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Moëlo C, Quillévéré A, Le Roy L, Timsit S. (S)-roscovitine, a CDK inhibitor, decreases cerebral edema and modulates AQP4 and α1-syntrophin interaction on a pre-clinical model of acute ischemic stroke. Glia 2024; 72:322-337. [PMID: 37828900 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral edema is one of the deadliest complications of ischemic stroke for which there is currently no pharmaceutical treatment. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water-channel polarized at the astrocyte endfoot, is known to be highly implicated in cerebral edema. We previously showed in randomized studies that (S)-roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, reduced cerebral edema 48 h after induction of focal transient ischemia, but its mechanisms of action were unclear. In our recent blind randomized study, we confirmed that (S)-roscovitine was able to reduce cerebral edema by 65% at 24 h post-stroke (t test, p = .006). Immunofluorescence analysis of AQP4 distribution in astrocytes revealed that (S)-roscovitine decreased the non-perivascular pool of AQP4 by 53% and drastically increased AQP4 clusters in astrocyte perivascular end-feet (671%, t test p = .005) compared to vehicle. Non-perivascular and clustered AQP4 compartments were negatively correlated (R = -0.78; p < .0001), suggesting a communicating vessels effect between the two compartments. α1-syntrophin, AQP4 anchoring protein, was colocalized with AQP4 in astrocyte endfeet, and this colocalization was maintained in ischemic area as observed on confocal microscopy. Moreover, (S)-roscovitine increased AQP4/α1-syntrophin interaction (40%, MW p = .0083) as quantified by proximity ligation assay. The quantified interaction was negatively correlated with brain edema in both treated and placebo groups (R = -.57; p = .0074). We showed for the first time, that a kinase inhibitor modulated AQP4/α1-syntrophin interaction, and was implicated in the reduction of cerebral edema. These findings suggest that (S)-roscovitine may hold promise as a potential treatment for cerebral edema in ischemic stroke and as modulator of AQP4 function in other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Moëlo
- EFS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Inserm UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Alicia Quillévéré
- EFS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Inserm UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Lucas Le Roy
- EFS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Inserm UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Serge Timsit
- EFS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Inserm UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
- Neurology and Stroke Unit Department, CHRU de Brest, Inserm1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
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2
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Cottarelli A, Shahriar S, Arac A, Glendinning M, Tuohy MC, Prochilo G, Neal JB, Edinger AL, Agalliu D. Rab7a activation promotes degradation of select tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier after ischemic stroke. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555373. [PMID: 37693406 PMCID: PMC10491261 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The stability of tight junctions (TJs) between endothelial cells (ECs) is essential to maintain blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in the healthy brain. Following ischemic stroke, TJ strand dismantlement due to protein degradation leads to BBB dysfunction, yet the mechanisms driving this process are poorly understood. Here, we show that endothelial-specific ablation of Rab7a, a small GTPase that regulates endolysosomal protein degradation, reduces stroke-induced TJ strand disassembly resulting in decreased paracellular BBB permeability and improved neuronal outcomes. Two pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL1β, but not glucose and oxygen deprivation, induce Rab7a activation via Ccz1 in brain ECs in vitro, leading to increased TJ protein degradation and impaired paracellular barrier function. Silencing Rab7a in brain ECs in vitro reduces cytokine-driven endothelial barrier dysfunction by suppressing degradation of a key BBB TJ protein, Claudin-5. Thus, Rab7a activation by inflammatory cytokines promotes degradation of select TJ proteins leading to BBB dysfunction after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Cottarelli
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ahmet Arac
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Glendinning
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mary Claire Tuohy
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Grace Prochilo
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jason B. Neal
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Aimee L. Edinger
- Departments of Developmental and Cell Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Zhuo Z, Wang H, Zhang S, Bartlett PF, Walker TL, Hou ST. Selenium supplementation provides potent neuroprotection following cerebral ischemia in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1060-1076. [PMID: 36756891 PMCID: PMC10291447 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231156981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in reperfusion therapy, functional recovery remains suboptimal in many stroke patients, with oxidative stress, inflammation, dysbiosis, and secondary neurodegeneration constituting the major hurdles to recovery. The essential trace element selenium is emerging as a promising therapeutic agent for stroke. However, although several rodent studies have shown that selenium can protect against cell loss following cerebral ischemia, no study has yet examined whether selenium can enhance long-term functional recovery. Moreover, published studies have typically reported a single mechanism of action underlying selenium-mediated stroke recovery. However, we propose that selenium is more likely to have multifaceted actions. Here, we show that selenomethionine confers a potent neuroprotective effect in a canonical filament-induced transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model. Post-tMCAO selenium treatment significantly reduces the cerebral infarct volume, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis and enhances post-tMCAO motor performance in the acute phase after stroke. Moreover, analysis of the gut microbiota reveals that acute selenium treatment reverses stroke-induced gut dysbiosis. Longer-term selenium supplementation activates intrinsic neuroprotective mechanisms, prevents secondary neurodegeneration, alleviates systemic inflammation, and diminishes gut microbe-derived circulating trimethylamine N-oxide. These findings demonstrate that selenium treatment even after cerebral ischemia has long-term and multifaceted neuroprotective effects, highlighting its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhuo
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Huimei Wang
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Present address: Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tara L Walker
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sheng-Tao Hou
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Hasan MF, Trushina E. Advances in Recapitulating Alzheimer's Disease Phenotypes Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based In Vitro Models. Brain Sci 2022; 12:552. [PMID: 35624938 PMCID: PMC9138647 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of death among older individuals. Available treatment strategies only temporarily mitigate symptoms without modifying disease progression. Recent studies revealed the multifaceted neurobiology of AD and shifted the target of drug development. Established animal models of AD are mostly tailored to yield a subset of disease phenotypes, which do not recapitulate the complexity of sporadic late-onset AD, the most common form of the disease. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs) offers unique opportunities to fill these gaps. Emerging technology allows the development of disease models that recapitulate a brain-like microenvironment using patient-derived cells. These models retain the individual's unraveled genetic background, yielding clinically relevant disease phenotypes and enabling cost-effective, high-throughput studies for drug discovery. Here, we review the development of various HiPSC-based models to study AD mechanisms and their application in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fayad Hasan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Properties of the Aqueous Extract of Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile Fruit Pulp on Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity in Swiss Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7576132. [PMID: 35449814 PMCID: PMC9017515 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7576132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile (B. aegyptiaca) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of memory impairment. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential of BA fruit pulp extract on excitotoxicity induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG). MSG was administered 30 minutes after treatment with B. aegyptiaca aqueous fruit pulp extract (50, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg/kg) for 30 days. The negative control group received only MSG, while the control group was given distilled water daily. Behavioral tests parameters (using the novel object recognition, Y-maze, and Barnes maze tests), oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase), nitric oxide, and acetylcholinesterase activity and hippocampal architecture were evaluated. Results obtained revealed that different doses of B. aegyptiaca significantly reversed the deleterious effect of MSG on memory. This was displayed by a significant (
) increment in the percentage of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and a significant (
) increase in discrimination index in novel object recognition observed with 500 mg/kg extract dose. Moreover, the extract (250 and 500 mg/kg doses) significantly (
) increased direct search strategy and significantly decreased (
) the time taken to find the target hole in the Barnes maze. A modulation of hyperactivity was observed after administration of all extract doses compared to the negative control group in the open arena. Furthermore, the highest dose of the extract caused a significant (
) improvement in antioxidant enzymes activity, associated with a significant (
) decrement in nitric oxide and malondialdehyde concentrations and a significant (
) decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity. Treatment with the extract also restored normal hippocampal cell architecture. B. aegyptiaca fruit pulp extract could thus confer neuroprotection through its antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential.
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Maehara N, Taniguchi K, Okuno A, Ando H, Hirota A, Li Z, Wang CT, Arai S, Miyazaki T. AIM/CD5L attenuates DAMPs in the injured brain and thereby ameliorates ischemic stroke. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109693. [PMID: 34525359 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The sterile inflammation caused by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) worsens the prognosis following primary injury such as ischemic stroke. However, there are no effective treatments to regulate DAMPs. Here, we report that AIM (or CD5L) protein reduces sterile inflammation by attenuating DAMPs and that AIM administration ameliorates the deleterious effects of ischemic stroke. AIM binds to DAMPs via charge-based interactions and disulfide bond formation. This AIM association promotes the phagocytic removal of DAMPs and neutralizes DAMPs by impeding their binding to inflammatory receptors. In experimental stroke, AIM-deficient mice exhibit severe neurological damage and higher mortality with greater levels of DAMPs and associated inflammation in the brain than wild-type mice, in which brain AIM levels increase following stroke onset. Recombinant AIM administration reduces sterile inflammation in the infarcted region, leading to a profound reduction of animal mortality. Our findings provide a basis for the therapies targeting DAMPs to improve ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Maehara
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaori Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ami Okuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ando
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aika Hirota
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ching-Ting Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoko Arai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Toru Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; LEAP, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Plateforme GENOMAX, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 1109, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence TRANSPLANTEX, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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7
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Potent inhibitors of toxic alpha-synuclein identified via cellular time-resolved FRET biosensors. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:52. [PMID: 34183676 PMCID: PMC8238948 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a high-throughput drug discovery platform, measuring fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with fluorescent alpha-synuclein (αSN) biosensors, to detect spontaneous pre-fibrillar oligomers in living cells. Our two αSN FRET biosensors provide complementary insight into αSN oligomerization and conformation in order to improve the success of drug discovery campaigns for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. We measure FRET by fluorescence lifetime, rather than traditional fluorescence intensity, providing a structural readout with greater resolution and precision. This facilitates identification of compounds that cause subtle but significant conformational changes in the ensemble of oligomeric states that are easily missed using intensity-based FRET. We screened a 1280-compound small-molecule library and identified 21 compounds that changed the lifetime by >5 SD. Two of these compounds have nanomolar potency in protecting SH-SY5Y cells from αSN-induced death, providing a nearly tenfold improvement over known inhibitors. We tested the efficacy of several compounds in a primary mouse neuron assay of αSN pathology (phosphorylation of mouse αSN pre-formed fibrils) and show rescue of pathology for two of them. These hits were further characterized with biophysical and biochemical assays to explore potential mechanisms of action. In vitro αSN oligomerization, single-molecule FRET, and protein-observed fluorine NMR experiments demonstrate that these compounds modulate αSN oligomers but not monomers. Subsequent aggregation assays further show that these compounds also deter or block αSN fibril assembly.
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Eyford BA, Singh CSB, Abraham T, Munro L, Choi KB, Hill T, Hildebrandt R, Welch I, Vitalis TZ, Gabathuler R, Gordon JA, Adomat H, Guns ES, Lu CJ, Pfeifer CG, Tian MM, Jefferies WA. A Nanomule Peptide Carrier Delivers siRNA Across the Intact Blood-Brain Barrier to Attenuate Ischemic Stroke. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:611367. [PMID: 33869275 PMCID: PMC8044710 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.611367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders the distribution of therapeutics intended for treatment of neuroinflammation (NI) of the central nervous system. A twelve-amino acid peptide that transcytoses the BBB, termed MTfp, was chemically conjugated to siRNA to create a novel peptide-oligonucleotide conjugate (POC), directed to downregulate NOX4, a gene thought responsible for oxidative stress in ischemic stroke. The MTfp-NOX4 POC has the ability to cross the intact BBB and knockdown NOX4 expression in the brain. Following induction of ischemic stroke, animals pretreated with the POC exhibited significantly smaller infarcts; accompanied by increased protection against neurological deterioration and improved recovery. The data demonstrates that the MTfp can act as a nanomule to facilitate BBB transcytosis of siRNAs; where the NOX-4 specific siRNA moiety can elicit effective therapeutic knockdown of a gene responsible for oxidative stress in the central nervous system. This study is the first to conclusively demonstrate both siRNA-carrier delivery and therapeutic efficacy in any CNS disease model where the BBB remains intact and thus offers new avenues for potential treatments of oxidative stress underlying neuroinflammation in a variety of neuropathologies that are currently refractory to existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Eyford
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chaahat S. B. Singh
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas Abraham
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences and Microscopy Imaging Core Lab, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Lonna Munro
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyung Bok Choi
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tracy Hill
- Centre for Comparative Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rhonda Hildebrandt
- Centre for Comparative Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Welch
- Centre for Comparative Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Reinhard Gabathuler
- Bioasis Technologies Inc., Guilford, CT, United States
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob A. Gordon
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans Adomat
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emma S.T. Guns
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chieh-Ju Lu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl G. Pfeifer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mei Mei Tian
- Bioasis Technologies Inc., Guilford, CT, United States
| | - Wilfred A. Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Lu Y, Yang Y, Chen W, Du N, Du Y, Gu H, Liu Q. Minocycline, but not doxycycline attenuates NMDA-induced [Ca2+]i and excitotoxicity. Neuroreport 2021; 32:38-43. [PMID: 33252477 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline and doxycycline, two semisynthetic second-generation tetracyclines, are reported to provide neuroprotection against brain injury and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cultures. Doxycycline has been postulated as the potential ideal candidate for further therapeutic development as it has fewer adverse effects than minocycline. In this study, we determined whether minocycline and doxycycline could similarly protect neurons against excitotoxic insults. We treated cultured rat cortical neurons and cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) with excitotoxic concentrations of NMDA or glutamate in the presence or absence of minocycline or doxycycline. Intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca]i) was also measured using a Fluorescent Light Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR; Molecular Devices) with the calcium sensitive dye Fluo-3 AM. We found that minocycline and tetracycline markedly protected neurons against NMDA- and glutamate-induced neuronal death. In contrast, the structurally related tetracycline, doxycycline, was ineffective at concentrations up to 100 μM. Furthermore, minocycline, but not doxycycline, also significantly attenuated NMDA- or glutamate-induced [Ca]i in both cortical neurons and CGN. Our results suggest that minocycline but not doxycycline is able to directly block NMDA- or glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in neurons most likely by inhibiting NMDA- and glutamate-induced [Ca]i. This finding may contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying doxycycline- and minocycline-induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Lu
- Rehabilitation Department, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Rehabilitation Department, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wanqiang Chen
- Rehabilitation Department, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nicole Du
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Yansheng Du
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Huiying Gu
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Rehabilitation Department, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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10
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Sato K, Tobo A, Mogi C, Tobo M, Yamane N, Tosaka M, Tomura H, Im DS, Okajima F. The protective role of proton-sensing TDAG8 in the brain injury in a mouse ischemia reperfusion model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17193. [PMID: 33057165 PMCID: PMC7566628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidification in the brain has been observed in ischemia; however, the physiological and pathophysiological implications of the pH reduction remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the roles of proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors, including T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8), ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1), and G protein-coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) in a mouse ischemia reperfusion model. Cerebral infarction and dysfunctional behavior with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and subsequent reperfusion were exacerbated by the deficiency of TDAG8, whereas no significant effect was observed with the deficiency of OGR1 or GPR4. We confirmed that the pH of the predicted infarction region was 6.5. TDAG8 mRNA was observed in Iba1-positive microglia in the mouse brain. The tMCAO increased the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere and evoked morphological changes in microglia in an evolving cerebral injury. These tMCAO-induced actions were significantly enhanced by the TDAG8 deficiency. Administration of minocycline, which is known to inhibit microglial activation, improved the cerebral infarction and dysfunctional behavior induced by tMCAO in the TDAG8-deficient mouse. Thus, acidic pH/TDAG8 protects against cerebral infarction caused by tMCAO, at least due to the mechanism involving the inhibition of microglial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Tobo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mogi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tobo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yamane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tosaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tomura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fumikazu Okajima
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori, 030-0943, Japan
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11
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Le Roy L, Amara A, Le Roux C, Bocher O, Létondor A, Benz N, Timsit S. Principal component analysis, a useful tool to study cyclin-dependent kinase-inhibitor's effect on cerebral ischaemia. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa136. [PMID: 33094284 PMCID: PMC7566348 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of acute death related in part to brain oedema, blood-brain barrier disruption and glial inflammation. A cyclin-dependant kinase inhibitor, (S)-roscovitine, was administered 90 min after onset on a model of rat focal cerebral ischaemia. Brain swelling and Evans Blue tissue extravasation were quantified after Evans Blue injection. Combined tissue Evans Blue fluorescence and immunofluorescence of endothelial cells (RECA1), microglia (isolectin-IB4) and astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were analysed. Using a Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test, (S)-roscovitine improved recovery by more than 50% compared to vehicle (Mann-Whitney, P < 0.001), decreased significantly brain swelling by 50% (t-test, P = 0.0128) mostly in the rostral part of the brain. Main analysis was therefore performed on rostral cut for immunofluorescence to maximize biological observations (cut B). Evans Blue fluorescence decreased in (S)-roscovitine group compared to vehicle (60%, t-test, P = 0.049) and was further supported by spectrophotometer analysis (Mann-Whitney, P = 0.0002) and Evans Blue macroscopic photonic analysis (t-test, P = 0.07). An increase of RECA-1 intensity was observed in the ischaemic hemisphere compared to non-ischaemic hemisphere. Further study showed, in the ischaemic hemisphere that (S)-roscovitine treated group compared to vehicle, showed a decrease of: (i) endothelial RECA-1 intensity of about 20% globally, mainly located in the cortex (-28.5%, t-test, P = 0.03); (ii) Microglia's number by 55% (t-test, P = 0.006) and modulated reactive astrocytes through a trend toward less astrocytes number (15%, t-test, P = 0.05) and astrogliosis (21%, t-test, P = 0.076). To decipher the complex relationship of these components, we analysed the six biological quantitative variables of our study by principal component analysis from immunofluorescence studies of the same animals. Principal component analysis differentiated treated from non-treated animals on dimension 1 with negative values in the treated animals, and positive values in the non-treated animals. Interestingly, stroke recovery presented a negative correlation with this dimension, while all other biological variables showed a positive correlation. Dimensions 1 and 2 allowed the identification of two groups of co-varying variables: endothelial cells, microglia number and Evans Blue with positive values on both dimensions, and astrocyte number, astrogliosis and brain swelling with negative values on dimension 2. This partition suggests different mechanisms. Correlation matrix analysis was concordant with principal component analysis results. Because of its pleiotropic complex action on different elements of the NeuroVascular Unit response, (S)-roscovitine may represent an effective treatment against oedema in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Le Roy
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Ahmed Amara
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Cloé Le Roux
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Ozvan Bocher
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Anne Létondor
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Nathalie Benz
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Serge Timsit
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France.,Neurology and Stroke Unit Department, CHRU de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Inserm 1078, France
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12
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Zhang L, Xu S, Wu X, Chen J, Guo X, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Yan J, Cheng J, Han Z. Combined Treatment With 2-(2-Benzofu-Ranyl)-2-Imidazoline and Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Protects Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in a Rat Model of Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:801. [PMID: 32595494 PMCID: PMC7303334 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is used to treat acute ischemic stroke but is only effective if administered within 4.5 h after stroke onset. Delayed rt-PA treatment causes blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and hemorrhagic transformation. The compound 2-(-2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline (2-BFI), a newly discovered antagonist of high-affinity postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in ischemia. Here, we investigated whether combining 2-BFI and rt-PA can ameliorate BBB disruption and prolong the therapeutic window in a rat model of embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO). Ischemia was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by eMCAO, after which they were treated with 2-BFI (3 mg/kg) at 0.5 h in combination with rt-PA (10 mg/kg) at 6 or 8 h. Control rats were treated with saline or 2-BFI or rt-PA. Combined therapy with 2-BFI and rt-PA (6 h) reduced the infarct volume, denatured cell index, BBB permeability, and brain edema. This was associated with increased expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and tight junction proteins (occludin and ZO-1) and downregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9). We conclude that 2-BFI protects the BBB from damage caused by delayed rt-PA treatment in ischemia. 2-BFI may therefore extend the therapeutic window up to 6 h after stroke onset in rats and may be a promising therapeutic strategy for humans. However, mechanisms to explain the effects oberved in the present study are not yet elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaou Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yungang Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jueyue Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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13
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McKerracher L, Shenkar R, Abbinanti M, Cao Y, Peiper A, Liao JK, Lightle R, Moore T, Hobson N, Gallione C, Ruschel J, Koskimäki J, Girard R, Rosen K, Marchuk DA, Awad IA. A Brain-Targeted Orally Available ROCK2 Inhibitor Benefits Mild and Aggressive Cavernous Angioma Disease. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:365-376. [PMID: 31446620 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cavernous angioma (CA) is a vascular pathology caused by loss of function in one of the 3 CA genes (CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3) that result in rho kinase (ROCK) activation. We investigated a novel ROCK2 selective inhibitor for the ability to reduce brain lesion formation, growth, and maturation. We used genetic methods to explore the use of a ROCK2-selective kinase inhibitor to reduce growth and hemorrhage of CAs. The role of ROCK2 in CA was investigated by crossing Rock1 or Rock2 hemizygous mice with Ccm1 or Ccm3 hemizygous mice, and we found reduced lesions in the Rock2 hemizygous mice. A ROCK2-selective inhibitor, BA-1049 was used to investigate efficacy in reducing CA lesions after oral administration to Ccm1+/- and Ccm3+/- mice that were bred into a mutator background. After assessing the dose range effective to target brain endothelial cells in an ischemic brain model, Ccm1+/- and Ccm3+/- transgenic mice were treated for 3 (Ccm3+/-) or 4 months (Ccm1+/-), concurrently, randomized to receive one of three doses of BA-1049 in drinking water, or placebo. Lesion volumes were assessed by micro-computed tomography. BA-1049 reduced activation of ROCK2 in Ccm3+/-Trp53-/- lesions. Ccm1+/-Msh2-/- (n=68) and Ccm3+/-Trp53-/- (n=71) mice treated with BA-1049 or placebo showed a significant dose-dependent reduction in lesion volume after treatment with BA-1049, and a reduction in hemorrhage (iron deposition) near lesions at all doses. These translational studies show that BA-1049 is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of CA, a disease with no current treatment except surgical removal of the brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McKerracher
- BioAxone BioSciences Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Ying Cao
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy Peiper
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James K Liao
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Hobson
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carol Gallione
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Janne Koskimäki
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Douglas A Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Issam A Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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14
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Li J, Liu Y, Zhang X, Chen R, Zhang L, Xue J, Gao X. Dl-3-N-Butylphthalide Alleviates the Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of Focal Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion in Mice. Neuroscience 2019; 413:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Grewal AK, Singh N, Singh TG. Neuroprotective effect of pharmacological postconditioning on cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion-induced injury in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:956-970. [PMID: 30809806 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the mechanism of neuroprotection rendered via pharmacological postconditioning in cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion-induced injury in mice. METHODS Pharmacological postconditioning is strategy which either involves hindering deleterious pathway or inducing modest stress level which triggers intracellular defence pathway to sustain more vigorous insult leading to conditioning. Hence, in current research we explored the potentiality of CGS21680 (0.5 mg/kg; i.p), an adenosine A2 A receptor agonist and PTEN inhibitor, SF1670 (3 mg/kg; i.p.) to trigger postconditioning after inducing cerebral global ischaemia (17 min) and reperfusion (24 h)-induced injury via occlusion of both carotid arteries. Mice were also given treatment with LY294002 (1.5 mg/kg; i.p.), a PI3K inhibitor and adenosine A2 A receptor antagonist, Istradefylline (2 mg/kg; i.p.), to establish the precise mechanism of postconditioning. Various biochemical and behavioural parameters were assessed to examine the effect of pharmacological postconditioning. KEY FINDINGS Pharmacological postconditioning induced with CGS21680 and SF1670 attenuated the infarction along with improved behavioural and biochemical parameters in comparison with ischaemia-reperfusion control group. The outcome of postconditioning with CGS21680 and SF1670 was significantly reversed by LY294002 and Istradefylline, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The neuroprotective effects of CGS21680 and SF1670 postconditioning on cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury may be due to PI3K/Akt pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjot Kaur Grewal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara college of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara college of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, India
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16
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Mashimo M, Bu X, Aoyama K, Kato J, Ishiwata-Endo H, Stevens LA, Kasamatsu A, Wolfe LA, Toro C, Adams D, Markello T, Gahl WA, Moss J. PARP1 inhibition alleviates injury in ARH3-deficient mice and human cells. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124519. [PMID: 30830864 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation refers to the covalent attachment of ADP-ribose to protein, generating branched, long chains of ADP-ribose moieties, known as poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is the main polymerase and acceptor of PAR in response to DNA damage. Excessive intracellular PAR accumulation due to PARP1 activation leads cell death in a pathway known as parthanatos. PAR degradation is mainly controlled by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and ADP-ribose-acceptor hydrolase 3 (ARH3). Our previous results demonstrated that ARH3 confers protection against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure, by lowering cytosolic and nuclear PAR levels and preventing apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) nuclear translocation. We identified a family with an ARH3 gene mutation that resulted in a truncated, inactive protein. The 8-year-old proband exhibited a progressive neurodegeneration phenotype. In addition, parthanatos was observed in neurons of the patient's deceased sibling, and an older sibling exhibited a mild behavioral phenotype. Consistent with the previous findings, the patient's fibroblasts and ARH3-deficient mice were more sensitive, respectively, to H2O2 stress and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced PAR accumulation and cell death. Further, PARP1 inhibition alleviated cell death and injury resulting from oxidative stress and ischemia/reperfusion. PARP1 inhibitors may attenuate the progression of neurodegeneration in affected patients with ARH3 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Mashimo
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
| | - Xiangning Bu
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
| | - Kazumasa Aoyama
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
| | - Jiro Kato
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
| | | | - Linda A Stevens
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
| | | | - Lynne A Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and
| | - David Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Markello
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
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17
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Rousselet E, Létondor A, Menn B, Courbebaisse Y, Quillé ML, Timsit S. Sustained (S)-roscovitine delivery promotes neuroprotection associated with functional recovery and decrease in brain edema in a randomized blind focal cerebral ischemia study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1070-1084. [PMID: 28569655 PMCID: PMC5998998 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17712163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disorder that significantly contributes to death, disability and healthcare costs. In ischemic stroke, the only current acute therapy is recanalization, but the narrow therapeutic window less than 6 h limits its application. The current challenge is to prevent late cell death, with concomitant therapy targeting the ischemic cascade to widen the therapeutic window. Among potential neuroprotective drugs, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as (S)-roscovitine are of particular relevance. We previously showed that (S)-roscovitine crossed the blood-brain barrier and was neuroprotective in a dose-dependent manner in two models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). According to the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable guidelines, the pharmacokinetics of (S)-roscovitine and the optimal mode of delivery and therapeutic dose in rats were investigated. Combination of intravenous (IV) and continuous sub-cutaneous (SC) infusion led to early and sustained delivery of (S)-roscovitine. Furthermore, in a randomized blind study on a transient MCAo rat model, we showed that this mode of delivery reduced both infarct and edema volume and was beneficial to neurological outcome. Within the framework of preclinical studies for stroke therapy development, we here provide data to improve translation of pre-clinical studies into successful clinical human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Rousselet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la
Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1078 Brest, France
- Faculté de médecine et des Sciences de
la Santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest, France
- Neurokin S.A., Institut de Neurobiologie
de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Létondor
- Institut National de la Santé et de la
Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1078 Brest, France
- Faculté de médecine et des Sciences de
la Santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest, France
| | - Bénédicte Menn
- Neurokin S.A., Institut de Neurobiologie
de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | | | - Marie-Lise Quillé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la
Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1078 Brest, France
- Faculté de médecine et des Sciences de
la Santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest, France
| | - Serge Timsit
- Institut National de la Santé et de la
Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1078 Brest, France
- Faculté de médecine et des Sciences de
la Santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest, France
- CHRU Brest, Department of Neurology and
Stroke Unit, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
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18
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Choi JI, Ha SK, Lim DJ, Kim SD, Kim SH. S100ß, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, D-dimer, and Heat Shock Protein 70 Are Serologic Biomarkers of Acute Cerebral Infarction in a Mouse Model of Transient MCA Occlusion. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2018; 61:548-558. [PMID: 29724092 PMCID: PMC6129755 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2017.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Diagnosing acute cerebral infarction is crucial in determining prognosis of stroke patients. Although many serologic tests for prompt diagnosis are available, the clinical application of serologic tests is currently limited. We investigated whether S100β, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), D-dimer, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) can be used as biomarkers for acute cerebral infarction.
Methods Focal cerebral ischemia was induced using the modified intraluminal filament technique. Mice were randomly assigned to 30-minute occlusion (n=10), 60-minute occlusion (n=10), or sham (n=5) groups. Four hours later, neurological deficits were evaluated and blood samples were obtained. Infarction volumes were calculated and plasma S100β, MMP-9, D-dimer, and HSP70 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results The average infarction volume was 12.32±2.31 mm3 and 46.9±7.43 mm3 in the 30- and 60-minute groups, respectively. The mean neurological score in the two ischemic groups was 1.6±0.55 and 3.2±0.70, respectively. S100β, MMP-9, and HSP70 expressions significantly increased after 4 hours of ischemia (p=0.001). Furthermore, S100β and MMP-9 expressions correlated with infarction volumes (p<0.001) and neurological deficits (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in D-dimer expression between groups (p=0.843). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) showed high sensitivity and specificity for MMP-9, HSP70 (AUC=1), and S100β (AUC=0.98).
Conclusion S100β, MMP-9, and HSP70 can complement current diagnostic tools to assess cerebral infarction, suggesting their use as potential biomarkers for acute cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Kon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Dae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Zheng C, Qiao ZH, Hou MZ, Liu NN, Fu B, Ding R, Li YY, Wei LP, Liu AL, Shen H. GLYX-13, a NMDA Receptor Glycine-Site Functional Partial Agonist, Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia Injury In Vivo and Vitro by Differential Modulations of NMDA Receptors Subunit Components at Different Post-Ischemia Stage in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28649199 PMCID: PMC5465280 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) is implicated in pathological synaptic plasticity also known as post-ischemic long-term potentiation (i-LTP) which was produced by glutamate mediated excitotoxicity after stroke. In the past decades, many NMDARs inhibitors failed in clinical investigations due to severe psychotomimetic side effects. GLYX-13 is a NMDAR modulator with glycine site partial agonist properties and has potential protective effects on ischemic neuronal death. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of GLYX-13 attenuating the ischemic neuronal damage remains elusive. Our study was conducted to examine the molecular, cellular and behavioral actions of GLYX-13 in stroke, and further characterize the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective actions via modulation of the NMDAR subunit composition. In present study we found that in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) stroke model, GLYX-13 blocked i-LTP and restored the ratio of NR2A/NR2B subunit composition. The glycine site of NMDARs full coagonist D-serine completely blocked the effects of GLYX-13 on i-LTP. Besides, in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, GLYX-13 decreased the cerebral infarct volume and reduced injury of hippocampus. Western analysis showed that GLYX-13 down-regulated the expression of phosphorylated NR2B (Tyr1472) and up-regulated phosphorylated NR2A (Tyr1325). Furthermore, GLYX-13 treatment along with NR2B specific antagonist (Ro256981) failed to exhibit any additional neuro-protective effects, whereas the application of NR2A antagonist (NVP-AAM007) abolished the neuroprotective effects of GLYX-13, which suggested that the protective action of GLYX-13 should be by its regulation of NMDAR subunit components. Our study provides important insights on the potential protective mechanism of GLYX-13 in ischemia and proposes the glycine site of NMDARs as a novel target for developing therapeutic strategies to store synaptic function in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zheng
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Zhi H Qiao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Meng Z Hou
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Nan N Liu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Yuan Y Li
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Liang P Wei
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Ai L Liu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
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20
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Hou ST, Jiang SX, Zaharia LI, Han X, Benson CL, Slinn J, Abrams SR. Phaseic Acid, an Endogenous and Reversible Inhibitor of Glutamate Receptors in Mouse Brain. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27007-27022. [PMID: 27864367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phaseic acid (PA) is a phytohormone regulating important physiological functions in higher plants. Here, we show the presence of naturally occurring (-)-PA in mouse and rat brains. (-)-PA is exclusively present in the choroid plexus and the cerebral vascular endothelial cells. Purified (-)-PA has no toxicity and protects cultured cortical neurons against glutamate toxicity through reversible inhibition of glutamate receptors. Focal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery elicited a significant induction in (-)-PA expression in the cerebrospinal fluid but not in the peripheral blood. Importantly, (-)-PA induction only occurred in the penumbra area, indicting a protective role of PA in the brain. Indeed, elevating the (-)-PA level in the brain reduced ischemic brain injury, whereas reducing the (-)-PA level using a monoclonal antibody against (-)-PA increased ischemic injury. Collectively, these studies showed for the first time that (-)-PA is an endogenous neuroprotective molecule capable of reversibly inhibiting glutamate receptors during ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tao Hou
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong Province, China, .,Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Building M54, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Ontario, Canada.,the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Susan X Jiang
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Building M54, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Irina Zaharia
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada, and
| | - Xiumei Han
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada, and
| | - Chantel L Benson
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada, and
| | - Jacqueline Slinn
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Building M54, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne R Abrams
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada, and
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21
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Curcio M, Salazar IL, Mele M, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB. Calpains and neuronal damage in the ischemic brain: The swiss knife in synaptic injury. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 143:1-35. [PMID: 27283248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The excessive extracellular accumulation of glutamate in the ischemic brain leads to an overactivation of glutamate receptors with consequent excitotoxic neuronal death. Neuronal demise is largely due to a sustained activation of NMDA receptors for glutamate, with a consequent increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and activation of calcium- dependent mechanisms. Calpains are a group of Ca(2+)-dependent proteases that truncate specific proteins, and some of the cleavage products remain in the cell, although with a distinct function. Numerous studies have shown pre- and post-synaptic effects of calpains on glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, targeting membrane- associated proteins as well as intracellular proteins. The resulting changes in the presynaptic proteome alter neurotransmitter release, while the cleavage of postsynaptic proteins affects directly or indirectly the activity of neurotransmitter receptors and downstream mechanisms. These alterations also disturb the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain, with an impact in neuronal demise. In this review we discuss the evidence pointing to a role for calpains in the dysregulation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in brain ischemia, at the pre- and post-synaptic levels, as well as the functional consequences. Although targeting calpain-dependent mechanisms may constitute a good therapeutic approach for stroke, specific strategies should be developed to avoid non-specific effects given the important regulatory role played by these proteases under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Curcio
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivan L Salazar
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miranda Mele
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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22
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Morris GP, Wright AL, Tan RP, Gladbach A, Ittner LM, Vissel B. A Comparative Study of Variables Influencing Ischemic Injury in the Longa and Koizumi Methods of Intraluminal Filament Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148503. [PMID: 26870954 PMCID: PMC4752454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraluminal filament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice and rats has been plagued by inconsistency, owing in part to the multitude of variables requiring control. In this study we investigated the impact of several major variables on survival rate, lesion volume, neurological scores, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and body weight including filament width, time after reperfusion, occlusion time and the choice of surgical method. Using the Koizumi method, we found ischemic injury can be detected as early as 30 min after reperfusion, to a degree that is not statistically different from 24 h post-perfusion, using 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. We also found a distinct increase in total lesion volume with increasing occlusion time, with 30–45 min a critical time for the development of large, reproducible lesions. Furthermore, although we found no significant difference in total lesion volume generated by the Koizumi and Longa methods of MCAO, nor were survival rates appreciably different between the two at 4 h after reperfusion, the Longa method produces significantly greater reperfusion. Finally, we found no statistical evidence to support the exclusion of data from animals experiencing a CBF reduction of <70% in the MCA territory following MCAO, using laser-Doppler flowmetry. Instead we suggest the main usefulness of laser-Doppler flowmetry is for guiding filament placement and the identification of subarachnoid haemorrhages and premature reperfusion. In summary, this study provides detailed evaluation of the Koizumi method of intraluminal filament MCAO in mice and a direct comparison to the Longa method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Morris
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda L Wright
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard P Tan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, 2042 New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amadeus Gladbach
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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23
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Hou ST, Nilchi L, Li X, Gangaraju S, Jiang SX, Aylsworth A, Monette R, Slinn J. Semaphorin3A elevates vascular permeability and contributes to cerebral ischemia-induced brain damage. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7890. [PMID: 25601765 PMCID: PMC4298747 DOI: 10.1038/srep07890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) increased significantly in mouse brain following cerebral ischemia. However, the role of Sema3A in stroke brain remains unknown. Our aim was to determine wether Sema3A functions as a vascular permeability factor and contributes to ischemic brain damage. Recombinant Sema3A injected intradermally to mouse skin, or stereotactically into the cerebral cortex, caused dose- and time-dependent increases in vascular permeability, with a degree comparable to that caused by injection of a known vascular permeability factor vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGF). Application of Sema3A to cultured endothelial cells caused disorganization of F-actin stress fibre bundles and increased endothelial monolayer permeability, confirming Sema3A as a permeability factor. Sema3A-mediated F-actin changes in endothelial cells were through binding to the neuropilin2/VEGFR1 receptor complex, which in turn directly activates Mical2, a F-actin modulator. Down-regulation of Mical2, using specific siRNA, alleviated Sema3A-induced F-actin disorganization, cellular morphology changes and endothelial permeability. Importantly, ablation of Sema3A expression, cerebrovascular permeability and brain damage were significantly reduced in response to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia/haemorrhagic transformation. Together, these studies demonstrated that Sema3A is a key mediator of cerebrovascular permeability and contributes to brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tao Hou
- 1] Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, P.R. China, 518055 [2] Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [3] Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M54, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Ladan Nilchi
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [2] Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M54, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Xuesheng Li
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [2] Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M54, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sandhya Gangaraju
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M54, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Susan X Jiang
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M54, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Amy Aylsworth
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M54, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Robert Monette
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M54, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Slinn
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M54, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
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24
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Park E, Yu KH, Kim DK, Kim S, Sapkota K, Kim SJ, Kim CS, Chun HS. Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine against monosodium glutamate-induced astrocytic cell death. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 67:1-9. [PMID: 24556569 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer, largely used in the food industry and it was reported to have excitotoxic effects. Higher amounts of MSG consumption have been related with increased risk of many diseases, including Chinese restaurant syndrome and metabolic syndromes in human. This study investigated the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on MSG-induced cytotoxicity in C6 astrocytic cells. MSG (20 mM)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptotic cell death were significantly attenuated by NAC (500 μM) pretreatment. NAC effectively inhibited the MSG-induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss and intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion. In addition, NAC significantly attenuated MSG-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, such as XBP1 splicing and CHOP, PERK, and GRP78 up-regulation. Furthermore, NAC prevented the changes of MSG-induced Bcl-2 expression level. These results suggest that NAC can protect C6 astrocytic cells against MSG-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euteum Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwan Yu
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University School of Dentistry, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kim
- Department of Alternative Medicine, Gwangju University, Gwangju 503-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Kumar Sapkota
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea; Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sung-Jun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science, Graduate School, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Sung Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University School of Dentistry, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Sung Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science, Graduate School, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Chen Y, Won SJ, Xu Y, Swanson RA. Targeting microglial activation in stroke therapy: pharmacological tools and gender effects. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:2146-55. [PMID: 24372213 PMCID: PMC4076056 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666131228203906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by critical reductions in blood flow to brain or spinal cord. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, and they respond to stroke by assuming an activated phenotype that releases cytotoxic cytokines, reactive oxygen species, proteases, and other factors. This acute, innate immune response may be teleologically adapted to limit infection, but in stroke this response can exacerbate injury by further damaging or killing nearby neurons and other cell types, and by recruiting infiltration of circulating cytotoxic immune cells. The microglial response requires hours to days to fully develop, and this time interval presents a clinically accessible time window for initiating therapy. Because of redundancy in cytotoxic microglial responses, the most effective therapeutic approach may be to target the global gene expression changes involved in microglial activation. Several classes of drugs can do this, including histone deacetylase inhibitors, minocycline and other PARP inhibitors, corticosteroids, and inhibitors of TNFα and scavenger receptor signaling. Here we review the pre-clinical studies in which these drugs have been used to suppress microglial activation after stroke. We also review recent advances in the understanding of sex differences in the CNS inflammatory response, as these differences are likely to influence the efficacy of drugs targeting post-stroke brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R A Swanson
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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26
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Schwartz J, Holmuhamedov E, Zhang X, Lovelace GL, Smith CD, Lemasters JJ. Minocycline and doxycycline, but not other tetracycline-derived compounds, protect liver cells from chemical hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibition of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:172-9. [PMID: 24012766 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Minocycline, a tetracycline-derived compound, mitigates damage caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, 19 tetracycline-derived compounds were screened in comparison to minocycline for their ability to protect hepatocytes against damage from chemical hypoxia and I/R injury. Cultured rat hepatocytes were incubated with 50μM of each tetracycline-derived compound 20 min prior to exposure to 500μM iodoacetic acid plus 1mM KCN (chemical hypoxia). In other experiments, hepatocytes were incubated in anoxic Krebs-Ringer-HEPES buffer at pH6.2 for 4h prior to reoxygenation at pH7.4 (simulated I/R). Tetracycline-derived compounds were added 20 min prior to reperfusion. Ca(2+) uptake was measured in isolated rat liver mitochondria incubated with Fluo-5N. Cell killing after 120 min of chemical hypoxia measured by propidium iodide (PI) fluorometry was 87%, which decreased to 28% and 42% with minocycline and doxycycline, respectively. After I/R, cell killing at 120 min decreased from 79% with vehicle to 43% and 49% with minocycline and doxycycline. No other tested compound decreased killing. Minocycline and doxycycline also inhibited mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and suppressed the Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), the penultimate cause of cell death in reperfusion injury. Ru360, a specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), also decreased cell killing after hypoxia and I/R and blocked mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and the MPT. Other proposed mechanisms, including mitochondrial depolarization and matrix metalloprotease inhibition, could not account for cytoprotection. Taken together, these results indicate that minocycline and doxycycline are cytoprotective by way of inhibition of MCU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Schwartz
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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27
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Han Z, Yang JL, Jiang SX, Hou ST, Zheng RY. Fast, non-competitive and reversible inhibition of NMDA-activated currents by 2-BFI confers neuroprotection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64894. [PMID: 23741413 PMCID: PMC3669129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) causes excitotoxicity, a process important in stroke-induced neuronal death. Drugs that inhibit NMDA receptor-mediated [Ca(2+)]i influx are potential leads for development to treat excitotoxicity-induced brain damage. Our previous studies showed that 2-(2-benzofu-ranyl)-2-imidazoline (2-BFI), an immidazoline receptor ligand, dose-dependently protects rodent brains from cerebral ischemia injury. However, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that 2-BFI transiently and reversibly inhibits NMDA, but not AMPA currents, in a dose-dependent manner in cultured rat cortical neurons. The mechanism of 2-BFI inhibition of NMDAR is through a noncompetitive fashion with a faster on (Kon = 2.19±0.33×10(-9) M(-1) sec(-1)) and off rate (Koff = 0.67±0.02 sec(-1)) than those of memantine, a gold standard for therapeutic inhibition NMDAR-induced excitotoxicity. 2-BFI also transiently and reversibly blocked NMDA receptor-mediated calcium entry to cultured neurons and provided long-term neuroprotection against NMDA toxicity in vitro. Collectively, these studies demonstrated a potential mechanism of 2-BFI-mediated neuroprotection and indicated that 2-BFI is an excellent candidate for repositioning as a drug for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Experimental Neurobiology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Experimental Neurobiology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Susan X. Jiang
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheng-Tao Hou
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (STH); (RYZ)
| | - Rong-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Experimental Neurobiology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (STH); (RYZ)
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28
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Rousselet E, Kriz J, Seidah NG. Mouse model of intraluminal MCAO: cerebral infarct evaluation by cresyl violet staining. J Vis Exp 2012:4038. [PMID: 23168377 DOI: 10.3791/4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the third cause of mortality and the leading cause of disability in the World. Ischemic stroke accounts for approximately 80% of all strokes. However, the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only treatment of acute ischemic stroke that exists. This led researchers to develop several ischemic stroke models in a variety of species. Two major types of rodent models have been developed: models of global cerebral ischemia or focal cerebral ischemia. To mimic ischemic stroke in patients, in whom approximately 80% thrombotic or embolic strokes occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), the intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is quite relevant for stroke studies. This model was first developed in rats by Koizumi et al. in 1986 (1). Because of the ease of genetic manipulation in mice, these models have also been developed in this species (2-3). Herein, we present the transient MCA occlusion procedure in C57/Bl6 mice. Previous studies have reported that physical properties of the occluder such as tip diameter, length, shape, and flexibility are critical for the reproducibility of the infarct volume (4). Herein, a commercial silicon coated monofilaments (Doccol Corporation) have been used. Another great advantage is that this monofilament reduces the risk to induce subarachnoid hemorrhages. Using the Zeiss stereo-microscope Stemi 2000, the silicon coated monofilament was introduced into the internal carotid artery (ICA) via a cut in the external carotid artery (ECA) until the monofilament occludes the base of the MCA. Blood flow was restored 1 hour later by removal of the monofilament to mimic the restoration of blood flow after lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans. The extent of cerebral infarct may be evaluated first by a neurologic score and by the measurement of the infarct volume. Ischemic mice were thus analyzed for their neurologic score at different post-reperfusion times. To evaluate the infarct volume, staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was usually performed. Herein, we used cresyl violet staining since it offers the opportunity to test many critical markers by immunohistochemistry. In this video, we report the MCAO procedure; neurological scores and the evaluation of the infarct volume by cresyl violet staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Rousselet
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Canada
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29
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Han Z, Cheng ZH, Liu S, Yang JL, Xiao MJ, Zheng RY, Hou ST. Neurovascular protection conferred by 2-BFI treatment during rat cerebral ischemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:544-8. [PMID: 22771326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is caused by vascular dysfunction and currently there are no effective therapeutics to stroke induced brain damage. In contrast to an intense emphasis on neuroprotection, relatively few studies have addressed means of vascular protection in cerebral ischemia. Here we discovered that the ligand to immidazolin receptor, 2-BFI, not only provided potent neuroprotection during middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat, which confirmed our previous reports, but also protected the integrity of the cerebral vasculature. Treatment with 2-BFI twice daily after the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 14 d significantly improved the neurological deficits, reduced brain infarction, and importantly, protected the cerebral vasculature as evidenced by the increased expression of an endothelial marker, von Willebrand factor, and better preservation of the cerebral vasculature, as viewed under a confocal microscope on rat brain perfused with FITC-labeled dextran. These results indicated that 2-BFI contributes to protection of neurovasculature. Understanding the molecular mechanisms could eventually lead to development of more effective therapies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Han
- Division of Stroke Medicine, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Experimental Neurobiology, Wenzhou Medical College, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325000, PR China.
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30
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Jiang SX, Slinn J, Aylsworth A, Hou ST. Vimentin participates in microglia activation and neurotoxicity in cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2012; 122:764-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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31
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Posadas I, Pérez-Martínez FC, Guerra J, Sánchez-Verdú P, Ceña V. Cofilin activation mediates Bax translocation to mitochondria during excitotoxic neuronal death. J Neurochem 2012; 120:515-27. [PMID: 22117609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During excitotoxic neuronal death, Bax translocates to the mitochondria where it plays an important role by contributing to the release of proapoptotic factors. However, how Bax translocates to the mitochondria during excitotoxicity remains poorly understood. Herein, our data suggest the presence of a novel signalling mechanism by which NMDA receptor stimulation promotes Bax translocation. This signalling pathway is triggered by dephosphorylation of cofilin. Once dephosphorylated, cofilin might interact physically with Bax acting as a carrier for it, translocating it to the mitochondria, where it contributes to mitochondrial membrane despolarization, permeabilization and to the release of apoptotic factors, thus leading to neuronal death. Lack-of-function studies indicate that only the Slingshot family of phosphatases, more specifically the enzyme Slingshot 1L phosphatase, but not cronophin participates in the cofilin activation process during excitotoxicity. Indeed, cofilin-mediated Bax translocation seems to be a key event in excitotoxic neuronal death as knock down of either cofilin or Slingshot 1L phosphatase has a marked neuroprotective effect on NMDA-mediated neuronal death. This novel biochemical pathway may therefore be a good target to develop future therapeutic molecules for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Posadas
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, CSIC-Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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32
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Ryan SD, Ferrier A, Sato T, O'Meara RW, De Repentigny Y, Jiang SX, Hou ST, Kothary R. Neuronal dystonin isoform 2 is a mediator of endoplasmic reticulum structure and function. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:553-66. [PMID: 22190742 PMCID: PMC3279385 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-06-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonin/Bpag1 is a cytoskeletal linker protein whose loss of function in dystonia musculorum (dt) mice results in hereditary sensory neuropathy. Although loss of expression of neuronal dystonin isoforms (dystonin-a1/dystonin-a2) is sufficient to cause dt pathogenesis, the diverging function of each isoform and what pathological mechanisms are activated upon their loss remains unclear. Here we show that dt(27) mice manifest ultrastructural defects at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in sensory neurons corresponding to in vivo induction of ER stress proteins. ER stress subsequently leads to sensory neurodegeneration through induction of a proapoptotic caspase cascade. dt sensory neurons display neurodegenerative pathologies, including Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis, unfolded protein response (UPR) induction, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Isoform-specific loss-of-function analysis attributes these neurodegenerative pathologies to specific loss of dystonin-a2. Inhibition of either UPR or caspase signaling promotes the viability of cells deficient in dystonin. This study provides insight into the mechanism of dt neuropathology and proposes a role for dystonin-a2 as a mediator of normal ER structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Ryan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Andrew Ferrier
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryan W. O'Meara
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | - Susan X. Jiang
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sheng T. Hou
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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33
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The effect of monosodium glutamate on the cerebellar cortex of male albino rats and the protective role of vitamin C (histological and immunohistochemical study). J Mol Histol 2011; 43:179-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Rousselet E, Marcinkiewicz J, Kriz J, Zhou A, Hatten ME, Prat A, Seidah NG. PCSK9 reduces the protein levels of the LDL receptor in mouse brain during development and after ischemic stroke. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1383-91. [PMID: 21518694 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m014118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a major role in cholesterol homeostasis through enhanced degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in liver. As novel inhibitors/silencers of PCSK9 are now being tested in clinical trials to treat hypercholesterolemia, it is crucial to define the physiological consequences of the lack of PCSK9 in various organs. LDLR regulation by PCSK9 has not been extensively described during mouse brain development and injury. Herein, we show that PCSK9 and LDLR are co-expressed in mouse brain during development and at adulthood. Although the protein levels of LDLR and apolipoprotein E (apoE) in the adult brain of Pcsk9(-/-) mice are similar to those of wild-type (WT) mice, LDLR levels increased and were accompanied by a reduction of apoE levels during development. This suggests that the upregulation of LDLR protein levels in Pcsk9(-/-) mice enhances apoE degradation. Upon ischemic stroke, PCSK9 was expressed in the dentate gyrus between 24 h and 72 h following brain reperfusion. Although mouse behavior and lesion volume were similar, LDLR protein levels dropped ∼2-fold less in the Pcsk9(-/-)-lesioned hippocampus, without affecting apoE levels and neurogenesis. Thus, PCSK9 downregulates LDLR levels during brain development and following transient ischemic stroke in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Rousselet
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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35
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Donkor IO. Calpain inhibitors: a survey of compounds reported in the patent and scientific literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:601-36. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.568480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Wang P, Wang ZW, Lin FH, Han Z, Hou ST, Zheng RY. 2-BFI attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced spinal cord injury with enhanced B-CK, CaATPase, but reduced calpain activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:152-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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37
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Abscisic acid does not evoke calcium influx in murine primary microglia and immortalised murine microglial BV-2 and N9 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:435-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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38
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Jiang SX, Zheng RY, Zeng JQ, Li XL, Han Z, Hou ST. Reversible inhibition of intracellular calcium influx through NMDA receptors by imidazoline I2 receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 629:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Jiang SX, Whitehead S, Aylsworth A, Slinn J, Zurakowski B, Chan K, Li J, Hou ST. Neuropilin 1 directly interacts with Fer kinase to mediate semaphorin 3A-induced death of cortical neurons. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9908-9918. [PMID: 20133938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are receptors for the major chemorepulsive axonal guidance cue semaphorins (Sema). The interaction of Sema3A/NRP1 during development leads to the collapse of growth cones. Here we show that Sema3A also induces death of cultured cortical neurons through NRP1. A specific NRP1 inhibitory peptide ameliorated Sema3A-evoked cortical axonal retraction and neuronal death. Moreover, Sema3A was also involved in cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death. Expression levels of Sema3A and NRP1, but not NRP2, were significantly increased early during brain reperfusion following transient focal cerebral ischemia. NRP1 inhibitory peptide delivered to the ischemic brain was potently neuroprotective and prevented the loss of motor functions in mice. The integrity of the injected NRP1 inhibitory peptide into the brain remained unchanged, and the intact peptide permeated the ischemic hemisphere of the brain as determined using MALDI-MS-based imaging. Mechanistically, NRP1-mediated axonal collapse and neuronal death is through direct and selective interaction with the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Fer. Fer RNA interference effectively attenuated Sema3A-induced neurite retraction and neuronal death in cortical neurons. More importantly, down-regulation of Fer expression using Fer-specific RNA interference attenuated cerebral ischemia-induced brain damage. Together, these studies revealed a previously unknown function of NRP1 in signaling Sema3A-evoked neuronal death through Fer in cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan X Jiang
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Shawn Whitehead
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Amy Aylsworth
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Slinn
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Bogdan Zurakowski
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kenneth Chan
- Mass Spectrometry Glycoanalysis Laboratory, National Research Council (NRC) Institute for Biological Sciences, NRC Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- Mass Spectrometry Glycoanalysis Laboratory, National Research Council (NRC) Institute for Biological Sciences, NRC Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sheng T Hou
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.
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40
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Postsynaptic density-93 deficiency protects cultured cortical neurons from N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-triggered neurotoxicity. Neuroscience 2010; 166:1083-90. [PMID: 20097270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-triggered neurotoxicity is related to excessive Ca(2+) loading and an increase in nitric oxide (NO) concentration. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie these events are not completely understood. NMDARs and neuronal NO synthase each binds to the scaffolding protein postsynaptic density (PSD)-93 through its PDZ domains. In this study, we determined whether PSD-93 plays a critical role in NMDAR/Ca(2+)/NO-mediated neurotoxicity. We found that the targeted disruption of the PSD-93 gene attenuated the neurotoxicity triggered by NMDAR activation, but not by non-NMDAR activation, in cultured mouse cortical neurons. PSD-93 deficiency reduced the amount of NMDAR subunits NR2A and NR2B in synaptosomal fractions from the cortical neurons and significantly prevented NMDA-stimulated increases in cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate and Ca(2+) loading in the cortical neurons. These findings indicate that PSD-93 deficiency could block NMDAR-triggered neurotoxicity by disrupting the NMDAR-Ca(2+)-NO signaling pathway and reducing expression of synaptic NR2A and NR2B. Since NMDARs, Ca(2+), and NO play a critical role during the development of brain trauma, seizures, and ischemia, the present work suggests that PSD-93 might contribute to molecular mechanisms of neuronal damage in these brain disorders.
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41
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Hou ST, Jiang SX, Slinn J, O'Hare M, Karchewski L. Neuropilin 2 deficiency does not affect cortical neuronal viability in response to oxygen-glucose-deprivation and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurosci Res 2009; 66:396-401. [PMID: 20036291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 2 (NRP2) is a type I transmembrane protein that binds to distinct members of the class III secreted Semaphorin subfamily. NRP2 plays important roles in repulsive axon guidance, angiogenesis and vasculogenesis through partnering with co-receptors such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) during development. Emerging evidence also suggests that NRP2 contributes to injury response and environment changes in adult brains. In this study, we examined the contribution of NRP2 gene to cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury using NRP2 deficient mouse. To our surprise, the lack of NRP2 expression does not affect the outcome of brain injury induced by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in mouse. The cerebral vasculature in terms of the middle cerebral artery anatomy and microvessel density in the cerebral cortex of NRP2 deficient homozygous (NRP2(-/-)) mice are normal and almost identical to those of the heterozygous (NRP2(+/-)) and wild type (NRP2(+/+)) littermates. MCAO (1h) and 24h reperfusion caused a brain infarction of 23% (compared to the contralateral side) in NRP2(-/-) mice, which is not different from those in NRP2(+/- and +/+) mice at 22 and 21%, respectively (n=19, p>0.05). Correspondingly, NRP2(-/-) mouse also showed a similar level of deterioration of neurological functions after stroke compared with their NRP2(+/- and +/+) littermates. Oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) caused a significant neuronal death in NRP2(-/-) cortical neurons, at the level similar to that in NRP(+/+) cortical neurons (72% death in NRP(-/-) neurons vs. 75% death in NRP2(+/+) neurons; n=4; p>0.05). Together, these loss-of-function studies demonstrated that despite of its critical role in neuronal guidance and vascular formation during development, NRP2 expression dose not affect adult brain response to cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng T Hou
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, NRC Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M-54, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6.
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42
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Hou ST, Jiang SX, Aylsworth A, Ferguson G, Slinn J, Hu H, Leung T, Kappler J, Kaibuchi K. CaMKII phosphorylates collapsin response mediator protein 2 and modulates axonal damage during glutamate excitotoxicity. J Neurochem 2009; 111:870-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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44
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Crack PJ, Gould J, Bye N, Ross S, Ali U, Habgood MD, Morganti-Kossman C, Saunders NR, Hertzog PJ. The genomic profile of the cerebral cortex after closed head injury in mice: effects of minocycline. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 116:1-12. [PMID: 19018450 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microarray analysis was used to delineate gene expression patterns and profile changes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. A parallel microarray analysis was carried out in mice with TBI that were subsequently treated with minocycline, a drug proposed as a neuroprotectant in other neurological disorders. The aim of this comparison was to identify pathways that may be involved in secondary injury processes following TBI and potential specific pathways that could be targeted with second generation therapeutics for the treatment of neurotrauma patients. Gene expression profiles were measured with the compugen long oligo chip and real-time PCR was used to validate microarray findings. A pilot study of effect of minocycline on gene expression following TBI was also carried out. Gene ontology comparison analysis of sham TBI and minocycline treated brains revealed biological pathways with more genes differentially expressed than predicted by chance. Among 495 gene ontology categories, the significantly different gene ontology groups included chemokines, genes involved in cell surface receptor-linked signal transduction and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Expression levels of some key genes were validated by real-time quantitative PCR. This study confirms that multiple regulatory pathways are affected following brain injury and demonstrates for the first time that specific genes and molecular networks are affected by minocycline following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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45
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Postconditioning with isoflurane reduced ischemia-induced brain injury in rats. Anesthesiology 2008; 108:1055-62. [PMID: 18497606 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181730257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preexposure of brain to isoflurane, a commonly used anesthetic, induces ischemic tolerance. This phenomenon is called isoflurane preconditioning. However, it is not known whether isoflurane application after ischemia provides neuroprotection. METHODS Corticostriatal slices (400 microm) freshly prepared from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 15-min oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD; to simulate ischemia in vitro). Isoflurane was applied after OGD. Brain slices were harvested 2 h after OGD for measuring 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) conversion to quantify cell injury. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were also subjected to middle cerebral arterial occlusion for 90 min and then treated with or without 2% isoflurane for 60 min started at the onset of reperfusion. The infarct volumes, neurologic deficit scores, and performance on rotarod were evaluated at 24 h after the onset of reperfusion. RESULTS Isoflurane applied immediately after the 15-min OGD for 30 min dose-dependently reversed the OGD-induced decrease of TTC conversion. The TTC conversion was 34 +/- 16% and 58 +/- 28% of the control, respectively, for OGD alone and OGD plus 2% isoflurane (P < 0.05, n = 12). Application of 2% isoflurane for 30 min started at 10 min after the OGD also reduced the OGD-decreased TTC conversion. The presence of 0.3 microm glibenclamide, a general adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocker, or 500 microm 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, a mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocker, during the application of 2% isoflurane abolished the isoflurane preservation of TTC conversion. Application of isoflurane during reperfusion also improved neurologic outcome after brain ischemia. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that isoflurane administrated after OGD or brain ischemia provides neuroprotection. Mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels may be involved in this protection.
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46
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Sha D, Jin Y, Wu H, Wei J, Lin CH, Lee YH, Buddhala C, Kuchay S, Chishti AH, Wu JY. Role of mu-calpain in proteolytic cleavage of brain L-glutamic acid decarboxylase. Brain Res 2008; 1207:9-18. [PMID: 18377878 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis. Previously, we reported the presence of truncated forms of GAD in vivo and in vitro. In addition, an unidentified endogenous protease responsible for proteolytic cleavage of full-length GAD (fGAD) to its truncated form (tGAD) was also observed. In this communication, we report that mu-calpain is a good candidate for conversion of fGAD(67) to tGAD(67). This conclusion is based on the following observations: 1. purified recombinant GAD(67) is cleaved by mu-calpain at specific sites; 2. in brain synaptosomal preparation, GAD(67) is cleaved to its truncated form by an endogenous protease which is inhibited by specific calpain inhibitors; 3. in mu-calpain knockout mice, the level of tGAD in the brain is greatly reduced compared with the wild type; 4. when mu-calpain gene is silenced by siRNA, the level of tGAD is also markedly reduced compared to the control group; and 5. mu-calpain is activated by neuronal stimulation and Ca(2+)-influx. The physiological significance of calpain in regulation of GABA synthesis and GABAergic neurotransmission is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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47
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Sustained up-regulation of Semaphorin 3A, Neuropilin1, and Doublecortin expression in ischemic mouse brain during long-term recovery. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 367:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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48
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Jiang SX, Kappler J, Zurakowski B, Desbois A, Aylsworth A, Hou ST. Calpain cleavage of collapsin response mediator proteins in ischemic mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:801-9. [PMID: 17672855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are important brain-specific proteins with distinct functions in modulating growth cone collapse and axonal guidance during brain development. Our previous studies have shown that calpain cleaves CRMP3 in the adult mouse brain during cerebral ischemia [S.T. Hou et al. (2006) J. Neurosci., 26, 2241-2249]. Here, the expression of all CRMP family members (1-5) was examined in mouse brains that were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Among the five CRMPs, the expressions of CRMP1, CRMP3 and CRMP5 were the most abundant in the cerebral cortex and all CRMPs were targeted for cleavage by ischemia-activated calpain. Sub-cellular fractionation analysis showed that cleavage of CRMPs by calpain occurred not only in the cytoplasm but also in the synaptosomes isolated from ischemic brains. Moreover, synaptosomal CRMPs appeared to be at least one-fold more sensitive to cleavage compared with those isolated from the cytosolic fraction in an in-vitro experiment, suggesting that synaptosomal CRMPs are critical targets during cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal injury. Finally, the expression of all CRMPs was colocalized with TUNEL-positive neurons in the ischemic mouse brain, which further supports the notion that CRMPs may play an important role in neuronal death following cerebral ischemia. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that CRMPs are targets of calpains during cerebral ischemia and they also highlighted an important potential role that CRMPs may play in modulating ischemic neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan X Jiang
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory and NRC Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6
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49
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Wolfberg AJ, Dammann O, Gressens P. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory strategies to protect the perinatal brain. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007; 12:296-302. [PMID: 17418653 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection and inflammation contribute to perinatal brain damage, particularly to the white matter. Although combating perinatal inflammation can be dangerous, because inflammation might have beneficial effects for mother and fetus, it is worthwhile reviewing potential anti-inflammatory neuroprotective compounds, along with their potential adverse effects. Further research on the possible neuroprotective roles of existing medications and substances is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wolfberg
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Ahuja N, Carroll BT. Possible anti-catatonic effects of minocycline in patients with schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:968-9. [PMID: 17320260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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