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Izquierdo-Villalba I, Mirra S, Manso Y, Parcerisas A, Rubio J, Del Valle J, Gil-Bea FJ, Ulloa F, Herrero-Lorenzo M, Verdaguer E, Benincá C, Castro-Torres RD, Rebollo E, Marfany G, Auladell C, Navarro X, Enríquez JA, López de Munain A, Soriano E, Aragay AM. A mammalian-specific Alex3/Gα q protein complex regulates mitochondrial trafficking, dendritic complexity, and neuronal survival. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eabq1007. [PMID: 38320000 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abq1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics and trafficking are essential to provide the energy required for neurotransmission and neural activity. We investigated how G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and G proteins control mitochondrial dynamics and trafficking. The activation of Gαq inhibited mitochondrial trafficking in neurons through a mechanism that was independent of the canonical downstream PLCβ pathway. Mitoproteome analysis revealed that Gαq interacted with the Eutherian-specific mitochondrial protein armadillo repeat-containing X-linked protein 3 (Alex3) and the Miro1/Trak2 complex, which acts as an adaptor for motor proteins involved in mitochondrial trafficking along dendrites and axons. By generating a CNS-specific Alex3 knockout mouse line, we demonstrated that Alex3 was required for the effects of Gαq on mitochondrial trafficking and dendritic growth in neurons. Alex3-deficient mice had altered amounts of ER stress response proteins, increased neuronal death, motor neuron loss, and severe motor deficits. These data revealed a mammalian-specific Alex3/Gαq mitochondrial complex, which enables control of mitochondrial trafficking and neuronal death by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serena Mirra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Yasmina Manso
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Antoni Parcerisas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, Technology and Engineering, University of Vic, Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC); and Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Javier Rubio
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Jaume Del Valle
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Francisco J Gil-Bea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Fausto Ulloa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Marina Herrero-Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Rubén D Castro-Torres
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elena Rebollo
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - José A Enríquez
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBER-CIBERFES), Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián 20014, Spain
- Neurology Department, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Anna M Aragay
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Bruno S, Lamberty A, McCoy M, Mark Z, Daphtary N, Aliyeva M, Butnor K, Poynter ME, Anathy V, Cunniff B. Deletion of Miro1 in airway club cells potentiates allergic asthma phenotypes. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1187945. [PMID: 37377691 PMCID: PMC10291198 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1187945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifaceted organelles necessary for numerous cellular signaling and regulatory processes. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, trafficked and anchored to subcellular sites depending upon the cellular and tissue requirements. Precise localization of mitochondria to apical and basolateral membranes in lung epithelial cells is important for key mitochondrial processes. Miro1 is an outer mitochondrial membrane GTPase that associates with adapter proteins and microtubule motors to promote intracellular movement of mitochondria. We show that deletion of Miro1 in lung epithelial cells leads to perinuclear clustering of mitochondria. However, the role of Miro1 in epithelial cell response to allergic insults remains unknown. We generated a conditional mouse model to delete Miro1 in Club Cell Secretory Protein (CCSP) positive lung epithelial cells to examine the potential roles of Miro1 and mitochondrial trafficking in the lung epithelial response to the allergen, house dust mite (HDM). Our data show that Miro1 suppresses epithelial induction and maintenance of the inflammatory response to allergen, as Miro1 deletion modestly induces increases in pro-inflammatory signaling, specifically IL-6, IL-33, CCL20 and eotaxin levels, tissue reorganization, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, loss of Miro1 in CCSP+ lung epithelial cells blocks resolution of the asthmatic insult. This study further demonstrates the important contribution of mitochondrial dynamic processes to the airway epithelial allergen response and the pathophysiology of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Bruno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Amelia Lamberty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Margaret McCoy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Zoe Mark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Nirav Daphtary
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Minara Aliyeva
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Kelly Butnor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Matthew E. Poynter
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Brian Cunniff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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Davis K, Basu H, Izquierdo-Villalba I, Shurberg E, Schwarz TL. Miro GTPase domains regulate the assembly of the mitochondrial motor-adaptor complex. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:6/1/e202201406. [PMID: 36302649 PMCID: PMC9615026 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transport relies on a motor-adaptor complex containing Miro1, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein with two GTPase domains, and TRAK1/2, kinesin-1, and dynein. Using a peroxisome-directed Miro1, we quantified the ability of GTPase mutations to influence the peroxisomal recruitment of complex components. Miro1 whose N-GTPase is locked in the GDP state does not recruit TRAK1/2, kinesin, or P135 to peroxisomes, whereas the GTP state does. Similarly, the expression of the MiroGAP VopE dislodges TRAK1 from mitochondria. Miro1 C-GTPase mutations have little influence on complex recruitment. Although Miro2 is thought to support mitochondrial motility, peroxisome-directed Miro2 did not recruit the other complex components regardless of the state of its GTPase domains. Neurons expressing peroxisomal Miro1 with the GTP-state form of the N-GTPase had markedly increased peroxisomal transport to growth cones, whereas the GDP-state caused their retention in the soma. Thus, the N-GTPase domain of Miro1 is critical for regulating Miro1's interaction with the other components of the motor-adaptor complex and thereby for regulating mitochondrial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Davis
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Himanish Basu
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ismael Izquierdo-Villalba
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ethan Shurberg
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas L Schwarz
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA .,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Nahacka Z, Novak J, Zobalova R, Neuzil J. Miro proteins and their role in mitochondrial transfer in cancer and beyond. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:937753. [PMID: 35959487 PMCID: PMC9358137 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.937753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles essential for tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Although their main cellular function, generation of energy in the form of ATP is dispensable for cancer cells, their capability to drive their adaptation to stress originating from tumor microenvironment makes them a plausible therapeutic target. Recent research has revealed that cancer cells with damaged oxidative phosphorylation import healthy (functional) mitochondria from surrounding stromal cells to drive pyrimidine synthesis and cell proliferation. Furthermore, it has been shown that energetically competent mitochondria are fundamental for tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis. The spatial positioning and transport of mitochondria involves Miro proteins from a subfamily of small GTPases, localized in outer mitochondrial membrane. Miro proteins are involved in the structure of the MICOS complex, connecting outer and inner-mitochondrial membrane; in mitochondria-ER communication; Ca2+ metabolism; and in the recycling of damaged organelles via mitophagy. The most important role of Miro is regulation of mitochondrial movement and distribution within (and between) cells, acting as an adaptor linking organelles to cytoskeleton-associated motor proteins. In this review, we discuss the function of Miro proteins in various modes of intercellular mitochondrial transfer, emphasizing the structure and dynamics of tunneling nanotubes, the most common transfer modality. We summarize the evidence for and propose possible roles of Miro proteins in nanotube-mediated transfer as well as in cancer cell migration and metastasis, both processes being tightly connected to cytoskeleton-driven mitochondrial movement and positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Nahacka
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Zuzana Nahacka, ; Jiri Neuzil,
| | - Jaromir Novak
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Renata Zobalova
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Zuzana Nahacka, ; Jiri Neuzil,
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5
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Kumari D, Ray K. Phosphoregulation of Kinesins Involved in Long-Range Intracellular Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873164. [PMID: 35721476 PMCID: PMC9203973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins, the microtubule-dependent mechanochemical enzymes, power a variety of intracellular movements. Regulation of Kinesin activity and Kinesin-Cargo interactions determine the direction, timing and flux of various intracellular transports. This review examines how phosphorylation of Kinesin subunits and adaptors influence the traffic driven by Kinesin-1, -2, and -3 family motors. Each family of Kinesins are phosphorylated by a partially overlapping set of serine/threonine kinases, and each event produces a unique outcome. For example, phosphorylation of the motor domain inhibits motility, and that of the stalk and tail domains induces cargo loading and unloading effects according to the residue and context. Also, the association of accessory subunits with cargo and adaptor proteins with the motor, respectively, is disrupted by phosphorylation. In some instances, phosphorylation by the same kinase on different Kinesins elicited opposite outcomes. We discuss how this diverse range of effects could manage the logistics of Kinesin-dependent, long-range intracellular transport.
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Puttrich V, Rohlena J, Braun M, Lansky Z. In Vitro Reconstitution of Molecular Motor-Driven Mitochondrial Transport. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2431:533-546. [PMID: 35412296 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1990-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of organelles driven by molecular motors underlies essential cellular processes. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, are one of the major cargoes of molecular motors. Efficient distribution of mitochondria ensures cellular fitness while defects in this process contribute to severe pathologies, such as neurodegenerative diseases. Reconstitution of the mitochondrial microtubule-based transport in vitro in a bottom-up approach provides a powerful tool to investigate the mitochondrial trafficking machinery in a controlled environment in the absence of complex intracellular interactions. In this chapter, we describe the procedures for achieving such reconstitution of mitochondrial transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Puttrich
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prague West, Czech Republic.
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Zinsmaier KE. Mitochondrial Miro GTPases coordinate mitochondrial and peroxisomal dynamics. Small GTPases 2021; 12:372-398. [PMID: 33183150 PMCID: PMC8583064 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2020.1843957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and peroxisomes are highly dynamic, multifunctional organelles. Both perform key roles for cellular physiology and homoeostasis by mediating bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and/or signalling. To support cellular function, they must be properly distributed, of proper size, and be able to interact with other organelles. Accumulating evidence suggests that the small atypical GTPase Miro provides a central signalling node to coordinate mitochondrial as well as peroxisomal dynamics. In this review, I summarize our current understanding of Miro-dependent functions and molecular mechanisms underlying the proper distribution, size and function of mitochondria and peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad E. Zinsmaier
- Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Basu H, Pekkurnaz G, Falk J, Wei W, Chin M, Steen J, Schwarz TL. FHL2 anchors mitochondria to actin and adapts mitochondrial dynamics to glucose supply. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212527. [PMID: 34342639 PMCID: PMC8340551 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial movement and distribution are fundamental to their function. Here we report a mechanism that regulates mitochondrial movement by anchoring mitochondria to the F-actin cytoskeleton. This mechanism is activated by an increase in glucose influx and the consequent O-GlcNAcylation of TRAK (Milton), a component of the mitochondrial motor-adaptor complex. The protein four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2) serves as the anchor. FHL2 associates with O-GlcNAcylated TRAK and is both necessary and sufficient to drive the accumulation of F-actin around mitochondria and to arrest mitochondrial movement by anchoring to F-actin. Disruption of F-actin restores mitochondrial movement that had been arrested by either TRAK O-GlcNAcylation or forced direction of FHL2 to mitochondria. This pathway for mitochondrial immobilization is present in both neurons and non-neuronal cells and can thereby adapt mitochondrial dynamics to changes in glucose availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanish Basu
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jill Falk
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wei Wei
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Morven Chin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Judith Steen
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas L Schwarz
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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9
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Kassab S, Albalawi Z, Daghistani H, Kitmitto A. Mitochondrial Arrest on the Microtubule Highway-A Feature of Heart Failure and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy? Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:689101. [PMID: 34277734 PMCID: PMC8282893 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.689101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A pathophysiological consequence of both type 1 and 2 diabetes is remodelling of the myocardium leading to the loss of left ventricular pump function and ultimately heart failure (HF). Abnormal cardiac bioenergetics associated with mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the early stages of HF. Key factors influencing mitochondrial function are the shape, size and organisation of mitochondria within cardiomyocytes, with reports identifying small, fragmented mitochondria in the myocardium of diabetic patients. Cardiac mitochondria are now known to be dynamic organelles (with various functions beyond energy production); however, the mechanisms that underpin their dynamism are complex and links to motility are yet to be fully understood, particularly within the context of HF. This review will consider how the outer mitochondrial membrane protein Miro1 (Rhot1) mediates mitochondrial movement along microtubules via crosstalk with kinesin motors and explore the evidence for molecular level changes in the setting of diabetic cardiomyopathy. As HF and diabetes are recognised inflammatory conditions, with reports of enhanced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, we will also consider evidence linking microtubule organisation, inflammation and the association to mitochondrial motility. Diabetes is a global pandemic but with limited treatment options for diabetic cardiomyopathy, therefore we also discuss potential therapeutic approaches to target the mitochondrial-microtubule-inflammatory axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kassab
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Zainab Albalawi
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hussam Daghistani
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ashraf Kitmitto
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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10
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Nahacka Z, Zobalova R, Dubisova M, Rohlena J, Neuzil J. Miro proteins connect mitochondrial function and intercellular transport. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:401-425. [PMID: 34139898 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1925216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles present in most eukaryotic cells, where they play major and multifaceted roles. The classical notion of the main mitochondrial function as the powerhouse of the cell per se has been complemented by recent discoveries pointing to mitochondria as organelles affecting a number of other auxiliary processes. They go beyond the classical energy provision via acting as a relay point of many catabolic and anabolic processes, to signaling pathways critically affecting cell growth by their implication in de novo pyrimidine synthesis. These additional roles further underscore the importance of mitochondrial homeostasis in various tissues, where its deregulation promotes a number of pathologies. While it has long been known that mitochondria can move within a cell to sites where they are needed, recent research has uncovered that mitochondria can also move between cells. While this intriguing field of research is only emerging, it is clear that mobilization of mitochondria requires a complex apparatus that critically involves mitochondrial proteins of the Miro family, whose role goes beyond the mitochondrial transfer, as will be covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Nahacka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Zobalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Dubisova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
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11
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Majstrowicz K, Honnert U, Nikolaus P, Schwarz V, Oeding SJ, Hemkemeyer SA, Bähler M. Coordination of mitochondrial and cellular dynamics by the actin-based motor Myo19. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:268312. [PMID: 34013964 PMCID: PMC8186483 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin XIX (Myo19) is an actin-based motor that competes with adaptors of microtubule-based motors for binding to the outer mitochondrial transmembrane proteins Miro1 and Miro2 (collectively Miro, also known as RhoT1 and RhoT2, respectively). Here, we investigate which mitochondrial and cellular processes depend on the coordination of Myo19 and microtubule-based motor activities. To this end, we created Myo19-deficient HEK293T cells. Mitochondria in these cells were not properly fragmented at mitosis and were partitioned asymmetrically to daughter cells. Respiratory functions of mitochondria were impaired and ROS generation was enhanced. On a cellular level, cell proliferation, cytokinesis and cell-matrix adhesion were negatively affected. On a molecular level, Myo19 regulates focal adhesions in interphase, and mitochondrial fusion and mitochondrially associated levels of fission protein Drp1 and adaptor proteins dynactin and TRAK1 at prometaphase. These alterations were due to a disturbed coordination of Myo19 and microtubule-based motor activities by Miro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Majstrowicz
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrike Honnert
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Nikolaus
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Vera Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie J Oeding
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra A Hemkemeyer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Bähler
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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12
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Cheng XT, Sheng ZH. Developmental regulation of microtubule-based trafficking and anchoring of axonal mitochondria in health and diseases. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:284-299. [PMID: 32302463 PMCID: PMC7572491 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular power plants that supply most of the ATP required in the brain to power neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Given their extremely polarized structures and extended long axons, neurons face an exceptional challenge to maintain energy homeostasis in distal axons, synapses, and growth cones. Anchored mitochondria serve as local energy sources; therefore, the regulation of mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring ensures that these metabolically active areas are adequately supplied with ATP. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark feature of major aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, and thus, anchored mitochondria in aging neurons need to be removed when they become dysfunctional. Investigations into the regulation of microtubule (MT)-based trafficking and anchoring of axonal mitochondria under physiological and pathological circumstances represent an important emerging area. In this short review article, we provide an updated overview of recent in vitro and in vivo studies showing (1) how mitochondria are transported and positioned in axons and synapses during neuronal developmental and maturation stages, and (2) how altered mitochondrial motility and axonal energy deficits in aging nervous systems link to neurodegeneration and regeneration in a disease or injury setting. We also highlight a major role of syntaphilin as a key MT-based regulator of axonal mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring in mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3706, USA
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13
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Zhao Y, Song E, Wang W, Hsieh CH, Wang X, Feng W, Wang X, Shen K. Metaxins are core components of mitochondrial transport adaptor complexes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:83. [PMID: 33397950 PMCID: PMC7782850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trafficking of mitochondria into dendrites and axons plays an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of neurons. Mitochondrial outer membrane protein Miro and adaptor proteins TRAKs/Milton link mitochondria to molecular motors. Here we show that metaxins MTX-1 and MTX-2 contribute to mitochondrial transport into both dendrites and axons of C. elegans neurons. MTX1/2 bind to MIRO-1 and kinesin light chain KLC-1, forming a complex to mediate kinesin-1-based movement of mitochondria, in which MTX-1/2 are essential and MIRO-1 plays an accessory role. We find that MTX-2, MIRO-1, and TRAK-1 form another distinct adaptor complex to mediate dynein-based transport. Additionally, we show that failure of mitochondrial trafficking in dendrites causes age-dependent dendrite degeneration. We propose that MTX-2 and MIRO-1 form the adaptor core for both motors, while MTX-1 and TRAK-1 specify each complex for kinesin-1 and dynein, respectively. MTX-1 and MTX-2 are also required for mitochondrial transport in human neurons, indicative of their evolutionarily conserved function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsuo Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Eli Song
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Feng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China. .,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiangming Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Kang Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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14
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Alshaabi H, Shannon N, Gravelle R, Milczarek S, Messier T, Cunniff B. Miro1-mediated mitochondrial positioning supports subcellular redox status. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101818. [PMID: 33341544 PMCID: PMC7753203 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are strategically trafficked throughout the cell by the action of microtubule motors, the actin cytoskeleton and adapter proteins. The intracellular positioning of mitochondria supports subcellular levels of ATP, Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS, i.e. hydrogen peroxide, H2O2). Previous work from our group showed that deletion of the mitochondrial adapter protein Miro1 leads to perinuclear clustering of mitochondria, leaving the cell periphery devoid of mitochondria which compromises peripheral energy status. Herein, we report that deletion of Miro1 significantly restricts subcellular H2O2 levels to the perinuclear space which directly affects intracellular responses to elevated mitochondrial ROS. Using the genetically encoded H2O2-responsive fluorescent biosensor HyPer7, we show that the highest levels of subcellular H2O2 map to sites of increased mitochondrial density. Deletion of Miro1 or disruption of microtubule dynamics with Taxol significantly reduces peripheral H2O2 levels. Following inhibition of mitochondrial complex 1 with rotenone we observe elevated spikes of H2O2 in the cell periphery and complementary oxidation of mitochondrial peroxiredoxin 3 (PRX3) and cytosolic peroxiredoxin 2 (PRX2). Conversely, in cells lacking Miro1, rotenone did not increase peripheral H2O2 or PRX2 oxidation but rather lead to increased nuclear H2O2 and an elevated DNA-damage response. Lastly, local levels of HyPer7 oxidation correlate with the size and abundance of focal adhesions (FAs) in MEFs and cells lacking Miro1 have significantly smaller focal adhesions and reduced phosphorylation levels of vinculin and p130Cas compared to Miro1+/+ MEFs. Together, we present evidence that the intracellular distribution of mitochondria influences subcellular H2O2 levels and local cellular responses dependent on mitochondrial ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Alshaabi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Nathaniel Shannon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Randi Gravelle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Stephanie Milczarek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Terri Messier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Brian Cunniff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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15
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Oonk KA, Bienvenu LB, Sickler PS, Martin C, Nickoloff-Bybel E, Volk AM, Weiser DC, Walsh S. Zebrafish Trak proteins 1a and 2 localize to the mitochondria. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2020; 2020. [PMID: 33274332 PMCID: PMC7704262 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Oonk
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Paxton S Sickler
- Department of Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA
| | - Christine Martin
- Department of Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA
| | - Emily Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | | | - Douglas C Weiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Life Sciences, Soka University of America, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
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16
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Costa G, Bradbury JJ, Tarannum N, Herbert SP. RAB13 mRNA compartmentalisation spatially orients tissue morphogenesis. EMBO J 2020; 39:e106003. [PMID: 32946121 PMCID: PMC7604621 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarised targeting of diverse mRNAs to cellular protrusions is a hallmark of cell migration. Although a widespread phenomenon, definitive functions for endogenous targeted mRNAs and their relevance to modulation of in vivo tissue dynamics remain elusive. Here, using single-molecule analysis, gene editing and zebrafish live-cell imaging, we report that mRNA polarisation acts as a molecular compass that orients motile cell polarity and spatially directs tissue movement. Clustering of protrusion-derived RNAseq datasets defined a core 192-nt localisation element underpinning precise mRNA targeting to sites of filopodia formation. Such targeting of the small GTPase RAB13 generated tight spatial coupling of mRNA localisation, translation and protein activity, achieving precise subcellular compartmentalisation of RAB13 protein function to create a polarised domain of filopodia extension. Consequently, genomic excision of this localisation element and perturbation of RAB13 mRNA targeting-but not translation-depolarised filopodia dynamics in motile endothelial cells and induced mispatterning of blood vessels in zebrafish. Hence, mRNA polarisation, not expression, is the primary determinant of the site of RAB13 action, preventing ectopic functionality at inappropriate subcellular loci and orienting tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Costa
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Joshua J Bradbury
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nawseen Tarannum
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shane P Herbert
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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17
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Shanmughapriya S, Langford D, Natarajaseenivasan K. Inter and Intracellular mitochondrial trafficking in health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101128. [PMID: 32712108 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurons and glia maintain central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis through diverse mechanisms of intra- and intercellular signaling. Some of these interactions include the exchange of soluble factors between cells via direct cell-to-cell contact for both short and long-distance transfer of biological materials. Transcellular transfer of mitochondria has emerged as a key example of this communication. This transcellular transfer of mitochondria are dynamically involved in the cellular and tissue response to CNS injury and play beneficial roles in recovery. This review highlights recent research addressing the cause and effect of intra- and intercellular mitochondrial transfer with a specific focus on the future of mitochondrial transplantation therapy. We believe that mitochondrial transfer plays a crucial role during bioenergetic crisis/deficit, but the quality, quantity and mode of mitochondrial transfer determines the protective capacity for the receiving cells. Mitochondrial transplantation is a new treatment paradigm and will overcome the major bottleneck of traditional approach of correcting mitochondria-related disorders.
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18
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Quintanilla RA, Tapia-Monsalves C, Vergara EH, Pérez MJ, Aranguiz A. Truncated Tau Induces Mitochondrial Transport Failure Through the Impairment of TRAK2 Protein and Bioenergetics Decline in Neuronal Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:175. [PMID: 32848607 PMCID: PMC7406829 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly specialized organelles essential for the synapse, and their impairment contributes to the neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, we studied the role of caspase-3-cleaved tau in mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. In neurons, the presence of this AD-relevant tau form induced mitochondrial fragmentation with a concomitant reduction in the expression of Opa1, a mitochondrial fission regulator. More importantly, we showed that caspase-cleaved tau affects mitochondrial transport, decreasing the number of moving mitochondria in the neuronal processes without affecting their velocity rate. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in these events are unknown. We studied the possible role of motor proteins (kinesin 1 and dynein) and mitochondrial protein adaptors (RhoT1/T2, syntaphilin, and TRAK2) in the mitochondrial transport failure induced by caspase-cleaved tau. We expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP), GFP-full-length, and GPF-caspase-3-cleaved tau proteins in rat hippocampal neurons and immortalized cortical neurons (CN 1.4) and analyzed the expression and localization of these proteins involved in mitochondrial transport regulation. We observed that hippocampal neurons expressing caspase-cleaved tau showed a significant accumulation of a mitochondrial population in the soma. These changes were accompanied by evident mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits, including depolarization, oxidative stress, and a significant reduction in ATP production. More critically, caspase-cleaved tau significantly decreased the expression of TRAK2 in immortalized and primary hippocampal neurons without affecting RhoT1/T2 and syntaphilin levels. Also, when we analyzed the expression of motor proteins-Kinesin 1 (KIF5) and Dynein-we did not detect changes in their expression, localization, and binding to the mitochondria. Interestingly, the expression of truncated tau significantly increases the association of TRAK2 with mitochondria compared with neuronal cells expressing full-length tau. Altogether these results indicate that caspase-cleaved tau may affect mitochondrial transport through the increase of TRAK2-mitochondria binding and reduction of ATP production available for the process of movement of these organelles. These observations are novel and represent a set of exciting findings whereby tau pathology could affect mitochondrial distribution in neurons, an event that may contribute to synaptic failure observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Mitochondria-adaptor TRAK1 promotes kinesin-1 driven transport in crowded environments. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3123. [PMID: 32561740 PMCID: PMC7305210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of organelles, driven by kinesin-1 stepping along microtubules, underpins essential cellular processes. In absence of other proteins on the microtubule surface, kinesin-1 performs micron-long runs. Under crowding conditions, however, kinesin-1 motility is drastically impeded. It is thus unclear how kinesin-1 acts as an efficient transporter in intracellular environments. Here, we demonstrate that TRAK1 (Milton), an adaptor protein essential for mitochondrial trafficking, activates kinesin-1 and increases robustness of kinesin-1 stepping on crowded microtubule surfaces. Interaction with TRAK1 i) facilitates kinesin-1 navigation around obstacles, ii) increases the probability of kinesin-1 passing through cohesive islands of tau and iii) increases the run length of kinesin-1 in cell lysate. We explain the enhanced motility by the observed direct interaction of TRAK1 with microtubules, providing an additional anchor for the kinesin-1-TRAK1 complex. Furthermore, TRAK1 enables mitochondrial transport in vitro. We propose adaptor-mediated tethering as a mechanism regulating kinesin-1 motility in various cellular environments. Intracellular trafficking of organelles is driven by kinesin-1 stepping along microtubules, but crowding conditions impede kinesin-1 motility. Here authors demonstrate that TRAK1, an adaptor protein essential for mitochondrial trafficking, activates kinesin-1 and increases robustness of kinesin-1 stepping on crowded microtubule surfaces.
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20
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Wang JQ, Zhu S, Wang Y, Wang F, An C, Jiang D, Gao L, Tu Y, Zhu X, Wang Y, Liu H, Gong J, Sun Z, Wang X, Liu L, Yang K, Guo C, Tang TS. Miro2 supplies a platform for Parkin translocation to damaged mitochondria. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:730-747. [PMID: 36659543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is an important process in selective removal of damaged mitochondria, in which translocation of Parkin to damaged mitochondria is recognized as an initiation step. At present, how the damaged mitochondria are selectively recognized and targeted by Parkin is not fully understood. Here we show that Miro2, an outer mitochondrial membrane protein, undergoes demultimerization from a tetramer to a monomer and alteration in mitochondrial localization upon CCCP treatment, suggesting a CCCP-induced realignment of Miro2. The realignment of Miro2 is tightly regulated by PINK1-mediated phosphorylation at Ser325/Ser430 and by Ca2+ binding to EF2 domain, which are both essential for the subsequent Parkin translocation. Interestingly, ablation of Miro2 in mouse causes delayed reticulocyte maturation, lactic acidosis and cardiac disorders. Furthermore, several Miro2 mutations found in the congenital lactic acidosis patients also disable its realignment and Parkin translocation. These findings reveal an important role of Miro2 to mediate Parkin translocation by sensing both depolarization and Ca2+ release from damaged mitochondria to ensure the accuracy of mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Foresight and Evaluation Research, Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development, Beijing 100038, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fengli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chaoqiang An
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongfang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lijie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuefei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juanjuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhongshuai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Leimei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Keyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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21
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Dietz JV, Bohovych I, Viana MP, Khalimonchuk O. Proteolytic regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondrion 2019; 49:289-304. [PMID: 31029640 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal changes in the abundance, shape, and cellular localization of the mitochondrial network, also known as mitochondrial dynamics, are now widely recognized to play a key role in mitochondrial and cellular physiology as well as disease states. This process involves coordinated remodeling of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes by conserved dynamin-like guanosine triphosphatases and their partner molecules in response to various physiological and stress stimuli. Although the core machineries that mediate fusion and partitioning of the mitochondrial network have been extensively characterized, many aspects of their function and regulation are incompletely understood and only beginning to emerge. In the present review we briefly summarize current knowledge about how the key mitochondrial dynamics-mediating factors are regulated via selective proteolysis by mitochondrial and cellular proteolytic machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan V Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Iryna Bohovych
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Martonio Ponte Viana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America; Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States of America.
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22
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Zachara NE. Critical observations that shaped our understanding of the function(s) of intracellular glycosylation (O-GlcNAc). FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3950-3975. [PMID: 30414174 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Almost 100 years after the first descriptions of proteins conjugated to carbohydrates (mucins), several studies suggested that glycoproteins were not restricted to the serum, extracellular matrix, cell surface, or endomembrane system. In the 1980s, key data emerged demonstrating that intracellular proteins were modified by monosaccharides of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). Subsequently, this modification was identified on thousands of proteins that regulate cellular processes as diverse as protein aggregation, localization, post-translational modifications, activity, and interactions. In this Review, we will highlight critical discoveries that shaped our understanding of the molecular events underpinning the impact of O-GlcNAc on protein function, the role that O-GlcNAc plays in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate O-GlcNAc-cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Yu SB, Pekkurnaz G. Mechanisms Orchestrating Mitochondrial Dynamics for Energy Homeostasis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3922-3941. [PMID: 30089235 PMCID: PMC6186503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To maintain homeostasis, every cell must constantly monitor its energy level and appropriately adjust energy, in the form of ATP, production rates based on metabolic demand. Continuous fulfillment of this energy demand depends on the ability of cells to sense, metabolize, and convert nutrients into chemical energy. Mitochondria are the main energy conversion sites for many cell types. Cellular metabolic states dictate the mitochondrial size, shape, function, and positioning. Mitochondrial shape varies from singular discrete organelles to interconnected reticular networks within cells. The morphological adaptations of mitochondria to metabolic cues are facilitated by the dynamic events categorized as transport, fusion, fission, and quality control. By changing their dynamics and strategic positioning within the cytoplasm, mitochondria carry out critical functions and also participate actively in inter-organelle cross-talk, assisting metabolite transfer, degradation, and biogenesis. Mitochondrial dynamics has become an active area of research because of its particular importance in cancer, metabolic diseases, and neurological disorders. In this review, we will highlight the molecular pathways involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and their roles in maintaining energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoon B Yu
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States.
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24
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Lee CA, Chin LS, Li L. Hypertonia-linked protein Trak1 functions with mitofusins to promote mitochondrial tethering and fusion. Protein Cell 2018; 9:693-716. [PMID: 28924745 PMCID: PMC6053349 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertonia is a neurological dysfunction associated with a number of central nervous system disorders, including cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and epilepsy. Genetic studies have identified a homozygous truncation mutation in Trak1 that causes hypertonia in mice. Moreover, elevated Trak1 protein expression is associated with several types of cancers and variants in Trak1 are linked to childhood absence epilepsy in humans. Despite the importance of Trak1 in health and disease, the mechanisms of Trak1 action remain unclear and the pathogenic effects of Trak1 mutation are unknown. Here we report that Trak1 has a crucial function in regulation of mitochondrial fusion. Depletion of Trak1 inhibits mitochondrial fusion, resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation, whereas overexpression of Trak1 elongates and enlarges mitochondria. Our analyses revealed that Trak1 interacts and colocalizes with mitofusins on the outer mitochondrial membrane and functions with mitofusins to promote mitochondrial tethering and fusion. Furthermore, Trak1 is required for stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion and pro-survival response. We found that hypertonia-associated mutation impairs Trak1 mitochondrial localization and its ability to facilitate mitochondrial tethering and fusion. Our findings uncover a novel function of Trak1 as a regulator of mitochondrial fusion and provide evidence linking dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics to hypertonia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lih-Shen Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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25
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ROS Control Mitochondrial Motility through p38 and the Motor Adaptor Miro/Trak. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1667-1680. [PMID: 29117569 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial distribution and motility are recognized as central to many cellular functions, but their regulation by signaling mechanisms remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that reactive oxygen species (ROS), either derived from an extracellular source or intracellularly generated, control mitochondrial distribution and function by dose-dependently, specifically, and reversibly decreasing mitochondrial motility in both rat hippocampal primary cultured neurons and cell lines. ROS decrease motility independently of cytoplasmic [Ca2+], mitochondrial membrane potential, or permeability transition pore opening, known effectors of oxidative stress. However, multiple lines of genetic and pharmacological evidence support that a ROS-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38α, is required for the motility inhibition. Furthermore, anchoring mitochondria directly to kinesins without involvement of the physiological adaptors between the organelles and the motor protein prevents the H2O2-induced decrease in mitochondrial motility. Thus, ROS engage p38α and the motor adaptor complex to exert changes in mitochondrial motility, which likely has both physiological and pathophysiological relevance.
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26
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Lorenz-Guertin JM, Jacob TC. GABA type a receptor trafficking and the architecture of synaptic inhibition. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:238-270. [PMID: 28901728 PMCID: PMC6589839 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous expression of GABA type A receptors (GABAA R) in the central nervous system establishes their central role in coordinating most aspects of neural function and development. Dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission manifests in a number of human health disorders and conditions that in certain cases can be alleviated by drugs targeting these receptors. Precise changes in the quantity or activity of GABAA Rs localized at the cell surface and at GABAergic postsynaptic sites directly impact the strength of inhibition. The molecular mechanisms constituting receptor trafficking to and from these compartments therefore dictate the efficacy of GABAA R function. Here we review the current understanding of how GABAA Rs traffic through biogenesis, plasma membrane transport, and degradation. Emphasis is placed on discussing novel GABAergic synaptic proteins, receptor and scaffolding post-translational modifications, activity-dependent changes in GABAA R confinement, and neuropeptide and neurosteroid mediated changes. We further highlight modern techniques currently advancing the knowledge of GABAA R trafficking and clinically relevant neurodevelopmental diseases connected to GABAergic dysfunction. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 238-270, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Lorenz-Guertin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261
| | - Tija C Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261
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27
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Oeding SJ, Majstrowicz K, Hu XP, Schwarz V, Freitag A, Honnert U, Nikolaus P, Bähler M. Identification of Miro as a mitochondrial receptor for myosin XIX. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.219469. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial distribution in cells is critical for cellular function and proper inheritance during cell division. In mammalian cells, mitochondria are transported predominantly along microtubules by kinesin and dynein motors that bind indirectly via TRAK1/2 to outer mitochondrial membrane proteins Miro1/2. Here, using proximity labeling, we identified Miro1/2 as potential binding partners of myosin XIX (Myo19). Interaction studies show that Miro1 binds directly to a C-terminal fragment of the Myo19 tail region and that Miro recruits the Myo19 tail in vivo. This recruitment is regulated by the nucleotide-state of the N-terminal Rho-like GTPase domain of Miro. Notably, Myo19 protein stability in cells depends on its association with Miro. Downregulation of Miro or overexpression of the adapter proteins TRAK1 and TRAK2 caused a reduction in Myo19 protein levels. Finally, Myo19 regulates the subcellular distribution of mitochondria. Downregulation, as well as overexpression, of Myo19 induces perinuclear collapse of mitochondria, phenocopying the loss of kinesin KIF5, dynein or their mitochondrial receptor Miro. These results suggest that Miro coordinates microtubule- and actin-based mitochondrial movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J. Oeding
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Majstrowicz
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ping Hu
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
| | - Vera Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
| | - Angelika Freitag
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrike Honnert
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Nikolaus
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Bähler
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Münster, Germany
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28
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Okumoto K, Ono T, Toyama R, Shimomura A, Nagata A, Fujiki Y. New splicing variants of mitochondrial Rho GTPase-1 (Miro1) transport peroxisomes. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:619-633. [PMID: 29222186 PMCID: PMC5800816 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying microtubule-dependent long-distance movement of peroxisomes in mammalian cells are unclear. Okumoto et al. identify splicing variants of human mitochondrial Rho GTPase-1 (Miro1) that localize to peroxisomes and that link these organelles to microtubule-dependent transport complexes including TRAK2. Microtubule-dependent long-distance movement of peroxisomes occurs in mammalian cells. However, its molecular mechanisms remain undefined. In this study, we identified three distinct splicing variants of human mitochondrial Rho GTPase-1 (Miro1), each containing amino acid sequence insertions 1 (named Miro1-var2), 2 (Miro1-var3), and both 1 and 2 (Miro1-var4), respectively, at upstream of the transmembrane domain. Miro1-var4 and Miro1-var2 are localized to peroxisomes in a manner dependent on the insertion 1 that is recognized by the cytosolic receptor Pex19p. Exogenous expression of Miro1-var4 induces accumulation of peroxisomes at the cell periphery and augments long-range movement of peroxisomes along microtubules. Depletion of all Miro1 variants by knocking down MIRO1 suppresses the long-distance movement of peroxisomes. Such abrogated movement is restored by reexpression of peroxisomal Miro1 variants. Collectively, our findings identify for the first time peroxisome-localized Miro1 variants as adapter proteins that link peroxisomes to the microtubule-dependent transport complexes including TRAK2 in the intracellular translocation of peroxisomes in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Ono
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Toyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayako Shimomura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aiko Nagata
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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29
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Moller A, Bauer CS, Cohen RN, Webster CP, De Vos KJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated mutant SOD1 inhibits anterograde axonal transport of mitochondria by reducing Miro1 levels. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4668-4679. [PMID: 28973175 PMCID: PMC5886184 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective axonal transport is an early neuropathological feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We have previously shown that ALS-associated mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) impair axonal transport of mitochondria in motor neurons isolated from SOD1 G93A transgenic mice and in ALS mutant SOD1 transfected cortical neurons, but the underlying mechanisms remained unresolved. The outer mitochondrial membrane protein mitochondrial Rho GTPase 1 (Miro1) is a master regulator of mitochondrial axonal transport in response to cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) levels ([Ca2+]c) and mitochondrial damage. Ca2+ binding to Miro1 halts mitochondrial transport by modifying its interaction with kinesin-1 whereas mitochondrial damage induces Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN)-induced Putative Kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin-dependent degradation of Miro1 and consequently stops transport. To identify the mechanism underlying impaired axonal transport of mitochondria in mutant SOD1-related ALS we investigated [Ca2+]c and Miro1 levels in ALS mutant SOD1 expressing neurons. We found that expression of ALS mutant SOD1 reduced the level of endogenous Miro1 but did not affect [Ca2+]c. ALS mutant SOD1 induced reductions in Miro1 levels were Parkin dependent. Moreover, both overexpression of Miro1 and ablation of PINK1 rescued the mitochondrial axonal transport deficit in ALS mutant SOD1-expressing cortical and motor neurons. Together these results provide evidence that ALS mutant SOD1 inhibits axonal transport of mitochondria by inducing PINK1/Parkin-dependent Miro1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekathrin Moller
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Claudia S Bauer
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Rebecca N Cohen
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Christopher P Webster
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
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30
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Akan I, Olivier-Van Stichelen S, Bond MR, Hanover JA. Nutrient-driven O-GlcNAc in proteostasis and neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2017; 144:7-34. [PMID: 29049853 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteostasis is essential in the mammalian brain where post-mitotic cells must function for decades to maintain synaptic contacts and memory. The brain is dependent on glucose and other metabolites for proper function and is spared from metabolic deficits even during starvation. In this review, we outline how the nutrient-sensitive nucleocytoplasmic post-translational modification O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) regulates protein homeostasis. The O-GlcNAc modification is highly abundant in the mammalian brain and has been linked to proteopathies, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. C. elegans, Drosophila, and mouse models harboring O-GlcNAc transferase- and O-GlcNAcase-knockout alleles have helped define the role O-GlcNAc plays in development as well as age-associated neurodegenerative disease. These enzymes add and remove the single monosaccharide from protein serine and threonine residues, respectively. Blocking O-GlcNAc cycling is detrimental to mammalian brain development and interferes with neurogenesis, neural migration, and proteostasis. Findings in C. elegans and Drosophila model systems indicate that the dynamic turnover of O-GlcNAc is critical for maintaining levels of key transcriptional regulators responsible for neurodevelopment cell fate decisions. In addition, pathways of autophagy and proteasomal degradation depend on a transcriptional network that is also reliant on O-GlcNAc cycling. Like the quality control system in the endoplasmic reticulum which uses a 'mannose timer' to monitor protein folding, we propose that cytoplasmic proteostasis relies on an 'O-GlcNAc timer' to help regulate the lifetime and fate of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. O-GlcNAc-dependent developmental alterations impact metabolism and growth of the developing mouse embryo and persist into adulthood. Brain-selective knockout mouse models will be an important tool for understanding the role of O-GlcNAc in the physiology of the brain and its susceptibility to neurodegenerative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Akan
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Michelle R Bond
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John A Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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31
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An emerging role for mitochondrial dynamics in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 187:26-32. [PMID: 28526279 PMCID: PMC5646380 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal brain development has long been thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Impaired dendritic arborization, synaptogenesis, and long term potentiation and memory have been demonstrated in animal models of schizophrenia. In addition to aberrant nervous system development, altered brain metabolism and mitochondrial function has long been observed in schizophrenic patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome as well as impaired mitochondrial function have both been associated with increased risk for developing schizophrenia. Mitochondrial function in neurons is highly dependent on fission, fusion, and transport of the organelle, collectively referred to as mitochondrial dynamics. Indeed, there is mounting evidence that mitochondrial dynamics strongly influences neuron development and synaptic transmission. While there are a few studies describing altered mitochondrial shape in schizophrenic patients, as well as in animal and in vitro models of schizophrenia, the precise role of mitochondrial dynamics in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is all but unexplored. Here we discuss the influence of mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial function on nervous system development, and highlight recent work suggesting a link between aberrant mitochondrial dynamics and schizophrenia.
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32
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De Vos KJ, Hafezparast M. Neurobiology of axonal transport defects in motor neuron diseases: Opportunities for translational research? Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:283-299. [PMID: 28235672 PMCID: PMC5536153 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of cargoes is an essential process to maintain the structure and function of all mammalian cell types, but especially of neurons because of their extreme axon/dendrite polarisation. Axonal transport mediates the movement of cargoes such as proteins, mRNA, lipids, membrane-bound vesicles and organelles that are mostly synthesised in the cell body and in doing so is responsible for their correct spatiotemporal distribution in the axon, for example at specialised sites such as nodes of Ranvier and synaptic terminals. In addition, axonal transport maintains the essential long-distance communication between the cell body and synaptic terminals that allows neurons to react to their surroundings via trafficking of for example signalling endosomes. Axonal transport defects are a common observation in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, and mutations in components of the axonal transport machinery have unequivocally shown that impaired axonal transport can cause neurodegeneration (reviewed in El-Kadi et al., 2007, De Vos et al., 2008; Millecamps and Julien, 2013). Here we review our current understanding of axonal transport defects and the role they play in motor neuron diseases (MNDs) with a specific focus on the most common form of MND, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Majid Hafezparast
- Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
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33
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O'Mealey GB, Plafker KS, Berry WL, Janknecht R, Chan JY, Plafker SM. A PGAM5-KEAP1-Nrf2 complex is required for stress-induced mitochondrial retrograde trafficking. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3467-3480. [PMID: 28839075 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nrf2 transcription factor is a master regulator of the cellular anti-stress response. A population of the transcription factor associates with the mitochondria through a complex with KEAP1 and the mitochondrial outer membrane histidine phosphatase, PGAM5. To determine the function of this mitochondrial complex, we knocked down each component and assessed mitochondrial morphology and distribution. We discovered that depletion of Nrf2 or PGAM5, but not KEAP1, inhibits mitochondrial retrograde trafficking induced by proteasome inhibition. Mechanistically, this disrupted motility results from aberrant degradation of Miro2, a mitochondrial GTPase that links mitochondria to microtubules. Rescue experiments demonstrate that this Miro2 degradation involves the KEAP1-cullin-3 E3 ubiquitin ligase and the proteasome. These data are consistent with a model in which an intact complex of PGAM5-KEAP1-Nrf2 preserves mitochondrial motility by suppressing dominant-negative KEAP1 activity. These data further provide a mechanistic explanation for how age-dependent declines in Nrf2 expression impact mitochondrial motility and induce functional deficits commonly linked to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B O'Mealey
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73118, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73118, USA
| | - Kendra S Plafker
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73118, USA
| | - William L Berry
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73118, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73118, USA
| | - Jefferson Y Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Scott M Plafker
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73118, USA
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34
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Smith EF, Shaw PJ, De Vos KJ. The role of mitochondria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2017; 710:132933. [PMID: 28669745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are unique organelles that are essential for a variety of cellular processes including energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, lipid biosynthesis, and apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prevalent feature of many neurodegenerative diseases including motor neuron disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Disruption of mitochondrial structure, dynamics, bioenergetics and calcium buffering has been extensively reported in ALS patients and model systems and has been suggested to be directly involved in disease pathogenesis. Here we review the alterations in mitochondrial parameters in ALS and examine the common pathways to dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Smith
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
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35
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Schuler MH, Lewandowska A, Caprio GD, Skillern W, Upadhyayula S, Kirchhausen T, Shaw JM, Cunniff B. Miro1-mediated mitochondrial positioning shapes intracellular energy gradients required for cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2159-2169. [PMID: 28615318 PMCID: PMC5531732 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ratio of ATP:ADP is highest at perinuclear sites, where mitochondria are dense, and dissipates toward the periphery. Miro1 positions mitochondria toward the cortical cytoskeleton. Deletion of Miro1 results in perinuclear clustering of mitochondria, altering intracellular ATP:ADP gradients, and impairs energy-expensive cell migratory processes. It has long been postulated, although never directly demonstrated, that mitochondria are strategically positioned in the cytoplasm to meet local requirements for energy production. Here we show that positioning of mitochondria in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) determines the shape of intracellular energy gradients in living cells. Specifically, the ratio of ATP to ADP was highest at perinuclear areas of dense mitochondria and gradually decreased as more-peripheral sites were approached. Furthermore, the majority of mitochondria were positioned at the ventral surface of the cell, correlating with high ATP:ADP ratios close to the ventral membrane, which rapidly decreased toward the dorsal surface. We used cells deficient for the mitochondrial Rho-GTPase 1 (Miro1), an essential mediator of microtubule-based mitochondrial motility, to study how changes in mitochondrial positioning affect cytoplasmic energy distribution and cell migration, an energy-expensive process. The mitochondrial network in Miro1−/− MEFs was restricted to the perinuclear area, with few mitochondria present at the cell periphery. This change in mitochondrial distribution dramatically reduced the ratio of ATP to ADP at the cell cortex and disrupted events essential for cell movement, including actin dynamics, lamellipodia protrusion, and membrane ruffling. Cell adhesion status was also affected by changes in mitochondrial positioning; focal adhesion assembly and stability was decreased in Miro1−/− MEFs compared with Miro1+/+ MEFs. Consequently Miro1−/− MEFs migrated slower than control cells during both collective and single-cell migration. These data establish that Miro1-mediated mitochondrial positioning at the leading edge provides localized energy production that promotes cell migration by supporting membrane protrusion and focal adhesion stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max-Hinderk Schuler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Agnieszka Lewandowska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Giuseppe Di Caprio
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wesley Skillern
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Janet M Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Brian Cunniff
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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36
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Loss O, Stephenson FA. Developmental changes in trak-mediated mitochondrial transport in neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 80:134-147. [PMID: 28300646 PMCID: PMC5400476 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies established that the kinesin adaptor proteins, TRAK1 and TRAK2, play an important role in mitochondrial transport in neurons. They link mitochondria to kinesin motor proteins via a TRAK acceptor protein in the mitochondrial outer membrane, the Rho GTPase, Miro. TRAKs also associate with enzyme, O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), to form a quaternary, mitochondrial trafficking complex. A recent report suggested that TRAK1 preferentially controls mitochondrial transport in axons of hippocampal neurons whereas TRAK2 controls mitochondrial transport in dendrites. However, it is not clear whether the function of any of these proteins is exclusive to axons or dendrites and if their mechanisms of action are conserved between different neuronal populations and also, during maturation. Here, a comparative study was carried out into TRAK-mediated mitochondrial mobility in axons and dendrites of hippocampal and cortical neurons during maturation in vitro using a shRNA gene knockdown approach. It was found that in mature hippocampal and cortical neurons, TRAK1 predominantly mediates axonal mitochondrial transport whereas dendritic transport is mediated via TRAK2. In young, maturing neurons, TRAK1 and TRAK2 contribute similarly in mitochondrial transport in both axons and dendrites in both neuronal types. These findings demonstrate maturation regulation of mitochondrial transport which is conserved between at least two distinct neuronal subtypes. Mitochondrial transport and velocity changes during neuronal maturation. TRAK1 and TRAK2 contribute to transport in axons and dendrites of immature neurons. In mature neurons TRAK1 controls axonal mitochondrial transport. In mature neurons TRAK2 controls dendritic mitochondrial transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Loss
- School of Pharmacy University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - F Anne Stephenson
- School of Pharmacy University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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37
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Lumsden AL, Young RL, Pezos N, Keating DJ. Huntingtin-associated protein 1: Eutherian adaptation from a TRAK-like protein, conserved gene promoter elements, and localization in the human intestine. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:214. [PMID: 27737633 PMCID: PMC5064798 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Huntingtin-associated Protein 1 (HAP1) is expressed in neurons and endocrine cells, and is critical for postnatal survival in mice. HAP1 shares a conserved “HAP1_N” domain with TRAfficking Kinesin proteins TRAK1 and TRAK2 (vertebrate), Milton (Drosophila) and T27A3.1 (C. elegans). HAP1, TRAK1 and TRAK2 have a degree of common function, particularly regarding intracellular receptor trafficking. However, TRAK1, TRAK2 and Milton (which have a “Milt/TRAK” domain that is absent in human and rodent HAP1) differ in function to HAP1 in that they are mitochondrial transport proteins, while HAP1 has emerging roles in starvation response. We have investigated HAP1 function by examining its evolution, and upstream gene promoter sequences. We performed phylogenetic analyses of the HAP1_N domain family of proteins, incorporating HAP1 orthologues (identified by genomic synteny) from 5 vertebrate classes, and also searched the Dictyostelium proteome for a common ancestor. Computational analyses of mammalian HAP1 gene promoters were performed to identify phylogenetically conserved regulatory motifs. Results We found that as recently as marsupials, HAP1 contained a Milt/TRAK domain and was more similar to TRAK1 and TRAK2 than to eutherian HAP1. The Milt/TRAK domain likely arose post multicellularity, as it was absent in the Dictyostelium proteome. It was lost from HAP1 in the eutherian lineage, and also from T27A3.1 in C. elegans. The HAP1 promoter from human, mouse, rat, rabbit, horse, dog, Tasmanian devil and opossum contained common sites for transcription factors involved in cell cycle, growth, differentiation, and stress response. A conserved arrangement of regulatory elements was identified, including sites for caudal-related homeobox transcription factors (CDX1 and CDX2), and myc-associated factor X (MAX) in the region of the TATA box. CDX1 and CDX2 are intestine-enriched factors, prompting investigation of HAP1 protein expression in the human duodenum. HAP1 was localized to singly dispersed mucosal cells, including a subset of serotonin-positive enterochromaffin cells. Conclusion We have identified eutherian HAP1 as an evolutionarily recent adaptation of a vertebrate TRAK protein-like ancestor, and found conserved CDX1/CDX2 and MAX transcription factor binding sites near the TATA box in mammalian HAP1 gene promoters. We also demonstrated that HAP1 is expressed in endocrine cells of the human gut. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0780-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Lumsden
- Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Richard L Young
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nektaria Pezos
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Melkov A, Baskar R, Alcalay Y, Abdu U. A new mode of mitochondrial transport and polarized sorting regulated by Dynein, Milton and Miro. Development 2016; 143:4203-4213. [PMID: 27707795 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic cell microtubule (MT) polarity, together with molecular motors and adaptor proteins, determines mitochondrial polarized targeting and MT-dependent transport. In polarized cells, such as neurons, mitochondrial mobility and transport require the regulation of kinesin and dynein by two adaptor proteins, Milton and Miro. Recently, we found that dynein heavy chain 64C (Dhc64C) is the primary motor protein for both anterograde and retrograde transport of mitochondria in the Drosophila bristle. In this study, we show that a molecular lesion in the Dhc64C allele that reduced bristle mitochondrial velocity generated a variant that acts as a 'slow' dynein in an MT-gliding assay, indicating that dynein directly regulates mitochondrial transport. We also showed that in milton-RNAi flies, mitochondrial flux into the bristle shaft, but not velocity, was significantly reduced. Surprisingly, mitochondria retrograde flux, but not net velocity, was significantly decreased in miro-RNAi flies. We thus reveal a new mode of mitochondrial sorting in polarized cell growth, whereby bi-directional mitochondrial transport undertaken exclusively by dynein is regulated by Milton in the anterograde direction and by a Miro-dependent switch to the retrograde direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Melkov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410500, Israel
| | - Raju Baskar
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410500, Israel
| | - Yehonatan Alcalay
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410500, Israel
| | - Uri Abdu
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410500, Israel
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Mele M, Leal G, Duarte CB. Role of GABAAR trafficking in the plasticity of inhibitory synapses. J Neurochem 2016; 139:997-1018. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Mele
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Graciano Leal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlos B. Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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40
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Devine MJ, Birsa N, Kittler JT. Miro sculpts mitochondrial dynamics in neuronal health and disease. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 90:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Ogawa F, Murphy LC, Malavasi ELV, O’Sullivan ST, Torrance HS, Porteous DJ, Millar JK. NDE1 and GSK3β Associate with TRAK1 and Regulate Axonal Mitochondrial Motility: Identification of Cyclic AMP as a Novel Modulator of Axonal Mitochondrial Trafficking. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:553-64. [PMID: 26815013 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function, providing the energy required to power neurotransmission, and fulfilling many important additional roles. In neurons, mitochondria must be efficiently transported to sites, including synapses, where their functions are required. Neurons, with their highly elongated morphology, are consequently extremely sensitive to defective mitochondrial trafficking which can lead to neuronal ill-health/death. We recently demonstrated that DISC1 associates with mitochondrial trafficking complexes where it associates with the core kinesin and dynein adaptor molecule TRAK1. We now show that the DISC1 interactors NDE1 and GSK3β also associate robustly with TRAK1 and demonstrate that NDE1 promotes retrograde axonal mitochondrial movement. GSK3β is known to modulate axonal mitochondrial motility, although reports of its actual effect are conflicting. We show that, in our system, GSK3β promotes anterograde mitochondrial transport. Finally, we investigated the influence of cAMP elevation upon mitochondrial motility, and found a striking increase in mitochondrial motility and retrograde movement. DISC1, NDE1, and GSK3β are implicated as risk factors for major mental illness. Our demonstration that they function together within mitochondrial trafficking complexes suggests that defective mitochondrial transport may be a contributory disease mechanism in some cases of psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ogawa
- University
of Edinburgh Centre
for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C. Murphy
- University
of Edinburgh Centre
for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Elise L. V. Malavasi
- University
of Edinburgh Centre
for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Shane T. O’Sullivan
- University
of Edinburgh Centre
for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Helen S. Torrance
- University
of Edinburgh Centre
for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Porteous
- University
of Edinburgh Centre
for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - J. Kirsty Millar
- University
of Edinburgh Centre
for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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42
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Lee S, Lee KS, Huh S, Liu S, Lee DY, Hong SH, Yu K, Lu B. Polo Kinase Phosphorylates Miro to Control ER-Mitochondria Contact Sites and Mitochondrial Ca(2+) Homeostasis in Neural Stem Cell Development. Dev Cell 2016; 37:174-189. [PMID: 27093086 PMCID: PMC4839004 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play central roles in buffering intracellular Ca²⁺ transients. While basal mitochondrial Ca²⁺ (Ca²⁺ mito) is needed to maintain organellar physiology, Ca²⁺ mito overload can lead to cell death. How Ca²⁺ mito homeostasis is regulated is not well understood. Here we show that Miro, a known component of the mitochondrial transport machinery, regulates Drosophila neural stem cell (NSC) development through Ca²⁺ mito homeostasis control, independent of its role in mitochondrial transport. Miro interacts with Ca²⁺ transporters at the ER-mitochondria contact site (ERMCS). Its inactivation causes Ca²⁺ mito depletion and metabolic impairment, whereas its overexpression results in Ca²⁺ mito overload, mitochondrial morphology change, and apoptotic response. Both conditions impaired NSC lineage progression. Ca²⁺ mito homeostasis is influenced by Polo-mediated phosphorylation of a conserved residue in Miro, which positively regulates Miro localization to, and the integrity of, ERMCS. Our results elucidate a regulatory mechanism underlying Ca²⁺ mito homeostasis and how its dysregulation may affect NSC metabolism/development and contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongsoo Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Sungun Huh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Do-Yeon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seung Hyun Hong
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Kweon Yu
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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43
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Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Bicaudal D Family of Motor Adaptors: Linking Dynein Motility to Cargo Binding. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:327-340. [PMID: 26822037 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transport of different intracellular cargoes along cytoskeleton filaments is essential for the morphogenesis and function of a broad variety of eukaryotic cells. Intracellular transport is mediated by cytoskeletal motors including myosin, kinesin, and dynein, which are typically linked to various cargoes by adaptor proteins. Recent studies suggest that adaptor proteins can also act as essential transport cofactors, which control motor activity and coordination. Characterization of the evolutionary conserved Bicaudal D (BICD) family of dynein adaptor proteins has provided important insights into the fundamental mechanisms governing cargo trafficking. This review highlights the advances in the current understanding of how BICD adaptors regulate microtubule-based transport and how they contribute to developmental processes and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, CH 3584 The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, CH 3584 The Netherlands.
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44
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Mills KM, Brocardo MG, Henderson BR. APC binds the Miro/Milton motor complex to stimulate transport of mitochondria to the plasma membrane. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:466-82. [PMID: 26658612 PMCID: PMC4751598 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-09-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor at mitochondria is unclear. We show that APC associates with the Miro/Milton/kinesin complex to stimulate anterograde transport of mitochondria. This identifies the first regulatory role of APC in organelle transport. APC cancer mutations block this activity. Mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) disrupt regulation of Wnt signaling, mitosis, and the cytoskeleton. We describe a new role for APC in the transport of mitochondria. Silencing of wild-type APC by small interfering RNA caused mitochondria to redistribute from the cell periphery to the perinuclear region. We identified novel APC interactions with the mitochondrial kinesin-motor complex Miro/Milton that were mediated by the APC C-terminus. Truncating mutations in APC abolished its ability to bind Miro/Milton and reduced formation of the Miro/Milton complex, correlating with disrupted mitochondrial distribution in colorectal cancer cells that could be recovered by reconstitution of wild-type APC. Using proximity ligation assays, we identified endogenous APC-Miro/Milton complexes at mitochondria, and live-cell imaging showed that loss of APC slowed the frequency of anterograde mitochondrial transport to the membrane. We propose that APC helps drive mitochondria to the membrane to supply energy for cellular processes such as directed cell migration, a process disrupted by cancer mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Mills
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Mariana G Brocardo
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Beric R Henderson
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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45
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Namba T, Funahashi Y, Nakamuta S, Xu C, Takano T, Kaibuchi K. Extracellular and Intracellular Signaling for Neuronal Polarity. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:995-1024. [PMID: 26133936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are one of the highly polarized cells in the body. One of the fundamental issues in neuroscience is how neurons establish their polarity; therefore, this issue fascinates many scientists. Cultured neurons are useful tools for analyzing the mechanisms of neuronal polarization, and indeed, most of the molecules important in their polarization were identified using culture systems. However, we now know that the process of neuronal polarization in vivo differs in some respects from that in cultured neurons. One of the major differences is their surrounding microenvironment; neurons in vivo can be influenced by extrinsic factors from the microenvironment. Therefore, a major question remains: How are neurons polarized in vivo? Here, we begin by reviewing the process of neuronal polarization in culture conditions and in vivo. We also survey the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization. Finally, we introduce the theoretical basis of neuronal polarization and the possible involvement of neuronal polarity in disease and traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakamuta
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chundi Xu
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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46
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Miro's N-terminal GTPase domain is required for transport of mitochondria into axons and dendrites. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5754-71. [PMID: 25855186 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1035-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamically transported in and out of neuronal processes to maintain neuronal excitability and synaptic function. In higher eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GTPase Miro binds Milton/TRAK adaptor proteins linking microtubule motors to mitochondria. Here we show that Drosophila Miro (dMiro), which has previously been shown to be required for kinesin-driven axonal transport, is also critically required for the dynein-driven distribution of mitochondria into dendrites. In addition, we used the loss-of-function mutations dMiroT25N and dMiroT460N to determine the significance of dMiro's N-terminal and C-terminal GTPase domains, respectively. Expression of dMiroT25N in the absence of endogenous dMiro caused premature lethality and arrested development at a pupal stage. dMiroT25N accumulated mitochondria in the soma of larval motor and sensory neurons, and prevented their kinesin-dependent and dynein-dependent distribution into axons and dendrites, respectively. dMiroT25N mutant mitochondria also were severely fragmented and exhibited reduced kinesin and dynein motility in axons. In contrast, dMiroT460N did not impair viability, mitochondrial size, or the distribution of mitochondria. However, dMiroT460N reduced dynein motility during retrograde mitochondrial transport in axons. Finally, we show that substitutions analogous to the constitutively active Ras-G12V mutation in dMiro's N-terminal and C-terminal GTPase domains cause neomorphic phenotypic effects that are likely unrelated to the normal function of each GTPase domain. Overall, our analysis indicates that dMiro's N-terminal GTPase domain is critically required for viability, mitochondrial size, and the distribution of mitochondria out of the neuronal soma regardless of the employed motor, likely by promoting the transition from a stationary to a motile state.
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Functions of kinesin superfamily proteins in neuroreceptor trafficking. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:639301. [PMID: 26075252 PMCID: PMC4449888 DOI: 10.1155/2015/639301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is widely regarded as the cellular basis of learning and memory. Understanding the molecular mechanism of synaptic plasticity has been one of center pieces of neuroscience research for more than three decades. It has been well known that the trafficking of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazoloe-4-propionic acid- (AMPA-) type, N-methyl-D-aspartate- (NMDA-) type glutamate receptors to and from synapses is a key molecular event underlying many forms of synaptic plasticity. Kainate receptors are another type of glutamate receptors playing important roles in synaptic transmission. In addition, GABA receptors also play important roles in modulating the synaptic plasticity. Kinesin superfamily proteins (also known as KIFs) transport various cargos in both anterograde and retrograde directions through the interaction with different adaptor proteins. Recent studies indicate that KIFs regulate the trafficking of NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, kainate receptors, and GABA receptors and thus play important roles in neuronal activity. Here we review the essential functions of KIFs in the trafficking of neuroreceptor and synaptic plasticity.
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48
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Loss O, Stephenson FA. Localization of the kinesin adaptor proteins trafficking kinesin proteins 1 and 2 in primary cultures of hippocampal pyramidal and cortical neurons. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1056-66. [PMID: 25653102 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal function requires regulated anterograde and retrograde trafficking of mitochondria along microtubules by using the molecular motors kinesin and dynein. Previous work has established that trafficking kinesin proteins (TRAKs),TRAK1 and TRAK2, are kinesin adaptor proteins that link mitochondria to kinesin motor proteins via an acceptor protein in the mitochondrial outer membrane, etc. the Rho GTPase Miro. Recent studies have shown that TRAK1 preferentially controls mitochondrial transport in axons of hippocampal neurons by virtue of its binding to both kinesin and dynein motor proteins, whereas TRAK2 controls mitochondrial transport in dendrites resulting from its binding to dynein. This study further investigates the subcellular localization of TRAK1 and TRAK2 in primary cultures of hippocampal and cortical neurons by using both commercial antibodies and anti-TRAK1 and anti-TRAK2 antibodies raised in our own laboratory (in-house). Whereas TRAK1 was prevalently localized in axons of hippocampal and cortical neurons, TRAK2 was more prevalent in dendrites of hippocampal neurons. In cortical neurons, TRAK2 was equally distributed between axons and dendrites. Some qualitative differences were observed between commercial and in-house-generated antibody immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Loss
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - F Anne Stephenson
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Abstract
Mutations in Kinesin proteins (Kifs) are linked to various neurological diseases, but the specific and redundant functions of the vertebrate Kifs are incompletely understood. For example, Kif5A, but not other Kinesin-1 heavy-chain family members, is implicated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), but the mechanism of its involvement in the progressive axonal degeneration characteristic of these diseases is not well understood. We report that zebrafish kif5Aa mutants exhibit hyperexcitability, peripheral polyneuropathy, and axonal degeneration reminiscent of CMT and HSP. Strikingly, although kif5 genes are thought to act largely redundantly in other contexts, and zebrafish peripheral neurons express five kif5 genes, kif5Aa mutant peripheral sensory axons lack mitochondria and degenerate. We show that this Kif5Aa-specific function is cell autonomous and is mediated by its C-terminal tail, as only Kif5Aa and chimeric motors containing the Kif5Aa C-tail can rescue deficits. Finally, concurrent loss of the kinesin-3, kif1b, or its adaptor kbp, exacerbates axonal degeneration via a nonmitochondrial cargo common to Kif5Aa. Our results shed light on Kinesin complexity and reveal determinants of specific Kif5A functions in mitochondrial transport, adaptor binding, and axonal maintenance.
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50
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Theme 9 in vitro experimental models. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2014; 15 Suppl 1:161-78. [PMID: 25382839 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2014.960186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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