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Li H, Doray B, Jennings BC, Lee WS, Liu L, Kornfeld S, Li H. Structure of a truncated human GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase variant reveals the basis for its hyperactivity. J Biol Chem 2024:107706. [PMID: 39178950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations that cause loss of function of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase (PTase) lead to the lysosomal storage disorder mucolipidosis II. PTase is the key enzyme of the mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) targeting system that is responsible for tagging lysosomal hydrolases with the M6P moiety for their delivery to the lysosome. We had previously generated a truncated hyperactive form of PTase termed S1S3 which was shown to notably increase the phosphorylation level of secreted lysosomal enzymes and enhance their uptake by cells. Here, we report the 3.4 Å cryo-EM structure of soluble S1S3 lacking both transmembrane domains and cytosolic tails. The structure reveals a high degree of conservation of the catalytic core to full-length PTase. In this dimeric structure, the EF hand of one protomer is observed interacting with the conserved region 4 of the other. In addition, we present a high-quality EM 3D map of the UDP-GlcNAc bound form of the full-length soluble protein showing the key molecular interactions between the nucleotide sugar donor and side chain amino acids of the protein. Finally, although the domain organization of S1S3 is very similar to that of the Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) PTase homolog, we establish that the latter does not act on lysosomal hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Balraj Doray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin C Jennings
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wang-Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stuart Kornfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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2
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Kiriyama K, Fujioka K, Kawai K, Mizuno T, Shinohara Y, Itoh K. Novel synthetic biological study on intracellular distribution of human GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase expressed in insect cells. J Biochem 2024; 175:265-274. [PMID: 37948633 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many lysosomal enzymes contain N-glycans carrying mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) residues. Modifying lysosomal enzymes by M6P residues requires a two-step process in the Golgi apparatus. Then the lysosomal enzymes with M6P residues are transported from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes and lysosomes by M6P receptors. In insect cells, M6P residues are not added to N-glycans. Therefore, many insect lysosomal enzymes are transported to lysosomes by the M6P-independent pathway. The expression and subcellular distribution of M6P-modifying enzymes were examined by amplifying DNA fragments of M6P-modifying enzymes, generating the corresponding plasmid constructs, and transfection each construct into Sf9 cells, an insect cell line. The human GlcNac-1-phosphotransferase α/β subunit, one of the M6P-modifying enzymes, was found to differ in maturation and localization between mammalian and insect cells. In mammalian cells, newly biosynthesized α/β subunit localized in the cis-Golgi. In Sf9 cells, most of the α/β subunit was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, and few mature forms of α/β subunit were observed. However, by the co-expression of the human site-1 protease, the mature forms were observed significantly and co-localization with each protein. Our study indicates new insights into regulating the intracellular distribution of the human GlcNac-1-phosphotransferase α/β subunit in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kiriyama
- Institute for Genome Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15, Kuramotocho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Shoumachi, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujioka
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University,1-78-1, Shoumachi, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kaito Kawai
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Shoumachi, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Teru Mizuno
- Institute for Genome Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15, Kuramotocho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Shoumachi, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinohara
- Institute for Genome Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15, Kuramotocho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Shoumachi, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University,1-78-1, Shoumachi, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Shoumachi, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University,1-78-1, Shoumachi, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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3
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Zimmann N, Rada P, Žárský V, Smutná T, Záhonová K, Dacks J, Harant K, Hrdý I, Tachezy J. Proteomic Analysis of Trichomonas vaginalis Phagolysosome, Lysosomal Targeting, and Unconventional Secretion of Cysteine Peptidases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100174. [PMID: 34763061 PMCID: PMC8717582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosome represents a central degradative compartment of eukaryote cells, yet little is known about the biogenesis and function of this organelle in parasitic protists. Whereas the mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)-dependent system is dominant for lysosomal targeting in metazoans, oligosaccharide-independent sorting has been reported in other eukaryotes. In this study, we investigated the phagolysosomal proteome of the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, its protein targeting and the involvement of lysosomes in hydrolase secretion. The organelles were purified using Percoll and OptiPrep gradient centrifugation and a novel purification protocol based on the phagocytosis of lactoferrin-covered magnetic nanoparticles. The analysis resulted in a lysosomal proteome of 462 proteins, which were sorted into 21 classes. Hydrolases represented the largest functional class and included proteases, lipases, phosphatases, and glycosidases. Identification of a large set of proteins involved in vesicular trafficking (80) and turnover of actin cytoskeleton rearrangement (29) indicate a dynamic phagolysosomal compartment. Several cysteine proteases such as TvCP2 were previously shown to be secreted. Our experiments showed that secretion of TvCP2 was strongly inhibited by chloroquine, which increases intralysosomal pH, thus indicating that TvCP2 secretion occurs through lysosomes rather than the classical secretory pathway. Unexpectedly, we identified divergent homologues of the M6P receptor TvMPR in the phagolysosomal proteome, although T. vaginalis lacks enzymes for M6P formation. To test whether oligosaccharides are involved in lysosomal targeting, we selected the lysosome-resident cysteine protease CLCP, which possesses two glycosylation sites. Mutation of any of the sites redirected CLCP to the secretory pathway. Similarly, the introduction of glycosylation sites to secreted β-amylase redirected this protein to lysosomes. Thus, unlike other parasitic protists, T. vaginalis seems to utilize glycosylation as a recognition marker for lysosomal hydrolases. Our findings provide the first insight into the complexity of T. vaginalis phagolysosomes, their biogenesis, and role in the unconventional secretion of cysteine peptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Zimmann
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Rada
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Žárský
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Smutná
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Záhonová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Joel Dacks
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karel Harant
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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4
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Recruited lysosomal enzymes as major digestive enzymes in insects. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:615-623. [PMID: 30902923 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mass recruitment to the midgut contents of lysosomal proteolytic enzymes occurred in insects under three major selective pressures. Hemipteran (true bugs, aphids, and cicadas) ancestors lost their serine peptidases (SP) on adapting to feed on protein-free plant sap. When they returned to protein diets, their cathepsins L and B were recruited to replace their lost SP. Among beetles of the series Cucujiformia, cathepsins L were recruited to hydrolyze ingested plant inhibitors that affect their major SP and/or to deal with special seed proteins, such as prolamins. Larval flies have a very acid middle midgut and use cathepsin D to digest bacteria from their infected food. All the recruited enzymes originated from duplicated genes. The recruited digestive enzymes differ from their lysosomal counterparts in critical regions of their amino acid sequences that resulted in changes in substrate specificities and other kinetic properties. The discharge of digestive cathepsins in the midgut contents, instead of lysosomes, seems to be a consequence of their overexpression or the existence of new targeting signals. Their activation at the midgut contents occurs by an autoactivation mechanism or with the help of other enzymes or by a combination of both. The targeting to lysosomes of the insect lysosomal enzymes does not follow the mammalian mannose 6-phosphate route, but an incompletely known mechanism.
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5
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Zhang KY, Yuan WJ, Xu JD, Wang JX. Cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor functions as a pattern recognition receptor in anti-bacterial immunity of Marsupenaeus japonicus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 89:122-130. [PMID: 30118735 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) is a member of the P-type lectin family. As a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, it functions in the delivery of newly synthesized acid hydrolases from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes for their subsequent transfer to the lysosome by binding the mannose-6-phosphate receptor-recognition moieties in the hydrolases. However, the functions of CD-MPR in immune responses are seldom reported. In the present study, we identified a CD-MPR-like molecule in Marsupenaeus japonicus and designed it as MjCD-MPR. It was significantly upregulated after challenge with Vibrio anguillarum at the mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of MjCD-MPR resulted in a significant increase in the amount of V. anguillarum in the hemolymph of shrimp, which suggested that MjCD-MPR plays a role in shrimp antibacterial defense. The recombinant extracytoplasmic region of MjCD-MPR could bind gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by interaction with peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, and lipoteichoic acid. MjCD-MPR showed no direct bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal activity. Knockdown of MjCD-MPR decreased the expression levels of several antimicrobial peptides (Alf-C1, Alf-E1, Crustin I-2, and Crustin I-3), suggesting that MjCD-MPR promotes the expression of antimicrobial peptides in shrimp. In summary, working as a pattern recognition receptor, MjCD-MPR recognizes invading bacteria and triggers the expression of AMPs against bacterial infection in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yi Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Ji-Dong Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
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6
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Terra WR, Dias RO, Oliveira PL, Ferreira C, Venancio TM. Transcriptomic analyses uncover emerging roles of mucins, lysosome/secretory addressing and detoxification pathways in insect midguts. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 29:34-40. [PMID: 30551823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of insect midgut features has been made possible by the recent availability of transcriptome datasets. These data uncovered the preferential expression of mucus-forming mucins at midgut regions that require protection (e.g. the acidic middle midgut of Musca domestica) or at sites of enzyme immobilization, particularly around the peritrophic membrane of Spodoptera frugiperda. Coleoptera lysosomal peptidases are directed to midgut lumen when over-expressed and targeted to lysosomes by a mechanism other than the mannose 6-phosphate-dependent pathway. We show that this second trend is likely conserved across Annelida, Mollusca, Nematoda, and Arthropoda. Furthermore, midgut transcriptomes of distantly related species reveal a general overexpression of xenobiotic detoxification pathways. In addition to attenuating toxicity of plant-derived compounds and insecticides, we also discuss a role for these detoxification pathways in regulating host-microbiota interactions by metabolizing bacterial secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Terra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Renata O Dias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clélia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Venancio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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7
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Ayala CI, Kim J, Neufeld TP. Rab6 promotes insulin receptor and cathepsin trafficking to regulate autophagy induction and activity in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216127. [PMID: 30111579 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-degradative process of autophagy is important for energy homeostasis and cytoplasmic renewal. This lysosome-mediated pathway is negatively regulated by the target of rapamycin kinase (TOR) under basal conditions, and requires the vesicle trafficking machinery regulated by Rab GTPases. However, the interactions between autophagy, TOR and Rab proteins remain incompletely understood in vivo Here, we identify Rab6 as a critical regulator of the balance between TOR signaling and autolysosome function. Loss of Rab6 causes an accumulation of enlarged autophagic vesicles resulting in part from a failure to deliver lysosomal hydrolases, rendering autolysosomes with a reduced degradative capacity and impaired turnover. Additionally, Rab6-deficient cells are reduced in size and display defective insulin-TOR signaling as a result of mis-sorting and internalization of the insulin receptor. Our findings suggest that Rab6 acts to maintain the reciprocal regulation between autophagy and TOR activity during distinct nutrient states, thereby balancing autophagosome production and turnover to avoid autophagic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Ayala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Thomas P Neufeld
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Ajith Kumar A, Siva Kumar N. Biochemical Characterization of a Lysosomal α-Mannosidase from the Starfish Asterias rubens. Protein J 2018; 37:361-368. [PMID: 29882184 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-018-9778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Acidic α-mannosidase is an important enzyme and is reported from many different plants and animals. Lysosomal α-mannosidase helps in the catabolism of glycoproteins in the lysosomes thereby playing a major role in cellular homeostasis. In the present study lysosomal α-mannosidase from the gonads of echinoderm Asterias rubens was isolated and purified. The crude protein sample from ammonium sulfate precipitate contained two isoforms of mannosidase as tested by the MAN2B1 antibody, which were separated by anion exchange chromatography. Enzyme with 75 kDa molecular weight was purified and biochemically characterized. Optimum pH of the enzyme was found to be in the range of 4.5-5 and optimum temperature was 37 °C. The activity of the enzyme was inhibited completely by swainsonine but not by 1-deoxymannojirimycin. Ligand blot assays showed that the enzyme can interact with both the lysosomal enzyme sorting receptors indicating the presence of mannose 6-phosphate in the glycan surface of the enzyme. This is the first report of lysosomal α-mannosidase in an active monomeric form. Its interaction with the receptors suggest that the lysosomal enzyme targeting in echinoderms might follow a mannose 6-phosphate mediated pathway similar to that in the vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravindakshan Ajith Kumar
- Protein Biochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Nadimpalli Siva Kumar
- Protein Biochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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9
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Bhamidimarri PM, Krishnapati LS, Ghaskadbi S, Nadimpalli SK. Mannose 6-phosphate-dependent lysosomal enzyme targeting in hydra: a biochemical, immunological and structural elucidation. FEBS Lett 2018. [PMID: 29537487 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)-dependent lysosomal enzyme targeting to endosome/lysosome complex is poorly understood among lower invertebrates. So far, only a M6P-independent lysosomal enzyme sorting protein, named LERP, has been described in Drosophila. Here, we have identified mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR) homologues in Hydra vulgaris, a basal Cnidarian, at genome level and further purified a cation-dependent MPR-like protein from hydra using affinity chromatography. Structural comparisons of hydra MPRs with mammalian MPRs confirm that the residues important for interacting with the M6P ligand are conserved. Based on our results, we report for the first time the occurrence of MPR-related proteins and M6P-dependent lysosomal enzyme targeting in H. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorna Manasa Bhamidimarri
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Lakshmi Surekha Krishnapati
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Surendra Ghaskadbi
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Siva Kumar Nadimpalli
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, India
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Damasceno TF, Dias RO, de Oliveira JR, Salinas RK, Juliano MA, Ferreira C, Terra WR. Active subsite properties, subsite residues and targeting to lysosomes or midgut lumen of cathepsins L from the beetle Tenebrio molitor. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:17-30. [PMID: 28838758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins L are the major digestive peptidases in the beetle Tenebrio molitor. Two digestive cathepsins L (TmCAL2 and TmCAL3) from it had their 3D structures solved. The aim of this paper was to study in details TmCAL3 specificity and properties and relate them to its 3D structure. Recombinant TmCAL3 was assayed with 64 oligopeptides with different amino acid replacements in positions P2, P1, P1' and P2'. Results showed that TmCAL3 S2 specificity differs from the human enzyme and that its specificities also explain why on autoactivation two propeptide residues remain in the enzyme. Data on free energy of binding and of activation showed that S1 and S2' are mainly involved in substrate binding, S1' acts in substrate binding and catalysis, whereas S2 is implied mainly in catalysis. Enzyme subsite residues were identified by docking with the same oligopeptide used for kinetics. The subsite hydrophobicities were calculated from the efficiency of hydrolysis of different amino acid replacements in the peptide and from docking data. The results were closer for S1 and S2' than for S1' and S2, indicating that the residue subsites that were more involved in transition state binding are different from those binding the substrate seen in docking. Besides TmCAL1-3, there are nine other cathepsins L, most of them more expressed at midgut. They are supposed to be directed to lysosomes by a Drosophila-like Lerp receptor and/or motifs in their prodomains. The mannose 6-phosphate lysosomal sorting machinery is absent from T. molitor transcriptome. Cathepsin L direction to midgut contents seems to depend on overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticiane F Damasceno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Renata O Dias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana R de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Roberto K Salinas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Clelia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Walter R Terra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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11
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Leksa V, Ilková A, Vičíková K, Stockinger H. Unravelling novel functions of the endosomal transporter mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor receptor (CD222) in health and disease: An emerging regulator of the immune system. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:194-200. [PMID: 28823520 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Properly balanced cellular responses require both the mutual interactions of soluble factors with cell surface receptors and the crosstalk of intracellular molecules. In particular, immune cells exposed unceasingly to an array of positive and negative stimuli must distinguish between what has to be tolerated and attacked. Protein trafficking is one of crucial pathways involved in this labour. The approximately >270-kDa protein transporter called mannose 6- phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R, CD222) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein present largely intracellularly in the Golgi apparatus and endosomal compartments, but also at the cell surface. It is expressed ubiquitously in a vast majority of higher eukaryotic cell types. Through binding and trafficking multiple unrelated extracellular and intracellular ligands, CD222 is involved in the regulation of a plethora of functions, and thus implicated in many physiological but also pathophysiological conditions. This review describes, first, general features of CD222, such as its evolution, genomic structure and regulation, protein structure and ligands; and second, its specific functions with a special focus on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Leksa
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Antónia Ilková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristína Vičíková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Coulette Q, Lemauf S, Colinet D, Prévost G, Anselme C, Poirié M, Gatti JL. Biochemical characterization and comparison of aspartylglucosaminidases secreted in venom of the parasitoid wasps Asobara tabida and Leptopilina heterotoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181940. [PMID: 28742131 PMCID: PMC5524358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA) is a low-abundance intracellular enzyme that plays a key role in the last stage of glycoproteins degradation, and whose deficiency leads to human aspartylglucosaminuria, a lysosomal storage disease. Surprisingly, high amounts of AGA-like proteins are secreted in the venom of two phylogenetically distant hymenopteran parasitoid wasp species, Asobara tabida (Braconidae) and Leptopilina heterotoma (Cynipidae). These venom AGAs have a similar domain organization as mammalian AGAs. They share with them key residues for autocatalysis and activity, and the mature α- and β-subunits also form an (αβ)2 structure in solution. Interestingly, only one of these AGAs subunits (α for AtAGA and β for LhAGA) is glycosylated instead of the two subunits for lysosomal human AGA (hAGA), and these glycosylations are partially resistant to PGNase F treatment. The two venom AGAs are secreted as fully activated enzymes, they have a similar aspartylglucosaminidase activity and are both also efficient asparaginases. Once AGAs are injected into the larvae of the Drosophila melanogaster host, the asparaginase activity may play a role in modulating their physiology. Altogether, our data provide new elements for a better understanding of the secretion and the role of venom AGAs as virulence factors in the parasitoid wasps' success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Coulette
- Unité “Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés” (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Séverine Lemauf
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Geneviève Prévost
- Unité “Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés” (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Caroline Anselme
- Unité “Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés” (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
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13
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Robinson DG, Neuhaus JM. Receptor-mediated sorting of soluble vacuolar proteins: myths, facts, and a new model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4435-49. [PMID: 27262127 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To prevent their being released to the cell exterior, acid hydrolases are recognized by receptors at some point in the secretory pathway and diverted towards the lytic compartment of the cell (lysosome or vacuole). In animal cells, the receptor is called the mannosyl 6-phosphate receptor (MPR) and it binds hydrolase ligands in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). These ligands are then sequestered into clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) because of motifs in the cytosolic tail of the MPR which interact first with monomeric adaptors (Golgi-localized, Gamma-ear-containing, ARF-binding proteins, GGAs) and then with tetrameric (adaptin) adaptor complexes. The CCVs then fuse with an early endosome, whose more acidic lumen causes the ligands to dissociate. The MPRs are then recycled back to the TGN via retromer-coated carriers. Plants have vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) which were originally identified in CCVs isolated from pea (Pisum sativum L.) cotyledons. It was therefore assumed that VSRs would have an analogous function in plants to MPRs in animals. Although this dogma has enjoyed wide support over the last 20 years there are many inconsistencies. Recently, results have been published which are quite contrary to it. It now emerges that VSRs and their ligands can interact very early in the secretory pathway, and dissociate in the TGN, which, in contrast to its mammalian counterpart, has a pH of 5.5. Multivesicular endosomes in plants lack proton pump complexes and consequently have an almost neutral internal pH, which discounts them as organelles of pH-dependent receptor-ligand dissociation. These data force a critical re-evaluation of the role of CCVs at the TGN, especially considering that vacuolar cargo ligands have never been identified in them. We propose that one population of TGN-derived CCVs participate in retrograde transport of VSRs from the TGN. We also present a new model to explain how secretory and vacuolar cargo proteins are effectively separated after entering the late Golgi/TGN compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Robinson
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Neuhaus
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchatel, Switzerland
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14
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Hasanagic M, van Meel E, Luan S, Aurora R, Kornfeld S, Eissenberg JC. The lysosomal enzyme receptor protein (LERP) is not essential, but is implicated in lysosomal function in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Open 2015; 4:1316-25. [PMID: 26405051 PMCID: PMC4610224 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal enzyme receptor protein (LERP) of Drosophila melanogaster is the ortholog of the mammalian cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate (Man 6-P) receptor, which mediates trafficking of newly synthesized lysosomal acid hydrolases to lysosomes. However, flies lack the enzymes necessary to make the Man 6-P mark, and the amino acids implicated in Man 6-P binding by the mammalian receptor are not conserved in LERP. Thus, the function of LERP in sorting of lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes in Drosophila is unclear. Here, we analyze the consequence of LERP depletion in S2 cells and intact flies. RNAi-mediated knockdown of LERP in S2 cells had little or no effect on the cellular content or secretion of several lysosomal hydrolases. We generated a novel Lerp null mutation, Lerp(F6), which abolishes LERP protein expression. Lerp mutants have normal viability and fertility and display no overt phenotypes other than reduced body weight. Lerp mutant flies exhibit a 30-40% decrease in the level of several lysosomal hydrolases, and are hypersensitive to dietary chloroquine and starvation, consistent with impaired lysosome function. Loss of LERP also enhances an eye phenotype associated with defective autophagy. Our findings implicate Lerp in lysosome function and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina Hasanagic
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Eline van Meel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shan Luan
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Stuart Kornfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel C Eissenberg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Hasanagic M, Waheed A, Eissenberg JC. Different Pathways to the Lysosome: Sorting out Alternatives. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 320:75-101. [PMID: 26614872 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Considerable research supports a model in which hydrolytic enzymes of mammalian lysosomes are sorted to their destinations in a receptor-dependent mechanism. The ligand for the mammalian sorting receptors is mannose 6-phosphate (M6P). Two M6P receptors have been defined in mammals. Here, we review the foundational evidence supporting this mechanism and highlight the remaining gaps in our understanding of the mammalian mechanism, including evidence for M6P-independent sorting, and its relevance to lysosomal enzyme sorting in metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina Hasanagic
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel C Eissenberg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Maruzs T, Lőrincz P, Szatmári Z, Széplaki S, Sándor Z, Lakatos Z, Puska G, Juhász G, Sass M. Retromer Ensures the Degradation of Autophagic Cargo by Maintaining Lysosome Function in Drosophila. Traffic 2015; 16:1088-107. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Maruzs
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1./C Budapest H-1117 Hungary
- Momentum Drosophila Autophagy Research Group; Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Temesvári krt. 62 Szeged H-6726 Hungary
| | - Péter Lőrincz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1./C Budapest H-1117 Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Szatmári
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1./C Budapest H-1117 Hungary
| | - Szilvia Széplaki
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1./C Budapest H-1117 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Sándor
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1./C Budapest H-1117 Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lakatos
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1./C Budapest H-1117 Hungary
| | - Gina Puska
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1./C Budapest H-1117 Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1./C Budapest H-1117 Hungary
- Momentum Drosophila Autophagy Research Group; Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Temesvári krt. 62 Szeged H-6726 Hungary
| | - Miklós Sass
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1./C Budapest H-1117 Hungary
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17
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Kowalewski-Nimmerfall E, Schähs P, Maresch D, Rendic D, Krämer H, Mach L. Drosophila melanogaster cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes is a lysosomal protein essential for fly development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2900-12. [PMID: 25173815 PMCID: PMC4331662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes is a lysosomal glycoprotein implicated in cellular growth and differentiation. The genome of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster encodes a putative orthologue (dCREG), suggesting evolutionarily conserved physiological functions of this protein. In D. melanogaster S2 cells, dCREG was found to localize in lysosomes. Further studies revealed that intracellular dCREG is subject of proteolytic maturation. Processing and turnover could be substantially reduced by RNAi-mediated silencing of cathepsin L. In contrast to mammalian cells, lysosomal delivery of dCREG does not depend on its carbohydrate moiety. Furthermore, depletion of the putative D. melanogaster lysosomal sorting receptor lysosomal enzyme receptor protein did not compromise cellular retention of dCREG. We also investigated the developmental consequences of dCREG ablation in whole D. melanogaster flies. Ubiquitous depletion of dCREG proved lethal at the late pupal stage once a knock-down efficiency of > 95% was achieved. These results demonstrate that dCREG is essential for proper completion of fly development. The lysosomal localization of CREG is evolutionarily conserved. Lysosomal delivery of CREG is mediated by different mechanisms in mammals and flies. Cathepsin L is the main protease responsible for CREG processing and turnover. CREG deficiency causes developmental lethality in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kowalewski-Nimmerfall
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schähs
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dubravko Rendic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Niu YS, Wang MX, Liang S, Zhou F, Miao YG. Expression and localization of silkworm adaptor protein complex-1 subunits, which were down-regulated post baculovirus infection. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10775-83. [PMID: 23053975 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adaptor protein complexes (APs) function as vesicle coat components in different membrane traffic pathways. In this study the subunits of adaptor protein complex-1 (AP-1) of silkworm Bombyx mori were molecularly characterized. All coding genes for the four subunits were cloned and sequenced. Phylogenic tree for each adaptin was constructed and all subunits were found to be conserved in respective group among organisms. The mRNA expression pattern for each adaptin was similar among tissues. Alternative splicing event was observed in genes encoding both the heavy chain gamma and beta adaptin and the light chain subunit, which could generate other possible adaptin forms. GFP-tagged fusion proteins indicated that AP-1 located in the peripheral plasma area. Furthermore, the BmNPV infection in B. mori cells had differentiated effect on the expression level of AP-1 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Shan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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19
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Doray B, Misra S, Qian Y, Brett TJ, Kornfeld S. Do GGA adaptors bind internal DXXLL motifs? Traffic 2012; 13:1315-25. [PMID: 22762444 PMCID: PMC3443260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The GGA family of clathrin adaptor proteins mediates the intracellular trafficking of transmembrane proteins by interacting with DXXLL-type sorting signals on the latter. These signals were originally identified at the carboxy-termini of the transmembrane cargo proteins. Subsequent studies, however, showed that internal DXXLL sorting motifs occur within the N- or C-terminal cytoplasmic domains of cargo molecules. The GGAs themselves also contain internal DXXLL motifs that serve to auto-regulate GGA function. A recent study challenged the notion that internal DXXLL signals are competent for binding to GGAs. Since the question of whether GGA adaptors interact with internal DXXLL motifs is fundamental to the identification of bona fide GGA cargo, and to an accurate understanding of GGA regulation within cells, we have extended our previous findings. We now present additional evidence confirming that GGAs do interact with internal DXXLL motifs. We also summarize the recent reports from other laboratories documenting internal GGA binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Doray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Saurav Misra
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Yi Qian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tom J. Brett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stuart Kornfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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20
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Luan S, Ilvarsonn AM, Eissenberg JC. The unique GGA clathrin adaptor of Drosophila melanogaster is not essential. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45163. [PMID: 23028818 PMCID: PMC3447878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi-localized, γ-ear-containing, ARF binding proteins (GGAs) are a highly conserved family of monomeric clathrin adaptor proteins implicated in clathrin-mediated protein sorting between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes. GGA RNAi knockdowns in Drosophila have resulted in conflicting data concerning whether the Drosophila GGA (dGGA) is essential. The goal of this study was to define the null phenotype for the unique Drosophila GGA. We describe two independently derived dGGA mutations. Neither allele expresses detectable dGGA protein. Homozygous and hemizygous flies with each allele are viable and fertile. In contrast to a previous report using RNAi knockdown, GGA mutant flies show no evidence of age-dependent retinal degeneration or cathepsin missorting. Our results demonstrate that several of the previous RNAi knockdown phenotypes were the result of off-target effects. However, GGA null flies are hypersensitive to dietary chloroquine and to starvation, implicating GGA in lysosomal function and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luan
- Department of Biology, Macelwane Hall, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Ilvarsonn
- Department of Biology, Macelwane Hall, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joel C. Eissenberg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kametaka S, Kametaka A, Yonekura S, Haruta M, Takenoshita S, Goto S, Waguri S. AP-1 clathrin adaptor and CG8538/Aftiphilin are involved in Notch signaling during eye development in Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:634-48. [PMID: 22389401 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.090167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin adaptor protein complex-1 (AP-1) and its accessory proteins play a role in the sorting of integral membrane proteins at the trans-Golgi network and endosomes. Their physiological functions in complex organisms, however, are not fully understood. In this study, we found that CG8538p, an uncharacterized Drosophila protein, shares significant structural and functional characteristics with Aftiphilin, a mammalian AP-1 accessory protein. The Drosophila Aftiphilin was shown to interact directly with the ear domain of γ-adaptin of Drosophila AP-1, but not with the GAE domain of Drosophila GGA. In S2 cells, Drosophila Aftiphilin and AP-1 formed a complex and colocalized at the Golgi compartment. Moreover, tissue-specific depletion of AP-1 or Aftiphilin in the developing eyes resulted in a disordered alignment of photoreceptor neurons in larval stage and roughened eyes with aberrant ommatidia in adult flies. Furthermore, AP-1-depleted photoreceptor neurons showed an intracellular accumulation of a Notch regulator, Scabrous, and downregulation of Notch by promoting its degradation in the lysosomes. These results suggest that AP-1 and Aftiphilin are cooperatively involved in the intracellular trafficking of Notch during eye development in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kametaka
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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22
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Lysosomal enzyme sorting receptors-where did they first appear in the animal kingdom? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 749:67-82. [PMID: 22695839 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3381-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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23
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Burgess J, Del Bel LM, Ma CIJ, Barylko B, Polevoy G, Rollins J, Albanesi JP, Krämer H, Brill JA. Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase regulates trafficking of secretory granule proteins in Drosophila. Development 2012; 139:3040-50. [PMID: 22791894 DOI: 10.1242/dev.077644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KII) produces the lipid phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), a key regulator of membrane trafficking. Here, we generated genetic models of the sole Drosophila melanogaster PI4KII gene. A specific requirement for PI4KII emerged in larval salivary glands. In PI4KII mutants, mucin-containing glue granules failed to reach normal size, with glue protein aberrantly accumulating in enlarged Rab7-positive late endosomes. Presence of PI4KII at the Golgi and on dynamic tubular endosomes indicated two distinct foci for its function. First, consistent with the established role of PI4P in the Golgi, PI4KII is required for sorting of glue granule cargo and the granule-associated SNARE Snap24. Second, PI4KII also has an unforeseen function in late endosomes, where it is required for normal retromer dynamics and for formation of tubular endosomes that are likely to be involved in retrieving Snap24 and Lysosomal enzyme receptor protein (Lerp) from late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. Our genetic analysis of PI4KII in flies thus reveals a novel role for PI4KII in regulating the fidelity of granule protein trafficking in secretory tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Burgess
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
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24
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Visa M, Hammer E, Völker U, Koliwer-Brandl H, Kelm S, Nadimpalli SK. Purification and biochemical characterization of a lysosomal α-fucosidase from the deuterostomia Asterias rubens. Biochimie 2012; 94:1199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Isolation, affinity purification and biochemical characterization of a lysosomal cathepsin D from the deuterostome Asterias rubens. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Castonguay AC, Lasanajak Y, Song X, Olson LJ, Cummings RD, Smith DF, Dahms NM. The glycan-binding properties of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor are evolutionary conserved in vertebrates. Glycobiology 2012; 22:983-96. [PMID: 22369936 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The 300-kDa cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) plays an essential role in the biogenesis of lysosomes by delivering newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes from the trans Golgi network to the endosomal system. The CI-MPR is expressed in most eukaryotes, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans being notable exceptions. Although the repertoire of glycans recognized by the bovine receptor has been studied extensively, little is known concerning the ligand-binding properties of the CI-MPR from non-mammalian species. To assess the evolutionary conservation of the CI-MPR, surface plasmon resonance analyses using lysosomal enzymes with defined N-glycans were carried out to probe the glycan-binding specificity of the Danio rerio CI-MPR. The results demonstrate that the D. rerio CI-MPR harbors three glycan-binding sites that, like the bovine CI-MPR, map to domains 3, 5 and 9 of its 15-domain-containing extracytoplasmic region. Analyses on a phosphorylated glycan microarray further demonstrated the unique binding properties of each of the three sites and showed that, similar to the bovine CI-MPR, only domain 5 of the D. rerio CI-MPR is capable of recognizing Man-P-GlcNAc-containing glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Castonguay
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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27
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Kametaka S, Waguri S. Visualization of TGN-Endosome Trafficking in Mammalian and Drosophila Cells. Methods Enzymol 2012; 504:255-71. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391857-4.00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Eissenberg JC, Ilvarsonn AM, Sly WS, Waheed A, Krzyzanek V, Pohlmann R, Waschkau D, Kretzschmar D, Dennes AC. Drosophila GGA model: an ultimate gateway to GGA analysis. Traffic 2011; 12:1821-38. [PMID: 21923734 PMCID: PMC3601743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Golgi-localized, γ-ear-containing, ADP ribosylation factor-binding (GGA) proteins are monomeric adaptors implicated in clathrin-mediated vesicular transport between the trans Golgi network and endosomes, characterized mainly from cell culture analysis of lysosomal sorting. To provide the first demonstration of GGA's role in vivo, we used Drosophila which has a single GGA and a single lysosomal sorting receptor, lysosomal enzyme receptor protein (LERP). Using RNAi knockdowns, we show that the Drosophila GGA is required for lysosomal sorting. We further identified authentic components of the Drosophila lysosomal sorting system--the sorting receptor LERP, the sorting adaptor GGA and the lysosomal cargo cathepsins B1, D and L--to show that GGA depletion results in lysosomal dysfunction. Abnormal lysosomal morphology, missorting of lysosomal cathepsins and impaired lysosomal proteolysis show disturbed LERP trafficking after GGA depletion. GGA is highly expressed in the mushroom bodies and the pigment cells of the retina, and increasing or decreasing the levels of GGA in the eyes leads to retinal defects. Reduced GGA levels also enhance an eye defect caused by overexpression of the autophagy-associated protein Blue cheese (Bchs), implicating GGA in autophagic processes. This shows that Drosophila provides an excellent whole-animal model to gain new insights into the function of GGA in the physiological environment of a multicellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C. Eissenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Anne M. Ilvarsonn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - William S. Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Vladislav Krzyzanek
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Regina Pohlmann
- UKM, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniela Waschkau
- UKM, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - André C. Dennes
- UKM, Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Swetha MG, Sriram V, Krishnan KS, Oorschot VMJ, ten Brink C, Klumperman J, Mayor S. Lysosomal membrane protein composition, acidic pH and sterol content are regulated via a light-dependent pathway in metazoan cells. Traffic 2011; 12:1037-55. [PMID: 21535339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In metazoans, lysosomes are characterized by a unique tubular morphology, acidic pH, and specific membrane protein (LAMP) and lipid (cholesterol) composition as well as a soluble protein (hydrolases) composition. Here we show that perturbation to the eye-color gene, light, results in impaired lysosomal acidification, sterol accumulation, altered endosomal morphology as well as compromised lysosomal degradation. We find that Drosophila homologue of Vps41, Light, regulates the fusion of a specific subset of biosynthetic carriers containing characteristic endolysosomal membrane proteins, LAMP1, V0-ATPase and the cholesterol transport protein, NPC1, with the endolysosomal system, and is then required for the morphological progression of the multivesicular endosome. Inhibition of Light results in accumulation of biosynthetic transport intermediates that contain these membrane cargoes, whereas under similar conditions, endosomal delivery of soluble hydrolases, previously shown to be mediated by Dor, the Drosophila homologue of Vps18, is not affected. Unlike Dor, Light is recruited to endosomes in a PI3P-sensitive fashion wherein it facilitates fusion of these biosynthetic cargoes with the endosomes. Depletion of the mammalian counterpart of Light, hVps41, in a human cell line also inhibits delivery of hLAMP to endosomes, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved pathway in metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Swetha
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
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30
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Castonguay AC, Olson LJ, Dahms NM. Mannose 6-phosphate receptor homology (MRH) domain-containing lectins in the secretory pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:815-26. [PMID: 21723917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mannose 6-phosphate receptor homology (MRH) domain-containing family of proteins, which include recycling receptors (mannose 6-phosphate receptors, MPRs), resident endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins (glucosidase II β-subunit, XTP3-B, OS-9), and a Golgi glycosyltransferase (GlcNAc-phosphotransferase γ-subunit), are characterized by the presence of one or more MRH domains. Many MRH domains act as lectins and bind specific phosphorylated (MPRs) or non-phosphorylated (glucosidase II β-subunit, XTP3-B and OS-9) high mannose-type N-glycans. The MPRs are the only proteins known to bind mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) residues via their MRH domains. SCOPE OF REVIEW Recent biochemical and structural studies that have provided valuable insight into the glycan specificity and mechanisms of carbohydrate recognition by this diverse group of MRH domain-containing proteins are highlighted. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Currently, three-dimensional structures are known for ten MRH domains, revealing the conservation of a similar fold. OS-9 and the MPRs use the same four residues (Gln, Arg, Glu, and Tyr) to bind mannose. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The MRH domain-containing proteins play key roles in the secretory pathway: glucosidase II, XTP3-B, and OS-9 are involved in the recognition of nascent glycoproteins, whereas the MPRs play an essential role in lysosome biogenesis by targeting Man-6-P-containing lysosomal enzymes to the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Castonguay
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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31
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Hirst J, Carmichael J. A potential role for the clathrin adaptor GGA in Drosophila spermatogenesis. BMC Cell Biol 2011; 12:22. [PMID: 21599933 PMCID: PMC3127973 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-12-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GGAs (Golgi-localised, γ-ear containing, ADP ribosylation factor-binding) are a family of clathrin adaptors that sort a number of biologically important transmembrane proteins into clathrin-coated vesicles. Knockout and knockdown studies to determine GGA function are confounded by the fact that there are 3 GGA genes in mammalian cells. Thus Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model system to study tissue expression profiles and knockdown phenotypes as there is a single GGA ortholog. Results Here we have quantified protein expression in Drosophila and show that there is >3-fold higher expression of GGA in male flies relative to female flies. In female flies the majority of GGA expression is in the head. In male flies GGA is not only expressed at high levels in the head but there is a gender specific increased expression which is due to the abundant expression of GGA in the testes. Using a highly specific antibody we have localised endogenous GGA protein in testes squashes, and visualised it in somatic and germ line cells. We show that GGA is expressed during multiple stages of sperm development, and co-stains with a marker of the trans-Golgi Network. This is most striking at the acroblast of early spermatids. In spite of the high expression of GGA in testes, knocking down its expression by >95% using transgenic RNAi fly lines did not affect male fertility. Therefore spermatogenesis in the male flies appears to progress normally with <5% GGA, most likely because alternative adaptors may be able to substitute partially or completely for the function of GGA. We also identify 'cueball' as a novel cargo for GGA, and mutants of cueball have been shown to have a male sterility phenotype. Conclusion In Drosophila we have uncovered a potential role for GGA in the testes of male flies. The gender specific higher expression of GGA, its specific enrichment in testes and its localisation to developing spermatocytes and at the acroblast of spermatids supports a role for GGA function in Drosophila spermatogenesis, even though spermatogenesis still occurs when GGA expression is depleted to <5% of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hirst
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK.
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32
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Kametaka S, Sawada N, Bonifacino JS, Waguri S. Functional characterization of protein-sorting machineries at the trans-Golgi network in Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:460-71. [PMID: 20067992 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.055103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting of proteins to their final destination is a prerequisite for living cells to maintain their homeostasis. Clathrin functions as a coat that forms transport carriers called clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) at the plasma membrane and post-Golgi compartments. In this study, we established an experimental system using Schneider S2 cells derived from the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model system to study the physiological roles of clathrin adaptors, and to dissect the processes of CCV formation. We found that a clathrin adaptor Drosophila GGA (dGGA), a homolog of mammalian GGA proteins, localizes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and is capable of recruiting clathrin from the cytosol onto TGN membranes. dGGA itself is recruited from the cytosol to the TGN in an ARF1 small GTPase (dARF79F)-dependent manner. dGGA recognizes the cytoplasmic acidic-cluster-dileucine (ACLL) sorting signal of Lerp (lysosomal enzyme receptor protein), a homolog of mammalian mannose 6-phosphate receptors. Moreover, both dGGA and another type of TGN-localized clathrin adaptor, AP-1 (adaptor protein-1 complex), are shown to be involved in the trafficking of Lerp from the TGN to endosomes and/or lysosomes. Taken together, our findings indicate that the protein-sorting machinery in fly cells is well conserved relative to that in mammals, enabling the use of fly cells to dissect CCV biogenesis and clathrin-dependent protein trafficking at the TGN of higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kametaka
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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33
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Yadavalli S, Nadimpalli SK. Role of cation independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor protein in sorting and intracellular trafficking of lysosomal enzymes in chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. Glycoconj J 2009; 27:39-48. [PMID: 19890709 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of soluble lysosomal proteins to the lysosomes is dependent primarily on the mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) in mammals. However, in non-mammalian cells the role of MPR300 in sorting and trafficking of acid hydrolases to lysosomes is not fully understood till now. In this paper, we tested the role of MPR300 in sorting and trafficking of lysosomal enzymes in CEF cells using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology. Inactivation of MPR300 resulted in the secretion of large amounts of newly synthesized hydrolases into the medium and also inhibited the endocytosis of mannose 6-phospharylated ligands. Knockdown of MPR300 in CEF cells results in missorting of fucosidase and arylsulfatse A enzymes into the medium. The results indicated that the MPR300 in CEF cells plays a key role in sorting and trafficking of these soluble hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaramakrishna Yadavalli
- Protein Biochemistry and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
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34
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Hirst J, Sahlender DA, Choma M, Sinka R, Harbour ME, Parkinson M, Robinson MS. Spatial and Functional Relationship of GGAs and AP-1 inDrosophilaand HeLa Cells. Traffic 2009; 10:1696-710. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Probst OC, Puxbaum V, Svoboda B, Leksa V, Stockinger H, Mikula M, Mikulits W, Mach L. The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor restricts the tumourigenicity and invasiveness of squamous cell carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2559-67. [PMID: 19195023 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor (M6P/IGF2R) mediates biosynthetic sorting and endocytosis of various factors that impinge on the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of tumour cells. The gene encoding M6P/IGF2R is frequently lost or mutated in a wide range of malignant tumours including squamous cell carcinomas. We have previously shown that M6P/IGF2R-deficient SCC-VII murine squamous cell carcinoma cells secrete large amounts of pro-invasive lysosomal proteinases. Furthermore, the formation of mature lysosomes is impaired in SCC-VII cells. To assess the link between M6P/IGF2R status and tumour invasion, we have now generated SCC-VII lines stably transfected with human M6P/IGF2R cDNA. Reconstitution of functional M6P/IGF2R expression in SCC-VII cells strongly improves the intracellular retention of lysosomal proteinases and restores the formation of mature lysosomes. In addition, the presence of heterologous M6P/IGF2R compromises the growth of SCC-VII cells both in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, M6P/IGF2R expression also reduces the invasive capacity of SCC-VII cells in response to various chemoattractants. These results indicate that the M6P/IGF2R status influences the metastatic propensity of squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Probst
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Doray B, Knisely JM, Wartman L, Bu G, Kornfeld S. Identification of acidic dileucine signals in LRP9 that interact with both GGAs and AP-1/AP-2. Traffic 2008; 9:1551-62. [PMID: 18627575 PMCID: PMC2892795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi-localized, gamma-ear-containing, ADP ribosylation factor-binding family of monomeric clathrin adaptors (GGAs) is known to bind cargo molecules through short C-terminal peptide motifs conforming to the sequence DXXLL (X = any amino acid), while the heterotetrameric adaptors AP-1 and AP-2 utilize a similar but discrete sorting motif of the sequence [D,E]XXXL[L,I]. While it has been established that a single cargo molecule may contain either or both types of these acidic cluster-dileucine (AC-LL) sorting signals, there are no examples of cargo with overlapping GGA and AP-1/AP-2-binding motifs. In this study, we report that the cytosolic tail of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)9 contains a bifunctional GGA and AP-1/AP-2-binding motif at its carboxy-terminus (EDEPLL). We further demonstrate that the internal EDEVLL sequence of LRP9 also binds to GGAs in addition to AP-2. Either AC-LL motif of LRP9 is functional in endocytosis. These findings represent the first study characterizing the trafficking of LRP9 and also have implications for the identification of additional GGA cargo molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Doray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St.Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jane M. Knisely
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St.Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Lukas Wartman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St.Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St.Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stuart Kornfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St.Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
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37
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Dahms NM, Olson LJ, Kim JJP. Strategies for carbohydrate recognition by the mannose 6-phosphate receptors. Glycobiology 2008; 18:664-78. [PMID: 18621992 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The two members of the P-type lectin family, the 46 kDa cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) and the 300 kDa cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), are ubiquitously expressed throughout the animal kingdom and are distinguished from all other lectins by their ability to recognize phosphorylated mannose residues. The best-characterized function of the MPRs is their ability to direct the delivery of approximately 60 different newly synthesized soluble lysosomal enzymes bearing mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) on their N-linked oligosaccharides to the lysosome. In addition to its intracellular role in lysosome biogenesis, the CI-MPR, but not the CD-MPR, participates in a number of other biological processes by interacting with various molecules at the cell surface. The list of extracellular ligands recognized by this multifunctional receptor has grown to include a diverse spectrum of Man-6-P-containing proteins as well as several non-Man-6-P-containing ligands. Recent structural studies have given us a clearer view of how these two receptors use related, but yet distinct, approaches in the recognition of phosphomannosyl residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Dahms
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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38
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Mannose-6-phosphate receptors (MPR 300 and 46) from the highly evolved invertebrate Asterias rubens (Echinodermate): biochemical and functional characterization of MPR 46 protein. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:889-901. [PMID: 18604641 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPR 300 and 46) mediate transport of lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes. Recent studies established that the receptors are conserved throughout vertebrates. Although we purified the mollusc receptors and identified only a lysosomal enzyme receptor protein (LERP) in the Drosophila melanogaster, little is known about their structure and functional roles in the invertebrates. In the present study, we purified the putative receptors from the highly evolved invertebrate, starfish, cloned the cDNA for the MPR 46, and expressed it in mpr((-/-)) mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Structural comparison of starfish receptor sequences with other vertebrate receptors gave valuable information on its extensive structural homology with the vertebrate MPR 46 proteins. The expressed protein efficiently sorts lysosomal enzymes within the cells establishing a functional role for this protein. This first report on the invertebrate MPR 46 further confirms the structural and functional conservation of the receptor not only in the vertebrates but also in the invertebrates.
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39
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Cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes is a bona fide lysosomal protein which undergoes proteolytic maturation during its biosynthesis. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:3036-47. [PMID: 18621046 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (CREG) has been reported to be a secretory glycoprotein implicated in cellular growth and differentiation. We now show that CREG is predominantly localized within intracellular compartments. Intracellular CREG was found to lack an N-terminal peptide present in the secreted form of the protein. In contrast to normal cells, CREG is largely secreted by fibroblasts missing both mannose 6-phosphate receptors. This is not observed in cells lacking only one of them. Mass spectrometric analysis of recombinant CREG revealed that the protein contains phosphorylated oligosaccharides at either of its two N-glycosylation sites. Cellular CREG was found to cosediment with lysosomal markers upon subcellular fractionation by density-gradient centrifugation. In fibroblasts expressing a CREG-GFP fusion construct, the heterologous protein was detected in compartments containing lysosomal proteins. Immunolocalization of endogenous CREG confirmed that intracellular CREG is localized in lysosomes. Proteolytic processing of intracellular CREG involves the action of lysosomal cysteine proteinases. These results establish that CREG is a lysosomal protein that undergoes proteolytic maturation in the course of its biosynthesis, carries the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker and depends on the interaction with mannose 6-phosphate receptors for efficient delivery to lysosomes.
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40
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Amancha PK, Koduru S, Nadimpalli SK. Biochemical and functional characterization of cation dependent (Mr 46,000) goat mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:221-9. [PMID: 17333357 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 12/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR's) proteins are important for transporting lysosomal enzymes from trans-golgi to the pre-lysosomal compartment. These are conserved in the vertebrates from fish to mammals. We have cloned the full length cDNA for the goat MPR 46 protein and compared its sequences to the other known vertebrate MPR 46 proteins. In the present study the full-length cDNA for the goat MPR 46 protein was expressed in MPR deficient cells. The expressed protein was purified on the multivalent phosphomannan gel in the presence of divalent metal ions. The apparent molecular mass of the expressed protein was found to be approximately 46 kDa and also exhibits oligomeric nature as observed in the other species, by using an MSC1 antibody (that recognizes the MPR 46 from molluscs to mammals) as well as with a peptide specific antibody corresponding to amino acid residues (218-237) of the cytoplasmic tail of human MPR 46 protein. Furthermore the distribution of the expressed protein was visualized by immunofluorescence using MSC1 and LAMP1 antibody. Additionally in the goat MPR 46 expressing cells, the sorting function of the expressed protein to sort cathepsin D to lysosomes was studied by confocal microscopy using cathepsin D antiserum and LAMP1 antibody. The binding of goat MPR 46 to cathepsin D was shown in far Western blotting and the mannose 6-phosphate dependent binding was shown by co-immunoprecipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Amancha
- Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
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41
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Tomiya N, Narang S, Park J, Abdul-Rahman B, Choi O, Singh S, Hiratake J, Sakata K, Betenbaugh MJ, Palter KB, Lee YC. Purification, Characterization, and Cloning of a Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase That Hydrolyzes Terminal N-Acetylglucosamine on the N-Glycan Core. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19545-60. [PMID: 16684772 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603312200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paucimannosidic glycans are often predominant in N-glycans produced by insect cells. However, a beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase responsible for the generation of paucimannosidic glycans in lepidopteran insect cells has not been identified. We report the purification of a beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from the culture medium of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells (Sfhex). The purified Sfhex protein showed 10 times higher activity for a terminal N-acetylglucosamine on the N-glycan core compared with tri-N-acetylchitotriose. Sfhex was found to be a homodimer of 110 kDa in solution, with a pH optimum of 5.5. With a biantennary N-glycan substrate, it exhibited a 5-fold preference for removal of the beta(1,2)-linked N-acetylglucosamine from the Man alpha(1,3) branch compared with the Man alpha(1,6) branch. We isolated two corresponding cDNA clones for Sfhex that encode proteins with >99% amino acid identity. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that Sfhex is an ortholog of mammalian lysosomal beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases. Recombinant Sfhex expressed in Sf9 cells exhibited the same substrate specificity and pH optimum as the purified enzyme. Although a larger amount of newly synthesized Sfhex was secreted into the culture medium by Sf9 cells, a significant amount of Sfhex was also found to be intracellular. Under a confocal microscope, cellular Sfhex exhibited punctate staining throughout the cytoplasm, but did not colocalize with a Golgi marker. Because secretory glycoproteins and Sfhex are cotransported through the same secretory pathway and because Sfhex is active at the pH of the secretory compartments, this study suggests that Sfhex may play a role as a processing beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase acting on N-glycans from Sf9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Tomiya
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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42
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Nolan CM, McCarthy K, Eivers E, Jirtle RL, Byrnes L. Mannose 6-phosphate receptors in an ancient vertebrate, zebrafish. Dev Genes Evol 2006; 216:144-51. [PMID: 16411117 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-005-0046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The endosome/lysosome system plays key roles in embryonic development, but difficulties posed by inaccessible mammalian embryos have hampered detailed studies. The accessible, transparent embryos of Danio rerio, together with the genetic and experimental approaches possible with this organism, provide many advantages over rodents. In mammals, mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) target acid hydrolases to endosomes and lysosomes, but nothing is known of acid hydrolase targeting in zebrafish. Here, we describe the sequence of the zebrafish cation-dependent MPR (CD-MPR) and cation-independent MPR (CI-MPR), and compare them with their mammalian orthologs. We show that all residues critical for mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) recognition are present in the extracellular domains of the zebrafish receptors, and that trafficking signals in the cytoplasmic tails are also conserved. This suggests that the teleost receptors possess M6P binding sites with properties similar to those of mammalian MPRs, and that targeting of lysosomal enzymes by MPRs represents an ancient pathway in vertebrate cell biology. We also determined the expression patterns of the CD-MPR and CI-MPR during embryonic development in zebrafish. Both genes are expressed from the one-cell stage through to the hatching period. In early embryos, expression is ubiquitous, but in later stages, expression of both receptors is restricted to the anterior region of the embryo, covering the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. The expression patterns suggest time- and tissue-specific functions for the receptors, with particular evidence for roles in neural development. Our study establishes zebrafish as a novel, genetically tractable model for in vivo studies of MPR function and lysosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Nolan
- School of Biological and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Koduru S, Vegiraju SR, Nadimpalli SK, von Figura K, Pohlmann R, Dennes A. The early vertebrate Danio rerio Mr 46000 mannose-6-phosphate receptor: biochemical and functional characterisation. Dev Genes Evol 2005; 216:133-43. [PMID: 16362416 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-005-0043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) have been identified in a wide range of species from humans to invertebrates such as molluscs. A characteristic of all MPRs is their common property to recognize mannose-6-phosphate residues that are labelling lysosomal enzymes and to mediate their targeting to lysosomes in mammalian cells by the corresponding receptor proteins. We present here the analysis of full-length sequences for MPR 46 from zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its functional analysis. This is the first non-mammalian MPR 46 to be characterised. The amino acid sequences of the zebrafish MPR 46 displays 70% similarity to the human MPR 46 protein. In particular, all essential cysteine residues, the transmembrane domain as well as the cytoplasmic tail residues harbouring the signals for endocytosis and Golgi-localizing, gamma-ear-containing, ARF-binding protein (GGA)-mediated sorting at the trans-Golgi network, are highly conserved. The zebrafish MPR 46 has the arginine residue known to be essential for mannose-6-phosphate binding and other additional characteristic residues of the mannose-6-phosphate ligand-binding pocket. Like the mammalian MPR 46, zebrafish MPR 46 binds to the multimeric mannose-6-phosphate ligand phosphomannan and can rescue the missorting of lysosomal enzymes in mammalian MPR-deficient cells. The conserved C-terminal acidic dileucine motif (DxxLL) in the cytoplasmic domain of zebrafish MPR 46 essential for the interaction of the GGAs with the receptor domains interacts with the human GGA1-VHS domain. Interestingly, the serine residue suggested to regulate the interaction between the tail and the GGAs in a phosphorylation-dependent manner is substituted by a proline residue in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Koduru
- Protein Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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