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Wu D, van de Graaf SFJ. Maladaptive regeneration and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: Common mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 227:116437. [PMID: 39025410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The normal liver has an extraordinary capacity of regeneration. However, this capacity is significantly impaired in steatotic livers. Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and liver regeneration share several key mechanisms. Some classical liver regeneration pathways, such as HGF/c-Met, EGFR, Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo/YAP-TAZ are affected in MASLD. Some recently established therapeutic targets for MASH such as the Thyroid Hormone (TH) receptors, Glucagon-like protein 1 (GLP1), Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) as well as Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) are also reported to affect hepatocyte proliferation. With this review we aim to provide insight into common molecular pathways, that may ultimately enable therapeutic strategies that synergistically ameliorate steatohepatitis and improve the regenerating capacity of steatotic livers. With the recent rise of prolonged ex-vivo normothermic liver perfusion prior to organ transplantation such treatment is no longer restricted to patients undergoing major liver resection or transplantation, but may eventually include perfused (steatotic) donor livers or even liver segments, opening hitherto unexplored therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, the Netherlands.
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2
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Shafieizadeh Z, Shafieizadeh Z, Davoudi M, Afrisham R, Miao X. Role of Fibrinogen-like Protein 1 in Tumor Recurrence Following Hepatectomy. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:406-415. [PMID: 38638375 PMCID: PMC11022061 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Partial hepatectomy is a first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Within 2 weeks following partial hepatectomy, specific molecular pathways are activated to promote liver regeneration. Nevertheless, residual microtumors may also exploit these pathways to reappear and metastasize. Therapeutically targeting molecules that are differentially regulated between normal cells and malignancies, such as fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1), appears to be an effective approach. The potential functions of FGL1 in both regenerative and malignant cells are discussed within the ambit of this review. While FGL1 is normally elevated in regenerative hepatocytes, it is normally downregulated in malignant cells. Hepatectomy does indeed upregulate FGL1 by increasing the release of transcription factors that promote FGL1, including HNF-1α and STAT3, and inflammatory effectors, such as TGF-β and IL6. This, in turn, stimulates certain proliferative pathways, including EGFR/Src/ERK. Hepatectomy alters the phase transition of highly differentiated hepatocytes from G0 to G1, thereby transforming susceptible cells into cancerous ones. Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by FGL1 allele loss on chromosome 8, a tumor suppressor area, may also cause hepatocellular carcinoma. Interestingly, FGL1 is specifically expressed in the liver via HNF-1α histone acetylase activity, which triggers lipid metabolic reprogramming in malignancies. FGL1 might also be involved in other carcinogenesis processes such as hypoxia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immunosuppression, and sorafenib-mediated drug resistance. This study highlights a research gap in these disciplines and the necessity for additional research on FGL1 function in the described processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shafieizadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Shafieizadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Davoudi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Afrisham
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xiaolei Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
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3
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Takahashi K, Gosho M, Miyazaki Y, Nakahashi H, Shimomura O, Furuya K, Doi M, Owada Y, Ogawa K, Ohara Y, Akashi Y, Enomoto T, Hashimoto S, Oda T. Preoperative albumin-bilirubin score and liver resection percentage determine postoperative liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2006-2017. [PMID: 38681122 PMCID: PMC11045494 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i14.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of liver resection relies on the ability of the remnant liver to regenerate. Most of the knowledge regarding the pathophysiological basis of liver regeneration comes from rodent studies, and data on humans are scarce. Additionally, there is limited knowledge about the preoperative factors that influence postoperative regeneration. AIM To quantify postoperative remnant liver volume by the latest volumetric software and investigate perioperative factors that affect posthepatectomy liver regeneration. METHODS A total of 268 patients who received partial hepatectomy were enrolled. Patients were grouped into right hepatectomy/trisegmentectomy (RH/Tri), left hepatectomy (LH), segmentectomy (Seg), and subsegmentectomy/nonanatomical hepatectomy (Sub/Non) groups. The regeneration index (RI) and late regeneration rate were defined as (postoperative liver volume)/[total functional liver volume (TFLV)] × 100 and (RI at 6-months - RI at 3-months)/RI at 6-months, respectively. The lower 25th percentile of RI and the higher 25th percentile of late regeneration rate in each group were defined as "low regeneration" and "delayed regeneration". "Restoration to the original size" was defined as regeneration of the liver volume by more than 90% of the TFLV at 12 months postsurgery. RESULTS The numbers of patients in the RH/Tri, LH, Seg, and Sub/Non groups were 41, 53, 99 and 75, respectively. The RI plateaued at 3 months in the LH, Seg, and Sub/Non groups, whereas the RI increased until 12 months in the RH/Tri group. According to our multivariate analysis, the preoperative albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score was an independent factor for low regeneration at 3 months [odds ratio (OR) 95%CI = 2.80 (1.17-6.69), P = 0.02; per 1.0 up] and 12 months [OR = 2.27 (1.01-5.09), P = 0.04; per 1.0 up]. Multivariate analysis revealed that only liver resection percentage [OR = 1.03 (1.00-1.05), P = 0.04] was associated with delayed regeneration. Furthermore, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the preoperative ALBI score [OR = 2.63 (1.00-1.05), P = 0.02; per 1.0 up] and liver resection percentage [OR = 1.02 (1.00-1.05), P = 0.04; per 1.0 up] were found to be independent risk factors associated with volume restoration failure. CONCLUSION Liver regeneration posthepatectomy was determined by the resection percentage and preoperative ALBI score. This knowledge helps surgeons decide the timing and type of rehepatectomy for recurrent cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiko Gosho
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyazaki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakahashi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Osamu Shimomura
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kinji Furuya
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Manami Doi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yohei Owada
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichi Ogawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohara
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Akashi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Enomoto
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Hashimoto
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058-575, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kasturi M, Mathur V, Gadre M, Srinivasan V, Vasanthan KS. Three Dimensional Bioprinting for Hepatic Tissue Engineering: From In Vitro Models to Clinical Applications. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:21-52. [PMID: 37882981 PMCID: PMC10764711 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of functional organs is the holy grail of tissue engineering and the possibilities of repairing a partial or complete liver to treat chronic liver disorders are discussed in this review. Liver is the largest gland in the human body and plays a responsible role in majority of metabolic function and processes. Chronic liver disease is one of the leading causes of death globally and the current treatment strategy of organ transplantation holds its own demerits. Hence there is a need to develop an in vitro liver model that mimics the native microenvironment. The developed model should be a reliable to understand the pathogenesis, screen drugs and assist to repair and replace the damaged liver. The three-dimensional bioprinting is a promising technology that recreates in vivo alike in vitro model for transplantation, which is the goal of tissue engineers. The technology has great potential due to its precise control and its ability to homogeneously distribute cells on all layers in a complex structure. This review gives an overview of liver tissue engineering with a special focus on 3D bioprinting and bioinks for liver disease modelling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Kasturi
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vidhi Mathur
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Mrunmayi Gadre
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Varadharajan Srinivasan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kirthanashri S Vasanthan
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Minegishi M, Kuchimaru T, Nishikawa K, Isagawa T, Iwano S, Iida K, Hara H, Miura S, Sato M, Watanabe S, Shiomi A, Mabuchi Y, Hamana H, Kishi H, Sato T, Sawaki D, Sato S, Hanazono Y, Suzuki A, Kohro T, Kadonosono T, Shimogori T, Miyawaki A, Takeda N, Shintaku H, Kizaka-Kondoh S, Nishimura S. Secretory GFP reconstitution labeling of neighboring cells interrogates cell-cell interactions in metastatic niches. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8031. [PMID: 38052804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells inevitably interact with neighboring host tissue-resident cells during the process of metastatic colonization, establishing a metastatic niche to fuel their survival, growth, and invasion. However, the underlying mechanisms in the metastatic niche are yet to be fully elucidated owing to the lack of methodologies for comprehensively studying the mechanisms of cell-cell interactions in the niche. Here, we improve a split green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based genetically encoded system to develop secretory glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored reconstitution-activated proteins to highlight intercellular connections (sGRAPHIC) for efficient fluorescent labeling of tissue-resident cells that neighbor on and putatively interact with cancer cells in deep tissues. The sGRAPHIC system enables the isolation of metastatic niche-associated tissue-resident cells for their characterization using a single-cell RNA sequencing platform. We use this sGRAPHIC-leveraged transcriptomic platform to uncover gene expression patterns in metastatic niche-associated hepatocytes in a murine model of liver metastasis. Among the marker genes of metastatic niche-associated hepatocytes, we identify Lgals3, encoding galectin-3, as a potential pro-metastatic factor that accelerates metastatic growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Minegishi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kuchimaru
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
- Data Science Center, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
| | | | - Takayuki Isagawa
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Data Science Center, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwano
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Institute for Tenure Track Promotion, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kei Iida
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hara
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shizuka Miura
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Marika Sato
- MediGear International Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Yo Mabuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Sato
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daigo Sawaki
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Clinical Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hanazono
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahide Kohro
- Data Science Center, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kadonosono
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Norihiko Takeda
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Shinae Kizaka-Kondoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishimura
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Blake MJ, Steer CJ. Liver Regeneration in Acute on Chronic Liver Failure. Clin Liver Dis 2023; 27:595-616. [PMID: 37380285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a multifaceted process by which the organ regains its original size and histologic organization. In recent decades, substantial advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying regeneration following loss of hepatic mass. Liver regeneration in acute liver failure possesses several classic pathways, while also exhibiting unique differences in key processes such as the roles of differentiated cells and stem cell analogs. Here we summarize these unique differences and new molecular mechanisms involving the gut-liver axis, immunomodulation, and microRNAs with an emphasis on applications to the patient population through stem cell therapies and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn J Blake
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, MMC 36, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, MMC 36, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, MMC 36, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Qi J, Dai Y, Sun X, Liu C. Mechanism of liver regeneration: 20-year bibliometric analyses. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1190559. [PMID: 37383706 PMCID: PMC10293616 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1190559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The study aims to explore the most influential countries, institutions, journals, authors, "research hotspots," and trends in the study of the mechanism of liver regeneration (MoLR) in the last 20 years using bibliometric analyses. Methods: The literature associated with the MoLR was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection on 11 October 2022. CiteSpace 6.1.R6 (64-bit) and VOSviewer 1.6.18 were used for bibliometric analyses. Results: A total of 18,956 authors from 2,900 institutions in 71 countries/regions published 3,563 studies in different academic journals on the MoLR. The United States was the most influential country. The University of Pittsburgh was the institution from which most articles on the MoLR were published. Cunshuan Xu published the most articles on the MoLR, and George K. Michalopoulos was the most frequently co-cited author. Hepatology was the journal in which most articles on the MoLR were published and the most frequently co-cited journal in this field. The research hotspots for the MoLR were origin and subsets of hepatocytes during LR; new factors and pathways in LR regulation; cell therapy for LR; interactions between liver cells in LR; mechanism of the proliferation of residual hepatocytes and trans-differentiation between cells; and prognosis of LR. The emerging topic was the mechanism of regeneration of a severely injured liver. Conclusion: Our bibliometric analyses provide (i) a comprehensive overview of the MoLR; (ii) important clues and ideas for scholars in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Qi
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunkai Dai
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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Deng Y, Zhao Z, Sheldon M, Zhao Y, Teng H, Martinez C, Zhang J, Lin C, Sun Y, Yao F, Zhu H, Ma L. LIFR recruits HGF-producing neutrophils to promote liver injury repair and regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.18.533289. [PMID: 36993315 PMCID: PMC10055204 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.533289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The molecular links between tissue repair and tumorigenesis remain elusive. Here, we report that loss of the liver tumor suppressor Lifr in mouse hepatocytes impairs the recruitment and activity of reparative neutrophils, resulting in the inhibition of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy or toxic injuries. On the other hand, overexpression of LIFR promotes liver repair and regeneration after injury. Interestingly, LIFR deficiency or overexpression does not affect hepatocyte proliferation ex vivo or in vitro . In response to physical or chemical damage to the liver, LIFR from hepatocytes promotes the secretion of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1 (which binds CXCR2 to recruit neutrophils) and cholesterol in a STAT3-dependent manner. Cholesterol, in turn, acts on the recruited neutrophils to secrete hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to accelerate hepatocyte proliferation and regeneration. Altogether, our findings reveal a LIFR-STAT3- CXCL1-CXCR2 axis and a LIFR-STAT3-cholesterol-HGF axis that mediate hepatic damage- induced crosstalk between hepatocytes and neutrophils to repair and regenerate the liver.
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Oderberg IM, Goessling W. Biliary epithelial cells are facultative liver stem cells during liver regeneration in adult zebrafish. JCI Insight 2023; 8:163929. [PMID: 36625346 PMCID: PMC9870093 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a highly regenerative organ, yet the presence of a dedicated stem cell population remains controversial. Here, we interrogate a severe hepatocyte injury model in adult zebrafish to define that regeneration involves a stem cell population. After near-total hepatocyte ablation, single-cell transcriptomic and high-resolution imaging analyses throughout the entire regenerative timeline reveal that biliary epithelial cells undergo transcriptional and morphological changes to become hepatocytes. As a population, biliary epithelial cells give rise to both hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells. Biliary epithelial cells proliferate and dedifferentiate to express hepatoblast transcription factors prior to hepatocyte differentiation. This process is characterized by increased MAPK, PI3K, and mTOR signaling, and chemical inhibition of these pathways impairs biliary epithelial cell proliferation and fate conversion. We conclude that, upon severe hepatocyte ablation in the adult liver, biliary epithelial cells act as facultative liver stem cells in an EGFR-PI3K-mTOR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M. Oderberg
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021176. [PMID: 36674692 PMCID: PMC9864482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological importance of the liver is demonstrated by its unique and essential ability to regenerate following extensive injuries affecting its function. By regenerating, the liver reacts to hepatic damage and thus enables homeostasis to be restored. The aim of this review is to add new findings that integrate the regenerative pathway to the current knowledge. An optimal regeneration is achieved through the integration of two main pathways: IL-6/JAK/STAT3, which promotes hepatocyte proliferation, and PI3K/PDK1/Akt, which in turn enhances cell growth. Proliferation and cell growth are events that must be balanced during the three phases of the regenerative process: initiation, proliferation and termination. Achieving the correct liver/body weight ratio is ensured by several pathways as extracellular matrix signalling, apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, and molecules including transforming growth factor-beta, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The actors involved in the regenerative process are numerous and many of them are also pivotal players in both the immune and non-immune inflammatory process, that is observed in the early stages of hepatic regeneration. Balance of Th17/Treg is important in liver inflammatory process outcomes. Knowledge of liver regeneration will allow a more detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that are crucial in the interplay between proliferation and inflammation.
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Pibiri M, Simbula G. Role of the Hippo pathway in liver regeneration and repair: recent advances. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:59. [PMID: 36471376 PMCID: PMC9720992 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the signaling pathways involved in normal liver regeneration have been well characterized, less has been done for livers affected by chronic tissue damage. These "abnormal livers" have an impaired regenerative response that leads to liver repair and fibrosis. The tumor suppressor Hippo pathway plays a key role in liver regeneration and repair. On this basis, this review discusses recent studies focusing on the involvement of the Hippo signaling pathway during "normal healthy liver regeneration" (i.e., in a normal liver after 2/3 partial hepatectomy) and "abnormal liver regeneration" (i.e., in a liver damaged by chronic disease). This could be an important question to address with respect to new therapies aimed at improving impaired liver regenerative responses. The studies reported here have shown that activation of the Hippo coactivators YAP/TAZ during normal liver regeneration promotes the formation of a new bile duct network through direct BEC proliferation or/and hepatocyte dedifferentiation to HPCs which can trans-differentiate to BECs. Moreover, YAP/TAZ signaling interaction with other signaling pathways mediates the recruitment and activation of Kupffer cells, which release mitogenic cytokines for parenchymal and/or non-parenchymal cells and engage in phagocytosis of cellular debris. In addition, YAP-mediated activation of stellate cells (HSCs) promotes liver regeneration through the synthesis of extracellular matrix. However, in chronically diseased livers, where the predetermined threshold for proper liver regeneration is exceeded, YAP/TAZ activation results in a reparative process characterized by liver fibrosis. In this condition, YAP/TAZ activation in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells results in (i) differentiation of quiescent HSCs into myofibroblastic HSCs; (ii) recruitment of macrophages releasing inflammatory cytokines; (iii) polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. Since accumulation of damaged hepatocytes in chronic liver injury represent a significant risk factor for the development of hepatocarcinoma, this review also discussed the involvement of the Hippo pathway in the clearance of damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pibiri
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, Blocco A. 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Simbula
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, Blocco A. 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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Brandel V, Schimek V, Göber S, Hammond T, Brunnthaler L, Schrottmaier WC, Mussbacher M, Sachet M, Liang YY, Reipert S, Ortmayr G, Pereyra D, Santol J, Rainer M, Walterskirchen N, Ramos C, Gerakopoulos V, Rainer C, Spittler A, Weiss T, Kain R, Messner B, Gruenberger T, Assinger A, Oehler R, Starlinger P. Hepatectomy-induced apoptotic extracellular vesicles stimulate neutrophils to secrete regenerative growth factors. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1619-1630. [PMID: 35985549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Surgical resection of the cancerous tissue represents one of the few curative treatment options for neoplastic liver disease. Such partial hepatectomy (PHx) induces hepatocyte hyperplasia, which restores liver function. PHx is associated with bacterial translocation, leading to an immediate immune response involving neutrophils and macrophages, which are indispensable for the priming phase of liver regeneration. Additionally, PHx induces longer-lasting intrahepatic apoptosis. Herein, we investigated the effect of apoptotic extracellular vesicles (aEVs) on neutrophil function and their role in this later phase of liver regeneration. METHODS A total of 124 patients undergoing PHx were included in this study. Blood levels of the apoptosis marker caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 (M30) and circulating aEVs were analyzed preoperatively and on the first and fifth postoperative days. Additionally, the in vitro effects of aEVs on the secretome, phenotype and functions of neutrophils were investigated. RESULTS Circulating aEVs increased at the first postoperative day and were associated with higher concentrations of M30, which was only observed in patients with complete liver recovery. Efferocytosis of aEVs by neutrophils induced an activated phenotype (CD11bhighCD16highCD66bhighCD62Llow); however, classical inflammatory responses such as NETosis, respiratory burst, degranulation, or secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines were not observed. Instead, efferocytosing neutrophils released various growth factors including fibroblast growth factor-2 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Accordingly, we observed an increase of HGF-positive neutrophils after PHx and a correlation of plasma HGF with M30 levels. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the clearance of PHx-induced aEVs leads to a population of non-inflammatory but regenerative neutrophils, which may support human liver regeneration. LAY SUMMARY In this study, we show that the surgical removal of a diseased part of the liver triggers a specific type of programmed cell death in the residual liver tissue. This results in the release of vesicles from dying cells into the blood, where they are cleared by circulating immune cells. These respond by secreting hepatocyte growth factors that could potentially support the regeneration of the liver remnant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brandel
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Schimek
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samantha Göber
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hammond
- Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Brunnthaler
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud Cornelia Schrottmaier
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Mussbacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Sachet
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ying Yu Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Reipert
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Ortmayr
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Pereyra
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Santol
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Surgery, HPB Center, Viennese Health Network, Clinic Favoriten and Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Rainer
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalie Walterskirchen
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristiano Ramos
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vasileios Gerakopoulos
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Rainer
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Weiss
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Messner
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gruenberger
- Department of Surgery, HPB Center, Viennese Health Network, Clinic Favoriten and Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Oehler
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick Starlinger
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Goikoetxea‐Usandizaga N, Serrano‐Maciá M, Delgado TC, Simón J, Fernández Ramos D, Barriales D, Cornide M, Jiménez M, Pérez‐Redondo M, Lachiondo‐Ortega S, Rodríguez‐Agudo R, Bizkarguenaga M, Zalamea JD, Pasco ST, Caballero‐Díaz D, Alfano B, Bravo M, González‐Recio I, Mercado‐Gómez M, Gil‐Pitarch C, Mabe J, Gracia‐Sancho J, Abecia L, Lorenzo Ó, Martín‐Sanz P, Abrescia NGA, Sabio G, Rincón M, Anguita J, Miñambres E, Martín C, Berenguer M, Fabregat I, Casado M, Peralta C, Varela‐Rey M, Martínez‐Chantar ML. Mitochondrial bioenergetics boost macrophage activation, promoting liver regeneration in metabolically compromised animals. Hepatology 2022; 75:550-566. [PMID: 34510498 PMCID: PMC9300136 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the leading cause of early posttransplantation organ failure as mitochondrial respiration and ATP production are affected. A shortage of donors has extended liver donor criteria, including aged or steatotic livers, which are more susceptible to IRI. Given the lack of an effective treatment and the extensive transplantation waitlist, we aimed at characterizing the effects of an accelerated mitochondrial activity by silencing methylation-controlled J protein (MCJ) in three preclinical models of IRI and liver regeneration, focusing on metabolically compromised animal models. APPROACH AND RESULTS Wild-type (WT), MCJ knockout (KO), and Mcj silenced WT mice were subjected to 70% partial hepatectomy (Phx), prolonged IRI, and 70% Phx with IRI. Old and young mice with metabolic syndrome were also subjected to these procedures. Expression of MCJ, an endogenous negative regulator of mitochondrial respiration, increases in preclinical models of Phx with or without vascular occlusion and in donor livers. Mice lacking MCJ initiate liver regeneration 12 h faster than WT and show reduced ischemic injury and increased survival. MCJ knockdown enables a mitochondrial adaptation that restores the bioenergetic supply for enhanced regeneration and prevents cell death after IRI. Mechanistically, increased ATP secretion facilitates the early activation of Kupffer cells and production of TNF, IL-6, and heparin-binding EGF, accelerating the priming phase and the progression through G1 /S transition during liver regeneration. Therapeutic silencing of MCJ in 15-month-old mice and in mice fed a high-fat/high-fructose diet for 12 weeks improves mitochondrial respiration, reduces steatosis, and overcomes regenerative limitations. CONCLUSIONS Boosting mitochondrial activity by silencing MCJ could pave the way for a protective approach after major liver resection or IRI, especially in metabolically compromised, IRI-susceptible organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Goikoetxea‐Usandizaga
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Marina Serrano‐Maciá
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Teresa C. Delgado
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Jorge Simón
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - David Fernández Ramos
- Precision Medicine and Liver Metabolism Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain
| | - Diego Barriales
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Maria E. Cornide
- Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism Department, Liver Transplantation and Graft Viability LabInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mónica Jiménez
- Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism Department, Liver Transplantation and Graft Viability LabInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Sofia Lachiondo‐Ortega
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Rubén Rodríguez‐Agudo
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Maider Bizkarguenaga
- Precision Medicine and Liver Metabolism Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Juan Diego Zalamea
- Structure and Cell Biology of Viruses Lab Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Samuel T. Pasco
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Daniel Caballero‐Díaz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,TGF‐β and Cancer GroupOncobell ProgramBellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)Gran Via de L’HospitaletBarcelonaSpain
| | - Benedetta Alfano
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Miren Bravo
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Irene González‐Recio
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Maria Mercado‐Gómez
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Clàudia Gil‐Pitarch
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Jon Mabe
- Electronics and Communications Unit, IK4‐TeknikerEibarSpain
| | - Jordi Gracia‐Sancho
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,Liver Vascular Biology Research GroupIDIBAPSBarcelonaSpain
| | - Leticia Abecia
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Medicine and Nursing FacultyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioaSpain
| | - Óscar Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular PathologyIIS‐Fundación Jiménez Díaz‐Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) NetworkMadridSpain
| | - Paloma Martín‐Sanz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,Cell Signalling and Metabolism DepartmentInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols,” CSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Nicola G. A. Abrescia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,Structure and Cell Biology of Viruses Lab Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesStress Kinases in Diabetes, Cancer and BiochemistryMadridSpain
| | - Mercedes Rincón
- Department of MedicineImmunobiology DivisionUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Eduardo Miñambres
- Transplant Coordination Unit, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital–IDIVAL, Cantabria UniversitySantanderSpain
| | - César Martín
- Biofisika Institute, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and Department of Biochemisty, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Basque CountryLeioaSpain
| | - Marina Berenguer
- Liver UnitHospital Universitario y Politécnico La FeValenciaSpain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,TGF‐β and Cancer GroupOncobell ProgramBellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)Gran Via de L’HospitaletBarcelonaSpain,Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of BarcelonaL’HospitaletBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marta Casado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,Experimental Metabolic Pathology DepartmentInstituto de Biomedicina de ValenciaIBV‐CSICValenciaSpain
| | - Carmen Peralta
- Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism Department, Liver Transplantation and Graft Viability LabInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Marta Varela‐Rey
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain
| | - María Luz Martínez‐Chantar
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain
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Hadjittofi C, Feretis M, Martin J, Harper S, Huguet E. Liver regeneration biology: Implications for liver tumour therapies. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:1101-1156. [PMID: 35070734 PMCID: PMC8716989 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i12.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has remarkable regenerative potential, with the capacity to regenerate after 75% hepatectomy in humans and up to 90% hepatectomy in some rodent models, enabling it to meet the challenge of diverse injury types, including physical trauma, infection, inflammatory processes, direct toxicity, and immunological insults. Current understanding of liver regeneration is based largely on animal research, historically in large animals, and more recently in rodents and zebrafish, which provide powerful genetic manipulation experimental tools. Whilst immensely valuable, these models have limitations in extrapolation to the human situation. In vitro models have evolved from 2-dimensional culture to complex 3 dimensional organoids, but also have shortcomings in replicating the complex hepatic micro-anatomical and physiological milieu. The process of liver regeneration is only partially understood and characterized by layers of complexity. Liver regeneration is triggered and controlled by a multitude of mitogens acting in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine ways, with much redundancy and cross-talk between biochemical pathways. The regenerative response is variable, involving both hypertrophy and true proliferative hyperplasia, which is itself variable, including both cellular phenotypic fidelity and cellular trans-differentiation, according to the type of injury. Complex interactions occur between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, and regeneration is affected by the status of the liver parenchyma, with differences between healthy and diseased liver. Finally, the process of termination of liver regeneration is even less well understood than its triggers. The complexity of liver regeneration biology combined with limited understanding has restricted specific clinical interventions to enhance liver regeneration. Moreover, manipulating the fundamental biochemical pathways involved would require cautious assessment, for fear of unintended consequences. Nevertheless, current knowledge provides guiding principles for strategies to optimise liver regeneration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hadjittofi
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Feretis
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Martin
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Harper
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Huguet
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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15
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Huang W, Han N, Du L, Wang M, Chen L, Tang H. A narrative review of liver regeneration-from models to molecular basis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1705. [PMID: 34988214 PMCID: PMC8667151 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To elucidate the characteristics of different liver regeneration animal models, understand the activation signals and mechanisms related to liver regeneration, and obtain a more comprehensive conception of the entire liver regeneration process. Background Liver regeneration is one of the most enigmatic and fascinating phenomena of the human organism. Despite suffering significant injuries, the liver still can continue to perform its complex functions through the regeneration system. Although advanced topics on liver regeneration have been proposed; unfortunately, complete regeneration of the liver has not been achieved until now. Therefore, increasing understanding of the liver regenerative process can help improve our treatment of liver failure. It will provide a new sight for the treatment of patients with liver injury in the clinic. Methods Literatures on liver regeneration animal models and involved basic research on molecular mechanisms were retrieved to analyze the characteristics of different models and those related to molecular basis. Conclusions The process of liver regeneration is complex and intricate, consisting of various and interactive pathways. There is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that liver regeneration is similar between humans and rodents. At the same time, many of the same cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways are relevant. There are many gaps in our current knowledge. Understanding of this knowledge will provide more supportive clinical treatment strategies, including small-scale liver transplantation and high-quality regenerative process after surgical resection, and offer possible targets to treat the dysregulation of regeneration that occurs in chronic hepatic diseases and tumors. Current research work, such as the use of animal models as in vivo vectors for high-quality human hepatocytes, represents a unique and significant cutting edge in the field of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Han
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Al-Salihi M, Bornikoel A, Zhuang Y, Stachura P, Scheller J, Lang KS, Lang PA. The role of ADAM17 during liver damage. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1115-1128. [PMID: 34192832 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17 is a membrane bound protease, involved in the cleavage and thus regulation of various membrane proteins, which are critical during liver injury. Among ADAM17 substrates are tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1, TNFR2), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands amphiregulin (AR) and heparin-binding-EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and the receptor for a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), c-Met. TNFα and its binding receptors can promote liver injury by inducing apoptosis and necroptosis in liver cells. Consistently, hepatocyte specific deletion of ADAM17 resulted in increased liver cell damage following CD95 stimulation. IL-6 trans-signaling is critical for liver regeneration and can alleviate liver damage. EGFR ligands can prevent liver damage and deletion of amphiregulin and HB-EGF can result in increased hepatocyte death and reduced proliferation. All of which indicates that ADAM17 has a central role in liver injury and recovery from it. Furthermore, inactive rhomboid proteins (iRhom) are involved in the trafficking and maturation of ADAM17 and have been linked to liver damage. Taken together, ADAM17 can contribute in a complex way to liver damage and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin Al-Salihi
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Anna Bornikoel
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pawel Stachura
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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ADAM10 and ADAM17 regulate EGFR, c-Met and TNF RI signalling in liver regeneration and fibrosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11414. [PMID: 34075077 PMCID: PMC8169909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM10 and ADAM17 are proteases that affect multiple signalling pathways by releasing molecules from the cell surface. As their substrate specificities partially overlaps, we investigated their concurrent role in liver regeneration and fibrosis, using three liver-specific deficient mouse lines: ADAM10- and ADAM17-deficient lines, and a line deficient for both proteases. In the model of partial hepatectomy, double deficient mice exhibited decreased AKT phosphorylation, decreased release of EGFR activating factors and lower shedding of HGF receptor c-Met. Thus, simultaneous ablation of ADAM10 and ADAM17 resulted in inhibited EGFR signalling, while HGF/c-Met signalling pathway was enhanced. In contrast, antagonistic effects of ADAM10 and ADAM17 were observed in the model of chronic CCl4 intoxication. While ADAM10-deficient mice develop more severe fibrosis manifested by high ALT, AST, ALP and higher collagen deposition, combined deficiency of ADAM10 and ADAM17 surprisingly results in comparable degree of liver damage as in control littermates. Therefore, ADAM17 deficiency is not protective in fibrosis development per se, but can ameliorate the damaging effect of ADAM10 deficiency on liver fibrosis development. Furthermore, we show that while ablation of ADAM17 resulted in decreased shedding of TNF RI, ADAM10 deficiency leads to increased levels of soluble TNF RI in serum. In conclusion, hepatocyte-derived ADAM10 and ADAM17 are important regulators of growth receptor signalling and TNF RI release, and pathological roles of these proteases are dependent on the cellular context.
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Liver regeneration: biological and pathological mechanisms and implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:40-55. [PMID: 32764740 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the only solid organ that uses regenerative mechanisms to ensure that the liver-to-bodyweight ratio is always at 100% of what is required for body homeostasis. Other solid organs (such as the lungs, kidneys and pancreas) adjust to tissue loss but do not return to 100% of normal. The current state of knowledge of the regenerative pathways that underlie this 'hepatostat' will be presented in this Review. Liver regeneration from acute injury is always beneficial and has been extensively studied. Experimental models that involve partial hepatectomy or chemical injury have revealed extracellular and intracellular signalling pathways that are used to return the liver to equivalent size and weight to those prior to injury. On the other hand, chronic loss of hepatocytes, which can occur in chronic liver disease of any aetiology, often has adverse consequences, including fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver neoplasia. The regenerative activities of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes are typically characterized by phenotypic fidelity. However, when regeneration of one of the two cell types fails, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes function as facultative stem cells and transdifferentiate into each other to restore normal liver structure. Liver recolonization models have demonstrated that hepatocytes have an unlimited regenerative capacity. However, in normal liver, cell turnover is very slow. All zones of the resting liver lobules have been equally implicated in the maintenance of hepatocyte and cholangiocyte populations in normal liver.
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19
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Plekhanov AN, Tovarshinov AI. [Liver regeneration: solved and problem issues]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2020:101-106. [PMID: 33210515 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia2020111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is known that liver is able to restore own dimensions and functional properties in response to various injuries. Despite extensive injuries, liver can preserve functional activity. Analysis of liver regeneration mechanisms allowed us to obtain significant results in the treatment of hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver failure. Liver regeneration processes substantiate the development of hepatocellular cancer following cirrhosis. Modern experimental and clinical data on liver regeneration, as well as current methods of stimulating this process are summarized in the manuscript. Despite significant advances in this issue, there are still many questions in scientific understanding of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Plekhanov
- Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia.,Irkutsk Research Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia
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20
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Zakeri N, Mirdamadi ES, Kalhori D, Solati-Hashjin M. Signaling molecules orchestrating liver regenerative medicine. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1715-1737. [PMID: 33043611 DOI: 10.1002/term.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The liver is in charge of more than 500 functions in the human body, which any damage and failure to the liver can significantly compromise human life. Numerous studies are being carried out in regenerative medicine, as a potential driving force, toward alleviating the need for liver donors and fabrication of a 3D-engineered transplantable hepatic tissue. Liver tissue engineering brings three main factors of cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), and signaling molecules together, while each of these three factors tries to mimic the physiological state of the tissue to direct tissue regeneration. Signaling molecules play a crucial role in directing tissue fabrication in liver tissue engineering. When mimicking the natural in vivo process of regeneration, it is tightly associated with three main phases of differentiation, proliferation (progression), and tissue maturation through vascularization while directing each of these phases is highly regulated by the specific signaling molecules. The understanding of how these signaling molecules guide the dynamic behavior of regeneration would be a tool for further tailoring of bioengineered systems to help the liver regeneration with many cellular, molecular, and tissue-level functions. Hence, the signaling molecules come to aid all these phases for further improvements toward the clinical use of liver tissue engineering as the goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Zakeri
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Sadat Mirdamadi
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Dianoosh Kalhori
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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21
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Qiu R, Murata S, Oshiro K, Hatada Y, Taniguchi H. Transplantation of fetal liver tissue coated by ultra-purified alginate gel over liver improves hepatic function in the cirrhosis rat model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8231. [PMID: 32427847 PMCID: PMC7237464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65069-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used a new coating agent, that is, ultra-purified alginate gel (UPAL), for fetal liver tissue transplantation. This study aims to compare the effect of UPAL with the effect of other coating agents on improving the effect of fetal liver tissue transplantation in a liver cirrhosis rat model. Prior to the transplantation of wild-type ED14 fetal liver tissues, various coating agents were separately applied on the liver surface of rats with cirrhosis. Then, we compared the engraftment area, engraftment rate and liver function level of these rats. As a result, coating the liver surface of a cirrhosis rat with UPAL obtained the best effect in terms of engraftment area and engraftment rate of the transplanted liver tissue and in the recovery of liver function compared with control group. Therefore, UPAL coating may serve as a novel strategy for liver organoid transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Qiu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9, Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Soichiro Murata
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9, Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Katsutomo Oshiro
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9, Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yumi Hatada
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9, Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9, Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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22
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Role of interleukin 6 in liver cell regeneration after hemi-hepatectomy, correlation with liver enzymes and flow cytometric study. Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 6:42-48. [PMID: 32166123 PMCID: PMC7062121 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2020.93055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Liver regeneration after hemi-hepatectomy may be affected by several growth factors and cytokines. The aim is to evaluate the importance of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the induction of liver cell regeneration and find correlations with other parameters such as liver enzymes, and DNA analysis by flow cytometric studies. Material and methods 80 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained and divided into two equal groups (n = 40 rats) to undergo 70% partial hepatectomy: group 1 - untreated (control) group; 40 rats not treated; and group 2 - treated group, 40 rats treated with IL-6 35 μg/100 gm body weight according to a lethality study for a period of 4 days, then hepatic resection was carried out according to the steps of Higgins and Anderson. Assessment of liver enzymes and bilirubin level was done. Flow cytometric study was done using a flow cytometer (FACSCalibur; Becton Dickinson) and DNA content was estimated with CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson). Results The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly higher in the untreated group of rats with liver resection. A higher value of bilirubin was observed in the treated group. Rat weight at sacrification was significantly lower in the group of rats treated with IL-6 than those without treatment, p < 0.001. Liver weight at sacrification was significantly higher in the group of rats treated with IL-6 (p < 0.001). The percentage of apoptotic cells with hypodiploid DNA content was determined from DNA histograms. Untreated rat resected liver showed a peak pattern that represented liver damage with high damage of 73.4%. Conclusions Interleukin 6 is of value in induction of liver cell regeneration after seventy percent hemi-hepatectomy as evident by increased liver cell mass, liver enzymes and flow cytometric analysis.
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23
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Hoffmann K, Nagel AJ, Tanabe K, Fuchs J, Dehlke K, Ghamarnejad O, Lemekhova A, Mehrabi A. Markers of liver regeneration-the role of growth factors and cytokines: a systematic review. BMC Surg 2020; 20:31. [PMID: 32050952 PMCID: PMC7017496 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-019-0664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-hepatectomy liver failure contributes significantly to postoperative mortality after liver resection. The prediction of the individual risk for liver failure is challenging. This review aimed to provide an overview of cytokine and growth factor triggered signaling pathways involved in liver regeneration after resection. METHODS MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched without language restrictions for articles from the time of inception of the databases till March 2019. All studies with comparative data on the effect of cytokines and growth factors on liver regeneration in animals and humans were included. RESULTS Overall 3.353 articles comprising 40 studies involving 1.498 patients and 101 animal studies were identified and met the inclusion criteria. All included trials on humans were retrospective cohort/observational studies. There was substantial heterogeneity across all included studies with respect to the analyzed cytokines and growth factors and the described endpoints. CONCLUSION High-level evidence on serial measurements of growth factors and cytokines in blood samples used to predict liver regeneration after resection is still lacking. To address the heterogeneity of patients and potential markers, high throughput serial analyses may offer a method to predict an individual's regenerative potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hoffmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Johannes Nagel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kazukata Tanabe
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Karolin Dehlke
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Omid Ghamarnejad
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Lemekhova
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Hassan SS, Khalf‐Alla PA. Anti‐hepatocellular carcinoma, antioxidant, anti‐inflammation and antimicrobial investigation of some novel first and second transition metal complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Safaa S. Hassan
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCairo University Giza Egypt
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25
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O'Keefe KJ, DeSantis KA, Altrieth AL, Nelson DA, Taroc EZM, Stabell AR, Pham MT, Larsen M. Regional Differences following Partial Salivary Gland Resection. J Dent Res 2019; 99:79-88. [PMID: 31765574 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519889026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to repair, replace, or restore function to tissues damaged by aging, disease, or injury. Partial organ resection is not only a common clinical approach in cancer therapy but also an experimental injury model used to examine mechanisms of regeneration and repair in organs. We performed a partial resection, or partial sialoadenectomy, in the female murine submandibular salivary gland (SMG) to establish a model for investigation of repair mechanisms in salivary glands (SGs). After partial sialoadenectomy, we performed whole-gland measurements over a period of 56 d and found that the gland increased slightly in size. We used microarray analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to examine messenger RNA and protein changes in glands over time. Microarray analysis identified dynamic changes in the transcriptome 3 d after injury that were largely resolved by day 14. At the 3-d time point, we detected gene signatures for cell cycle regulation, inflammatory/repair response, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in the partially resected glands. Using quantitative IHC, we identified a transient proliferative response throughout the gland. Both secretory epithelial and stromal cells expressed Ki67 that was detectable at day 3 and largely resolved by day 14. IHC also revealed that while most of the gland underwent a wound-healing response that resolved by day 14, a small region of the gland showed an aberrant sustained fibrotic response characterized by increased levels of ECM deposition, sustained Ki67 levels in stromal cells, and a persistent M2 macrophage response through day 56. The partial submandibular salivary gland resection model provides an opportunity to examine a normal healing response and an aberrant fibrotic response within the same gland to uncover mechanisms that prevent wound healing and regeneration in mammals. Understanding regional differences in the wound-healing responses may ultimately affect regenerative therapies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J O'Keefe
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - K A DeSantis
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Gen*NY*Sis Center for Excellence in Cancer, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - A L Altrieth
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - D A Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - E Z M Taroc
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - A R Stabell
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Current address: Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M T Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Current address: The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - M Larsen
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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26
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Khan MGM, Ghosh A, Variya B, Santharam MA, Kandhi R, Ramanathan S, Ilangumaran S. Hepatocyte growth control by SOCS1 and SOCS3. Cytokine 2019; 121:154733. [PMID: 31154249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary capacity of the liver to regenerate following injury is dependent on coordinated and regulated actions of cytokines and growth factors. Whereas hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are direct mitogens to hepatocytes, inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-6 also play essential roles in the liver regeneration process. These cytokines and growth factors activate different signaling pathways in a sequential manner to elicit hepatocyte proliferation. The kinetics and magnitude of these hepatocyte-activating stimuli are tightly regulated to ensure restoration of a functional liver mass without causing uncontrolled cell proliferation. Hepatocyte proliferation can become deregulated under conditions of chronic inflammation, leading to accumulation of genetic aberrations and eventual neoplastic transformation. Among the control mechanisms that regulate hepatocyte proliferation, negative feedback inhibition by the 'suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)' family proteins SOCS1 and SOCS3 play crucial roles in attenuating cytokine and growth factor signaling. Loss of SOCS1 or SOCS3 in the mouse liver increases the rate of liver regeneration and renders hepatocytes susceptible to neoplastic transformation. The frequent epigenetic repression of the SOCS1 and SOCS3 genes in hepatocellular carcinoma has stimulated research in understanding the growth regulatory mechanisms of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in hepatocytes. Whereas SOCS3 is implicated in regulating JAK-STAT signaling induced by IL-6 and attenuating EGFR signaling, SOCS1 is crucial for the regulation of HGF signaling. These two proteins also module the functions of certain key proteins that control the cell cycle. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the functions of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in controlling hepatocyte proliferation, and its implications to liver health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Gulam Musawwir Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Bhavesh Variya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Madanraj Appiya Santharam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Rajani Kandhi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.
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27
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Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor as a Critical Mediator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2446-2456. [PMID: 30142332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family. It contains an EGF-like domain as well as a heparin-binding domain that allows for interactions with heparin and cell-surface heparan sulfate. Soluble mature HB-EGF, a ligand of human epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 4, is cleaved from the membrane-associated pro-HB-EGF by matrix metalloproteinase or a disintegrin and metalloproteinase in a process called ectodomain shedding. Signaling through human epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 4 results in a variety of effects, including cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. HB-EGF levels increase in response to different forms of injuries as well as stimuli, such as lysophosphatidic acid, retinoic acid, and 17β-estradiol. Because it is widely expressed in many organs, HB-EGF plays a critical role in tissue repair and regeneration throughout the body. It promotes cutaneous wound healing, hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, intestinal anastomosis strength, alveolar regeneration after pneumonectomy, neurogenesis after ischemic injury, bladder wall thickening in response to urinary tract obstruction, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury to many cell types. Additionally, innovative strategies to deliver HB-EGF to sites of organ injury or to increase the endogenous levels of shed HB-EGF have been attempted with promising results. Harnessing the reparatory properties of HB-EGF in the clinical setting, therefore, may produce therapies that augment the treatment of various organ injuries.
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28
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Oliva-Vilarnau N, Hankeova S, Vorrink SU, Mkrtchian S, Andersson ER, Lauschke VM. Calcium Signaling in Liver Injury and Regeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:192. [PMID: 30023358 PMCID: PMC6039545 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fulfills central roles in metabolic control and detoxification and, as such, is continuously exposed to a plethora of insults. Importantly, the liver has a unique ability to regenerate and can completely recoup from most acute, non-iterative insults. However, multiple conditions, including viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), long-term alcohol abuse and chronic use of certain medications, can cause persistent injury in which the regenerative capacity eventually becomes dysfunctional, resulting in hepatic scaring and cirrhosis. Calcium is a versatile secondary messenger that regulates multiple hepatic functions, including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as bile secretion and choleresis. Accordingly, dysregulation of calcium signaling is a hallmark of both acute and chronic liver diseases. In addition, recent research implicates calcium transients as essential components of liver regeneration. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of calcium signaling in liver health and disease and discuss the importance of calcium in the orchestration of the ensuing regenerative response. Furthermore, we highlight similarities and differences in spatiotemporal calcium regulation between liver insults of different etiologies. Finally, we discuss intracellular calcium control as an emerging therapeutic target for liver injury and summarize recent clinical findings of calcium modulation for the treatment of ischemic-reperfusion injury, cholestasis and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliva-Vilarnau
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simona Hankeova
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Souren Mkrtchian
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Zhang H, Shi JH, Jiang H, Wang K, Lu JY, Jiang X, Ma X, Chen YX, Ren AJ, Zheng J, Xie Z, Guo S, Xu X, Zhang WJ. ZBTB20 regulates EGFR expression and hepatocyte proliferation in mouse liver regeneration. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:462. [PMID: 29700307 PMCID: PMC5920068 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver has a unique regenerative capacity, however, its regulatory mechanism is not fully defined. We have established the zinc-finger protein ZBTB20 as a key transcriptional repressor for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene in liver. As a marker of hepatic differentiation, AFP expression is closely associated with hepatocyte proliferation. Unexpectedly, here we showed that ZBTB20 acts as a positive regulator of hepatic replication and is required for efficient liver regeneration. The mice specifically lacking ZBTB20 in hepatocytes exhibited a remarkable defect in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, which was characterized by impaired hepatocyte proliferation along with delayed cyclin D1 induction and diminished AKT activation. Furthermore, we found that epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression was dramatically reduced in the liver in the absence of ZBTB20, thereby substantially attenuating the activation of EGFR signaling pathway in regenerating liver. Adenovirus-mediated EGFR overexpression in ZBTB20-deficient hepatocytes could largely restore AKT activation in response to EGFR ligands in vitro, as well as hepatocyte replication in liver regeneration. Furthermore, ZBTB20 overexpression could significantly restore hepatic EGFR expression and cell proliferation after hepatectomy in ZBTB20-deficient liver. Taken together, our data point to ZBTB20 as a critical regulator of EGFR expression and hepatocyte proliferation in mouse liver regeneration, and may serve as a potential therapeutic target in clinical settings of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jian-Hui Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kejia Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jun-Yu Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xuchao Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xianhua Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yu-Xia Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - An-Jing Ren
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhifang Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Texas University of Agriculture and Mechanics, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xiongfei Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Weiping J Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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30
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Abstract
Liver regeneration after simple resection represents a unique process in which the organ returns to its original size and histologic structure. Over the past 30 years, there has been significant progress in elucidating the mechanisms associated with regeneration after loss of hepatic mass. Liver regeneration after acute liver failure shares several of these classical pathways. It differs, however, in key processes, including the role of both differentiated and stemlike cells. This article outlines these differences in addition to new molecular mechanisms, including immunomodulation, microRNAs, and the gut-liver axis. In addition, applications to the patient population, including prognostication and stem cell therapies, are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Wirth
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SouthEast, MMC 195, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Scott Kizy
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SouthEast, MMC 195, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Departments of Medicine, and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SouthEast, MMC 36, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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31
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Pedone E, Olteanu VA, Marucci L, Muñoz-Martin MI, Youssef SA, de Bruin A, Cosma MP. Modeling Dynamics and Function of Bone Marrow Cells in Mouse Liver Regeneration. Cell Rep 2017; 18:107-121. [PMID: 28052241 PMCID: PMC5236012 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents and humans, the liver can efficiently restore its mass after hepatectomy. This is largely attributed to the proliferation and cell cycle re-entry of hepatocytes. On the other hand, bone marrow cells (BMCs) migrate into the liver after resection. Here, we find that a block of BMC recruitment into the liver severely impairs its regeneration after the surgery. Mobilized hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the resected liver can fuse with hepatocytes, and the hybrids proliferate earlier than the hepatocytes. Genetic ablation of the hybrids severely impairs hepatocyte proliferation and liver mass regeneration. Mathematical modeling reveals a key role of bone marrow (BM)-derived hybrids to drive proliferation in the regeneration process, and predicts regeneration efficiency in experimentally non-testable conditions. In conclusion, BM-derived hybrids are essential to trigger efficient liver regeneration after hepatectomy. Bone marrow cell migration after liver hepatectomy is key for liver regeneration Migrated bone marrow cells fuse with hepatocytes Hybrids are essential for liver regeneration Mathematical modeling unveils the hybrid function for liver regeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pedone
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vlad-Aris Olteanu
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Lucia Marucci
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK.
| | - Maria Isabel Muñoz-Martin
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sameh A Youssef
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Alexandria Veterinary College, University of Alexandria-Egypt, 21612 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Pia Cosma
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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Gal Perin EI, Ataullakhanov RI, Dyuzheva TG, Platonova LV, Melnikova TM, Monakov MY, Dudchenko AM, Lyundup AV, Klabukov ID. [Possible use of the growing liver biological set for hepatic recovery after toxic damage (an experimental study)]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 63:440-446. [PMID: 29080878 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176305440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The lack of acceptable pharmacological approaches for restoration of the injured liver is associated with complex of mechanisms involved in hepatic regeneration and with difficulty of the target selection. The aim of this research was to study the hepatoprotective function of the extract from both the growing and regenerating liver containing a natural set of factors crucial for the hepatic restoration. Extracts from both regenerating liver of rats after 70% hepatic resection and the growing liver of neonatal pigs were obtained using own original technique. The set of resultant extracts was named as the hepatic regeneration set (HRS). HRS fractionation was carried out using the Toyopearl HW-50S sorbent. The efficiency of HRS and its fractions was estimated using a model of the mouse liver thioacetamide injury and monitoring hepatic enzyme activity in blood serum. The activities of AST and ALT in intact animals were 50 U/l and 80 U/l, respectively; after thioacetamide administration they increased to 2059±212 U/l and 4280±440 E/l, respectively (p<0.05). Treatment of injured animals with HRS from the rat regenerating liver resulted in a significant decrease of transaminase activities to 924±148 U/l (AST; p<0.05) and 1633±308 U/l (ALT; p<0.05). A similar effect was observed after treatment with HRS from the neonatal pig liver: the AST decreased to 937±138 U/l (p<0.05), while ALT activity decreased to 1710±237 U/l (p<0.05). HRs fractionation resulted in identification two active fractions characterized by much higher (8-29) hepatotropic effect that that of the whole extract. These fractions contained peptide/protein components with the range of molecular mass of 3-60 kDa (fraction 1) and 3-25 kDa (fraction 2a). Fraction 1 also contained some polynucleotides in fraction 1. Subsequent studies of these fractions exceeding the hepatotropic effect of original HRS is clearly needed to identify their individual components by immunochromatography methods, ELISA, MRM mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Gal Perin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - T G Dyuzheva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Platonova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - T M Melnikova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Yu Monakov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Dudchenko
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Lyundup
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I D Klabukov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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33
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Perioperative hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) infusions improve hepatic regeneration following portal branch ligation (PBL) in rodents. Surg Endosc 2016; 31:2789-2797. [PMID: 27752816 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-016-5288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As hepatic surgery has become safer and more commonly performed, the extent of hepatic resections has increased. When there is not enough expected hepatic reserve to facilitate primary resection of hepatic tumors, a clinical adjunct to facilitating primary resection is portal vein embolization (PVE). PVE allows the hepatic remnant to increase to an appropriate size prior to resection via hepatocyte regeneration; however, PVE is not always successful in facilitating adequate regeneration. One of the strongest trophic factors for hepatocyte regeneration is hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The purpose of this study was to improve hepatic regeneration with perioperative HGF infusions in an animal model that mimics PVE. METHODS Portal branch ligation (PBL) in rodents is equivalent to PVE in humans. We performed left-sided PBL in Sprague-Dawley rodents with the experimental group receiving perioperative HGF infusions. Baseline and postoperative liver volumetrics were obtained with CT scanning methods as performed in clinical practice. Baseline and postoperative liver functions were assessed via indocyanine green (ICG) elimination testing. RESULTS HGF infused rodents had statistically significant increase in all postoperative liver volumetrics. Most clinically relevant were increased right liver volumes (RLV), 14.10 versus 7.85 cm3 (p value 0.0001), and increased degree of hypertrophy (DH %), 159.23 versus 47.11 % (p value 0.0079). HGF infused rodents also had a quick return to baseline liver function, 2.38 days compared to 6.13 days (p value 0.0001). CONCLUSION Perioperative HGF infusions significantly increase hepatic regeneration following PBL in rodents. Perioperative HGF infusions following PVE are a possible adjunct to increase the amount of patients able to successfully undergo primary resection for hepatic tumors. Further basic science is warranted in examining the use of HGF infusions to increase hepatic regeneration and translating that basic science work to clinical practice.
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Chen J, Zeng F, Forrester SJ, Eguchi S, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Expression and Function of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Physiology and Disease. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1025-1069. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical member of a family of membrane-associated intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors, the ErbB family. EGFR is activated by multiple ligands, including EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, HB-EGF, betacellulin, amphiregulin, epiregulin, and epigen. EGFR is expressed in multiple organs and plays important roles in proliferation, survival, and differentiation in both development and normal physiology, as well as in pathophysiological conditions. In addition, EGFR transactivation underlies some important biologic consequences in response to many G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Aberrant EGFR activation is a significant factor in development and progression of multiple cancers, which has led to development of mechanism-based therapies with specific receptor antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review highlights the current knowledge about mechanisms and roles of EGFR in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fenghua Zeng
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven J. Forrester
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Elchaninov AV, Fatkhudinov TK, Usman NY, Arutyunyan IV, Makarov AV, Kananykhina EY, Glinkina VV, Bolshakova GB, Sukhikh GT. Expression of Cytokine Genes and Growth Factors in Rat Lungs and Kidneys after Subtotal Hepatectomy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:395-9. [PMID: 27496032 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of il1b, il6, il10, tnfa, hgf, tgfb, vegf, and fgf2 genes in the lungs and kidneys was examined on rat model of liver regeneration after subtotal hepatectomy. Enhanced expression of il6, il10, tnfa, hgf, and fgf2 genes was detected at the early terms after 80% liver resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Elchaninov
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Kh Fatkhudinov
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N Yu Usman
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Arutyunyan
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Makarov
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Yu Kananykhina
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- State Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Glinkina
- N. I. Pirogov National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G B Bolshakova
- State Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - G T Sukhikh
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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36
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Environmental Ligands of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Their Effects in Models of Adult Liver Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4326194. [PMID: 27274734 PMCID: PMC4870370 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4326194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of environmental and dietary ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in mature liver parenchymal cells is well appreciated, while considerably less attention has been paid to their impact on cell populations exhibiting phenotypic features of liver progenitor cells. Here, we discuss the results suggesting that the consequences of the AhR activation in the cellular models derived from bipotent liver progenitors could markedly differ from those in hepatocytes. In contact-inhibited liver progenitor cells, the AhR agonists induce a range of effects potentially linked with tumor promotion. They can stimulate cell cycle progression/proliferation and deregulate cell-to-cell communication, which is associated with downregulation of proteins forming gap junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes (such as connexin 43, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and plakoglobin), as well as with reduced cell adhesion and inhibition of intercellular communication. At the same time, toxic AhR ligands may affect the activity of the signaling pathways contributing to regulation of liver progenitor cell activation and/or differentiation, such as downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β signaling, or upregulation of transcriptional targets of YAP/TAZ, the effectors of Hippo signaling pathway. These data illustrate the need to better understand the potential role of liver progenitors in the AhR-mediated liver carcinogenesis and tumor promotion.
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37
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Kuttippurathu L, Juskeviciute E, Dippold RP, Hoek JB, Vadigepalli R. A novel comparative pattern analysis approach identifies chronic alcohol mediated dysregulation of transcriptomic dynamics during liver regeneration. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:260. [PMID: 27012785 PMCID: PMC4807561 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver regeneration is inhibited by chronic ethanol consumption and this impaired repair response may contribute to the risk for alcoholic liver disease. We developed and applied a novel data analysis approach to assess the effect of chronic ethanol intake in the mechanisms responsible for liver regeneration. We performed a time series transcriptomic profiling study of the regeneration response after 2/3rd partial hepatectomy (PHx) in ethanol-fed and isocaloric control rats. RESULTS We developed a novel data analysis approach focusing on comparative pattern counts (COMPACT) to exhaustively identify the dominant and subtle differential expression patterns. Approximately 6500 genes were differentially regulated in Ethanol or Control groups within 24 h after PHx. Adaptation to chronic ethanol intake significantly altered the immediate early gene expression patterns and nearly completely abrogated the cell cycle induction in hepatocytes post PHx. The patterns highlighted by COMPACT analysis contained several non-parenchymal cell specific markers indicating their aberrant transcriptional response as a novel mechanism through which chronic ethanol intake deregulates the integrated liver tissue response. CONCLUSIONS Our novel comparative pattern analysis revealed new insights into ethanol-mediated molecular changes in non-parenchymal liver cells as a possible contribution to the defective liver regeneration phenotype. The results revealed for the first time an ethanol-induced shift of hepatic stellate cells from a pro-regenerative phenotype to that of an anti-regenerative state after PHx. Our results can form the basis for novel interventions targeting the non-parenchymal cells in normalizing the dysfunctional repair response process in alcoholic liver disease. Our approach is illustrated online at http://compact.jefferson.edu .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kuttippurathu
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Egle Juskeviciute
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Rachael P Dippold
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jan B Hoek
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.,MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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38
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López-Luque J, Caballero-Díaz D, Martinez-Palacián A, Roncero C, Moreno-Càceres J, García-Bravo M, Grueso E, Fernández A, Crosas-Molist E, García-Álvaro M, Addante A, Bertran E, Valverde AM, González-Rodríguez Á, Herrera B, Montoliu L, Serrano T, Segovia JC, Fernández M, Ramos E, Sánchez A, Fabregat I. Dissecting the role of epidermal growth factor receptor catalytic activity during liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2016; 63:604-19. [PMID: 26313466 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Different data support a role for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway during liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis. However, important issues, such as the precise mechanisms mediating its actions and the unique versus redundant functions, have not been fully defined. Here, we present a novel transgenic mouse model expressing a hepatocyte-specific truncated form of human EGFR, which acts as negative dominant mutant (ΔEGFR) and allows definition of its tyrosine kinase-dependent functions. Results indicate a critical role for EGFR catalytic activity during the early stages of liver regeneration. Thus, after two-thirds partial hepatectomy, ΔEGFR livers displayed lower and delayed proliferation and lower activation of proliferative signals, which correlated with overactivation of the transforming growth factor-β pathway. Altered regenerative response was associated with amplification of cytostatic effects of transforming growth factor-β through induction of cell cycle negative regulators. Interestingly, lipid synthesis was severely inhibited in ΔEGFR livers after partial hepatectomy, revealing a new function for EGFR kinase activity as a lipid metabolism regulator in regenerating hepatocytes. In spite of these profound alterations, ΔEGFR livers were able to recover liver mass by overactivating compensatory signals, such as c-Met. Our results also indicate that EGFR catalytic activity is critical in the early preneoplastic stages of the liver because ΔEGFR mice showed a delay in the appearance of diethyl-nitrosamine-induced tumors, which correlated with decreased proliferation and delay in the diethyl-nitrosamine-induced inflammatory process. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate that EGFR catalytic activity is critical during the initial phases of both liver regeneration and carcinogenesis and provide key mechanistic insights into how this kinase acts to regulate liver pathophysiology. (Hepatology 2016;63:604-619).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit López-Luque
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caballero-Díaz
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adoración Martinez-Palacián
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Roncero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Moreno-Càceres
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María García-Bravo
- Cell Differentiation and Cytometry Unit, Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, , Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, CIEMAT/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Grueso
- Cell Differentiation and Cytometry Unit, Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, , Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Crosas-Molist
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María García-Álvaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annalisa Addante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Bertran
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Águeda González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Serrano
- Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose-Carlos Segovia
- Cell Differentiation and Cytometry Unit, Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, , Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, CIEMAT/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ramos
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T, Usman N, Kananykhina E, Arutyunyan I, Makarov A, Bolshakova G, Goldshtein D, Sukhikh G. Molecular Survey of Cell Source Usage during Subtotal Hepatectomy-Induced Liver Regeneration in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162613. [PMID: 27631110 PMCID: PMC5025203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of hepatocytes is known to be the main process in the hepatectomy-induced liver regrowth; however, in cases of extensive loss it may be insufficient for complete recovery unless supported by some additional sources e.g. mobilization of undifferentiated progenitors. The study was conducted on rat model of 80% subtotal hepatectomy; the objective was to evaluate contributions of hepatocytes and resident progenitor cells to the hepatic tissue recovery via monitoring specific mRNA and/or protein expression levels for a panel of genes implicated in growth, cell differentiation, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Some of the genes showed distinctive temporal expression patterns, which were loosely associated with two waves of hepatocyte proliferation observed at 2 and 7 days after the surgery. Focusing on genes implicated in regulation of the progenitor cell activity, we came across slight increases in expression levels for Sox9 and two genes encoding tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine TWEAK (Tnfsf12) and its receptor Fn14 (Tnfrsf12a). At the same time, no increase in numbers of cytokeratin 19-positive (CK19+) cells was observed in periportal areas, and no CK19+ cells were found in hepatic plates. Since CK19 is thought to be a specific marker of both cholangiocytes and the hepatic progenitor cells, the data indicate a lack of activation of the resident progenitor cells during recovery of hepatic tissue after 80% subtotal hepatectomy. Thus, proliferation of hepatocytes invariably makes the major contribution to the hepatic tissue recovery, although in the cases of subtotal loss this contribution is distinctively modulated. In particular, induction of Sox9 and TWEAK/Fn14 regulatory pathways, conventionally attributed to progenitor cell activation, may incidentally stimulate mitotic activity of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Elchaninov
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Natalia Usman
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Kananykhina
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Irina Arutyunyan
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Andrey Makarov
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Galina Bolshakova
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Dmitry Goldshtein
- Research Centre of Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechie Street, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
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Komposch K, Sibilia M. EGFR Signaling in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:E30. [PMID: 26729094 PMCID: PMC4730276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by several ligands leading to the activation of diverse signaling pathways controlling mainly proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The EGFR signaling axis has been shown to play a key role during liver regeneration following acute and chronic liver damage, as well as in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) highlighting the importance of the EGFR in the development of liver diseases. Despite the frequent overexpression of EGFR in human HCC, clinical studies with EGFR inhibitors have so far shown only modest results. Interestingly, a recent study has shown that in human HCC and in mouse HCC models the EGFR is upregulated in liver macrophages where it plays a tumor-promoting function. Thus, the role of EGFR in liver diseases appears to be more complex than what anticipated. Further studies are needed to improve the molecular understanding of the cell-specific signaling pathways that control disease development and progression to be able to develop better therapies targeting major components of the EGFR signaling network in selected cell types. In this review, we compiled the current knowledge of EGFR signaling in different models of liver damage and diseases, mainly derived from the analysis of HCC cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Komposch
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Lin H, Yuan K, Li L, Liu S, Li S, Hu G, Lian QQ, Ge RS. In Utero Exposure to Diethylhexyl Phthalate Affects Rat Brain Development: A Behavioral and Genomic Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:13696-710. [PMID: 26516888 PMCID: PMC4661608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most widely utilized phthalate plasticizers. Previous studies have demonstrated that gestational or postnatal DEHP exposure induced adverse effects on rat brain development and function. In this study, we investigated the effects of gestational DEHP exposure on gene expression profiling in neonatal rat brain and cognitive function change at adulthood. Adult Sprague Dawley dams were orally treated with 10 or 750 mg/kg DEHP from gestational day 12 to 21. Some male pups were euthanized at postnatal day 1 for gene expression profiling, and the rest males were retained for water maze testing on postnatal day (PND) 56. DEHP showed dose-dependent impairment of learning and spatial memory from PND 56 to 63. Genome-wide microarray analysis showed that 10 and 750 mg/kg DEHP altered the gene expression in the neonatal rat brain. Ccnd1 and Cdc2, two critical genes for neuron proliferation, were significantly down-regulated by DEHP. Interestingly, 750 mg/kg DEHP significantly increased Pmch level. Our study demonstrated the changed gene expression patterns after in utero DEHP exposure might partially contribute to the deficit of cognitive function at adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Kaiming Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Linyan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shiwen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Senlin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guoxin Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qing-Quan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
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Athanasopoulos P, Mastoraki A, Papalois A, Nastos C, Kondi-Pafiti A, Kostopanagiotou G, Smyrniotis V, Arkadopoulos N. Expression of Inflammatory and Regenerative Genes in a Model of Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion and Partial Hepatectomy. J INVEST SURG 2015; 29:67-73. [DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2015.1060280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhou B, Fan Y, Rao J, Xu Z, Liu Y, Lu L, Li G. Matrix metalloproteinases-9 deficiency impairs liver regeneration through epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in partial hepatectomy mice. J Surg Res 2015; 197:201-9. [PMID: 25956184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver regeneration is a complex process regulated by many complex mechanisms involving cytokines, growth factors, metabolic networks, and so forth. Previous investigations have demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an essential factor in liver regeneration. The present study aimed to explore the role of MMP-9 in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and related proliferation signaling factors in a mouse partial hepatectomy (PH) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS MMP-9 knockout (KO) and wild-type mice were used to establish the PH model. Liver regeneration was analyzed based on proliferation cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry and liver weight to body weight ratio. Also, EGFR ligands, EGFR, and downstream factors were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot. RESULTS MMP-9 KO mice showed a delayed hepatic regenerative response after PH. EGFR ligands, including heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and amphiregulin, were expressed at significantly lower levels between days 1 and 3 posthepatectomy in MMP-9 KO mice. MMP-9 KO mice also inhibited and delayed EGFR activation after PH. After PH, the expression of STAT3, NF-κB, and cyclinD1, all downstream of EGFR, was similar to EGFR activation. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new evidence supporting a critical role of MMP-9 in liver regeneration after PH through activation of EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ye Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianhua Rao
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenchao Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Abstract
Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is the only example of a regenerative process in mammals in which the organ/body weight ratio returns to 100% of the original when the process is complete. The adjustment of liver weight to the needs of the body suggests a complicated set of control points, a 'hepatostat'. There has been much progress in elucidation of mechanisms involved in initiation of liver regeneration. More recent studies have focused on termination pathways, because these may be the underlying controls of the hepatostat and their elimination may be relevant to hepatic neoplasia. When the standard regenerative process is thwarted due to failure of either hepatocytes or biliary epithelial cells to proliferate, each of the two epithelial compartments can function as a source of facultative stem cells for the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Bioscience Tower South, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Yang YA, Tang WJ, Zhang X, Yuan JW, Liu XH, Zhu HL. Synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of glycyrrhizin analogs as anticancer agents targeting EGFR. Molecules 2014; 19:6368-81. [PMID: 24853453 PMCID: PMC6271220 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GA) analogs in the form of 3-glucuronides and 18-epimers were synthesized and their anticancer activities were evaluated. Alkaline isomerization of monoglucuronides is reported. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronides (GAMGs) displayed higher anticancer activities than those of bisglucuronide GA analogs, while anticancer activity of the 18α-epimer was superior to that of the 18β-epimer. 18α-GAMG was firstly nicely bound to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) via six hydrogen bonds and one charge interaction, and the docking calculation proved the correlation between anticancer activities and EGFR inhibitory activities. Highly active 18α-GAMG is thus of interest for the further studies as a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-An Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Wen-Jian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Ji-Wen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xin-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Abstract
The liver is unique in its ability to regenerate in response to injury. A number of evolutionary safeguards have allowed the liver to continue to perform its complex functions despite significant injury. Increased understanding of the regenerative process has significant benefit in the treatment of liver failure. Furthermore, understanding of liver regeneration may shed light on the development of cancer within the cirrhotic liver. This review provides an overview of the models of study currently used in liver regeneration, the molecular basis of liver regeneration, and the role of liver progenitor cells in regeneration of the liver. Specific focus is placed on clinical applications of current knowledge in liver regeneration, including small-for-size liver transplant. Furthermore, cutting-edge topics in liver regeneration, including in vivo animal models for xenogeneic human hepatocyte expansion and the use of decellularized liver matrices as a 3-dimensional scaffold for liver repopulation, are proposed. Unfortunately, despite 50 years of intense study, many gaps remain in the scientific understanding of liver regeneration.
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Hu J, Srivastava K, Wieland M, Runge A, Mogler C, Besemfelder E, Terhardt D, Vogel MJ, Cao L, Korn C, Bartels S, Thomas M, Augustin HG. Endothelial cell-derived angiopoietin-2 controls liver regeneration as a spatiotemporal rheostat. Science 2014; 343:416-9. [PMID: 24458641 DOI: 10.1126/science.1244880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration requires spatially and temporally precisely coordinated proliferation of the two major hepatic cell populations, hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), to reconstitute liver structure and function. The underlying mechanisms of this complex molecular cross-talk remain elusive. Here, we show that the expression of Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) in LSECs is dynamically regulated after partial hepatectomy. During the early inductive phase of liver regeneration, Ang2 down-regulation leads to reduced LSEC transforming growth factor-β1 production, enabling hepatocyte proliferation by releasing an angiocrine proliferative brake. During the later angiogenic phase of liver regeneration, recovery of endothelial Ang2 expression enables regenerative angiogenesis by controlling LSEC vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression. The data establish LSECs as a dynamic rheostat of liver regeneration, spatiotemporally orchestrating hepatocyte and LSEC proliferation through angiocrine- and autocrine-acting Ang2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Hu
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-Center for Molecular Biology Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Regeneration is a process by which organisms replace damaged or amputated organs to restore normal body parts. Regeneration of many tissues or organs requires proliferation of stem cells or stem cell-like blastema cells. This regenerative growth is often initiated by cell death pathways induced by damage. The executors of regenerative growth are a group of growth-promoting signaling pathways, including JAK/STAT, EGFR, Hippo/YAP, and Wnt/β-catenin. These pathways are also essential to developmental growth, but in regeneration, they are activated in distinct ways and often at higher strengths, under the regulation by certain stress-responsive signaling pathways, including JNK signaling. Growth suppressors are important in termination of regeneration to prevent unlimited growth and also contribute to the loss of regenerative capacity in nonregenerative organs. Here, we review cellular and molecular growth regulation mechanisms induced by organ damage in several models with different regenerative capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongping Sun
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
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Merlen G, Gentric G, Celton-Morizur S, Foretz M, Guidotti JE, Fauveau V, Leclerc J, Viollet B, Desdouets C. AMPKα1 controls hepatocyte proliferation independently of energy balance by regulating Cyclin A2 expression. J Hepatol 2014; 60:152-9. [PMID: 24012615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved sensor of cellular energy status that contributes to restoration of energy homeostasis by slowing down ATP-consuming pathways and activating ATP-producing pathways. Unexpectedly, in different systems, AMPK is also required for proper cell division. In the current study, we evaluated the potential effect of the AMPK catalytic subunit, AMPKα1, on hepatocyte proliferation. METHODS Hepatocyte proliferation was determined in AMPKα1 knockout and wild-type mice in vivo after two thirds partial hepatectomy, and in vitro in primary hepatocyte cultures. The activities of metabolic and cell cycle-related signaling pathways were measured. RESULTS After partial hepatectomy, hepatocytes proliferated rapidly, correlating with increased AMPK phosphorylation. Deletion of AMPKα1 delayed liver regeneration by impacting on G1/S transition phase. The proliferative defect of AMPKα1-deficient hepatocytes was cell autonomous, and independent of energy balance. The priming phase, lipid droplet accumulation, protein anabolic responses and growth factor activation after partial hepatectomy occurred normally in the absence of AMPKα1 activity. By contrast, mRNA and protein expression of cyclin A2, a key driver of S phase progression, were compromised in the absence of AMPK activity. Importantly, AMPKα1 controlled cyclin A2 transcription mainly through the ATF/CREB element. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights a novel role for AMPKα1 as a positive regulator of hepatocyte division occurring independently of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Merlen
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Gentric
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacques-Emmanuel Guidotti
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Fauveau
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Leclerc
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Berasain C, Avila MA. The EGFR signalling system in the liver: from hepatoprotection to hepatocarcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:9-23. [PMID: 24318021 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The liver displays an outstanding wound healing and regenerative capacity unmatched by any other organ. This reparative response is governed by a complex network of inflammatory mediators, growth factors and metabolites that are set in motion in response to hepatocellular injury. However, when liver injury is chronic, these regenerative mechanisms become dysregulated, facilitating the accumulation of genetic alterations leading to unrestrained cell proliferation and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or ErbB1) signaling system has been identified as a key player in all stages of the liver response to injury, from early inflammation and hepatocellular proliferation to fibrogenesis and neoplastic transformation. The EGFR system engages in extensive crosstalk with other signaling pathways, acting as a true signaling hub for other growth factors, cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Here, we briefly review essential aspects of the biology of the EGFR, the other ErbB receptors, and their ligands in liver injury, regeneration and HCC development. Some aspects of the preclinical and clinical experience with EGFR therapeutic targeting in HCC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy and CIBEREhd, CIMA-University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain,
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