβ, γ-secretase has been widely studied as a potential drug target for the treatment of AD. γ-Secretase is a transmembrane protein complex containing presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1, and Pen-2, which are sufficient for γ-secretase activity. γ-Secretase cleaves >140 substrates, including APP and Notch. Previously, γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) were shown to cause side effects in clinical trials due to the inhibition of Notch signaling. Therefore, more specific regulation or modulation of γ-secretase is needed. In recent years, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed. To modulate γ-secretase and to understand its complex biology, finding the binding sites of GSIs and GSMs on γ-secretase as well as identifying transiently binding γ-secretase modulatory proteins have been of great interest. In this review, decades of findings on γ-secretase in AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeun Hur
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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15
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Mechanistic Link between Vitamin B12 and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010129. [PMID: 35053277 PMCID: PMC8774227 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly population, affecting over 55 million people worldwide. Histopathological hallmarks of this multifactorial disease are an increased plaque burden and tangles in the brains of affected individuals. Several lines of evidence indicate that B12 hypovitaminosis is linked to AD. In this review, the biochemical pathways involved in AD that are affected by vitamin B12, focusing on APP processing, Aβ fibrillization, Aβ-induced oxidative damage as well as tau hyperphosphorylation and tau aggregation, are summarized. Besides the mechanistic link, an overview of clinical studies utilizing vitamin B supplementation are given, and a potential link between diseases and medication resulting in a reduced vitamin B12 level and AD are discussed. Besides the disease-mediated B12 hypovitaminosis, the reduction in vitamin B12 levels caused by an increasing change in dietary preferences has been gaining in relevance. In particular, vegetarian and vegan diets are associated with vitamin B12 deficiency, and therefore might have potential implications for AD. In conclusion, our review emphasizes the important role of vitamin B12 in AD, which is particularly important, as even in industrialized countries a large proportion of the population might not be sufficiently supplied with vitamin B12.
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16
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Kwon OH, Cho YY, Lee JH, Chung S. O-GlcNAcylation Inhibits Endocytosis of Amyloid Precursor Protein by Decreasing Its Localization in Lipid Raft Microdomains. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120909. [PMID: 34940409 PMCID: PMC8704492 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Like protein phosphorylation, O-GlcNAcylation is a common post-translational protein modification. We already reported that O-GlcNAcylation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in response to insulin signaling reduces neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) production via inhibition of APP endocytosis. Internalized APP is delivered to endosomes and lysosomes where Aβ is produced. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the effect of APP O-GlcNAcylation on APP trafficking remains unknown. To investigate the relationship between APP O-GlcNAcylation and APP endocytosis, we tested the effects of insulin on neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing APP and BACE1, and cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The present study showed that APP O-GlcNAcylation translocated APP from lipid raft to non-raft microdomains in the plasma membrane by using immunocytochemistry and discontinuous sucrose gradients method. By using the biotinylation method, we also found that APP preferentially underwent endocytosis from lipid rafts and that the amount of internalized APP from lipid rafts was specifically reduced by O-GlcNAcylation. These results indicate that O-GlcNAcylation can regulate lipid raft-dependent APP endocytosis via translocation of APP into non-raft microdomains. Our findings showed a new functional role of O-GlcNAcylation for the regulation of APP trafficking, offering new mechanistic insight for Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (O.-H.K.); (Y.Y.C.)
| | - Yoon Young Cho
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (O.-H.K.); (Y.Y.C.)
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Sungkwon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (O.-H.K.); (Y.Y.C.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Mentrup T, Schröder B. Signal peptide peptidase-like 2 proteases: Regulatory switches or proteasome of the membrane? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119163. [PMID: 34673079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Signal peptide peptidase-like 2 (SPPL) proteases constitute a subfamily of SPP/SPPL intramembrane proteases which are homologues of the presenilins, the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex. The three SPPL2 proteases SPPL2a, SPPL2b and SPPL2c proteolyse single-span, type II-oriented transmembrane proteins and/or tail-anchored proteins within their hydrophobic transmembrane segments. We review recent progress in defining substrate spectra and in vivo functions of these proteases. Characterisation of the respective knockout mice has implicated SPPL2 proteases in immune cell differentiation and function, prevention of atherosclerotic plaque development and spermatogenesis. Mechanisms how substrates are selected by these enzymes are still incompletely understood. We will discuss current views on how selective SPPL2-mediated cleavage is or whether these proteases may exhibit a generalised role in the turnover of membrane proteins. This has been suggested previously for the mechanistically related γ-secretase for which the term "proteasome of the membrane" has been coined based on its broad substrate spectrum. With regard to individual substrates, potential signalling functions of the resulting cytosolic cleavage fragments remain a controversial aspect. However, it has been clearly shown that SPPL2 proteases can influence cellular signalling and membrane trafficking by controlling levels of their membrane-bound substrate proteins which highlights these enzymes as regulatory switches. Based on this, regulatory mechanisms controlling activity of SPPL2 proteases would need to be postulated, which are just beginning to emerge. These different questions, which are relevant for other families of intramembrane proteases in a similar way, will be critically discussed based on the current state of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Mentrup
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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18
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Han J, Park H, Maharana C, Gwon AR, Park J, Baek SH, Bae HG, Cho Y, Kim HK, Sul JH, Lee J, Kim E, Kim J, Cho Y, Park S, Palomera LF, Arumugam TV, Mattson MP, Jo DG. Alzheimer's disease-causing presenilin-1 mutations have deleterious effects on mitochondrial function. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:8855-8873. [PMID: 34522215 PMCID: PMC8419044 DOI: 10.7150/thno.59776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are frequently observed in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have shown that presenilin-1 (PS1), the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase whose mutation is linked to familial AD (FAD), localizes to the mitochondrial membrane and regulates its homeostasis. Thus, we investigated how five PS1 mutations (A431E, E280A, H163R, M146V, and Δexon9) observed in FAD affect mitochondrial functions. Methods: We used H4 glioblastoma cell lines genetically engineered to inducibly express either the wild-type PS1 or one of the five PS1 mutants in order to examine mitochondrial morphology, dynamics, membrane potential, ATP production, mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs), oxidative stress, and bioenergetics. Furthermore, we used brains of PS1M146V knock-in mice, 3xTg-AD mice, and human AD patients in order to investigate the role of PS1 in regulating MAMs formation. Results: Each PS1 mutant exhibited slightly different mitochondrial dysfunction. Δexon9 mutant induced mitochondrial fragmentation while A431E, E280A, H163R, and M146V mutants increased MAMs formation. A431E, E280A, M146V, and Δexon9 mutants also induced mitochondrial ROS production. A431E mutant impaired both complex I and peroxidase activity while M146V mutant only impaired peroxidase activity. All PS1 mutants compromised mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP levels were reduced by A431E, M146V, and Δexon9 mutants. Through comparative profiling of hippocampal gene expression in PS1M146V knock-in mice, we found that PS1M146V upregulates Atlastin 2 (ATL2) expression level, which increases ER-mitochondria contacts. Down-regulation of ATL2 after PS1 mutant induction rescued abnormally elevated ER-mitochondria interactions back to the normal level. Moreover, ATL2 expression levels were significantly elevated in the brains of 3xTg-AD mice and AD patients. Conclusions: Overall, our findings suggest that each of the five FAD-linked PS1 mutations has a deleterious effect on mitochondrial functions in a variety of ways. The adverse effects of PS1 mutations on mitochondria may contribute to MAMs formation and oxidative stress resulting in an accelerated age of disease onset in people harboring mutant PS1.
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19
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Hata S, Kano K, Kikuchi K, Kinoshita S, Sobu Y, Saito H, Saito T, Saido TC, Sano Y, Taru H, Aoki J, Komano H, Tomita T, Natori S, Suzuki T. Suppression of amyloid-β secretion from neurons by cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid, an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid. J Neurochem 2021; 159:603-617. [PMID: 34379812 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two common conjugated linoleic acids (LAs), cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9,t11 CLA) and trans-10, cis-12 CLA (t10,c12 CLA), exert various biological activities. However, the effect of CLA on the generation of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) protein remains unclear. We found that c9,t11 CLA significantly suppressed the generation of Aβ in mouse neurons. CLA treatment did not affect the level of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), a component of active γ-secretase complex presenilin 1 amino-terminal fragment, or Aβ protein precursor (APP) in cultured neurons. BACE1 and γ-secretase activities were not directly affected by c9,t11 CLA. Localization of BACE1 and APP in early endosomes increased in neurons treated with c9,t11 CLA; concomitantly, the localization of both proteins was reduced in late endosomes, the predominant site of APP cleavage by BACE1. The level of CLA-containing phosphatidylcholine (CLA-PC) increased dramatically in neurons incubated with CLA. Incorporation of phospholipids containing c9,t11 CLA, but not t10,c12 CLA, into the membrane may affect the localization of some membrane-associated proteins in intracellular membrane compartments. Thus, in neurons treated with c9,t11 CLA, reduced colocalization of APP with BACE1 in late endosomes may decrease APP cleavage by BACE1 and subsequent Aβ generation. Our findings suggest that accumulation of c9,t11 CLA-PC/LPC in neuronal membranes suppresses production of neurotoxic Aβ in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kikuchi
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shoichi Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroto Komano
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Division of Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shunji Natori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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20
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Nierzwicki Ł, Olewniczak M, Chodnicki P, Czub J. Role of cholesterol in substrate recognition by [Formula: see text]-secretase. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15213. [PMID: 34312439 PMCID: PMC8313713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
[Formula: see text]-Secretase is an enzyme known to cleave multiple substrates within their transmembrane domains, with the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's Disease among the most prominent examples. The activity of [Formula: see text]-secretase strictly depends on the membrane cholesterol content, yet the mechanistic role of cholesterol in the substrate binding and cleavage remains unclear. In this work, we used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to examine the role of cholesterol in the initial binding of a direct precursor of [Formula: see text]-amyloid polypeptides by [Formula: see text]-secretase. We showed that in cholesterol-rich membranes, both the substrate and the enzyme region proximal to the active site induce a local membrane thinning. With the free energy methods we found that in the presence of cholesterol the substrate binds favorably to the identified exosite, while cholesterol depletion completely abolishes the binding. To explain these findings, we directly examined the role of hydrophobic mismatch in the substrate binding to [Formula: see text]-secretase, showing that increased membrane thickness results in higher propensity of the enzyme to bind substrates. Therefore, we propose that cholesterol promotes substrate binding to [Formula: see text]-secretase by increasing the membrane thickness, which leads to the negative hydrophobic mismatch between the membrane and binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Nierzwicki
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, 80-233 Poland
| | - Michał Olewniczak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, 80-233 Poland
| | - Paweł Chodnicki
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, 80-233 Poland
| | - Jacek Czub
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, 80-233 Poland
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21
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Hata S, Hu A, Piao Y, Nakaya T, Taru H, Morishima-Kawashima M, Murayama S, Nishimura M, Suzuki T. Enhanced amyloid-β generation by γ-secretase complex in DRM microdomains with reduced cholesterol levels. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:382-393. [PMID: 31841137 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuropathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of senile plaques that contain neurotoxic amyloid-β protein (Aβ) species, which are generated by the cleavage of amyloid β-protein precursor by secretases such as the γ-secretase complex, preferentially located in detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) regions and comprising endoproteolysed amino- and carboxy-terminal fragments of presenilin, nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective 1 and presenilin enhancer 2. Whereas some of familial AD patients harbor causative PSEN mutations that lead to more generation of neurotoxic Aβ42, the contribution of Aβ generation to sporadic/late-onset AD remains unclear. We found that the carboxy-terminal fragment of presenilin 1 was redistributed from DRM regions to detergent-soluble membrane (non-DRM) regions in brain tissue samples from individuals with sporadic AD. DRM fractions from AD brain sample had the ability to generate significantly more Aβ and had a lower cholesterol content than DRM fractions from non-demented control subjects. We further demonstrated that lowering the cholesterol content of DRM regions from cultured cells contributed to the redistribution of γ-secretase components and Aβ production. Taken together, the present analyses suggest that the lowered cholesterol content in DRM regions may be a cause of sporadic/late-onset AD by enhancing overall Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Anqi Hu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yi Piao
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakaya
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Maho Morishima-Kawashima
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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22
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Capone R, Tiwari A, Hadziselimovic A, Peskova Y, Hutchison JM, Sanders CR, Kenworthy AK. The C99 domain of the amyloid precursor protein resides in the disordered membrane phase. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100652. [PMID: 33839158 PMCID: PMC8113881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) via the amyloidogenic pathway is associated with the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. The cleavage of APP by β-secretase to generate the transmembrane 99-residue C-terminal fragment (C99) and subsequent processing of C99 by γ-secretase to yield amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are essential steps in this pathway. Biochemical evidence suggests that amyloidogenic processing of C99 occurs in cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched liquid-ordered phase membrane rafts. However, direct evidence that C99 preferentially associates with these rafts has remained elusive. Here, we tested this by quantifying the affinity of C99-GFP for raft domains in cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs). We found that C99 was essentially excluded from ordered domains in vesicles from HeLa cells, undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells, or SH-SY5Y-derived neurons; instead, ∼90% of C99 partitioned into disordered domains. The strong association of C99 with disordered domains occurred independently of its cholesterol-binding activity or homodimerization, or of the presence of the familial Alzheimer disease Arctic mutation (APP E693G). Finally, through biochemical studies we confirmed previous results, which showed that C99 is processed in the plasma membrane by α-secretase, in addition to the well-known γ-secretase. These findings suggest that C99 itself lacks an intrinsic affinity for raft domains, implying that either i) amyloidogenic processing of the protein occurs in disordered regions of the membrane, ii) processing involves a marginal subpopulation of C99 found in rafts, or iii) as-yet-unidentified protein-protein interactions with C99 in living cells drive this protein into membrane rafts to promote its cleavage therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Capone
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Yelena Peskova
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - James M Hutchison
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles R Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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23
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Live-cell monitoring of protein localization to membrane rafts using protein-fragment complementation. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221616. [PMID: 31850494 PMCID: PMC6944658 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane consists of a variety of discrete domains differing from the surrounding membrane in composition and properties. Selective partitioning of protein to these microdomains is essential for membrane functioning and integrity. Studying the nanoscale size and dynamic nature of the membrane microdomains requires advanced imaging approaches with a high spatiotemporal resolution and, consequently, expensive and specialized equipment, unavailable for most researchers and unsuited for large-scale studies. Thus, understanding of protein partitioning to the membrane microdomains in health and disease is still hampered by the lack of inexpensive live-cell approaches with an appropriate spatial resolution. Here, we have developed a novel approach based on Gaussia princeps luciferase protein-fragment complementation assay to quantitively investigate protein partitioning to cholesterol and sphingomyelin-rich domains, sometimes called ‘lipid rafts’, in intact living cells with a high-spatial resolution. In the assay, the reporter construct, carrying one half of the luciferase protein, is targeted to lipid microdomains through the fused acetylation motif from Src-family kinase Fyn. A protein of interest carries the second half of the luciferase protein. Together, this serves as a reversible real-time sensor of raft recruitment for the studied protein. We demonstrated that the assay can efficiently detect the dynamic alterations in raft localization of two disease-associated proteins: Akt and APP. Importantly, this method can be used in high-throughput screenings and other large-scale studies in living cells. This inexpensive, and easy to implement raft localization assay will benefit all researchers interested in protein partitioning in rafts.
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24
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García-Viñuales S, Sciacca MFM, Lanza V, Santoro AM, Grasso G, Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Coletta M, Grasso G, La Rosa C, Milardi D. The interplay between lipid and Aβ amyloid homeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease: risk factors and therapeutic opportunities. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236:105072. [PMID: 33675779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Diseases (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits of Aβ peptide in the brain. Besides genetic background, the presence of other diseases and an unhealthy lifestyle are known risk factors for AD development. Albeit accumulating clinical evidence suggests that an impaired lipid metabolism is related to Aβ deposition, mechanistic insights on the link between amyloid fibril formation/clearance and aberrant lipid interactions are still unavailable. Recently, many studies have described the key role played by membrane bound Aβ assemblies in neurotoxicity. Moreover, it has been suggested that a derangement of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and autophagy is significantly correlated with toxic Aβ aggregation and dysregulation of lipid levels. Thus, studies focusing on the role played by lipids in Aβ aggregation and proteostasis could represent a promising area of investigation for the design of valuable treatments. In this review we examine current knowledge concerning the effects of lipids in Aβ aggregation and degradation processes, focusing on the therapeutic opportunities that a comprehensive understanding of all biophysical, biochemical, and biological processes involved may disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele F M Sciacca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Grasso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy.
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25
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Nguyen PH, Ramamoorthy A, Sahoo BR, Zheng J, Faller P, Straub JE, Dominguez L, Shea JE, Dokholyan NV, De Simone A, Ma B, Nussinov R, Najafi S, Ngo ST, Loquet A, Chiricotto M, Ganguly P, McCarty J, Li MS, Hall C, Wang Y, Miller Y, Melchionna S, Habenstein B, Timr S, Chen J, Hnath B, Strodel B, Kayed R, Lesné S, Wei G, Sterpone F, Doig AJ, Derreumaux P. Amyloid Oligomers: A Joint Experimental/Computational Perspective on Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Type II Diabetes, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2545-2647. [PMID: 33543942 PMCID: PMC8836097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation is observed in many amyloidogenic diseases affecting either the central nervous system or a variety of peripheral tissues. Structural and dynamic characterization of all species along the pathways from monomers to fibrils is challenging by experimental and computational means because they involve intrinsically disordered proteins in most diseases. Yet understanding how amyloid species become toxic is the challenge in developing a treatment for these diseases. Here we review what computer, in vitro, in vivo, and pharmacological experiments tell us about the accumulation and deposition of the oligomers of the (Aβ, tau), α-synuclein, IAPP, and superoxide dismutase 1 proteins, which have been the mainstream concept underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), type II diabetes (T2D), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research, respectively, for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong H Nguyen
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Bikash R Sahoo
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Peter Faller
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Joan-Emma Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alfonso De Simone
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Molecular Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Saeed Najafi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Antoine Loquet
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, (UMR5248 CBMN), CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mara Chiricotto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Pritam Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - James McCarty
- Chemistry Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carol Hall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry and The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | | - Birgit Habenstein
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, (UMR5248 CBMN), CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Stepan Timr
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Brianna Hnath
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Sylvain Lesné
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Guanghong Wei
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Science, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Fabio Sterpone
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Andrew J Doig
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Philippe Derreumaux
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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26
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Franco ML, García-Carpio I, Comaposada-Baró R, Escribano-Saiz JJ, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, Vilar M. TrkA-mediated endocytosis of p75-CTF prevents cholinergic neuron death upon γ-secretase inhibition. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/4/e202000844. [PMID: 33536237 PMCID: PMC7898468 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The findings shed light into the adverse effects of GSIs observed in the Alzheimer’s field and explain, at least in part, the unexpected worsening in cognition observed in the semagacestat Phase 3 trial. γ-secretase inhibitors (GSI) were developed to reduce the generation of Aβ peptide to find new Alzheimer’s disease treatments. Clinical trials on Alzheimer’s disease patients, however, showed several side effects that worsened the cognitive symptoms of the treated patients. The observed side effects were partially attributed to Notch signaling. However, the effect on other γ-secretase substrates, such as the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has not been studied in detail. p75NTR is highly expressed in the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) during all life. Here, we show that GSI treatment induces the oligomerization of p75CTF leading to the cell death of BFCNs, and that this event is dependent on TrkA activity. The oligomerization of p75CTF requires an intact cholesterol recognition sequence (CRAC) and the constitutive binding of TRAF6, which activates the JNK and p38 pathways. Remarkably, TrkA rescues from cell death by a mechanism involving the endocytosis of p75CTF. These results suggest that the inhibition of γ-secretase activity in aged patients, where the expression of TrkA in the BFCNs is already reduced, could accelerate cholinergic dysfunction and promote neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Franco
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Irmina García-Carpio
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Raquel Comaposada-Baró
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Juan J Escribano-Saiz
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Katholieke Universiteit (VIB-KU) Leuven Center for Brain and Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marçal Vilar
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
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27
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Ayton S, Bush AI. β-amyloid: The known unknowns. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 65:101212. [PMID: 33188924 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands out as a major disease without any form of preventative or disease modifying therapy. This is not for lack of trying. 33 phase 3 clinical trials of drugs targeting amyloid beta (Aβ) have failed to slow cognitive decline in AD. The field is at a cross-roads about whether to continue anti-Aβ therapy or more actively pursue alternative targets. With the burden of this disease to patients, families, and healthcare budgets growing yearly, the need for disease modifying AD therapies has become one of the highest priorities in all of medicine. While pathology, genetic and biochemical data offer a popular narrative for the causative role of Aβ, there are alternative explanations, and dissenting findings that, now more than ever, warrant thorough reanalysis. This review questions the major assumptions about Aβ on which therapies for AD were premised, and invites renewed interrogation into AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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28
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Molecular Dysfunctions of Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs) in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249521. [PMID: 33327665 PMCID: PMC7765134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative pathology characterized by a progressive decline of cognitive functions. Alteration of various signaling cascades affecting distinct subcellular compartment functions and their communication likely contribute to AD progression. Among others, the alteration of the physical association between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, also referred as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), impacts various cellular housekeeping functions such as phospholipids-, glucose-, cholesterol-, and fatty-acid-metabolism, as well as calcium signaling, which are all altered in AD. Our review describes the physical and functional proteome crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria and highlights the contribution of distinct molecular components of MAMs to mitochondrial and ER dysfunctions in AD progression. We also discuss potential strategies targeting MAMs to improve mitochondria and ER functions in AD.
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29
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Pera M, Montesinos J, Larrea D, Agrawal RR, Velasco KR, Stavrovskaya IG, Yun TD, Area-Gomez E. MAM and C99, key players in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:235-278. [PMID: 32739006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inter-organelle communication is a rapidly-expanding field that has transformed our understanding of cell biology and pathology. Organelle-organelle contact sites can generate transient functional domains that act as enzymatic hubs involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and intracellular signaling. One of these hubs is located in areas of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) connected to mitochondria, called mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM). These MAM are transient lipid rafts intimately involved in cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial function and dynamics. In addition, γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein 99-aa C-terminal fragment (C99) to form amyloid β also occurs at the MAM. Our most recent data indicates that in Alzheimer's disease, increases in uncleaved C99 levels at the MAM provoke the upregulation of MAM-resident functions, resulting in the loss of lipid homeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we discuss the relevance of these findings in the field, and the contribution of C99 and MAM dysfunction to Alzheimer's disease neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pera
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Delfina Larrea
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rishi R Agrawal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin R Velasco
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Irina G Stavrovskaya
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Taekyung D Yun
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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30
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Escamilla-Ayala AA, Sannerud R, Mondin M, Poersch K, Vermeire W, Paparelli L, Berlage C, Koenig M, Chavez-Gutierrez L, Ulbrich MH, Munck S, Mizuno H, Annaert W. Super-resolution microscopy reveals majorly mono- and dimeric presenilin1/γ-secretase at the cell surface. eLife 2020; 9:56679. [PMID: 32631487 PMCID: PMC7340497 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a multi-subunit enzyme whose aberrant activity is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. While its structure is atomically resolved, γ-secretase localization in the membrane in situ relies mostly on biochemical data. Here, we combined fluorescent tagging of γ-secretase subunits with super-resolution microscopy in fibroblasts. Structured illumination microscopy revealed single γ-secretase complexes with a monodisperse distribution and in a 1:1 stoichiometry of PSEN1 and nicastrin subunits. In living cells, sptPALM revealed PSEN1/γ-secretase mainly with directed motility and frequenting ‘hotspots’ or high track-density areas that are sensitive to γ-secretase inhibitors. We visualized γ-secretase association with substrates like amyloid precursor protein and N-cadherin, but not with its sheddases ADAM10 or BACE1 at the cell surface, arguing against pre-formed megadalton complexes. Nonetheless, in living cells PSEN1/γ-secretase transiently visits ADAM10 hotspots. Our results highlight the power of super-resolution microscopy for the study of γ-secretase distribution and dynamics in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abril Angélica Escamilla-Ayala
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ragna Sannerud
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Magali Mondin
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, US4 INSERM, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karin Poersch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wendy Vermeire
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Paparelli
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Bio Imaging Core, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Berlage
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lucia Chavez-Gutierrez
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Proteolytic Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maximilian H Ulbrich
- Institute of Internal Medicine IV, Medical Center of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Munck
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Bio Imaging Core, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hideaki Mizuno
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Network Dynamics, Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology Section, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Hu J, Bibli SI, Wittig J, Zukunft S, Lin J, Hammes HP, Popp R, Fleming I. Soluble epoxide hydrolase promotes astrocyte survival in retinopathy of prematurity. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5204-5218. [PMID: 31479425 DOI: 10.1172/jci123835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) positively affect the outcome of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Given that DHA metabolism by cytochrome P450 and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzymes affects retinal angiogenesis and vascular stability, we investigated the role of sEH in a mouse model of ROP. In WT mice, hyperoxia elicited tyrosine nitration and inhibition of sEH and decreased generation of the DHA-derived diol 19,20-dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid (19,20-DHDP). Correspondingly, in a murine model of ROP, sEH-/- mice developed a larger central avascular zone and peripheral pathological vascular tuft formation than did their WT littermates. Astrocytes were the cells most affected by sEH deletion, and hyperoxia increased astrocyte apoptosis. In rescue experiments, 19,20-DHDP prevented astrocyte loss by targeting the mitochondrial membrane to prevent the hyperoxia-induced dissociation of presenilin-1 and presenilin-1-associated protein to attenuate poly ADP-ribose polymerase activation and mitochondrial DNA damage. Therapeutic intravitreal administration of 19,20-DHDP not only suppressed astrocyte loss, but also reduced pathological vascular tuft formation in sEH-/- mice. Our data indicate that sEH activity is required for mitochondrial integrity and retinal astrocyte survival in ROP. Moreover, 19,20-DHDP may be more effective than DHA as a nutritional supplement for preventing retinopathy in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Hu
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sofia-Iris Bibli
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janina Wittig
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Zukunft
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jihong Lin
- Fifth Medical Department, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- Fifth Medical Department, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Popp
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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32
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Barros M, Houlihan WJ, Paresi CJ, Brendel M, Rynearson KD, Lee CW, Prikhodko O, Cregger C, Chang G, Wagner SL, Gilchrist ML, Li YM. γ-Secretase Partitioning into Lipid Bilayers Remodels Membrane Microdomains after Direct Insertion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6569-6579. [PMID: 32432881 PMCID: PMC7887708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a multisubunit complex that catalyzes intramembranous cleavage of transmembrane proteins. The lipid environment forms membrane microdomains that serve as spatio-temporal platforms for proteins to function properly. Despite substantial advances in the regulation of γ-secretase, the effect of the local membrane lipid microenvironment on the regulation of γ-secretase is poorly understood. Here, we characterized and quantified the partitioning of γ-secretase and its substrates, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch, into lipid bilayers using solid-supported model membranes. Notch substrate is preferentially localized in the liquid-disordered (Ld) lipid domains, whereas APP and γ-secretase partition as single or higher complex in both phases but highly favor the ordered phase, especially after recruiting lipids from the ordered phase, indicating that the activity and specificity of γ-secretase against these two substrates are modulated by membrane lateral organization. Moreover, time-elapse measurements reveal that γ-secretase can recruit specific membrane components from the cholesterol-rich Lo phase and thus creates a favorable lipid environment for substrate recognition and therefore activity. This work offers insight into how γ-secretase and lipid modulate each other and control its activity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barros
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - William J Houlihan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Chelsea J Paresi
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Matthew Brendel
- Molecular Cytology Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kevin D Rynearson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Olga Prikhodko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Cristina Cregger
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Research Biologist, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California 92161, United States
| | - M Lane Gilchrist
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
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Grimm MOW, Blümel T, Lauer AA, Janitschke D, Stahlmann C, Mett J, Haupenthal VJ, Miederer AM, Niemeyer BA, Grimm HS, Hartmann T. The impact of capsaicinoids on APP processing in Alzheimer's disease in SH-SY5Y cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9164. [PMID: 32514053 PMCID: PMC7280252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The vanilloid capsaicin is a widely consumed spice, known for its burning and "hot" sensation through activation of TRPV1 ion-channels, but also known to decrease oxidative stress, inflammation and influence tau-pathology. Beside these positive effects, little is known about its effects on amyloid-precursor-protein (APP) processing leading to amyloid-β (Aβ), the major component of senile plaques. Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with capsaicinoids (24 hours, 10 µM) resulted in enhanced Aβ-production and reduced Aβ-degradation, leading to increased Aβ-levels. In detailed analysis of the amyloidogenic-pathway, both BACE1 gene-expression as well as protein-levels were found to be elevated, leading to increased β-secretase-activity. Additionally, γ-secretase gene-expression as well as activity was enhanced, accompanied by a shift of presenilin from non-raft to raft membrane-domains where amyloidogenic processing takes place. Furthermore, impaired Aβ-degradation in presence of capsaicinoids is dependent on the insulin-degrading-enzyme, one of the major Aβ-degrading-enzymes. Regarding Aβ-homeostasis, no differences were found between the major capsaicinoids, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, and a mixture of naturally derived capsaicinoids; effects on Ca2+-homeostasis were ruled out. Our results show that in respect to Alzheimer's disease, besides the known positive effects of capsaicinoids, pro-amyloidogenic properties also exist, enhancing Aβ-levels, likely restricting the potential use of capsaicinoids as therapeutic substances in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O W Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Tamara Blümel
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Anna A Lauer
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | | | | | - Janine Mett
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
- Biosciences Zoology/Physiology-Neurobiology, Faculty NT - Natural Science and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Barbara A Niemeyer
- Molecular Biophysics, CIPMM, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Heike S Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
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Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Shaikh MF, Piperi C. Flotillin: A Promising Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10020020. [PMID: 32225073 PMCID: PMC7354424 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of beta amyloid (Aβ) in extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) mainly consisting of tau protein. Although the exact etiology of the disease remains elusive, accumulating evidence highlights the key role of lipid rafts, as well as the endocytic pathways in amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and AD pathogenesis. The combination of reduced Aβ42 levels and increased phosphorylated tau protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the most well established biomarker, along with Pittsburgh compound B and positron emission tomography (PiB-PET) for amyloid imaging. However, their invasive nature, the cost, and their availability often limit their use. In this context, an easily detectable marker for AD diagnosis even at preclinical stages is highly needed. Flotillins, being hydrophobic proteins located in lipid rafts of intra- and extracellular vesicles, are mainly involved in signal transduction and membrane–protein interactions. Accumulating evidence highlights the emerging implication of flotillins in AD pathogenesis, by affecting APP endocytosis and processing, Ca2+ homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal apoptosis, Aβ-induced neurotoxicity, and prion-like spreading of Aβ. Importantly, there is also clinical evidence supporting their potential use as biomarker candidates for AD, due to reduced serum and CSF levels that correlate with amyloid burden in AD patients compared with controls. This review focuses on the emerging preclinical and clinical evidence on the role of flotillins in AD pathogenesis, further addressing their potential usage as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (M.F.S.); (C.P.)
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Curcumin Derivative GT863 Inhibits Amyloid-Beta Production via Inhibition of Protein N-Glycosylation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020349. [PMID: 32028683 PMCID: PMC7072163 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ production, aggregation, and clearance are thought to be important therapeutic targets for AD. Curcumin has been known to have an anti-amyloidogenic effect on AD. In the present study, we performed screening analysis using a curcumin derivative library with the aim of finding derivatives effective in suppressing Aβ production with improved bioavailability of curcumin using CHO cells that stably express human amyloid-β precursor protein and using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. We found that the curcumin derivative GT863/PE859, which has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on Aβ and tau aggregation in vivo, was more effective than curcumin itself in reducing Aβ secretion. We further found that GT863 inhibited neither β- nor γ-secretase activity, but did suppress γ-secretase-mediated cleavage in a substrate-dependent manner. We further found that GT863 suppressed N-linked glycosylation, including that of the γ-secretase subunit nicastrin. We also found that mannosidase inhibitors that block the mannose trimming step of N-glycosylation suppressed Aβ production in a similar fashion, as was observed as a result of treatment with GT863. Collectively, these results suggest that GT863 downregulates N-glycosylation, resulting in suppression of Aβ production without affecting secretase activity.
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36
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Cai T, Hatano A, Kanatsu K, Tomita T. Histidine 131 in presenilin 1 is the pH-sensitive residue that causes the increase in Aβ42 level in acidic pH. J Biochem 2019; 167:463-471. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlzheimer disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. The pathological hallmark of AD is the presence of senile plaques in the brain, which are accumulations of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) ending at the 42nd residue (i.e. Aβ42), which is produced through multistep cleavage by γ-secretase. Thus, methods to regulate γ-secretase activity to attenuate the production of Aβ42 are in urgent demand towards the development of treatments for AD. We and others have demonstrated that γ-secretase activity is affected by its localization and ambient environment. In particular, an increase in Aβ42 production is correlated with the intracellular transport of γ-secretase and endosomal maturation-dependent luminal acidification. In this study, we focused on the mechanism by which γ-secretase affects Aβ42 production together with alterations in pH. Histidine is known to function as a pH sensor in many proteins, to regulate their activities through the protonation state of the imidazole side chain. Among the histidines facing the luminal side of presenilin (PS) 1, which is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, point mutations at H131 had no effect on the Aβ42 production ratio in an acidic environment. We also observed an increase in Aβ42 ratio when histidine was introduced into N137 of PS2, which is the corresponding residue of H131 in PS1. These results indicated that H131 serves as the pH sensor in PS1, which contains γ-secretase, to regulate Aβ42 production depending on the luminal pH. Our findings provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for AD targeting endosomes or the intracellular transport of γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Cai
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aki Hatano
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Kanatsu
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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37
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Bonds JA, Shetti A, Bheri A, Chen Z, Disouky A, Tai L, Mao M, Head BP, Bonini MG, Haus JM, Minshall RD, Lazarov O. Depletion of Caveolin-1 in Type 2 Diabetes Model Induces Alzheimer's Disease Pathology Precursors. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8576-8583. [PMID: 31527120 PMCID: PMC6807274 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0730-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism underlying the development of late-onset AD is largely unknown. Here we show that levels of the endothelial-enriched protein caveolin-1 (Cav-1) are reduced in the brains of T2DM patients compared with healthy aging, and inversely correlated with levels of β-amyloid (Aβ). Depletion of Cav-1 is recapitulated in the brains of db/db (Leprdb ) diabetic mice and corresponds with recognition memory deficits as well as the upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), BACE-1, a trending increase in β-amyloid Aβ42/40 ratio and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) species. Importantly, we show that restoration of Cav-1 levels in the brains of male db/db mice using adenovirus overexpressing Cav-1 (AAV-Cav-1) rescues learning and memory deficits and reduces pathology (i.e., APP, BACE-1 and p-tau levels). Knocking down Cav-1 using shRNA in HEK cells expressing the familial AD-linked APPswe mutant variant upregulates APP, APP carboxyl terminal fragments, and Aβ levels. In turn, rescue of Cav-1 levels restores APP metabolism. Together, these results suggest that Cav-1 regulates APP metabolism, and that depletion of Cav-1 in T2DM promotes the amyloidogenic processing of APP and hyperphosphorylation of tau. This may suggest that depletion of Cav-1 in T2DM underlies, at least in part, the development of AD and imply that restoration of Cav-1 may be a therapeutic target for diabetic-associated sporadic AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT More than 95% of the Alzheimer's patients have the sporadic late-onset form (LOAD). The cause for late-onset Alzheimer's disease is unknown. Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus have considerably higher incidence of cognitive decline and AD compared with the general population, suggesting a common mechanism. Here we show that the expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is reduced in the brain in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In turn, reduced Cav-1 levels induce AD-associated neuropathology and learning and memory deficits. Restoration of Cav-1 levels rescues these deficits. This study unravels signals underlying LOAD and suggests that restoration of Cav-1 may be an effective therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Leon Tai
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology
| | | | - Brian P Head
- Veteran Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
| | - Marcelo G Bonini
- Departments of Medicine and Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Jacob M Haus
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Anesthesiology,
- Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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38
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Zhou R, Yang G, Shi Y. Macromolecular complex in recognition and proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 61:1-8. [PMID: 31629221 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP), first extracellularly by β-secretase and then within the membrane by γ-secretase, produces β-amyloid peptides (Aβ). Aβ accumulates in the brain to form amyloid plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mutations in APP and presenilin (the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase) result in early onset of AD. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of substrate-free and substrate-bound γ-secretase, determined at atomic resolutions, reveal the physical basis of distinct substrate specificity. These advances, together with the discovery and characterization of multiple proteins that interact with APP or presenilin, have given rise to an optimistic scenario for future mechanistic understanding of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Guanghui Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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39
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Hanafusa K, Hayashi N. The Flot2 component of the lipid raft changes localization during neural differentiation of P19C6 cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:38. [PMID: 31455216 PMCID: PMC6712619 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flotillin-2 (Flot2) is a lipid raft scaffold protein that is thought to be related to neural differentiation. Flot2 is phosphorylated by Fyn, a Src kinase, and causes raft-dependent endocytosis; however, the exact role of Flot2 in neural differentiation remains unclear. To reveal the roles of lipid raft-associated proteins during neural differentiation, we tried to analyze the expression and localization. Results In this study, we found that the expression levels of the Flot2 and Fyn proteins increased in whole-cell lysates of P19C6 cells after neural differentiation. In addition, sucrose density fractionation and immunofluorescence experiments revealed an increase in the localization of Flot2 and Fyn to lipid rafts after neural differentiation. We also found that Fyn partially colocalized with Flot2 lipid rafts in neural cells. Conclusion The observed distribution of Fyn and level of inactivated Fyn and/or c-Src in detergent–resistant membrane (DRM) fractions suggests that the amount of activated Fyn might increase in DRM fractions after neural differentiation. Overall these findings suggest that Flot2 lipid rafts are associated with Fyn, and that Fyn phosphorylates Flot2 during neural differentiation of P19C6 cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-019-0225-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hanafusa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hayashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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40
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Fabiani C, Antollini SS. Alzheimer's Disease as a Membrane Disorder: Spatial Cross-Talk Among Beta-Amyloid Peptides, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Lipid Rafts. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:309. [PMID: 31379503 PMCID: PMC6657435 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes show lateral and transverse asymmetric lipid distribution. Cholesterol (Chol) localizes in both hemilayers, but in the external one it is mostly condensed in lipid-ordered microdomains (raft domains), together with saturated phosphatidyl lipids and sphingolipids (including sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids). Membrane asymmetries induce special membrane biophysical properties and behave as signals for several physiological and/or pathological processes. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with a perturbation in different membrane properties. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein together with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are the most characteristic cellular changes observed in this disease. The extracellular presence of Aβ peptides forming senile plaques, together with soluble oligomeric species of Aβ, are considered the major cause of the synaptic dysfunction of AD. The association between Aβ peptide and membrane lipids has been extensively studied. It has been postulated that Chol content and Chol distribution condition Aβ production and posterior accumulation in membranes and, hence, cell dysfunction. Several lines of evidence suggest that Aβ partitions in the cell membrane accumulate mostly in raft domains, the site where the cleavage of the precursor AβPP by β- and γ- secretase is also thought to occur. The main consequence of the pathogenesis of AD is the disruption of the cholinergic pathways in the cerebral cortex and in the basal forebrain. In parallel, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has been extensively linked to membrane properties. Since its transmembrane domain exhibits extensive contacts with the surrounding lipids, the acetylcholine receptor function is conditioned by its lipid microenvironment. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is present in high-density clusters in the cell membrane where it localizes mainly in lipid-ordered domains. Perturbations of sphingomyelin or cholesterol composition alter acetylcholine receptor location. Therefore, Aβ processing, Aβ partitioning, and acetylcholine receptor location and function can be manipulated by changes in membrane lipid biophysics. Understanding these mechanisms should provide insights into new therapeutic strategies for prevention and/or treatment of AD. Here, we discuss the implications of lipid-protein interactions at the cell membrane level in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fabiani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca CONICET-UNS, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Silvia S Antollini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca CONICET-UNS, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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41
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Sarrafpour S, Ormseth C, Chiang A, Arakaki X, Harrington M, Fonteh A. Lipid Metabolism in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Differs from Patients Presenting with Other Dementia Phenotypes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111995. [PMID: 31195602 PMCID: PMC6603882 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ42) and Tau and cognitive decline are typical characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since dysregulation in lipid metabolism accompanies abnormal amyloid formation, we quantified glycerophospholipids (GP) and sphingolipids (SP) in CSF fractions from participants with late-onset AD (LOAD, n = 29) or with Other Dementia (OD, n = 10) to determine if alterations in lipid metabolism account for pathological differences. Aβ42 and total Tau levels were determined using a sandwich ELISA. Liposomal-based fluorescent assays were used to measure phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and acid or neutral sphingomyelinase (aSMase, nSMase) activities. Supernatant fluid (SF) and nanoparticle (NP) lipids were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Although CSF Aβ42 and Tau levels are similar, phosphatidylserine (PS) in SF and ceramide (CM) levels in NP are significantly higher in OD compared with LOAD. The aSMase but not the nSMase activity is higher in OD. PLA2 activity in CSF from OD subjects positively correlates with several GP classes in SF and NP fractions but not in LOAD fractions. Our data indicate differences in CSF lipid metabolism between dementia variants. Higher levels of inflammatory and apoptotic lipids may induce faster neuronal death, resulting in the earlier cognitive decline in patients with OD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syena Sarrafpour
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Cora Ormseth
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Abby Chiang
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | | | | | - Alfred Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
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42
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Oikawa N, Walter J. Presenilins and γ-Secretase in Membrane Proteostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030209. [PMID: 30823664 PMCID: PMC6468700 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presenilin (PS) proteins exert a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) by mediating the intramembranous cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). The two homologous proteins PS1 and PS2 represent the catalytic subunits of distinct γ-secretase complexes that mediate a variety of cellular processes, including membrane protein metabolism, signal transduction, and cell differentiation. While the intramembrane cleavage of select proteins by γ-secretase is critical in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, the plethora of identified protein substrates could also indicate an important role of these enzyme complexes in membrane protein homeostasis. In line with this notion, PS proteins and/or γ-secretase has also been implicated in autophagy, a fundamental process for the maintenance of cellular functions and homeostasis. Dysfunction in the clearance of proteins in the lysosome and during autophagy has been shown to contribute to neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about the role of PS proteins and γ-secretase in membrane protein metabolism and trafficking, and the functional relation to lysosomal activity and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Oikawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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43
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Pacheco-Quinto J, Clausen D, Pérez-González R, Peng H, Meszaros A, Eckman CB, Levy E, Eckman EA. Intracellular metalloprotease activity controls intraneuronal Aβ aggregation and limits secretion of Aβ via exosomes. FASEB J 2019; 33:3758-3771. [PMID: 30481490 PMCID: PMC6404562 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801319r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the abnormal aggregation of amyloid-β (Αβ) peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD) begins intraneuronally, within vesicles of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway where Aβ is both generated and degraded. Metalloproteases, including endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE)-1 and -2, reside within these vesicles and normally limit the accumulation of intraneuronally produced Aβ. In this study, we determined whether disruption of Aβ catabolism could trigger Aβ aggregation within neurons and increase the amount of Aβ associated with exosomes, small extracellular vesicles derived from endosomal multivesicular bodies. Using cultured cell lines, primary neurons, and organotypic brain slices from an AD mouse model, we found that pharmacological inhibition of the ECE family of metalloproteases increased intracellular and extracellular Aβ levels and promoted the intracellular formation of Aβ oligomers, a process that did not require internalization of secreted Aβ. In vivo, the accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ aggregates was accompanied by increased levels of both extracellular and exosome-associated Aβ, including oligomeric species. Neuronal exosomes were found to contain both ECE-1 and -2 activities, suggesting that multivesicular bodies are intracellular sites of Aβ degradation by these enzymes. ECE dysfunction could lead to the accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ aggregates and their subsequent release into the extracellular space via exosomes.-Pacheco-Quinto, J., Clausen, D., Pérez-González, R., Peng, H., Meszaros, A., Eckman, C. B., Levy, E., Eckman, E. A. Intracellular metalloprotease activity controls intraneuronal Aβ aggregation and limits secretion of Aβ via exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pacheco-Quinto
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, New Jersey, USA
- Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dana Clausen
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rocío Pérez-González
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hui Peng
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, New Jersey, USA
| | - Austin Meszaros
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; and
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Eckman
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, New Jersey, USA
- Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey, USA
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44
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Tan JZA, Gleeson PA. The trans-Golgi network is a major site for α-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein in primary neurons. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1618-1631. [PMID: 30545942 PMCID: PMC6364769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is processed along the amyloidogenic pathway by the β-secretase, BACE1, generating β-amyloid (Aβ), or along the nonamyloidogenic pathway by α-secretase, precluding Aβ production. The plasma membrane is considered the major site for α-secretase-mediated APP cleavage, but other cellular locations have not been rigorously investigated. Here, we report that APP is processed by endogenous α-secretase at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) of both transfected HeLa cells and mouse primary neurons. We have previously shown the adaptor protein complex, AP-4, and small G protein ADP-ribosylation factor-like GTPase 5b (Arl5b) are required for efficient post-Golgi transport of APP to endosomes. We found here that AP-4 or Arl5b depletion results in Golgi accumulation of APP and increased secretion of the soluble α-secretase cleavage product sAPPα. Moreover, inhibition of γ-secretase following APP accumulation in the TGN increases the levels of the membrane-bound C-terminal fragments of APP from both α-secretase cleavage (α-CTF, named C83 according to its band size) and BACE1 cleavage (β-CTF/C99). The level of C83 was ∼4 times higher than that of C99, indicating that α-secretase processing is the major pathway and that BACE1 processing is the minor pathway in the TGN. AP-4 silencing in mouse primary neurons also resulted in the accumulation of endogenous APP in the TGN and enhanced α-secretase processing. These findings identify the TGN as a major site for α-secretase processing in HeLa cells and primary neurons and indicate that both APP processing pathways can occur within the TGN compartment along the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhi A Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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45
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Elevated cellular cholesterol in Familial Alzheimer's presenilin 1 mutation is associated with lipid raft localization of β-amyloid precursor protein. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210535. [PMID: 30682043 PMCID: PMC6347419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD)-associated presenilin 1 (PS1) serves as a catalytic subunit of γ-secretase complex, which mediates the proteolytic liberation of β-amyloid (Aβ) from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). In addition to its proteolytic role, PS1 is involved in non-proteolytic functions such as protein trafficking and ion channel regulation. Furthermore, postmortem AD brains as well as AD patients showed dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism. Since cholesterol has been implicated in regulating Aβ production, we investigated whether the FAD PS1-associated cholesterol elevation could influence APP processing. We found that in CHO cells stably expressing FAD-associated PS1 ΔE9, total cholesterol levels are elevated compared to cells expressing wild-type PS1. We also found that localization of APP in cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts is substantially increased in the mutant cells. Reducing the cholesterol levels by either methyl-β-cyclodextrin or an inhibitor of CYP51, an enzyme mediating the elevated cholesterol in PS1 ΔE9-expressing cells, significantly reduced lipid raft-associated APP. In contrast, exogenous cholesterol increased lipid raft-associated APP. These data suggest that in the FAD PS1 ΔE9 cells, the elevated cellular cholesterol level contributes to the altered APP processing by increasing APP localized in lipid rafts.
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Jang C, Yadav DK, Subedi L, Venkatesan R, Venkanna A, Afzal S, Lee E, Yoo J, Ji E, Kim SY, Kim MH. Identification of novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitors designed by pharmacophore-based virtual screening, molecular docking and bioassay. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14921. [PMID: 30297729 PMCID: PMC6175823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, pharmacophore based 3D QSAR models for human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors were generated, with good significance, statistical values (r2training = 0.73) and predictability (q2training = 0.67). It was further validated by three methods (Fischer's test, decoy set and Güner-Henry scoring method) to show that the models can be used to predict the biological activities of compounds without costly and time-consuming synthesis. The criteria for virtual screening were also validated by testing the selective AChE inhibitors. Virtual screening experiments and subsequent in vitro evaluation of promising hits revealed a novel and selective AChE inhibitor. Thus, the findings reported herein may provide a new strategy for the discovery of selective AChE inhibitors. The IC50 value of compounds 5c and 6a presented selective inhibition of AChE without inhibiting butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) at uM level. Molecular docking studies were performed to explain the potent AChE inhibition of the target compounds studies to explain high affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheongyun Jang
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharmendra K Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Lalita Subedi
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramu Venkatesan
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Arramshetti Venkanna
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sualiha Afzal
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Lee
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Yoo
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Ji
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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47
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Imai S, Cai T, Yoshida C, Tomita T, Futai E. Specific mutations in presenilin 1 cause conformational changes in γ-secretase to modulate amyloid β trimming. J Biochem 2018; 165:37-46. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- So Imai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramakiazaaoba, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Cai
- Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chika Yoshida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramakiazaaoba, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eugene Futai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramakiazaaoba, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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48
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Merilahti JAM, Elenius K. Gamma-secretase-dependent signaling of receptor tyrosine kinases. Oncogene 2018; 38:151-163. [PMID: 30166589 PMCID: PMC6756091 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human genome harbors 55 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). At least half of the RTKs have been reported to be cleaved by gamma-secretase-mediated regulated intramembrane proteolysis. The two-step process involves releasing the RTK ectodomain to the extracellular space by proteolytic cleavage called shedding, followed by cleavage in the RTK transmembrane domain by the gamma-secretase complex resulting in release of a soluble RTK intracellular domain. This intracellular domain, including the tyrosine kinase domain, can in turn translocate to various cellular compartments, such as the nucleus or proteasome. The soluble intracellular domain may interact with transcriptional regulators and other proteins to induce specific effects on cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, establishing an additional signaling mode for the cleavable RTKs. On the other hand, the same process can facilitate RTK turnover and proteasomal degradation. In this review we focus on the regulation of RTK shedding and gamma-secretase cleavage, as well as signaling promoted by the soluble RTK ICDs. In addition, therapeutic implications of increased knowledge on RTK cleavage on cancer drug development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A M Merilahti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Cellular Receptors of Amyloid β Oligomers (AβOs) in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071884. [PMID: 29954063 PMCID: PMC6073792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects tens of millions of people, comprising not only suffering patients, but also their relatives and caregivers. AD is one of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) characterized by progressive synaptic damage and neuronal loss, which result in gradual cognitive impairment leading to dementia. The cause of AD remains still unresolved, despite being studied for more than a century. The hallmark pathological features of this disease are senile plaques within patients’ brain composed of amyloid beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of Tau protein. However, the roles of Aβ and Tau in AD pathology are being questioned and other causes of AD are postulated. One of the most interesting theories proposed is the causative role of amyloid β oligomers (AβOs) aggregation in the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, binding of AβOs to cell membranes is probably mediated by certain proteins on the neuronal cell surface acting as AβO receptors. The aim of our paper is to describe alternative hypotheses of AD etiology, including genetic alterations and the role of misfolded proteins, especially Aβ oligomers, in Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, in this review we present various putative cellular AβO receptors related to toxic activity of oligomers.
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50
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Endosomal-Lysosomal Cholesterol Sequestration by U18666A Differentially Regulates Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Metabolism in Normal and APP-Overexpressing Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29530923 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00529-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), plays a critical role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Current evidence indicates that altered levels or subcellular distribution of cholesterol can regulate Aβ production and clearance, but it remains unclear how cholesterol sequestration within the endosomal-lysosomal (EL) system can influence APP metabolism. Thus, we evaluated the effects of U18666A, which triggers cholesterol redistribution within the EL system, on mouse N2a cells expressing different levels of APP in the presence or absence of extracellular cholesterol and lipids provided by fetal bovine serum (FBS). Our results reveal that U18666A and FBS differentially increase the levels of APP and its cleaved products, the α-, β-, and η-C-terminal fragments, in N2a cells expressing normal levels of mouse APP (N2awt), higher levels of human wild-type APP (APPwt), or "Swedish" mutant APP (APPsw). The cellular levels of Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 were markedly increased in U18666A-treated APPwt and APPsw cells. Our studies further demonstrate that APP and its cleaved products are partly accumulated in the lysosomes, possibly due to decreased clearance. Finally, we show that autophagy inhibition plays a role in mediating U18666A effects. Collectively, these results suggest that altered levels and distribution of cholesterol and lipids can differentially regulate APP metabolism depending on the nature of APP expression.
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