1
|
Wang X, Wang Z, Wei Q, Wang H, Shu Y. Anoikis-associated signatures predict prognosis and immune response in bladder cancer. Epigenomics 2023; 15:1033-1052. [PMID: 37942553 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death that occurs in normal epithelial and endothelial cells. However, the specific role of anoikis regulators (ANRs) in bladder cancer (BLCA) remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find subgroups that could identify different levels of anoikis resistance in BLCA and construct an anoikis scoring system to assess prognosis. Method: By obtaining ANRs from public datasets, subgroups of BLCA with varying degrees of anoikis resistance were identified, and risk was determined. Result: ANRs affects the occurrence and prognosis of BLCA and can be predicted by establishing risk models. Conclusion: The anoikis scoring system and anoikis-associated risk profiles may help develop more effective and personalized treatment strategies for BLCA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Architecture & Urban Planning, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, 110168, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Department of Urology, Daqing Fourth Hospital, Daqing 163453, Heilongjian Province, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, 163453, Heilongjian Province, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, & Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chipurupalli S, Jiang P, Liu X, Santos JL, Marcato P, Rosen KV. Three-dimensional growth sensitizes breast cancer cells to treatment with ferroptosis-promoting drugs. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:580. [PMID: 37658069 PMCID: PMC10474142 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Drugs causing ferroptosis, iron-mediated cell death, represent promising tools for cancer treatment. While exploring the effect of these drugs on breast cancer (BC), we found that a ferroptosis-inducing drug erastin dramatically inhibits tumorigenicity of human BC cells in mice but when used at a concentration known to effectively kill other cell types only modestly reduces such growth in 2D monolayer culture. BCs grow in vivo as 3D masses, and we found that ferroptosis inducers erastin and sulfasalazine inhibit growth of multiple human BC cell lines in 3D culture significantly stronger than in 2D culture. To understand the mechanism of this differential effect, we found that ferroptosis inducers upregulate mRNAs encoding multiple direct and indirect autophagy stimulators, such as ATG16L2, ATG9A, ATG4D, GABARAP, SQSTM/p62, SEC23A and BAX, in tumor cells growing in 2D but not in 3D culture. Furthermore, these drugs promoted autophagy of tumor cells growing in a 2D but not in a 3D manner. We observed that pharmacological inhibition of autophagy-stimulating protein kinase ULK1 or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of autophagy mediator ATG12 significantly sensitized tumor cells to erastin treatment in 2D culture. We also found that ferroptosis-promoting treatments upregulate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in BC cells. HO-1 increases cellular free iron pool and can potentially promote ferroptosis. Indeed, we observed that HO-1 knockdown by RNA interference reversed the effect of ferroptosis inducers on BC cell 3D growth. Hence, the effect of these drugs on such growth is mediated by HO-1. In summary, autophagy triggered by ferroptosis-promoting drugs reduces their ability to kill BC growing in a 2D manner. This protection mechanism is inhibited in BC cells growing as a 3D mass, and ferroptosis-promoting drugs kill such cells more effectively. Moreover, this death is mediated by HO-1. Thus, ferroptosis induction represents a promising strategy for blocking 3D BC growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Chipurupalli
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Peijia Jiang
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Julia Linhares Santos
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Paola Marcato
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kirill V Rosen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Chipurupalli S, Jiang P, Tavasoli M, Yoo BH, McPhee M, Mazinani S, Francia G, Kerbel RS, Rosen KV. ErbB2/Her2-dependent downregulation of a cell death-promoting protein BLNK in breast cancer cells is required for 3D breast tumor growth. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:687. [PMID: 35933456 PMCID: PMC9357009 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A significant proportion of breast cancers are driven by ErbB2/Her2 oncoprotein that they overexpress. These malignancies are typically treated with various ErbB2-targeted drugs, but many such cancers develop resistance to these agents and become incurable. Conceivably, treatment of ErbB2-positive cancers could be facilitated by use of agents blocking oncogenic signaling mechanisms downstream of ErbB2. However, current understanding of these mechanisms is limited. The ability of solid tumor cells to resist anoikis, cell death triggered by cell detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM), is thought to be critical for 3D tumor growth. In an effort to understand the mechanisms of ErbB2-driven breast cancer cell anoikis resistance we found that detachment of non-malignant breast epithelial cells from the ECM upregulates a cell death-promoting tumor suppressor adapter protein BLNK and that ErbB2 blocks this upregulation by reducing tumor cell levels of transcription factor IRF6. We further observed that trastuzumab, a therapeutic anti-ErbB2 antibody, upregulates BLNK in human trastuzumab-sensitive but not trastuzumab-resistant ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells. Moreover, we established that BLNK promotes anoikis by activating p38 MAP kinase and that ErbB2-dependent BLNK downregulation blocks breast cancer cell anoikis. In search for pharmacological approaches allowing to upregulate BLNK in tumor cells we found that clinically approved proteasome inhibitor bortezomib upregulates IRF6 and BLNK in human breast cancer cells and inhibits their 3D growth in a BLNK-dependent manner. In addition, we found that BLNK upregulation in human ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells blocks their ability to form tumors in mice. Furthermore, we used publicly available data on mRNA levels in multiple breast cancers to demonstrate that increased BLNK mRNA levels correlate with increased relapse-free survival in a cohort of approximately 400 patients with ErbB2-positive breast cancer. In summary, we discovered a novel mechanism of ErbB2-driven 3D breast tumor growth mediated by ErbB2-dependent BLNK downregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Liu
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Sandhya Chipurupalli
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Peijia Jiang
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Mahtab Tavasoli
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Byong Hoon Yoo
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Michael McPhee
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Sina Mazinani
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Giulio Francia
- grid.267324.60000 0001 0668 0420Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX USA
| | - Robert S. Kerbel
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938University of Toronto Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Kirill V. Rosen
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bandzerewicz A, Gadomska-Gajadhur A. Into the Tissues: Extracellular Matrix and Its Artificial Substitutes: Cell Signalling Mechanisms. Cells 2022; 11:914. [PMID: 35269536 PMCID: PMC8909573 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of orderly structures, such as tissues and organs is made possible by cell adhesion, i.e., the process by which cells attach to neighbouring cells and a supporting substance in the form of the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is a three-dimensional structure composed of collagens, elastin, and various proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It is a storehouse for multiple signalling factors. Cells are informed of their correct connection to the matrix via receptors. Tissue disruption often prevents the natural reconstitution of the matrix. The use of appropriate implants is then required. This review is a compilation of crucial information on the structural and functional features of the extracellular matrix and the complex mechanisms of cell-cell connectivity. The possibilities of regenerating damaged tissues using an artificial matrix substitute are described, detailing the host response to the implant. An important issue is the surface properties of such an implant and the possibilities of their modification.
Collapse
|
5
|
You H, Jin Y, Kang J, Mao Y, Su J, Sun L, Wang L, Meng H. Mitochondrial serine protease Omi/HtrA2 accentuates brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats and oxidative stress injury in vitro by modulating mitochondrial stress proteins CHOP and ClpP and physically interacting with mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1. Bioengineered 2020; 11:1058-1070. [PMID: 33016225 PMCID: PMC8291814 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1822105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine protease Omi/HtrA2, a member of the HtrA family, is closely related to the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and participates in apoptosis but its role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and cellular oxidative stress response remains unclear. In this study, we found that I/R injury resulted in a time-dependent increase in Omi/HtrA2 expression in rat brain tissue. Inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 significantly inhibited XIAP cleavage in H2O2-induced PC12 cells. In addition, inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 significantly inhibited the up-regulation of mitochondrial stress proteins CHOP and ClpP, significantly reduced mitochondrial aggregation, and attenuated the decline of mitochondrial ΔΨm in PC12 cells. Studies show that there is a physical interaction between Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1. We found that Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1 are closely related to the oxidative stress mitochondrial response in PC12 cells. The current study has demonstrated that Omi/HtrA2 is upregulated in brain I/R injury in vivo and is implicated in mitochondrial response to oxidative stress in vitro by regulating mitochondrial stress proteins CHOP and CLpP and by interacting with mitochondrial cristae remodeling protein OPA1. These findings suggest that Omi/HtrA2 could be a candidate molecular target in diseases that involve oxidative stress such as in I/R injury. Abbreviation: ATP: Adenosine tripHospHate; Bax: BCL2-Associated X; Bcl-2: B-cell lympHoma-2; BSA: Albumin from bovine serum; DMEM: Dulbecco’s Minimum Essential Medium; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; HSP60: Heat shock protein60, 70; L-OPA1: Long forms of OPA1; Omi/HtrA2: high-temperature-regulated A2; MCAO: Middle cerebral artery occlusion; OPA1: Optic AtropHy; PBS: PHospHate buffered saline; PMSF: pHenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate; S-OPA1: Short forms of OPA1; TTC: TripHenyltetrazalium chloride; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor apoptosis protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong You
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Yao Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Jinsong Kang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdel Ghafar MT, Gharib F, Al-Ashmawy GM, Mariah RA. Serum high-temperature-required protein A2: A potential biomarker for the diagnosis of breast cancer. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Renke J, Wasilewska E, Kędzierska-Mieszkowska S, Zorena K, Barańska S, Wenta T, Liberek A, Siluk D, Żurawa-Janicka D, Szczepankiewicz A, Renke M, Lipińska B. Tumor Suppressors-HTRA Proteases and Interleukin-12-in Pediatric Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E298. [PMID: 32560402 PMCID: PMC7353852 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56060298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective: Allergy belongs to a group of mast cell-related disorders and is one of the most common diseases of childhood. It was shown that asthma and allergic rhinitis diminish the risk of various cancers, including colon cancer and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. On the other hand, asthma augments the risk of lung cancer and an increased risk of breast cancer in patients with allergy has been observed. Thus, the relation between allergy and cancer is not straightforward and furthermore, its biological mechanism is unknown. The HTRA (high temperature requirement A) proteases promote apoptosis, may function as tumor suppressors and HTRA1 is known to be released by mast cells. Interleukin-12 (Il-12) is an important cytokine that induces antitumor immune responses and is produced mainly by dendritic cells that co-localize with mast cells in superficial organs. Material and methods: In the present study we have assessed with ELISA plasma levels of the HTRA proteins, Il-12, and of the anti-HTRA autoantibodies in children with allergy (40) and in age matched controls (39). Children are a special population, since they usually do not have comorbidities and take not many drugs the processes we want to observe are not influenced by many other factors. Results: We have found a significant increase of HTRA1, 2 and 3, and of the Il-12 levels in the children with atopy (asthma and allergic rhinitis) compared to controls. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the HTRA1-3 and Il-12 levels might be useful in analyzing the pro- and antioncogenic potential in young atopic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Renke
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.K.-M.); (T.W.); (D.Ż.-J.); (B.L.)
| | - Eliza Wasilewska
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Sabina Kędzierska-Mieszkowska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.K.-M.); (T.W.); (D.Ż.-J.); (B.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Barańska
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics University of Gdańsk Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.K.-M.); (T.W.); (D.Ż.-J.); (B.L.)
| | - Anna Liberek
- Faculty of Health Sciences with Subfaculty of Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Tuwima 15, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Danuta Siluk
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dorota Żurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.K.-M.); (T.W.); (D.Ż.-J.); (B.L.)
| | - Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-512 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marcin Renke
- Department of Occupational, Metabolic and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Barbara Lipińska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.K.-M.); (T.W.); (D.Ż.-J.); (B.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zurawa-Janicka D, Kobiela J, Slebioda T, Peksa R, Stanislawowski M, Wierzbicki PM, Wenta T, Lipinska B, Kmiec Z, Biernat W, Lachinski AJ, Sledzinski Z. Expression of HTRA Genes and Its Association with Microsatellite Instability and Survival of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3947. [PMID: 32486357 PMCID: PMC7312515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HtrA proteases regulate cellular homeostasis and cell death. Their dysfunctions have been correlated with oncogenesis and response to therapeutic treatment. We investigated the relation between HtrA1-3 expression and clinicopathological, and survival data, as well as the microsatellite status of tumors. Sixty-five colorectal cancer patients were included in the study. The expression of HTRA1-3 was estimated at the mRNA and protein levels by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Microsatellite status was determined by high-resolution-melting PCR. We found that the HTRA1 mRNA level was higher in colorectal cancer tissue as compared to the unchanged mucosa, specifically in primary lesions of metastasizing cancer. The levels of HtrA1 and HtrA2 proteins were reduced in tumor tissue when compared to unchanged mucosa, specifically in primary lesions of metastasizing disease. Moreover, a decrease in HTRA1 and HTRA2 transcripts' levels in cancers with a high level of microsatellite instability compared to microsatellite stable ones has been observed. A low level of HtrA1 or/and HtrA2 in cancer tissue correlated with poorer patient survival. The expression of HTRA1 and HTRA2 changes during colorectal carcinogenesis and microsatellite instability may be, at least partially, associated with these changes. The alterations in the HTRA1/2 genes' expression are connected with metastatic potential of colorectal cancer and may affect patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Jarek Kobiela
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (A.J.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Tomasz Slebioda
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Rafal Peksa
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (R.P.); (W.B.)
| | - Marcin Stanislawowski
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Piotr Mieczyslaw Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (R.P.); (W.B.)
| | - Andrzej Jacek Lachinski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (A.J.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zbigniew Sledzinski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (A.J.L.); (Z.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yan Y, Lv X, Ma J, Hong G, Li S, Shen J, Chen H, Cao K, Chen S, Cheng T, Dong C, Han J, Ma H, Wu M, Wang X, Xing C, Zhu Y, Shen L, Wang Y, Tong F, Wang Z. Simvastatin Alleviates Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Modulating Omi/HtrA2 Signaling Pathways. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:2798-2807. [PMID: 31351770 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this research was to survey the therapeutic action of simvastatin (Sim) on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (II/RI) by modulating Omi/HtrA2 signaling pathways. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were pretreated with 40 mg/kg Sim and then subjected to 1 hour of ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. The blood and intestinal tissues were collected, pathologic injury was observed, the contents of serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were estimated, and superoxide dismutase, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde, and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (caspase-3) levels, as well as the expressions of Omi/HtrA2 and caspase-3, were measured in the intestinal tissues. RESULTS Sim preconditioning mitigated the damnification of intestinal tissues by decreasing oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, and apoptosis and downregulating the expression of Omi/HtrA2 compared to the ischemia/reperfusion group, while Sim+Ucf-101 significantly augmented this effect. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Sim may alleviate intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating Omi/HtrA2 signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, The Third Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoni Lv
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Army 952 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Geermu, Qinghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Ganji Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shikai Li
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Haotian Chen
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Kailei Cao
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Senjiang Chen
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Chaojie Dong
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Jiahui Han
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Heng Ma
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Mingkang Wu
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Chenkai Xing
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Yutao Zhu
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Lanyu Shen
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Yini Wang
- Department of Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Discipline of Pharmacology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China.
| | - Zhongchao Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanxi Cardiovascular Disease Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
ErbB2-driven downregulation of the transcription factor Irf6 in breast epithelial cells is required for their 3D growth. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:151. [PMID: 30545388 PMCID: PMC6293553 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of solid tumor cells to resist anoikis, apoptosis triggered by cell detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM), is thought to be critical for 3D tumor growth. ErbB2/Her2 oncoprotein is often overproduced by breast tumor cells and blocks their anoikis by partially understood mechanisms. In our effort to understand them better, we observed that detachment of nonmalignant human breast epithelial cells from the ECM upregulates the transcription factor Irf6. Irf6 is thought to play an important role in mammary gland homeostasis and causes apoptosis by unknown mechanisms. We noticed that ErbB2, when overproduced by detached breast epithelial cells, downregulates Irf6. Methods To test whether ErbB2 downregulates Irf6 in human ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells, we examined the effect of ErbB2 inhibitors, such as the anti-ErbB2 antibody trastuzumab or the ErbB2/epidermal growth factor receptor small-molecule inhibitor lapatinib, on Irf6 in these cells. Moreover, we performed Irf6 IHC analysis of tumor samples derived from the locally advanced ErbB2-positive breast cancers before and after neoadjuvant trastuzumab-based therapies. To examine the role of Irf6 in anoikis of nonmalignant and ErbB2-overproducing breast epithelial cells, we studied anoikis after knocking down Irf6 in the former cells by RNA interference and after overproducing Irf6 in the latter cells. To examine the mechanisms by which cell detachment and ErbB2 control Irf6 expression in breast epithelial cells, we tested the effects of genetic and pharmacological inhibitors of the known ErbB2-dependent signaling pathways on Irf6 in these cells. Results We observed that trastuzumab and lapatinib upregulate Irf6 in ErbB2-positive human breast tumor cells and that neoadjuvant trastuzumab-based therapies tend to upregulate Irf6 in human breast tumors. We found that detachment-induced Irf6 upregulation in nonmalignant breast epithelial cells requires the presence of the transcription factor ∆Np63α and that Irf6 mediates their anoikis. We showed that ErbB2 blocks Irf6 upregulation in ErbB2-overproducing cells by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinases that inhibit ∆Np63α-dependent signals required for Irf6 upregulation. Finally, we demonstrated that ErbB2-driven Irf6 downregulation in ErbB2-overproducing breast epithelial cells blocks their anoikis and promotes their anchorage-independent growth. Conclusions We have demonstrated that ErbB2 blocks anoikis of breast epithelial cells by downregulating Irf6. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1080-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mitochondrial HTRA2 Plays a Positive, Protective Role in Dictyostelium discoideum but Is Cytotoxic When Overexpressed. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070355. [PMID: 30013019 PMCID: PMC6070809 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HTRA2 is a mitochondrial protein, mutations in which are associated with autosomal dominant late-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD). The mechanisms by which HTRA2 mutations result in PD are poorly understood. HTRA2 is proposed to play a proteolytic role in protein quality control and homeostasis in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its loss has been reported to result in accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins. However, in at least one case, PD-associated HTRA2 mutation can cause its hyperphosphorylation, possibly resulting in protease hyperactivity. The consequences of overactive mitochondrial HTRA2 are not clear. Dictyostelium discoideum provides a well-established model for studying mitochondrial dysfunction, such as has been implicated in the pathology of PD. We identified a single homologue of human HTRA2 encoded in the Dictyostelium discoideum genome and showed that it is localized to the mitochondria where it plays a cytoprotective role. Knockdown of HTRA2 expression caused defective morphogenesis in the multicellular phases of the Dictyostelium life cycle. In vegetative cells, it did not impair mitochondrial respiration but nonetheless caused slow growth (particularly when the cells were utilizing a bacterial food source), unaccompanied by significant defects in the requisite endocytic pathways. Despite its protective roles, we could not ectopically overexpress wild type HTRA2, suggesting that mitochondrial HTRA2 hyperactivity is lethal. This toxicity was abolished by replacing the essential catalytic serine S300 with alanine to ablate serine protease activity. Overexpression of protease-dead HTRA2 phenocopied the effects of knockdown, suggesting that the mutant protein competitively inhibits interactions between wild type HTRA2 and its binding partners. Our results show that cytopathological dysfunction can be caused either by too little or too much HTRA2 activity in the mitochondria and suggest that either could be a cause of PD.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hawk MA, Schafer ZT. Mechanisms of redox metabolism and cancer cell survival during extracellular matrix detachment. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7531-7537. [PMID: 29339552 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm117.000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontransformed cells that become detached from the extracellular matrix (ECM) undergo dysregulation of redox homeostasis and cell death. In contrast, cancer cells often acquire the ability to mitigate programmed cell death pathways and recalibrate the redox balance to survive after ECM detachment, facilitating metastatic dissemination. Accordingly, recent studies of the mechanisms by which cancer cells overcome ECM detachment-induced metabolic alterations have focused on mechanisms in redox homeostasis. The insights into these mechanisms may inform the development of therapeutics that manipulate redox homeostasis to eliminate ECM-detached cancer cells. Here, we review how ECM-detached cancer cells balance redox metabolism for survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hawk
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Khan IA, Yoo BH, Rak J, Rosen KV. Mek activity is required for ErbB2 expression in breast cancer cells detached from the extracellular matrix. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105383-105396. [PMID: 29285258 PMCID: PMC5739645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Detachment of non-malignant epithelial cells from the extracellullar matrix (ECM) triggers their growth arrest and apoptosis. Conversely, carcinoma cells can grow without adhesion to the ECM. This capacity for anchorage-independent growth is thought to be critical for tumor progression. ErbB2/Her2 oncoprotein is overproduced by a significant fraction of breast cancers and promotes anchorage-independent tumor cell growth by poorly understood mechanisms. In an effort to understand them we found that in order to produce ErbB2, detached breast cancer cells require the activity of an ErbB2 effector protein kinase Mek and that Mek-driven ErbB2 expression is neccesary for anchorage-independent growth of such cells. We observed that Mek inhibition does not alter ErbB2 mRNA levels in detached cancer cells and that ErbB2 protein loss induced by this inhibition can be blocked by a lysosomal inhibitor. We also noticed that an increase of the density of cancer cells detached from the ECM downregulates a Mek effector protein kinase Erk and causes ErbB2 loss. Those cells that survive after ErbB2 loss display resistance to trastuzumab, an anti-ErbB2 antibody used for ErbB2-positive breast cancer treatment. Thus, Mek-induced ErbB2 stabilization in detached breast cancer cells is critical for their ability to grow anchorage-independently and their trastuzumab sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Byong H Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kirill V Rosen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zurawa-Janicka D, Wenta T, Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J, Glaza P, Gieldon A, Ciarkowski J, Lipinska B. Structural insights into the activation mechanisms of human HtrA serine proteases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 621:6-23. [PMID: 28396256 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human HtrA1-4 proteins belong to the HtrA family of evolutionarily conserved serine proteases and function as important modulators of many physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, cell signaling and apoptosis. Disturbances in their action are linked to severe diseases, including oncogenesis and neurodegeneration. The HtrA1-4 proteins share structural and functional features of other members of the HtrA protein family, however there are several significant differences in structural architecture and mechanisms of action which makes each of them unique. Our goal is to present recent studies regarding human HtrAs. We focus on their physiological functions, structure and regulation, and describe current models of activation mechanisms. Knowledge of molecular basis of the human HtrAs' action is a subject of great interest; it is crucial for understanding their relevance in cellular physiology and pathogenesis as well as for using them as targets in future therapies of diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Jarzab
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Glaza
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Gieldon
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ciarkowski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cardiac Specific Overexpression of Mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 Induces Myocardial Apoptosis and Cardiac Dysfunction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37927. [PMID: 27924873 PMCID: PMC5141441 DOI: 10.1038/srep37927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial apoptosis is a significant problem underlying ischemic heart disease. We previously reported significantly elevated expression of cytoplasmic Omi/HtrA2, triggers cardiomyocytes apoptosis. However, whether increased Omi/HtrA2 within mitochondria itself influences myocardial survival in vivo is unknown. We aim to observe the effects of mitochondria-specific, not cytoplasmic, Omi/HtrA2 on myocardial apoptosis and cardiac function. Transgenic mice overexpressing cardiac-specific mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 were generated and they had increased myocardial apoptosis, decreased systolic and diastolic function, and decreased left ventricular remodeling. Transiently or stably overexpression of mitochondria Omi/HtrA2 in H9C2 cells enhance apoptosis as evidenced by elevated caspase-3, -9 activity and TUNEL staining, which was completely blocked by Ucf-101, a specific Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor. Mechanistic studies revealed mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 overexpression degraded the mitochondrial anti-apoptotic protein HAX-1, an effect attenuated by Ucf-101. Additionally, transfected cells overexpressing mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 were more sensitive to hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) induced apoptosis. Cyclosporine A (CsA), a mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor, blocked translocation of Omi/HtrA2 from mitochondrial to cytoplasm, and protected transfected cells incompletely against H/R-induced caspase-3 activation. We report in vitro and in vivo overexpression of mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 induces cardiac apoptosis and dysfunction. Thus, strategies to directly inhibit Omi/HtrA2 or its cytosolic translocation from mitochondria may protect against heart injury.
Collapse
|
16
|
Godin-Heymann N, Brabetz S, Murillo MM, Saponaro M, Santos CR, Lobley A, East P, Chakravarty P, Matthews N, Kelly G, Jordan S, Castellano E, Downward J. Tumour-suppression function of KLF12 through regulation of anoikis. Oncogene 2016; 35:3324-34. [PMID: 26455320 PMCID: PMC4929484 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of detachment-induced cell death, known as anoikis, is an essential step for cancer metastasis to occur. We report here that expression of KLF12, a member of the Kruppel-like family of transcription factors, is downregulated in lung cancer cell lines that have been selected to grow in the absence of cell adhesion. Knockdown of KLF12 in parental cells results in decreased apoptosis following cell detachment from matrix. KLF12 regulates anoikis by promoting the cell cycle transition through S phase and therefore cell proliferation. Reduced expression levels of KLF12 results in increased ability of lung cancer cells to form tumours in vivo and is associated with poorer survival in lung cancer patients. We therefore identify KLF12 as a novel metastasis-suppressor gene whose loss of function is associated with anoikis resistance through control of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Godin-Heymann
- Signal Transduction, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - S Brabetz
- Signal Transduction, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - M M Murillo
- Signal Transduction, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - M Saponaro
- Mechanisms of Gene Transcription Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - C R Santos
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - A Lobley
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - P East
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - P Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - N Matthews
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - G Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - S Jordan
- Signal Transduction, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - E Castellano
- Signal Transduction, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - J Downward
- Signal Transduction, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khan IA, Yoo BH, Masson O, Baron S, Corkery D, Dellaire G, Attardi LD, Rosen KV. ErbB2-dependent downregulation of a pro-apoptotic protein Perp is required for oncogenic transformation of breast epithelial cells. Oncogene 2016; 35:5759-5769. [PMID: 27109096 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of breast cancer cells to resist anoikis, apoptosis caused by detachment of the non-malignant epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix (ECM), is thought to be critical for breast tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. ErbB2, an oncoprotein that is often overproduced in breast tumors, can block breast cancer cell anoikis via mechanisms that are understood only in part. In an effort to understand them better we found that detachment of the non-malignant human breast epithelial cells from the ECM upregulates a protein Perp in these cells. Perp is a component of the desmosomes, multiprotein complexes involved in cell-to-cell adhesion. Perp can cause apoptosis via unknown mechanisms. We demonstrated that Perp upregulation by cell detachment is driven by detachment-induced loss of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We also found that Perp knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) rescues detached cells from death which indicates that Perp contributes to their anoikis. We observed that ErbB2, when overexpressed in detached breast epithelial cells, causes Perp downregulation. Furthermore, ErbB2-directed RNAi or treatment with lapatinib, an ErbB2/EGFR small-molecule inhibitor used for breast cancer therapy, upregulated Perp in ErbB2-positive human breast and ovarian carcinoma cells. We established that ErbB2 downregulates Perp by activating an ErbB2 effector protein kinase Mek that blocks detachment-induced EGFR loss in a manner that requires the presence of a signaling protein Sprouty-2. Finally, we observed that restoration of the wild-type Perp levels in ErbB2-overproducing breast epithelial cells increases their anoikis susceptibility and blocks their clonogenicity in the absence of adhesion to the ECM. In summary, we have identified a novel mechanism of ErbB2-mediated mechanism of anoikis resistance of ErbB2-overproducing breast epithelial cells. This mechanism allows such cells to grow without adhesion to the ECM and is driven by ErbB2-induced activation of Mek, subsequent EGFR upregulation and further EGFR-dependent Perp loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - B H Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - O Masson
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - S Baron
- Department of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - D Corkery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - G Dellaire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - L D Attardi
- Department of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K V Rosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Buchheit CL, Weigel KJ, Schafer ZT. Cancer cell survival during detachment from the ECM: multiple barriers to tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:632-41. [PMID: 25098270 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells require attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) for survival. However, during tumour progression and metastasis, cancerous epithelial cells must adapt to and survive in the absence of ECM. During the past 20 years, several cellular changes, including anoikis, have been shown to regulate cell viability when cells become detached from the ECM. In this Opinion article, we review in detail how cancer cells can overcome or take advantage of these specific processes. Gaining a better understanding of how cancer cells survive during detachment from the ECM will be instrumental in designing chemotherapeutic strategies that aim to eliminate ECM-detached metastatic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Buchheit
- 1] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA. [2]
| | - Kelsey J Weigel
- 1] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA. [2]
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang F, Yu T, Yi CL, Sun XF. Radiation-inducible HtrA2 gene enhances radiosensitivity of uveal melanoma OCM-1 cellsin vitroandin vivo. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 42:761-8. [PMID: 24606398 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Cheng-la Yi
- Department of Traumatic Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Xu-fang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yamauchi S, Hou YY, Guo AK, Hirata H, Nakajima W, Yip AK, Yu CH, Harada I, Chiam KH, Sawada Y, Tanaka N, Kawauchi K. p53-mediated activation of the mitochondrial protease HtrA2/Omi prevents cell invasion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 204:1191-207. [PMID: 24662565 PMCID: PMC3971739 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201309107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras induces cell transformation and promotes an invasive phenotype. The tumor suppressor p53 has a suppressive role in Ras-driven invasion. However, its mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we show that p53 induces activation of the mitochondrial protease high-temperature requirement A2 (HtrA2; also known as Omi) and prevents Ras-driven invasion by modulating the actin cytoskeleton. Oncogenic Ras increases accumulation of p53 in the cytoplasm, which promotes the translocation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) into mitochondria and induces phosphorylation of HtrA2/Omi. Concurrently, oncogenic Ras also induces mitochondrial fragmentation, irrespective of p53 expression, causing the release of HtrA2/Omi from mitochondria into the cytosol. Phosphorylated HtrA2/Omi therefore cleaves β-actin and decreases the amount of filamentous actin (F-actin) in the cytosol. This ultimately down-regulates p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130Cas)-mediated lamellipodia formation, countering the invasive phenotype initiated by oncogenic Ras. Our novel findings provide insights into the mechanism by which p53 prevents the malignant progression of transformed cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Yamauchi
- Mechanobiology Institute, Level 10, T-Lab, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Upregulation of TrkB promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and anoikis resistance in endometrial carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70616. [PMID: 23936232 PMCID: PMC3728299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms governing the metastasis of endometrial carcinoma (EC) are poorly defined. Recent data support a role for the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB in the progression of several human tumors. Here we present evidence for a direct role of TrkB in human EC. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TrkB and its secreted ligand, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are more highly expressed in EC than in normal endometrium. High TrkB levels correlated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.05) and lymphovascular space involvement (p<0.05) in EC. Depletion of TrkB by stable shRNA-mediated knockdown decreased the migratory and invasive capacity of cancer cell lines in vitro and resulted in anoikis in suspended cells. Conversely, exogenous expression of TrkB increased cell migration and invasion and promoted anoikis resistance in suspension culture. Furthermore, over-expression of TrkB or stimulation by BDNF resulted in altered the expression of molecular mediators of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of the downstream regulator, Twist, blocked TrkB-induced EMT-like transformation. The use of in vivo models revealed decreased peritoneal dissemination in TrkB-depleted EC cells. Additionally, TrkB-depleted EC cells underwent mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and anoikis in vivo. Our data support a novel function for TrkB in promoting EMT and resistance to anoikis. Thus, TrkB may constitute a potential therapeutic target in human EC.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zurawa-Janicka D, Kobiela J, Galczynska N, Stefaniak T, Lipinska B, Lachinski A, Skorko-Glonek J, Narkiewicz J, Proczko-Markuszewska M, Sledzinski Z. Changes in expression of human serine protease HtrA1, HtrA2 and HtrA3 genes in benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1838-44. [PMID: 22923201 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human HtrA proteins are serine proteases involved in essential physiological processes. HtrA1 and HtrA3 function as tumor suppressors and inhibitors of the TGF-β signaling pathway. HtrA2 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and plays a pivotal role in the induction of apoptosis. The aim of the study was to determine whether the HtrA proteins are involved in thyroid carcinogenesis. We used the immunoblotting technique to estimate protein levels of HtrA1, HtrA2, long and short variants of HtrA3 (HtrA3-L and HtrA3-S) and TGF-β1 in tissues of benign and malignant thyroid lesions, and control groups. We found that the levels of HtrA2 and HtrA3-S were higher in thyroid malignant tumors compared to normal tissues and benign tumors. The HtrA3-L level was increased in malignant tumor tissues compared to benign tumor tissues and control tissues from patients with benign lesions, and elevated in normal tissues from patients with thyroid carcinoma compared to normal tissues from patients with benign lesions. We also compared levels of HtrA proteins in follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and found that these types of carcinoma differed in the expression of HtrA3-S and HtrA1. These results indicate the implication of HtrA proteins in thyroid carcinogenesis suggest that HtrA3 variants may play different roles in cancer development, and that the increased HtrA3-L levels in thyroid tissue could be correlated with the development of malignant lesions. The TGF-β1 levels in tumor tissues were not significantly altered compared to control tissues.
Collapse
|
23
|
Yoo BH, Berezkin A, Wang Y, Zagryazhskaya A, Rosen KV. Tumor suppressor protein kinase Chk2 is a mediator of anoikis of intestinal epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:357-66. [PMID: 21834075 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of carcinoma cells to anoikis, apoptosis that is normally induced by detachment of nonmalignant epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix, is thought to be critical for carcinoma progression. Molecular mechanisms that control anoikis of nonmalignant and cancer cells are understood poorly. In an effort to understand them we found that detachment of nonmalignant intestinal epithelial cells triggers upregulation of Chk2, a pro-apoptotic protein kinase that has never been implicated in anoikis and has been thought to kill cells mainly under the conditions compromising genome integrity. We found that enforced downregulation of Chk2 protects intestinal epithelial cells from anoikis. Chk2 can kill cells by stabilizing p53 tumor suppressor protein or via p53-independent mechanisms, and we established that Chk2-mediated anoikis of intestinal epithelial cells is p53-independent. We further found that, unlike nonmalignant intestinal epithelial cells whose anoikis is triggered by detachment-induced Chk2 upregulation, intestinal epithelial cells carrying oncogenic ras, a known inhibitor of anoikis, remain anoikis-resistant in response to enforced Chk2 upregulation. By contrast, drugs, such as topoisomerase I inhibitors, that can kill cells via Chk2-indpendent mechanisms, efficiently triggered anoikis of ras-transformed cells. Thus, oncogenic ras can prevent Chk2 from triggering anoikis even when levels of this protein kinase are elevated in cancer cells, and the use of therapeutic agents that kill cells in a Chk-2-independent, rather than Chk-2-dependent, manner could represent an efficient strategy for overcoming ras-induced anoikis resistance of these cells. We conclude that Chk-2 is an important novel component of anoikis-promoting machinery of intestinal epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byong Hoon Yoo
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yoo BH, Wang Y, Erdogan M, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Corcos L, Sabapathy K, Rosen KV. Oncogenic ras-induced down-regulation of pro-apoptotic protease caspase-2 is required for malignant transformation of intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38894-903. [PMID: 21903589 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.290692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of carcinoma cells to anoikis, apoptosis that is normally induced by loss of cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion, is thought to be essential for the ability of these cells to form primary tumors, invade adjacent tissues, and metastasize to distant organs. Current knowledge about the mechanisms by which cancer cells evade anoikis is far from complete. In an effort to understand these mechanisms, we found that ras, a major oncogene, down-regulates protease caspase-2 (which initiates certain steps of the cellular apoptotic program) in malignant human and rat intestinal epithelial cells. This down-regulation could be reversed by inhibition of a protein kinase Mek, a mediator of Ras signaling. We also found that enforced down-regulation of caspase-2 in nonmalignant intestinal epithelial cells by RNA interference protected them from anoikis. Furthermore, the reversal of the effect of Ras on caspase-2 achieved by the expression of exogenous caspase-2 in detached ras-transformed intestinal epithelial cells promoted well established apoptotic events, such as the release of the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial factors cytochrome c and HtrA2/Omi into the cytoplasm of these cells, significantly enhanced their anoikis susceptibility, and blocked their long term growth in the absence of adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Finally, the blockade of the effect of Ras on caspase-2 substantially suppressed growth of tumors formed by the ras-transformed cells in mice. We conclude that ras-induced down-regulation of caspase-2 represents a novel mechanism by which oncogenic Ras protects malignant intestinal epithelial cells from anoikis, promotes their anchorage-independent growth, and allows them to form tumors in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byong Hoon Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lin DC, Zhang Y, Pan QJ, Yang H, Shi ZZ, Xie ZH, Wang BS, Hao JJ, Zhang TT, Xu X, Zhan QM, Wang MR. PLK1 Is transcriptionally activated by NF-κB during cell detachment and enhances anoikis resistance through inhibiting β-catenin degradation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4285-95. [PMID: 21610149 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the molecular mechanisms through which polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) takes part in anoikis resistance of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The role of PLK1 in cell anoikis resistance was examined by ectopic gene expression and siRNA-mediated knockdown. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays were utilized to investigate PLK1-interacting proteins. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and reporter gene assays were carried out to identify the transcription factors responsible for PLK1 expression during anoikis resistance. RESULTS We found that detachment of ESCC cells triggers the upregulation of PLK1. Elevated PLK1 expression contributes to protection against anoikis in cancer cells through the regulation of β-catenin expression. Moreover, we showed that, through direct binding to the PLK1 promoter, the NF-κB subunit RelA transcriptionally activates PLK1, which inhibits the ubiquitination and degradation of β-catenin. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway restores the sensitivity of cancer cells to anoikis by downregulating PLK1/β-catenin expression. In addition, RelA gene amplification and protein overexpression was significantly correlated with PLK1 expression in ESCC tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that upregulation of PLK1 triggered by cell detachment is regulated by RelA at the transcriptional level. PLK1 protects esophageal carcinoma cells from anoikis through modulation of β-catenin protein levels by inhibiting their degradation. Taken together, this study reveals critical mechanisms involved in the role of RelA/PLK1/β-catenin in anoikis resistance of ESCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Chen Lin
- Authors' Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Worthley DL, Giraud AS, Wang TC. The extracellular matrix in digestive cancer. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2010; 3:177-85. [PMID: 21209783 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-010-0053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular components of the cancer microenvironment play a critical role in tumor initiation, progression and invasion. In this review we examine the normal formation and function of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. We characterize the interactions between the matrix and the epithelium and explore the causes and consequences of the extracellular remodeling that accompanies carcinogenesis. Finally, we address the therapeutic possibilities of incorporating matrix as well as epithelial strategies in the management of digestive cancer.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zurawa-Janicka D, Skorko-Glonek J, Lipinska B. HtrA proteins as targets in therapy of cancer and other diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:665-79. [PMID: 20469960 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.487867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The HtrA family proteins are serine proteases that are involved in important physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, apoptosis and cell signaling. They are involved in the development and progression of several pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and arthritic diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We present characteristics of the human HtrA1, HtrA2 and HtrA3 proteins, with the stress on their function in apoptosis and in the diseases. We describe regulation of the HtrAs' proteolytic activity, focusing on allosteric interactions of ligands/substrates with the PDZ domains, and make suggestions on how the HtrA proteolytic activity could be modified. Literature cited covers years 1996 - 2010. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the HtrAs' function/regulation and involvement in diseases (cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis), and ideas how modulation of their proteolytic activity could be used in therapies. TAKE HOME MESSAGE HtrA2 is the best target for cancer drug development. An increase in the HtrAs' proteolytic activity could be beneficial in cancer treatment, by stimulation of apoptosis, anoikis or necrosis of cancer cells, or by modulation of the TGF-beta signaling cascade; modulation of HtrA activity could be helpful in therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and arthritis.
Collapse
|
28
|
Yoo BH, Wu X, Li Y, Haniff M, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Eskelinen EL, Rosen KV. Oncogenic ras-induced down-regulation of autophagy mediator Beclin-1 is required for malignant transformation of intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5438-49. [PMID: 19778902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.046789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Detachment of non-malignant epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix causes their growth arrest and, ultimately, death. By contrast, cells composing carcinomas, cancers of epithelial origin, can survive and proliferate without being attached to the extracellular matrix. These properties of tumor cells represent hallmarks of malignant transformation and are critical for cancer progression. Previously we identified several mechanisms by which ras, a major oncogene, blocks detachment-induced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells, but mechanisms by which Ras promotes proliferation of those cells that remain viable following detachment are unknown. We show here that detachment of non-malignant intestinal epithelial cells promotes formation of autophagosomes, vacuole-like structures that mediate autophagy (a process of cellular self-cannibalization), and that oncogenic ras prevents this autophagosome formation. We also found that ras activates a GTPase RhoA, that RhoA promotes activation of a protease calpain, and that calpain triggers degradation of Beclin-1, a critical mediator of autophagy, in these cells. The reversal of the effect of ras on Beclin-1 (achieved by expression of exogenous Beclin-1) promoted autophagosome formation following cell detachment, significantly reduced the fraction of detached cells in the S phase of the cell cycle and their rate of proliferation without affecting their viability. Furthermore, RNA interference-induced Beclin-1 down-regulation in non-malignant intestinal epithelial cells prevented detachment-dependent reduction of the fraction of these cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. Thus, ras oncogene promotes proliferation of those malignant intestinal epithelial cells that remain viable following detachment via a distinct novel mechanism that involves Ras-induced down-regulation of Beclin-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byong Hoon Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Simpson CD, Anyiwe K, Schimmer AD. Anoikis resistance and tumor metastasis. Cancer Lett 2008; 272:177-85. [PMID: 18579285 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a barrier to metastases, cells normally undergo apoptosis after they lose contact with their extra cellular matrix or their neighbouring cells. This cell death process has been termed "anoikis". Tumour cells that acquire malignant potential have developed mechanisms to resist anoikis and thereby survive after detachment from their primary site and while travelling through the lymphatic and circulatory systems. Defects in the death receptor pathway of caspase activation, such as the over-expression of the caspase-8 inhibitor FLIP, can render cells resistant to anoikis. Likewise, roadblocks in the mitochondrial pathway, such as over-expression of the Bcl-2 family of anti-apoptotic proteins, can also confer resistance to anoikis. This review will focus on the roles of the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways in anoikis and anoikis resistance and how targeting defects in these pathways can restore sensitivity to anoikis and serve as the basis for therapeutic adjuncts that prevent metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Simpson
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 2M9
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yu X, Liu L, Cai B, He Y, Wan X. Suppression of anoikis by the neurotrophic receptor TrkB in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:543-52. [PMID: 18201274 PMCID: PMC11159160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TrkB is a neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk). To investigate its role in anoikis suppression in human ovarian cancer, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting to compare the expression levels of TrkB and its ligand brain-derived neurotrophic factor between (i) 20 epithelial ovarian cancers, their multicellular spheroids in ascites or great omentum metastatic lesions, and eight borderline or benign ovarian tumors, as well as four normal ovarian tissues; and (ii) three ovarian cancer cell lines cultured under different conditions: monolayer adhesive culture (adhesive cells), anchorage-independent culture (cell spheroids), and trypsinized cell spheroids placed in monolayer adhesive dishes (cell spheroids replaced). TrkB and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancers, and full-length TrkB was more often overexpressed in high-grade carcinomas and multicellular spheroids in ascites. Expression of TrkB mRNA was higher in OVCAR-3 cell spheroids than in adhesive cells. The expression of full-length TrkB protein was highest in OVCAR-3 cell spheroids, but its precursor was expressed highly in OVCAR-3 cells under all three culture conditions. The relationship between TrkB overexpression and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway activation in OVCAR-3 cells was studied by western blotting and RNA interference. The PI3K-AKT pathway was highly activated in anoikis-survived cells and was inhibited when TrkB was silenced by small interfering RNA. Finally, the chemosensitivity and invasiveness of OVCAR-3 cells were examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, Matrigel invasion assay, and in vivo studies. Adhesive cells showed higher chemosensitivity and lower invasion ability than anoikis-survived cells. Our study suggests that TrkB might mediate anoikis suppression by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway in ovarian cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, No. 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vande Walle L, Lamkanfi M, Vandenabeele P. The mitochondrial serine protease HtrA2/Omi: an overview. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:453-60. [PMID: 18174901 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The HtrA family refers to a group of related oligomeric serine proteases that combine a trypsin-like protease domain with at least one PDZ interaction domain. Mammals encode four HtrA proteases, named HtrA1-4. The protease activity of the HtrA member HtrA2/Omi is required for mitochondrial homeostasis in mice and humans and inactivating mutations associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Moreover, HtrA2/Omi is released in the cytosol, where it contributes to apoptosis through both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge of HtrA2/Omi biology and discuss the signaling pathways that underlie its mitochondrial and apoptotic functions from an evolutionary perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Vande Walle
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Unit for Molecular Signalling and Cell Death, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Seidelin JB, Vainer B, Andresen L, Nielsen OH. Upregulation of cIAP2 in regenerating colonocytes in ulcerative colitis. Virchows Arch 2007; 451:1031-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
33
|
Derouet M, Wu X, May L, Hoon Yoo B, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Rak J, Rosen KV. Acquisition of anoikis resistance promotes the emergence of oncogenic K-ras mutations in colorectal cancer cells and stimulates their tumorigenicity in vivo. Neoplasia 2007; 9:536-45. [PMID: 17710156 PMCID: PMC1939928 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Detachment from the extracellular matrix causes apoptosis of normal epithelial cells--a phenomenon called anoikis. K-ras oncogene, an established anoikis inhibitor, often occurs in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In addition to blocking anoikis-inducing mechanisms, oncogenic K-ras can cause anoikis-unrelated changes in CRC cells, such as induction of events promoting their deregulated mitogenesis, ability to trigger angiogenesis, and so on. Thus, whether ras-induced anoikis resistance of CRC cells is essential for their ability to form tumors in vivo or represents a mere epiphenomenon is unclear. We found that when poorly tumorigenic, oncogenic, K-ras-negative, anoikis-susceptible human CRC cells were cultured under anoikis-inducing conditions in vitro, they spontaneously gave rise to an anoikis-resistant cell population harboring de novo oncogenic K-ras mutations and manifesting dramatically increased tumorigenicity. We further observed that a variant of the same oncogenic K-ras-negative anoikis-susceptible cells selected for increased tumorigenicity acquired de novo oncogenic K-ras mutations and manifested increased anoikis resistance. Unlike the case with anoikis, oncogenic K-ras did not rescue CRC cells from death caused by hypoxia or anticancer agents. Taken collectively, our results support the notion that ras-induced anoikis resistance of CRC cells is essential for their ability to form tumors in vivo and thus represents a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Derouet
- Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang L, Sun M, Sun XM, Cheng GZ, Nicosia SV, Cheng JQ. Akt Attenuation of the Serine Protease Activity of HtrA2/Omi through Phosphorylation of Serine 212. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10981-7. [PMID: 17311912 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700445200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease HtrA2/Omi is released from the mitochondria into the cytosol following apoptosis stimuli, leading to the programmed cell death in caspase-dependent and -independent manners. The function of HtrA2/Omi closely relates to its protease activity, which is required for cleavage of its substrate such as the members of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptotic protein family. However, the regulation of HtrA2/Omi by signaling molecule has not been documented. Here we report that serine/threonine kinases Akt1 and Akt2 phosphorylate mitochondria-released HtrA2/Omi on serine 212 in vivo and in vitro, which results in attenuation of its serine protease activity and pro-apoptotic function. Abolishing HtrA2/Omi phosphorylation by Akt through mutation of serine 212 to alanine (HtrA2/Omi-S212A) retains its serine protease activity and induces more apoptosis as compared with wild-type HtrA2/Omi. Conversely, HtrA2/Omi-S212D, a mutant mimicking phosphorylation, lost the protease activity and failed to induce the programmed cell death. Furthermore, the phosphorylated HtrA2/Omi fails to cleave X-linked inhibitor of apoptotic protein without interfering with their complex formation. In addition, Akt inhibits the release of HtrA2/Omi from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm in response to cisplatin treatment. These data reveal for the first time that HtrA2/Omi is directly regulated by Akt and provide a mechanism by which Akt induces cell survival at post-mitochondrial level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu Z, Li H, Wu X, Yoo BH, Yan SR, Stadnyk AW, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, LaCasse EC, Korneluk RG, Rosen KV. Detachment-induced upregulation of XIAP and cIAP2 delays anoikis of intestinal epithelial cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:7680-90. [PMID: 16799641 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Detachment of normal epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix triggers apoptosis, a phenomenon called anoikis. Conversely, carcinoma cells tend to be relatively more anoikis-resistant than their normal counterparts, and this increased resistance represents a critical feature of the malignant phenotype. Mechanisms that control susceptibility and resistance to anoikis are not fully understood. It is now known that detachment of non-malignant epithelial cells triggers both pro- and antiapoptotic signals, and it is the balance between these signals and the duration of detachment that determine further fate of the cells. Detachment-induced antiapoptotic events delay anoikis and if cells reattach relatively soon after detachment they survive. Direct regulators of apoptosis responsible for this delay of anoikis are unknown. We found that detachment of non-malignant intestinal epithelial cells triggers upregulation of inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, such as X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-2 (cIAP2). We demonstrated that this upregulation requires detachment-dependent activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. We further observed that various IAP antagonists accelerate anoikis, indicating that upregulation of the IAPs delays detachment-triggered apoptosis. We conclude that the IAPs are important regulators of the balance between detachment-triggered life and death signals. Perhaps, not by coincidence, these proteins are often upregulated in carcinomas, tumors composed of cells that tend to be anoikis-resistant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|