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Chen CH, Tien N, Yao CH, Chen SJ, Bau DT, Pandey S, Yang HL, Hseu YC, Chen SS, Lin ML. Naringin Induces ROS-Stimulated G 1 Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39056589 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Naringin, a bioflavonoid compound from grapefruit or citrus, exerts anticancer activities on cervical, thyroid, colon, brain, liver, lung, thyroid, and breast cancers. The present investigation addressed exploring the anticancer effects of naringin on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Naringin exhibits a cytotoxic effect on NPC-TW 039 and NPC-TW 076 cells with IC50 372/328 and 394/307 μM for 24 or 48 h, respectively, while causing little toxicity toward normal gingival epithelial (SG) cells (>500/500 μM). We established that naringin triggered G1 arrest is achieved by suppressing cyclin D1, cyclin A, and CDK2, and upregulating p21 protein in NPC cells. Exposure of NPC cells to naringin caused a series of events leading to apoptosis including morphology change (cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing) and chromatin condensation. Annexin V and PI staining indicated that naringin treatment promotes necrosis and late apoptosis in NPC cells. DiOC6 staining showed a decline in the mitochondrial membrane potential by naringin treatment, which was followed with cytochrome c release, Apaf-1/caspase-9/-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and EndoG expression in NPC cells. Naringin upregulated proapoptotic Bax and decreased antiapoptotic Bcl-xL expression, and dysregulated Bax/Bcl-xL ratio in NPC cells. Notably, naringin enhanced death receptor-related t-Bid expression. Furthermore, an increased Ca2+ release by naringin treatment which instigated endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis through increased IRE1, ATF-6, GRP78, GADD153, and caspase-12 expression in NPC cells. In addition, naringin triggers ROS production, and inhibition of naringin-induced ROS generation by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine resulted in the prevention of G1 arrest and apoptosis in NPC cells. Naringin-induced ROS-mediated G1 arrest and mitochondrial-, death receptor-, and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis may be a promising strategy for treating NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Hung Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ni Tien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- Department of Biomedical Images and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Siang-Jyun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tian Bau
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sudhir Pandey
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Department of Nutrition, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Liang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Choi YN, Seo TW, Lee YT, Jeong DH, Yoo SJ. Nuclear endonuclease G controls cell proliferation in ovarian cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:655-669. [PMID: 36734593 PMCID: PMC10068316 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is characterized by a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. Platinum-based chemotherapy and some gene-targeted therapies have shown limited treatment efficacy due to toxicity and recurrence, and thus, it is essential to identify additional therapeutic targets based on an understanding of the pathological mechanism. Here, we report that endonuclease G, which exhibits altered expression in ovarian cancer, does not function as a cell death effector that digests chromosomal DNA in ovarian cancer. Endonuclease G is modulated by intracellular reactive oxygen species dynamics and plays a role in cell proliferation in ovarian cancer, suggesting that targeting endonuclease G alone or in combination with other antitumor agents may have the potential for development into a treatment for endonuclease G-overexpressing cancers, including ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Na Choi
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Woong Seo
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yui Taek Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dar Heum Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon Ji Yoo
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Sun X, Pradeepkumar P, Rajendran NK, Shakila H, Houreld NN, Al Farraj DA, Elnahas YM, Elumalai N, Rajan M. Natural deep eutectic solvent supported targeted solid-liquid polymer carrier for breast cancer therapy. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36989-37004. [PMID: 35521273 PMCID: PMC9057073 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03790g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid–liquid nanocarriers (SLNs) are at the front of the rapidly emerging field of medicinal applications with a potential role in the delivery of bioactive agents. Here, we report a new SLN of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and biotin-conjugated lysine–polyethylene glycol copolymer. The SLN system was analyzed for its functional groups, thermal stability, crystalline nature, particle size, and surface morphology through the instrumental analysis of FT-IR, TGA, XRD, DLS, SEM, and TEM. Encapsulation of PTX (paclitaxel) and 7-HC (7-hydroxycoumarin) with the SLN was carried out by dialysis, and UV-visible spectra evidenced the drug loading capacity and higher encapsulation efficiency obtained. The enhanced anticancer potential of PTX- and 7-HC-loaded SLN was assessed in vitro, and the system reduces the cell viability of MDA-MB-231 cells. The PTX- and 7-HC-loaded SLN system was investigated in a breast cancer-induced rat model via in vivo studies. It shows decreased lysosomal enzymes and increased levels of caspase to cure breast tumors. It very well may be reasoned that the designed PTX- and 7-HC-loaded SLN system has strong anticancer properties and exhibits potential for delivery of drug molecules in cancer treatment. Solid–liquid nanocarriers (SLNs) are at the front of the rapidly emerging field of medicinal applications with a potential role in the delivery of bioactive agents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfu Sun
- Department of Breast, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450008 China
| | - Periyakaruppan Pradeepkumar
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai-625021 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Naresh Kumar Rajendran
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg PO Box 17011 Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
| | - Harshavardhan Shakila
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai-625021 India
| | - Nicolette Nadene Houreld
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg PO Box 17011 Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
| | - Dunia A Al Farraj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousif M Elnahas
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Nandhakumar Elumalai
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College and Research Institute Chennai-600069 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai-625021 Tamil Nadu India
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Revisiting Traumatic Brain Injury: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Interventions. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100389. [PMID: 33003373 PMCID: PMC7601301 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the complex molecular mechanisms involved in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is crucial for developing new therapies for TBI. Current treatments for TBI are primarily focused on patient stabilization and symptom mitigation. However, the field lacks defined therapies to prevent cell death, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cascades which lead to chronic pathology. Little can be done to treat the mechanical damage that occurs during the primary insult of a TBI; however, secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, edema formation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cell death, can be targeted by therapeutic interventions. Elucidating the many mechanisms underlying secondary injury and studying targets of neuroprotective therapeutic agents is critical for developing new treatments. Therefore, we present a review on the molecular events following TBI from inflammation to programmed cell death and discuss current research and the latest therapeutic strategies to help understand TBI-mediated secondary injury.
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Moghal MMR, Hossain F, Yamazaki M. Action of antimicrobial peptides and cell-penetrating peptides on membrane potential revealed by the single GUV method. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:339-348. [PMID: 32152921 PMCID: PMC7242587 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane potential plays various key roles in live bacterial and eukaryotic cells. So far, the effects of membrane potential on action of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been examined using cells and small lipid vesicles. However, due to the technical drawbacks of these experiments, the effect of membrane potential on the actions of AMPs and CPPs and the elementary processes of interactions of these peptides with cell membranes and vesicle membranes are not well understood. In this short review, we summarize the results of the effect of membrane potential on the action of an AMP, lactoferricin B (LfcinB), and a CPP, transportan 10 (TP10), in vesicle membranes revealed by the single giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) method. Parts of the actions and their elementary steps of AMPs and CPPs interacting vesicle membranes under membrane potential are clearly revealed using the single GUV method. The experimental methods and their analysis described here can be used to elucidate the effects of membrane potential on various activities of peptides such as AMPs, CPPs, and proteins. Moreover, GUVs with membrane potential are more suitable as a model of cells or artificial cells, as well as GUVs containing small vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mizanur Rahman Moghal
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Hossain
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamazaki
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
- Nanomaterials Research Division, Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 836 Oya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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Pradeepkumar P, Sangeetha R, Gunaseelan S, Varalakshmi P, Chuturgoon AA, Rajan M. Folic Acid Conjugated Polyglutamic Acid Drug Vehicle Synthesis through Deep Eutectic Solvent for Targeted Release of Paclitaxel. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Periyakaruppan Pradeepkumar
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Natural Products ChemistrySchool of ChemistryMadurai Kamaraj University Madurai - 625021 India
| | - Ramalingam Sangeetha
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologySchool of BiotechnologyMadurai Kamaraj University Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sathaiah Gunaseelan
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologySchool of BiotechnologyMadurai Kamaraj University Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Perumal Varalakshmi
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologySchool of BiotechnologyMadurai Kamaraj University Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Medical BiochemistrySchool of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Natural Products ChemistrySchool of ChemistryMadurai Kamaraj University Madurai - 625021 India
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7
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Hossain F, Moghal MMR, Islam MZ, Moniruzzaman M, Yamazaki M. Membrane potential is vital for rapid permeabilization of plasma membranes and lipid bilayers by the antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin B. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10449-10462. [PMID: 31118274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferricin B (LfcinB) is a cationic antimicrobial peptide, and its capacity to damage the bacterial plasma membrane is suggested to be a main factor in LfcinB's antimicrobial activity. However, the specific processes and mechanisms in LfcinB-induced membrane damage are unclear. In this report, using confocal laser-scanning microscopy, we examined the interaction of LfcinB with single Escherichia coli cells and spheroplasts containing the water-soluble fluorescent probe calcein in the cytoplasm. LfcinB induced rapid calcein leakage from single E. coli cells and from single spheroplasts, indicating that LfcinB interacts directly with the plasma membrane and induces its rapid permeabilization. The proton ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone suppressed this leakage. Next, we used the single giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) method to examine LfcinB's interaction with GUVs comprising polar lipid extracts of E. coli containing a water-soluble fluorescent probe, Alexa Fluor 647 hydrazide (AF647). We observed that LfcinB stochastically induces local rupture in single GUVs, causing rapid AF647 leakage; however, higher LfcinB concentrations were required for AF647 leakage from GUVs than from E. coli cells and spheroplasts. To identify the reason for this difference, we examined the effect of membrane potential on LfcinB-induced pore formation, finding that the rate of LfcinB-induced local rupture in GUVs increases greatly with increasing negative membrane potential. These results indicate that membrane potential plays an important role in LfcinB-induced local rupture of lipid bilayers and rapid permeabilization of E. coli plasma membranes. On the basis of these results, we discuss the mode of action of LfcinB's antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Hossain
- From the Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman Moghal
- From the Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529
| | - Md Zahidul Islam
- From the Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529
| | - Md Moniruzzaman
- From the Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529
| | - Masahito Yamazaki
- From the Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, .,the Nanomaterials Research Division, Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, and.,the Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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8
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Kartiko BH, Siswanto FM. Overtraining elevates serum protease level, increases renal p16INK4α gene expression and induces apoptosis in rat kidney. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Mitochondria are sensitive to numerous environmental stresses, which can lead to activation of mitochondrial stress responses (MSRs). Of particular recent interest has been the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), activated to restore protein homeostasis (proteostasis) upon mitochondrial protein misfolding. Several axes of the UPRmt have been described, creating some confusion as to the nature of the different responses. While distinct molecularly, these different axes are likely mutually beneficial and activated in parallel. This review aims at describing and distinguishing the different mammalian MSR/UPRmt axes to define key processes and members and to examine the involvement of protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University - Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Anti-Cancerous Effect of Inonotus taiwanensis Polysaccharide Extract on Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cells through ROS-Independent Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020393. [PMID: 29382173 PMCID: PMC5855615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute leukemia is one of the commonly diagnosed neoplasms and causes human death. However, the treatment for acute leukemia is not yet satisfactory. Studies have shown that mushroom-derived polysaccharides display low toxicity and have been used clinically for cancer therapy. Therefore, we set out to evaluate the anti-cancerous efficacy of a water-soluble polysaccharide extract from Inonotus taiwanensis (WSPIS) on human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 and U937 cell lines in vitro. Under our experimental conditions, WSPIS elicited dose-dependent growth retardation and induced apoptotic cell death. Further analysis showed that WSPIS-induced apoptosis was associated with a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, such as the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), followed by the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase) cleavage. However, a broad caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD.fmk, could not prevent WSPIS-induced apoptosis. These data imply that mechanism(s) other than caspase might be involved. Thus, the involvement of endonuclease G (endoG), a mediator arbitrating caspase-independent oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, was examined. Western blotting demonstrated that WSPIS could elicit nuclear translocation of endoG. MMP disruption after WSPIS treatment was accompanied by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) could not attenuate WSPIS-induced apoptosis. In addition, our data also show that WSPIS could inhibit autophagy. Activation of autophagy by rapamycin decreased WSPIS-induced apoptosis and cell death. Taken together, our findings suggest that cell cycle arrest, endonuclease G-mediated apoptosis, and autophagy inhibition contribute to the anti-cancerous effect of WSPIS on human acute monocytic leukemia cells.
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Yoo NJ, Jeong EG, Kim MS, Ahn CH, Kim SS, Lee SH. Increased Expression of Endonuclease G in Gastric and Colorectal Carcinomas. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 94:351-5. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims Endonuclease G (EndoG) is a mitochondrial protein that plays a role in DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. In addition, EndoG plays a role in cell proliferation and survival. It may be important to identify EndoG protein expression to predict its function in human cancers. The aim of this study was to explore whether alteration of EndoG expression might be a characteristic of colorectal or gastric carcinoma. Methods We investigated EndoG protein expression in 103 colorectal and 60 gastric carcinoma tissues by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray approach. Results Expression of EndoG was detected in 72 (70%) of the colorectal carcinomas and 41 (68%) of the gastric carcinomas in cytoplasm. By contrast, normal mucosal cells of both stomach and colon tissues showed no or very weak expression of EndoG. There was no significant association of EndoG expression with clinocopathological characteristics, including invasion, metastasis and stage. Conclusion Our data indicate that EndoG inactivation by loss of expression may not occur in colorectal and gastric cancers. Rather, increased expression of EndoG in colorectal and gastric cancer cells compared to their normal mucosal epithelial counterparts suggests that neo-expression of EndoG may play a role in both colorectal and gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Jin Yoo
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Goo Jeong
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok Ahn
- Departments of General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Fahmi T, Branch LD, Nima ZA, Jang DS, Savenka AV, Biris AS, Basnakian AG. Mechanism of graphene-induced cytotoxicity: Role of endonucleases. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1325-1332. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Fahmi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - La Donna Branch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Zeid A. Nima
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences; University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Dae Song Jang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Alena V. Savenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences; University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Alexei G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System; Little Rock AR USA
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13
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Fujikawa DG. The role of excitotoxic programmed necrosis in acute brain injury. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 13:212-21. [PMID: 25893083 PMCID: PMC4398818 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity involves the excessive release of glutamate from presynaptic nerve terminals and from reversal of astrocytic glutamate uptake, when there is excessive neuronal depolarization. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a subtype of glutamate receptor, are activated in postsynaptic neurons, opening their receptor-operated cation channels to allow Ca2 + influx. The Ca2 + influx activates two enzymes, calpain I and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Calpain I activation produces mitochondrial release of cytochrome c (cyt c), truncated apoptosis-inducing factor (tAIF) and endonuclease G (endoG), the lysosomal release of cathepsins B and D and DNase II, and inactivation of the plasma membrane Na+–Ca2 + exchanger, which add to the buildup of intracellular Ca2 +. tAIF is involved in large-scale DNA cleavage and cyt c may be involved in chromatin condensation; endoG produces internucleosomal DNA cleavage. The nuclear actions of the other proteins have not been determined. nNOS forms nitric oxide (NO), which reacts with superoxide (O2−) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO−). These free radicals damage cellular membranes, intracellular proteins and DNA. DNA damage activates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), which produces poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymers that exit nuclei and translocate to mitochondrial membranes, also releasing AIF. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase hydrolyzes PAR polymers into ADP-ribose molecules, which translocate to plasma membranes, activating melastatin-like transient receptor potential 2 (TRPM-2) channels, which open, allowing Ca2 + influx into neurons. NADPH oxidase (NOX1) transfers electrons across cellular membranes, producing O2−. The result of these processes is neuronal necrosis, which is a programmed cell death that is the basis of all acute neuronal injury in the adult brain.
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Shimamoto N. [A pathophysiological role of cytochrome p450 involved in production of reactive oxygen species]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 133:435-50. [PMID: 23546588 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.12-00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) determines cellular function. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) regulates ROS production and contributes to the process of cell death. This review summarizes our recent findings, focusing on the involvement of CYPs in pathophysiology induced by ROS. 1. Quinone toxicity in hepatocytes: CYPs require electrons supplied from NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (NPR) during the process of metabolism. NPR also provides electrons to quinone compounds, which compete with CYPs over electrons. Inhibition of CYPs shifts NPR's electron flow more to quinones, which accelerates the redox cycle to enhance ROS production and quinone toxicity. 2. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: Reperfusion of blood flow after coronary artery occlusion induces cell damage, as evident by the extension of myocardial infarct size and caspase-independent cell apoptosis. CYP2C6 appears to be a source for ROS production, since sulfaphenazole, a selective inhibitor of CYP2C6, reduces this damage. ROS produced by CYP2C6 during the reperfusion causes translational activation of Noxa and BimEL, as well as the suppression of caspase activation, resulting in caspase-independent apoptosis. 3. Primary hepatocyte apoptosis: Inhibition of catalase and glutathione peroxidase increases intracellular ROS and elicits caspase-independent hepatocyte apoptosis. SKF-525A, a pan-CYP inhibitor, suppresses these ROS increases and hepatocyte apoptosis. Increased ROS activates ERK and AP-1 by inhibition of tyrosine phosphatase, and inhibits BimEL degradation by proteasome. These results in the accumulation of mitochondrial BimEL, which then induces the release of cytochrome c and endonuclease G (EndoG). Increased ROS also keeps caspases inactivated. As a result, EndoG executes nucleosomal DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
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15
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Disuccinyl betulin triggers metacaspase-dependent endonuclease G-mediated cell death in unicellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2186-201. [PMID: 24468787 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02193-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The unicellular organism Leishmania undergoes apoptosis-like cell death in response to external stress or exposure to antileishmanial agents. Here, we showed that 3-O,28-O-disuccinyl betulin (DiSB), a potent topoisomerase type IB inhibitor, induced parasitic cell death by generating oxidative stress. The characteristic feature of the death process resembled the programmed cell death (PCD) seen in higher eukaryotes. In the current study, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), caused a loss in ATP production in Leishmania parasites. This further gave positive feedback to produce a large amount of ROS, which in turn caused oxidative DNA lesions and genomic DNA fragmentation. The treatment of promastigotes with DiSB induced high expression levels of metacaspase protein that led to cell death in this unicellular organism. The PCD was insensitive to benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk), suggesting that the death process was not associated with the activation of caspases. DiSB treatment translocated Leishmania donovani endonuclease G (LdEndoG) from mitochondria to the nucleus, which was responsible for the DNA degradation process. Conditional antisense knockdown of L. donovani metacaspase (LdMC), as well as EndoG, -subverted death of the parasite and rescued cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. The present study on the effector molecules associated with the PCD pathway of the parasite should help to manifest the mechanisms of PCD and also might be exploited in antileishmanial chemotherapy.
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Hogg MC, Prehn JHM. Endonuclease-G and the pathways to dopaminergic neurodegeneration: a question of location? EMBO J 2013; 32:3014-6. [PMID: 24162725 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marion C Hogg
- Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Zhao ZG, Niu CY, Qiu JF, Chen XD, Li JC. Effect of mesenteric lymph duct ligation on gene expression profiles of renal tissue in hemorrhagic shock rats with fluid resuscitation. Ren Fail 2013; 36:271-7. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.844623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Ishihara Y, Shimamoto N. Critical role of exposure time to endogenous oxidative stress in hepatocyte apoptosis. Redox Rep 2013; 12:275-81. [DOI: 10.1179/135100007x200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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19
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Aleksandrushkina NI, Vanyushin BF. Endonucleases and apoptosis in animals. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1436-51. [PMID: 23379520 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912130032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endonucleases are the main instruments of obligatory DNA degradation in apoptosis. Many endonucleases have marked processive action; initially they split DNA in chromatin into very large domains, and then they perform in it internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA followed by its hydrolysis to small fragments (oligonucleotides). During apoptosis, DNA of chromatin is attacked by many nucleases that are different in activity, specificity, and order of action. The activity of every endonuclease is regulated in the cell through its own regulatory mechanism (metal ions and other effectors, possibly also S-adenosylmethionine). Apoptosis is impossible without endonucleases as far as it leads to accumulation of unnecessary (defective) DNA, disorders in cell differentiation, embryogenesis, the organism's development, and is accompanied by various severe diseases. The interpretation of the structure and functions of endonucleases and of the nature and action of their modulating effectors is important not only for elucidation of mechanisms of apoptosis, but also for regulation and control of programmed cell death, cell differentiation, and development of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Aleksandrushkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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20
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CHIP has a protective role against oxidative stress-induced cell death through specific regulation of endonuclease G. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e666. [PMID: 23764847 PMCID: PMC3698548 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in carcinogenesis, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. The E3 ligase C terminus of Hsc-70 interacting protein (CHIP) has a protective role against various stresses by targeting damaged proteins for proteasomal degradation, and thus maintains protein quality control. However, the detailed mechanism by which CHIP protects cells from oxidative stress has not been demonstrated. Here, we show that depletion of CHIP led to elevated Endonuclease G (EndoG) levels and enhanced cell death upon oxidative stress. In contrast, CHIP overexpression reduced EndoG levels, and resulted in reduced or no oxidative stress-induced cell death in cancer cells and primary rat cortical neurons. Under normal conditions Hsp70 mediated the interaction between EndoG and CHIP, downregulating EndoG levels in a Hsp70/proteasome-dependent manner. However, under oxidative stress Hsp70 no longer interacted with EndoG, and the stabilized EndoG translocated to the nucleus and degraded chromosomal DNA. Our data suggest that regulation of the level of EndoG by CHIP in normal conditions may determine the sensitivity to cell death upon oxidative stress. Indeed, injection of H2O2 into the rat brain markedly increased cell death in aged mice compared with young mice, which correlated with elevated levels of EndoG and concurrent downregulation of CHIP in aged mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a novel protective mechanism of CHIP against oxidative stress through regulation of EndoG, and provide an opportunity to modulate oxidative stress-induced cell death in cancer and aging.
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Tichy ED, Stephan ZA, Osterburg A, Noel G, Stambrook PJ. Mouse embryonic stem cells undergo charontosis, a novel programmed cell death pathway dependent upon cathepsins, p53, and EndoG, in response to etoposide treatment. Stem Cell Res 2013; 10:428-41. [PMID: 23500643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are hypersensitive to many DNA damaging agents and can rapidly undergo cell death or cell differentiation following exposure. Treatment of mouse ESCs (mESCs) with etoposide (ETO), a topoisomerase II poison, followed by a recovery period resulted in massive cell death with characteristics of a programmed cell death pathway (PCD). While cell death was both caspase- and necroptosis-independent, it was partially dependent on the activity of lysosomal proteases. A role for autophagy in the cell death process was eliminated, suggesting that ETO induces a novel PCD pathway in mESCs. Inhibition of p53 either as a transcription factor by pifithrin α or in its mitochondrial role by pifithrin μ significantly reduced ESC death levels. Finally, EndoG was newly identified as a protease participating in the DNA fragmentation observed during ETO-induced PCD. We coined the term charontosis after Charon, the ferryman of the dead in Greek mythology, to refer to the PCD signaling events induced by ETO in mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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22
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Cheng W, Chen X, Sun J, Wang J, Zhang S. SBA-15 supported triazolium-based ionic liquids as highly efficient and recyclable catalysts for fixation of CO2 with epoxides. Catal Today 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Ruirui K, Ray P, Yang M, Wen P, Zhu L, Liu J, Fushimi K, Kar A, Liu Y, He R, Kuo D, Wu JY. Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing, Cell Death, and Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2013; 158:181-212. [PMID: 24222359 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31659-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is one of the most powerful mechanisms for generating functionally distinct products from a single genetic loci and for fine-tuning gene activities at the post-transcriptional level. Alternative splicing plays important roles in regulating genes critical for cell death. These cell death genes encode death ligands, cell surface death receptors, intracellular death regulators, signal transduction molecules, and death executor enzymes such as caspases and nucleases. Alternative splicing of these genes often leads to the formation of functionally different products, some of which have antagonistic effects that are either cell death-promoting or cell death-preventing. Differential alternative splicing can affect expression, subcellular distribution, and functional activities of the gene products. Molecular defects in splicing regulation of cell death genes have been associated with cancer development and resistance to treatment. Studies using molecular, biochemical, and systems-based approaches have begun to reveal mechanisms underlying the regulation of alternative splicing of cell death genes. Systematic studies have begun to uncover the multi-level interconnected networks that regulate alternative splicing. A global picture of the complex mechanisms that regulate cell death genes at the pre-mRNA splicing level has thus begun to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Ruirui
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Mitochondria have been classically characterized as organelles with responsibility for cellular energy production in the form of ATP, but they are also the organelles through which apoptotic signaling occurs. Cell stress stimuli can result in outer membrane permeabilization, after which mitochondria release numerous proteins involved in apoptotic signaling, including cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor, endonuclease G, Smac/DIABLO and Omi/HtrA2. Cell fate is determined by signaling through apoptotic proteins within the Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) protein family, which converges on mitochondria. Many cancerous cells display abnormal levels of Bcl-2 protein family member expression that results in defective apoptotic signaling. Alterations in bioenergetic function also contribute to cancer as well as numerous other disorders. Recent evidence indicates that several pro-apoptotic proteins localized within mitochondria, as well as proteins within the Bcl-2 protein family, can influence mitochondrial bioenergetic function. This review focuses on the emerging roles of these proteins in the control of mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kilbride
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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25
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Health and cellular impacts of air pollutants: from cytoprotection to cytotoxicity. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:493894. [PMID: 22550588 PMCID: PMC3328890 DOI: 10.1155/2012/493894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution as one of the ravages of our modern societies is primarily linked to urban centers, industrial activities, or road traffic. These atmospheric pollutants have been incriminated in deleterious health effects by numerous epidemiological and in vitro studies. Environmental air pollutants are a heterogeneous mixture of particles suspended into a liquid and gaseous phase which trigger the disruption of redox homeostasis—known under the term of cellular oxidative stress—in relation with the establishment of inflammation and cell death via necrosis, apoptosis, or autophagy. Activation or repression of the apoptotic process as an adaptative response to xenobiotics might lead to either acute or chronic toxicity. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the central role of oxidative stress induced by air pollutants and to focus on the subsequent cellular impacts ranging from cytoprotection to cytotoxicity by decreasing or stimulating apoptosis, respectively.
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26
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Ishihara Y, Kawami T, Ishida A, Yamazaki T. Tributyltin induces oxidative stress and neuronal injury by inhibiting glutathione S-transferase in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:782-90. [PMID: 22449404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) has been used as a heat stabilizer, agricultural pesticide and antifouling agents on ships, boats and fish-farming nets; however, the neurotoxicity of TBT has recently become a concern. TBT is suggested to stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside cells. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of neuronal oxidative injury induced by TBT using rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. The treatment of rat hippocampal slices with TBT induced ROS production, lipid peroxidation and cell death. Pretreatment with antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase or trolox, suppressed the above phenomena induced by TBT, indicating that TBT elicits oxidative stress in hippocampal slices, which causes neuronal cell death. TBT dose-dependently inhibited glutathione S-transferase (GST), but not glutathione peroxidase or glutathione reductase in the cytosol of rat hippocampus. The treatment of hippocampal slices with TBT decreased the GST activity. Pretreatment with reduced glutathione attenuated the reduction of GST activity and cell death induced by TBT, indicating that the decrease in GST activity by TBT is involved in hippocampal cell death. When hippocampal slices were treated with sulforaphane, the expression and activity of GST were increased. Notably, TBT-induced oxidative stress and cell death were significantly suppressed by pretreatment with sulforaphane. These results indicate that GST inhibition could contribute, at least in part, to the neuronal cell death induced by TBT in hippocampal slices. This study is the first report to show the link between neuronal oxidative injury and the GST inhibition elicited by TBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
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27
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Ishihara Y, Shimamoto N. Sulfaphenazole Attenuates Myocardial Cell Apoptosis Accompanied With Cardiac Ischemia^|^ndash;Reperfusion by Suppressing the Expression of BimEL and Noxa. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 119:251-9. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12079fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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28
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Chakraborty JB, Mahato SK, Joshi K, Shinde V, Rakshit S, Biswas N, Choudhury Mukherjee I, Mandal L, Ganguly D, Chowdhury AA, Chaudhuri J, Paul K, Pal BC, Vinayagam J, Pal C, Manna A, Jaisankar P, Chaudhuri U, Konar A, Roy S, Bandyopadhyay S. Hydroxychavicol, a Piper betle leaf component, induces apoptosis of CML cells through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-dependent JNK and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and overrides imatinib resistance. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:88-99. [PMID: 21943109 PMCID: PMC11164174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic extract of Piper betle (Piper betle L.) leaves was recently found to induce apoptosis of CML cells expressing wild type and mutated Bcr-Abl with imatinib resistance phenotype. Hydroxy-chavicol (HCH), a constituent of the alcoholic extract of Piper betle leaves, was evaluated for anti-CML activity. Here, we report that HCH and its analogues induce killing of primary cells in CML patients and leukemic cell lines expressing wild type and mutated Bcr-Abl, including the T315I mutation, with minimal toxicity to normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. HCH causes early but transient increase of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species-dependent persistent activation of JNK leads to an increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide generation. This causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, cleavage of caspase 9, 3 and poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase leading to apoptosis. One HCH analogue was also effective in vivo in SCID mice against grafts expressing the T315I mutation, although to a lesser extent than grafts expressing wild type Bcr-Abl, without showing significant bodyweight loss. Our data describe the role of JNK-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide for anti-CML activity of HCH and this molecule merits further testing in pre-clinical and clinical settings.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzamides
- Blotting, Western
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Eugenol/analogs & derivatives
- Eugenol/chemistry
- Eugenol/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Kinase 4/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Piper betle/chemistry
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Leaves/chemistry
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree B Chakraborty
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Ishihara Y, Ito F, Shimamoto N. Increased expression of c-Fos by extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation under sustained oxidative stress elicits BimEL upregulation and hepatocyte apoptosis. FEBS J 2011; 278:1873-81. [PMID: 21439021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the inhibition of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities by treatment with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATZ) and mercaptosuccinic acid evoked sustained increases in the levels of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in rat primary hepatocytes. Apoptosis was accompanied by increased expression of BimEL, following activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanism underlying hepatocyte apoptosis by identifying the transcription factor that induces BimEL expression. The bim promoter region was cloned into a promoterless-luc vector, and promoter activity was monitored by a luciferase assay. The luciferase activity increased in the presence of ATZ + mercaptosuccinic acid. Pretreatment with a MEK inhibitor, U0126, or an antioxidant, vitamin C, suppressed the promoter activity. Furthermore, ATZ + mercaptosuccinic acid-induced luciferase activity was attenuated by mutation of the activator protein-1 binding site in the bim promoter region. The amounts of total and phosphorylated c-Fos increased over time in the presence of ATZ + mercaptosuccinic acid, whereas the amounts of total and phosphorylated c-Jun remained unchanged. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that both c-Fos and c-Jun localized to the activator protein-1-binding site in the bim promoter region. BimEL expression and hepatocyte apoptosis were suppressed by knockdown of c-Fos and c-Jun, respectively. These results indicate that increases in c-Fos following extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation are critical for BimEL upregulation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa, Tokushima Bunri University, Japan
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Zhang J, Ye J, Altafaj A, Cardona M, Bahi N, Llovera M, Cañas X, Cook SA, Comella JX, Sanchis D. EndoG links Bnip3-induced mitochondrial damage and caspase-independent DNA fragmentation in ischemic cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17998. [PMID: 21437288 PMCID: PMC3060094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase activation and caspase-dependent DNA fragmentation are involved in cell damage in many tissues. However, differentiated cardiomyocytes repress the expression of the canonical apoptotic pathway and their death during ischemia is caspase-independent. The atypical BH3-only protein Bnip3 is involved in the process leading to caspase-independent DNA fragmentation in cardiomyocytes. However, the pathway by which DNA degradation ensues following Bnip3 activation is not resolved. To identify the mechanism involved, we analyzed the interdependence of Bnip3, Nix and EndoG in mitochondrial damage and DNA fragmentation during experimental ischemia in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Our results show that the expression of EndoG and Bnip3 increases in the heart throughout development, while the caspase-dependent machinery is silenced. TUNEL-positive DNA damage, which depends on caspase activity in other cells, is caspase-independent in ischemic cardiomyocytes and ischemia-induced DNA high and low molecular weight fragmentation is blocked by repressing EndoG expression. Ischemia-induced EndoG translocation and DNA degradation are prevented by silencing the expression of Bnip3, but not Nix, or by overexpressing Bcl-xL. These data establish a link between Bnip3 and EndoG-dependent, TUNEL-positive, DNA fragmentation in ischemic cardiomyocytes in the absence of caspases, defining an alternative cell death pathway in postmitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Zhang
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Junmei Ye
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Maria Cardona
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Núria Bahi
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Llovera
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Stuart A. Cook
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joan X. Comella
- Ciberned, Institut de Neurociències, Hospital Vall d'Hebró, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanchis
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Dolai S, Pal S, Yadav RK, Adak S. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in Leishmania through Ca2+-dependent and caspase-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13638-46. [PMID: 21330370 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.201889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports have shown that mitochondrial dysfunctions play a major role in apoptosis of Leishmania parasites, but the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis in Leishmania remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigate ER stress-induced apoptotic pathways in Leishmania major using tunicamycin as an ER stress inducer. ER stress activates the expression of ER-localized chaperone protein BIP/GRP78 (binding protein/identical to the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein) with concomitant generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Upon exposure to ER stress, the elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) level is observed due to release of Ca(2+) from internal stores. Increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) causes mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and ATP loss as ablation of Ca(2+) by blocking voltage-gated cation channels with verapamil preserves mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP content. Furthermore, ER stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent release of cytochrome c and endonuclease G from mitochondria to cytosol and subsequent translocation of endonuclease G to nucleus are observed. Inhibition of caspase-like proteases with the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD-fluoromethyl ketone or metacaspase inhibitor antipain does not prevent nuclear DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine exposure. Conversely, significant protection in tunicamycin-induced DNA degradation and phosphatidylserine exposure was achieved by either pretreatment of antioxidants (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, GSH, and L-cysteine), chemical chaperone (4-phenylbutyric acid), or addition of Ca(2+) chelator (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester). Taken together, these data strongly demonstrate that ER stress-induced apoptosis in L. major is dependent on ROS and Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial toxicity but independent of caspase-like proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Dolai
- Division of Structural Biology and Bio-informatics, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, India
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32
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Ishihara Y, Takeuchi K, Ito F, Shimamoto N. Dual regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis by reactive oxygen species: Increases in transcriptional expression and decreases in proteasomal degradation of BimEL. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1007-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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Zan H, Zhang J, Al-Qahtani A, Pone EJ, White CA, Lee D, Yel L, Mai T, Casali P. Endonuclease G plays a role in immunoglobulin class switch DNA recombination by introducing double-strand breaks in switch regions. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:610-22. [PMID: 21111482 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch DNA recombination (CSR) is the crucial mechanism diversifying the biological effector functions of antibodies. Generation of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), particularly staggered DSBs, in switch (S) regions of the upstream and downstream CH genes involved in the specific recombination process is an absolute requirement for CSR. Staggered DSBs would be generated through deamination of dCs on opposite DNA strands by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), subsequent dU deglycosylation by uracil DNA glycosylase (Ung) and abasic site nicking by apurinic/apyrimidic endonuclease. However, consistent with the findings that significant amounts of DSBs can be detected in the IgH locus in the absence of AID or Ung, we have shown in human and mouse B cells that AID generates staggered DSBs not only by cleaving intact double-strand DNA, but also by processing blunt DSB ends generated in an AID-independent fashion. How these AID-independent DSBs are generated is still unclear. It is possible that S region DNA may undergo AID-independent cleavage by structure-specific nucleases, such as endonuclease G (EndoG). EndoG is an abundant nuclease in eukaryotic cells. It cleaves single and double-strand DNA, primarily at dG/dC residues, the preferential sites of DSBs in S region DNA. We show here that EndoG can localize to the nucleus of B cells undergoing CSR and binds to S region DNA, as shown by specific chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Using knockout EndoG(-/-) mice and EndoG(-/-) B cells, we found that EndoG deficiency resulted in a two-fold reduction in CSR in vivo and in vitro, as demonstrated by reduced cell surface IgG1, IgG2a, IgG3 and IgA, reduced secreted IgG1, reduced circle Iγ1-Cμ, Iγ3-Cμ, Iɛ-Cμ, Iα-Cμ transcripts, post-recombination Iμ-Cγ1, Iμ-Cγ3, Iμ-Cɛ and Iμ-Cα transcripts. In addition to reduced CSR, EndoG(-/-) mice showed a significantly altered spectrum of mutations in IgH J(H)-iEμ DNA. Impaired CSR in EndoG(-/-) B cells did not stem from altered B cell proliferation or apoptosis. Rather, it was associated with significantly reduced frequency of DSBs. Thus, our findings determine a role for EndoG in the generation of S region DSBs and CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zan
- Institute for Immunology, 3028 Hewitt Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, United States
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Kim MS, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Mutational analysis of pro-apoptotic ENDOG gene in common solid cancers and acute leukaemias. Pathology 2010; 42:696-7. [PMID: 21080888 DOI: 10.3109/00313025.2010.523692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Smirlis D, Duszenko M, Ruiz AJ, Scoulica E, Bastien P, Fasel N, Soteriadou K. Targeting essential pathways in trypanosomatids gives insights into protozoan mechanisms of cell death. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:107. [PMID: 21083891 PMCID: PMC3136144 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a normal component of the development and health of multicellular organisms. However, apoptosis is now considered a prerogative of unicellular organisms, including the trypanosomatids of the genera Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp., causative agents of some of the most important neglected human diseases. Trypanosomatids show typical hallmarks of apoptosis, although they lack some of the key molecules contributing to this process in metazoans, like caspase genes, Bcl-2 family genes and the TNF-related family of receptors. Despite the lack of these molecules, trypanosomatids appear to have the basic machinery to commit suicide. The components of the apoptotic execution machinery of these parasites are slowly coming into light, by targeting essential processes and pathways with different apoptogenic agents and inhibitors. This review will be confined to the events known to drive trypanosomatid parasites to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Smirlis
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Bas, Sofias Ave,, 11521 Athens, Greece.
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Xu Z, Zhang J, David KK, Yang ZJ, Li X, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Koehler RC. Endonuclease G does not play an obligatory role in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent cell death after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R215-21. [PMID: 20427721 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00747.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and subsequent translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor contribute to caspase-independent neuronal injury from N-methyl-d-aspartate, oxygen-glucose deprivation, and ischemic stroke. Some studies have implicated endonuclease G in the DNA fragmentation associated with caspase-independent cell death. Here, we compared wild-type and endonuclease G null mice to investigate whether endonuclease G plays a role in the PARP-dependent injury that results from transient focal cerebral ischemia. Latex casts did not reveal differences in the cerebral arterial distribution territory or posterior communicating arterial diameter, and the decrease in laser-Doppler flux during middle cerebral artery occlusion was similar in wild-type and endonuclease G null mice. After 90 min of occlusion and 1 day of reperfusion, similar degrees of nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor and DNA degradation were evident in male wild-type and null mice. At 3 days of reperfusion, infarct volume and neurological deficit scores were not different between male wild-type and endonuclease G null mice or between female wild-type and endonuclease G null mice. These data demonstrate that endonuclease G is not required for the pathogenesis of transient focal ischemia in either male or female mice. Treatment with a PARP inhibitor decreased infarct volume and deficit scores equivalently in male wild-type and endonuclease G null mice, indicating that the injury in endonuclease G null mice remains dependent on PARP. Thus endonuclease G is not obligatory for executing PARP-dependent injury during ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Kumar P, Lodge R, Trudel N, Ouellet M, Ouellette M, Tremblay MJ. Nelfinavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, induces oxidative stress-mediated, caspase-independent apoptosis in Leishmania amastigotes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e642. [PMID: 20361030 PMCID: PMC2846936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis has now emerged as an important opportunistic disease in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Although the effectiveness of HIV-1 protease inhibitors, such as nelfinavir, in antiretroviral therapies is well documented, little is known of the impact of these drugs on Leishmania in coinfected individuals. Methodology and Principal Findings Here, we show that nelfinavir generates oxidative stress in the parasite, leading to altered physiological parameters such as an increase in the sub-G1 DNA content, nuclear DNA fragmentation and loss of mitochondrial potential, which are all characteristics of apoptosis. Pretreatment of axenic amastigotes with the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk did not inhibit the increase in sub-G1 DNA content in nelfinavir-treated parasites, suggesting therefore that this antiviral agent does not kill Leishmania amastigotes in a caspase-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed that the mitochondrial resident protein endonuclease G is involved. We also demonstrate that parasites overexpressing GSH1 (the rate limiting enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis) were more resistant to nelfinavir when compared to untransfected controls. Conclusions and Significance These data suggest that nelfinavir induces oxidative stress in Leishmania amastigotes, culminating in caspase-independent apoptosis, in which DNA is degraded by endonuclease G. This study provides a rationale for future, long-term design of new therapeutic strategies to test nelfinavir as a potential antileishmanial agent as well as for possible future use in Leishmania/HIV-1 coinfections. Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of disease caused by the parasite Leishmania. It is a major concern in South America, Africa, India and the Middle East. Additionally, it has now emerged as an important opportunistic disease in patients coinfected with HIV-1. This is due, in part, to the increasing overlap between urban centers and rural areas endemic for Leishmania. Although more efficient combinatorial antiviral drug regimens for treating HIV-1 infection have been developed, the impact of such therapies on HIV-1/Leishmania coinfection is yet to be explored. In this study, we investigated the effect of nelfinavir, a well-characterized anti-HIV-1 drug, on Leishmania. Treating the parasite with nelfinavir activates events that are hallmarks of programmed cell death (also called apoptosis). Among these are oxidative stress, changes in DNA replication and fragmentation, and release of mitochondrial enzymes. Furthermore, these events occur without the participation of caspases, which are classically linked to apoptosis; however, this atypical apoptosis requires the translocation of endonuclease G from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. These findings provide insights for the design of new anti-parasitic therapies, particularly in the case of Leishmania/HIV-1 coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kumar
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Lodge
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Trudel
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel J. Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Mammalian Ste20-like protein kinase 3 induces a caspase-independent apoptotic pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Characterization of ochratoxin A-induced apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2009; 26:239-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-009-9131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Chopra M, Dharmarajan AM, Meiss G, Schrenk D. Inhibition of UV-C light-induced apoptosis in liver cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:49-63. [PMID: 19520675 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a highly toxic pollutant ubiquitously present in the environment. Most of the toxic effects of TCDD are believed to be mediated by high-affinity binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and subsequent effects on gene transcription. TCDD causes cancer in multiple tissues in different animal species and is classified as a class 1 human carcinogen. In initiation-promotion studies TCDD was shown to be a potent liver tumor promotor. Among other theories it has been hypothesized that TCDD acts as a tumor promotor by preventing initiated cells from undergoing apoptosis. We examined the effects of TCDD on ultraviolet C (UV-C) light-induced apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes and Huh-7 human hepatoma cells. TCDD inhibits UV-C light-induced apoptosis in both cell types. This effect is seen with chromatin condensation and fragmentation and appears to be mediated by the AhR in rat hepatocytes. Apoptosis induced by UV-C light in these cells is caspase-dependent and is accompanied by alterations in apoptosis-related gene expression such as up-regulation of proapoptotic bcl-2 family genes like bak and bax, and a marked down regulation of the expression of the antiapoptotic bcl-2. TCDD treatment of irradiated hepatocytes induces the expression of some apoptosis-related genes (birc3, dad1, pycard, tnf). Upstream apoptotic events, namely caspase activation and caspase substrate cleavage are not inhibited by TCDD treatment. We hypothesize that TCDD inhibits late-stage apoptotic events that lead to internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, maintaining chromosomal integrity probably in order to sustain metabolic capacity and hepatic elimination of substrates despite of an initiation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Chopra
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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41
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Sha SH, Chen FQ, Schacht J. Activation of cell death pathways in the inner ear of the aging CBA/J mouse. Hear Res 2009; 254:92-9. [PMID: 19422898 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that oxidative stress increases in the inner ear of aging CBA/J mice and might contribute to the loss of function of the sensory system. We now investigate the activation of cell death pathways in the cochleae of these animals. Middle-aged (12 months) and old (18-26 months) mice with hearing deficits displayed outer hair cell nuclei with apoptotic and, to a lesser extent, necrotic features. Both intrinsic and extrinsic cell death pathways were activated by translocation or post-translational modification of proteins in the aging cochlea as compared to young (3 months) animals. Cytosolic cytochrome c increased, formed a complex with, and activated caspase 9. Endonuclease G translocated to the nuclei of aging outer hair cells suggesting its function as an apoptotic DNase. The cleaved (and hence active) forms of calpain I and calpain II increased while active cathepsin D was transiently elevated in middle-aged but not old animals. Finally, increases in the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK implicated the additional involvement of the MAPK pathway. The results suggest that multiple cell death pathways, all potentially linked to oxidative stress, are activated in hair cells of the auditory organ in aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hua Sha
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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42
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Temme C, Weissbach R, Lilie H, Wilson C, Meinhart A, Meyer S, Golbik R, Schierhorn A, Wahle E. The Drosophila melanogaster Gene cg4930 Encodes a High Affinity Inhibitor for Endonuclease G. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:8337-48. [PMID: 19129189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808319200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endonuclease G (EndoG) is a mitochondrial enzyme believed to be released during apoptosis to participate in the degradation of nuclear DNA. This paper describes a Drosophila protein, EndoGI, which inhibits EndoG specifically. EndoG and EndoGI associate with subpicomolar affinity, forming a 2:1 complex in which dimeric EndoG is bound by two tandemly repeated homologous domains of monomeric EndoGI. Binding appears to involve the active site of EndoG. EndoGI is present in the cell nucleus at micromolar concentrations. Upon induction of apoptosis, levels of the inhibitor appear to be reduced, and it is relocalized to the cytoplasm. EndoGI, encoded by the predicted open reading frame cg4930, is expressed throughout Drosophila development. Flies homozygous for a hypomorphic EndoGI mutation have a strongly reduced viability, which is modulated by genetic background and diet. We propose that EndoGI protects the cell against low levels of EndoG outside mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Temme
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
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43
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Rico E, Alzate JF, Arias AA, Moreno D, Clos J, Gago F, Moreno I, Domínguez M, Jiménez-Ruiz A. Leishmania infantum expresses a mitochondrial nuclease homologous to EndoG that migrates to the nucleus in response to an apoptotic stimulus. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 163:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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The caspase-independent algorithm of programmed cell death in Leishmania induced by baicalein: the role of LdEndoG, LdFEN-1 and LdTatD as a DNA ‘degradesome’. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1629-40. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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45
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Ahn CH, Jeong EG, Kim MS, Song SY, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Decreased expression of endonuclease G (EndoG), a pro-apoptotic protein, in hepatocellular carcinomas. APMIS 2008; 116:534-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Neutrophil constitutive death is a critical cellular process for modulating neutrophil number and function, and it plays an essential role in neutrophil homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation. Neutrophils die due to programmed cell death or apoptosis. In this article, we review recent studies on the mechanism of neutrophil apoptosis. The involvement of caspase, calpain, reactive oxygen species, cellular survival/death signaling pathways, mitochondria, and BCL-2 family member proteins are discussed. The fate of neutrophils can be influenced within the inflammatory microenvironment. We summarize the current understanding regarding the modulation of neutrophil apoptotic death by various extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion, phagocytosis, red blood cells, and platelets. The involvement of neutrophil apoptosis in infectious and inflammatory diseases is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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47
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Gopinath P, Ghosh SS. Apoptotic induction with bifunctional E.coli cytosine deaminase-uracil phosphoribosyltransferase mediated suicide gene therapy is synergized by curcumin treatment in vitro. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 39:39-48. [PMID: 18092145 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-9026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel suicide gene therapy vector with potential application in cancer treatment has a great impact on human health. Investigation to understand molecular mechanism of cell death is necessary to evaluate the therapeutic application of suicide vectors. For example, the bifunctional E.coli cytosine deaminase & uracil phosphoribosyltransferase fusion (CD-UPRT) gene expression is known to sensitize a wide range of cells toward nontoxic prodrug 5-flurocytosine (5-FC) by converting it to toxic compounds, but the exact pathway of cell death is yet to be defined. Herein, we investigated the mechanism of cell death by 5-FC/CD-UPRT suicide system in both cancer and non-cancer cells and found that the optimum 5-FC concentration led to programmed cell death in vitro. The CD-UPRT expression of transfected cells was measured by the RT-PCR analysis. Biochemical assays, such as mitochondrial activity (MTS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurements exhibited cell death. Microscopic experiments showed characteristic onset of apoptosis which was further supported by internucleosomal DNA cleavage of BrdU labeled cellular DNA, appearance of characteristic laddering of chromosomal DNA and involvement of caspase pathway. Furthermore, the 5-FC/CD-UPRT-mediated apoptosis was potentiated with addition of a known anticancer agent curcumin. Our in vitro studies confirmed synergistic induction of apoptotic pathway in the combination treatment. Therefore, combination of 5-FC/CD-UPRT with curcumin could be a potential chemosensitization strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gopinath
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
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48
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4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide mediates caspase-independent T-cell apoptosis involving oxidative stress-induced nuclear relocation of mitochondrial apoptogenic factors AIF and EndoG. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:332-43. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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49
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Morimoto S, Tanaka Y, Sasaki K, Tanaka H, Fukamizu T, Shoyama Y, Shoyama Y, Taura F. Identification and characterization of cannabinoids that induce cell death through mitochondrial permeability transition in Cannabis leaf cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20739-51. [PMID: 17513301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700133200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are secondary metabolites stored in capitate-sessile glands on leaves of Cannabis sativa. We discovered that cell death is induced in the leaf tissues exposed to cannabinoid resin secreted from the glands, and identified cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) and Delta(1)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) as unique cell death mediators from the resin. These cannabinoids effectively induced cell death in the leaf cells or suspension-cultured cells of C. sativa, whereas pretreatment with the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitor cyclosporin A suppressed this cell death response. Examinations using isolated mitochondria demonstrated that CBCA and THCA mediate opening of MPT pores without requiring Ca(2+) and other cytosolic factors, resulting in high amplitude mitochondrial swelling, release of mitochondrial proteins (cytochrome c and nuclease), and irreversible loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Therefore, CBCA and THCA are considered to cause serious damage to mitochondria through MPT. The mitochondrial damage was also confirmed by a marked decrease of ATP level in cannabinoid-treated suspension cells. These features are in good accord with those of necrotic cell death, whereas DNA degradation was also observed in cannabinoid-mediated cell death. However, the DNA degradation was catalyzed by nuclease(s) released from mitochondria during MPT, indicating that this reaction was not induced via a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, the inhibition of the DNA degradation only slightly blocked the cell death induced by cannabinoids. Based on these results, we conclude that CBCA and THCA have the ability to induce necrotic cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction in the leaf cells of C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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50
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Büttner S, Eisenberg T, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Ruli D, Knauer H, Ruckenstuhl C, Sigrist C, Wissing S, Kollroser M, Fröhlich KU, Sigrist S, Madeo F. Endonuclease G regulates budding yeast life and death. Mol Cell 2007; 25:233-46. [PMID: 17244531 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endonuclease G (EndoG) is located in mitochondria yet translocates into the nucleus of apoptotic cells during human degenerative diseases. Nonetheless, a direct involvement of EndoG in cell-death execution remains equivocal, and the mechanism for mitochondrio-nuclear translocation is not known. Here, we show that the yeast homolog of EndoG (Nuc1p) can efficiently trigger apoptotic cell death when excluded from mitochondria. Nuc1p induces apoptosis in yeast independently of metacaspase or of apoptosis inducing factor. Instead, the permeability transition pore, karyopherin Kap123p, and histone H2B interact with Nuc1p and are required for cell death upon Nuc1p overexpression, suggesting a pathway in which mitochondrial pore opening, nuclear import, and chromatin association are successively involved in EndoG-mediated death. Deletion of NUC1 diminishes apoptotic death when mitochondrial respiration is increased but enhances necrotic death when oxidative phosphorylation is repressed, pointing to dual--lethal and vital--roles for EndoG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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