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fMLP-dependent activation of Akt and ERK1/2 through ROS/Rho A pathways is mediated through restricted activation of the FPRL1 (FPR2) receptor. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:711-722. [PMID: 29922854 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The objective of this study is to uncover the signal transduction pathways of N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in monocyte. MATERIALS OR SUBJECTS Freshly isolated human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) were used for in vitro assessment of signal transduction pathways activated by fMLP. TREATMENT Time-course and dose-response experiments were used to evaluate the effect of fMLP along with the specific inhibitors/stimulators on the activation of downstream signaling kinases. METHODS Freshly isolated human PBMC were stimulated with fMLP for the desired time. Western blot and siRNA analysis were used to evaluate the activated intracellular signaling kinases, and flow analysis was performed to assess the levels of CD11b. Furthermore, luminescence spectrometry was performed to measure the levels of released hydrogen peroxide in the media. RESULTS fMLP strongly stimulated the activation of AKT and ERK1/2 through a RhoA-GTPase-dependent manner and also induced H2O2 release by monocytes. Furthermore, fMLP mediated its effects through restricted activation of formylpeptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1/FPR2), but independently of either EGFR transactivation or intracellular calcium release. In addition, NAC reversed fMLP- and H2O2-induced activation of Akt and RhoA-GTPase. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggested that fMLP-activated ERK1/2 and Akt pathways through specific activation of the FPRL1/ROS/RoA-GTPase pathway.
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Liu M, Zhao J, Chen K, Bian X, Wang C, Shi Y, Wang JM. G protein-coupled receptor FPR1 as a pharmacologic target in inflammation and human glioblastoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:283-8. [PMID: 22863814 PMCID: PMC3547636 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formylpeptide receptor1 (FPR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) originally identified in phagocytic leucocytes and mediates cell chemotaxis and activation in response to bacterial formylated chemotactic peptides. However, FPR1 also participates in a signal relay which regulates the infiltration of phagocytes, in particular neutrophils, to inflammatory sites in response to tissue-derived chemoattractant ligands. In addition to participating in innate immune responses, recently, FPR1 has been shown to be expressed by highly malignant glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Upon activation by an endogenous agonist Annexin 1 (Anx A1) released by necrotic glioma cells, FPR1 transactivates the receptor for epithelial growth factor (EGFR) and consequently to promote glioma cell chemotaxis, invasion, growth and production of angiogenic factors. The observations demonstrate that FPR1, as a multifunctional GPCR with pattern recognition properties, is not only involved in innate immune responses but also in the progression of GBM. Thus, FPR1 is an immunopharmacologic target for development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xiuwu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Xuzhou Yes Biotech Laboratories Ltd. Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Campo GM, Avenoso A, D'Ascola A, Scuruchi M, Prestipino V, Nastasi G, Calatroni A, Campo S. Adenosine A2A receptor activation and hyaluronan fragment inhibition reduce inflammation in mouse articular chondrocytes stimulated with interleukin-1β. FEBS J 2012; 279:2120-33. [PMID: 22502642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Small hyaluronan (HA) fragments produced from native HA during inflammation contribute greatly to cell injury in many pathologies. HA oligosaccharides increase proinflammatory cytokine levels by activating both CD44 and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4. Stimulation of CD44 and TLR-4 then activates nuclear factor-κB, which induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The adenosine 2A receptor (A(2A)R) is also involved in several inflammation pathologies, and the nucleoside adenosine acts as a potent endogenous inhibitor of inflammation in various tissues by interacting with this receptor. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an HA-blocking peptide that inhibits the proinflammatory action of HA oligosaccharides produced during inflammation, together with a specific A(2A)R agonist in a model of normal mouse articular chondrocytes stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β. IL-1β stimulation significantly increased mRNA expression and the related protein production of TLR-4, TLR-2, CD44 and A(2A)R in articular chondrocytes. The induced nuclear factor-κB activation was also associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6, and other inflammatory mediators, such as matrix metalloprotease-13 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Treatment of chondrocytes with the HA-blocking peptide Pep-1 and/or a specific A(2A)R agonist (CGS-21680) significantly reduced all of the inflammatory parameters upregulated by IL-1β. These results suggest that the inflammatory response may be reduced either by blocking oligosaccharides from HA degradation or by A(2A)R stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe M Campo
- Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Italy.
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Kewalramani G, Fink LN, Asadi F, Klip A. Palmitate-activated macrophages confer insulin resistance to muscle cells by a mechanism involving protein kinase C θ and ε. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26947. [PMID: 22046423 PMCID: PMC3202600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage-derived factors contribute to whole-body insulin resistance, partly by impinging on metabolically active tissues. As proof of principle for this interaction, conditioned medium from macrophages treated with palmitate (CM-PA) reduces insulin action and glucose uptake in muscle cells. However, the mechanism whereby CM-PA confers this negative response onto muscle cells remains unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings L6-GLUT4myc myoblasts were exposed for 24 h to palmitate-free conditioned medium from RAW 264.7 macrophages pre-treated with 0.5 mM palmitate for 6 h. This palmitate-free CM-PA, containing selective cytokines and chemokines, inhibited myoblast insulin-stimulated insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) tyrosine phosphorylation, AS160 phosphorylation, GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. These effects were accompanied by a rise in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, degradation of Inhibitor of κBα (IκBα), and elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines in myoblasts. Notably, CM-PA caused IRS1 phosphorylation on Ser1101, and phosphorylation of novel PKCθ and ε. Co-incubation of myoblasts with CM-PA and the novel and conventional PKC inhibitor Gö6983 (but not with the conventional PKC inhibitor Gö6976) prevented PKCθ and ε activation, JNK phosphorylation, restored IκBα mass and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production. Gö6983 also restored insulin signalling and glucose uptake in myoblasts. Moreover, co-silencing both novel PKC θ and ε isoforms in myoblasts by RNA interference, but not their individual silencing, prevented the inflammatory response and restored insulin sensitivity to CM-PA-treated myoblasts. Conclusions/Clinical Significance The results suggest that the block in muscle insulin action caused by CM-PA is mediated by novel PKCθ and PKCε. This study re-establishes the participation of macrophages as a relay in the action of fatty acids on muscle cells, and further identifies PKCθ and PKCε as key elements in the inflammatory and insulin resistance responses of muscle cells to macrophage products. Furthermore, it portrays these PKC isoforms as potential targets for the treatment of fatty acid-induced, inflammation-linked insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbeth Nielsen Fink
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Novo Nordisk A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Farzad Asadi
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Pan WW, Li JD, Huang S, Papadimos TJ, Pan ZK, Chen LY. Synergistic activation of NF-{kappa}B by bacterial chemoattractant and TNF{alpha} is mediated by p38 MAPK-dependent RelA acetylation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:34348-54. [PMID: 20729202 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.109165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the host immune system, leukocytes are often exposed to multiple inflammation inducers. NF-κB is of considerable importance in leukocyte function because of its ability to activate the transcription of many proinflammatory immediate-early genes. Tremendous efforts have been made toward understanding how NF-κB is activated by various inducers. However, most research on NF-κB regulation has been focused on understanding how NF-κB is activated by a single inducer. This is unlike the situation in the human immune system where multiple inflammation inducers, including both exogenous and endogenous mediators, are present concurrently. We now present evidence that the formylated peptide f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), a bacterial chemoattractant, synergizes with TNFα to induce NF-κB activation and the resultant inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of synergistic activation of NF-κB by bacterial fMLP and TNFα may be involved in the induction of RelA acetylation, which is regulated by p38 MAPK. Thus, this study provides direct evidence for the synergistic induction of NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses by both exogenous and endogenous inducers. The ability of fMLP to synergize with TNFα and activate NF-κB represents a novel and potentially important mechanism through which bacterial fMLP not only attracts leukocytes but also directly contributes to inflammation by synergizing with the endogenous mediator TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W Pan
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
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Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, D'Ascola A, Traina P, Calatroni A. Differential effect of molecular size HA in mouse chondrocytes stimulated with PMA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1790:1353-67. [PMID: 19607883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronan (HA) fragments elicit the expression of inflammatory mediators through a mechanism involving the CD44 receptor. This study investigated the effects of HA at different molecular weights on PMA-induced inflammation in mouse chondrocytes. METHODS mRNA and related protein levels were measured for CD44, PKCdelta, PKCepsilon, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, MMP-13, and iNOS in chondrocytes, untreated or PMA treated, with and without the addition of HA. The level of NF-kB activation was also assayed. RESULTS CD44, PKCdelta, and PKCepsilon mRNA expression resulted higher than controls in chondrocytes treated with PMA. PMA also induced NF-kB up-regulation and increased TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, MMP-13, and iNOS expression. HA treatment produced different effects: low MW HA up-regulated CD44 expression, increased PKCdelta and PKCepsilon levels, and enhanced inflammation in untreated chondrocytes; while in PMA-treated cells it increased CD44, PKCdelta, PKCepsilon, NF-kB, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, MMP-13, and iNOS expression and enhanced the effects of PMA; medium MW HA did not exert action; high MW HA had no effect on untreated chondrocytes; however, it reduced PKCdelta, PKCepsilon, NF-kB activation and inflammation in PMA-stimulated cells. Specific CD44 blocking antibody was utilised to confirm CD44 as the target of HA modulation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that HA via CD44 may modulate inflammation via its different molecular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe M Campo
- Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, section of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, 5 degrees piano, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy.
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Barma P, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A, Kundu R, Dasgupta S, Biswas A, Bhattacharya S, Roy SS, Bhattacharya S. Lipid induced overexpression of NF-kappaB in skeletal muscle cells is linked to insulin resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:190-200. [PMID: 19111928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid induced NF-kappaB activation is known to be associated with insulin resistance and type2 diabetes. Here we show that incubation of L6 skeletal muscle cells with palmitate significantly increased NF-kappaB p65 and NF-kappaB p50 expression along with their phosphorylation. NF-kappaB p65 siRNA inhibited palmitate induced overexpression of NF-kappaB p65 indicating palmitate effect on transcriptional activation. RT-PCR and real time PCR experiments also showed a significant increase in NF-kappaB p65 gene expression due to palmitate. Overexpression of NF-kappaB p65 by palmitate was linked to impairment of insulin activity. Palmitate effect on NF-kappaB gene and protein expression was found to be mediated by phospho-PKCepsilon as calphostin C (an inhibitor of PKC) and epsilonV1 (PKCepsilon translocation inhibitor) significantly reduced NF-kappaB expression. To understand the underlying mechanism, we purified NF-kappaB and pPKCepsilon from palmitate incubated skeletal muscle cells and their interaction in cell free system demonstrated the transfer of phosphate from PKCepsilon to NF-kappaB. This prompted us to transduct pPKCepsilon to the skeletal muscle cells. These cells showed increased amount of pNF-kappaB and NF-kappaB. Excess of NF-kappaB p65 pool thus created in the cells made them insulin resistant. Addition of NF-kappaB p65 siRNA and SN50 inhibited palmitate induced NF-kappaB p65 expression indicating NF-kappaB regulation of its gene expression. Increase of NF-kappaB did not affect the activation of IKK/IkappaB indicating NF-kappaB p65 expression to be a distinct effect of palmitate. Since NF-kappaB p65 is linked to several diseases, including type2 diabetes, this report may be important in understanding the pathogenicity of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pomy Barma
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata - 700032, India
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Chen LY, Pan WW, Chen M, Li JD, Liu W, Chen G, Huang S, Papadimos TJ, Pan ZK. Synergistic induction of inflammation by bacterial products lipopolysaccharide and fMLP: an important microbial pathogenic mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2518-24. [PMID: 19201908 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0713933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of stimuli have been shown to induce inflammation, but bacteria products/components are considered the major inducers during bacterial infections. We previously demonstrated that bacterial products/components such as LPS, a glycolipid component of the bacterial outer membrane, and formylated peptides (fMLP), a bacterial-derived peptide, induced proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in human peripheral blood monocytes. We now present evidence that mixtures of bacterial products/components LPS and fMLP behave synergistically in the induction of inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our results indicate that the TLR4 and the IKKbeta-IkappaBalpha signaling pathways are involved in the synergistic induction of inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism of synergistic activation of NF-kappaB is depended on nuclear translocation of p65 and phosphorylation of p65 at both Ser536 and Ser276 sites. These results demonstrate an important role for bacterial products/components from lysed bacteria in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. We believe that this synergistic induction of inflammation by bacterial products LPS and fMLP represents an important pathogenic mechanism during bacterial infection, which may suggest novel therapeutic strategies or targets to minimize host injury following bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Thompson C, Cloutier A, Bossé Y, Poisson C, Larivée P, McDonald PP, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Signaling by the Cysteinyl-Leukotriene Receptor 2. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:1974-84. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608197200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Panaro MA, Acquafredda A, Sisto M, Lisi S, Maffione AB, Mitolo V. Biological role of the N-formyl peptide receptors. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006; 28:103-27. [PMID: 16684671 DOI: 10.1080/08923970600625975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) to its specific cell surface receptors triggers different cascades of biochemical events, eventually leading to cellular activation. The formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are members of the seven-transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptors superfamily, expressed at high levels on polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes. The main responses elicited upon ligation of formylated peptides, referred to as cellular activation, are those of morphological polarization, locomotion, production of reactive-oxygen species and release of proteolytic enzymes. FPRs have in recent years been shown to be expressed also in several non myelocytic populations, suggesting other unidentified functions for this receptor family, independent of the inflammatory response. Finally, a number of ligands acting as exogenous or host-derived agonists for FPRs, as well as ligands acting as FPRs antagonists, have been described, indicating that these receptors may be differentially modulated by distinct molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Panaro
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari, Italy.
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Ruse M, Knaus UG. New players in TLR-mediated innate immunity: PI3K and small Rho GTPases. Immunol Res 2006; 34:33-48. [PMID: 16720897 DOI: 10.1385/ir:34:1:33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune system as a first line of defense against pathogens. TLR activation in phagocytes produces pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that contribute directly to elimination of infectious agents and activation of adaptive immune responses. However, a sustained inflammatory response can result in tissue damage and generalized sepsis. This review summarizes the complex and sometimes conflicting links of TLR signaling with two important regulators of immune cells functions: phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and small GTPases of the Rho family. A unified model of hierarchical organization of these signaling participants is still premature, given that the tools for delineating how control of TLRmediated pathways is achieved are just emerging. Critical progress in our understanding of spatial-temporal propagation of TLR signaling will certainly be provided in the near future by pharmacological targeting of PI3Ks using recently characterized, second-generation PI3K inhibitors in combination with gene-targeting strategies for PI3K subunits and Rho GTPases targeted to the murine myeloid compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ruse
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, California.
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