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Liu W, Xiu L, Zhou M, Li T, Jiang N, Wan Y, Qiu C, Li J, Hu W, Zhang W, Wu J. The Critical Role of the Shroom Family Proteins in Morphogenesis, Organogenesis and Disease. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 4:187-202. [PMID: 38884059 PMCID: PMC11169129 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The Shroom (Shrm) family of actin-binding proteins has a unique and highly conserved Apx/Shrm Domain 2 (ASD2) motif. Shroom protein directs the subcellular localization of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), which remodels the actomyosin cytoskeleton and changes cellular morphology via its ability to phosphorylate and activate non-muscle myosin II. Therefore, the Shrm-ROCK complex is critical for the cellular shape and the development of many tissues, including the neural tube, eye, intestines, heart, and vasculature system. Importantly, the structure and expression of Shrm proteins are also associated with neural tube defects, chronic kidney disease, metastasis of carcinoma, and X-link mental retardation. Therefore, a better understanding of Shrm-mediated signaling transduction pathways is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies to minimize damage resulting in abnormal Shrm proteins. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the various Shrm proteins and their roles in morphogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Lei Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Mingzhe Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Monglia University, Hohhot, 010030 China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, 200052 China
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Lawlor A, Cunanan K, Cunanan J, Paul A, Khalili H, Ko D, Khan A, Gros R, Drysdale T, Bridgewater D. Minimal Kidney Disease Phenotype in Shroom3 Heterozygous Null Mice. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2023; 10:20543581231165716. [PMID: 37313360 PMCID: PMC10259099 DOI: 10.1177/20543581231165716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shroom family member 3 (SHROOM3) encodes an actin-associated protein that regulates epithelial morphology during development. Several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variances primarily in the 5' region of SHROOM3, associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and poor transplant outcomes. These genetic variants are associated with alterations in Shroom3 expression. Objective Characterize the phenotypic abnormalities associated with reduced Shroom3 expression in postnatal day 3-, 1-month and 3-month-old mice. Methods The Shroom3 protein expression pattern was determined by immunofluorescence. We generated Shroom3 heterozygous null mice (Shroom3Gt/+) and performed comparative analyses with wild type littermates based on somatic and kidney growth, gross renal anatomy, renal histology, renal function at postnatal day 3, 1 month, and 3 months. Results The Shroom3 protein expression localized to the apical regions of medullary and cortical tubular epithelium in postnatal wild type kidneys. Co-immunofluorescence studies confirmed protein expression localized to the apical side of the tubular epithelium in proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting ducts. While Shroom3 heterozygous null mice exhibited reduced Shroom3 protein expression, no differences in somatic and kidney growth were observed when compared to wild type mice. Although, rare cases of unilateral hypoplasia of the right kidney were observed at postnatal 1 month in Shroom3 heterozygotes. Yet renal histological analysis did not reveal any overt abnormalities in overall kidney structure or in glomerular and tubular organization in Shroom3 heterozygous null mice when compared to wild type mice. Analysis of the apical-basolateral orientation of the tubule epithelium demonstrated alterations in the proximal convoluted tubules and modest disorganization in the distal convoluted tubules at 3 months in Shroom3 heterozygotes. Additionally, these modest abnormalities were not accompanied by tubular injury or physiological defects in renal and cardiovascular function. Conclusion Taken together, our results describe a mild kidney disease phenotype in adult Shroom3 heterozygous null mice, suggesting that Shroom3 expression and function may be required for proper structure and maintenance of the various tubular epithelial parenchyma of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Lawlor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristina Cunanan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna Cunanan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Paul
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hadiseh Khalili
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doyun Ko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahsan Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Drysdale
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren Bridgewater
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Yoon J, Sun J, Lee M, Hwang YS, Daar IO. Wnt4 and ephrinB2 instruct apical constriction via Dishevelled and non-canonical signaling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:337. [PMID: 36670115 PMCID: PMC9860048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical constriction is a cell shape change critical to vertebrate neural tube closure, and the contractile force required for this process is generated by actin-myosin networks. The signaling cue that instructs this process has remained elusive. Here, we identify Wnt4 and the transmembrane ephrinB2 protein as playing an instructive role in neural tube closure as members of a signaling complex we termed WERDS (Wnt4, EphrinB2, Ror2, Dishevelled (Dsh2), and Shroom3). Disruption of function or interaction among members of the WERDS complex results in defects of apical constriction and neural tube closure. The mechanism of action involves an interaction of ephrinB2 with the Dsh2 scaffold protein that enhances the formation of the WERDS complex, which in turn, activates Rho-associated kinase to induce apical constriction. Moreover, the ephrinB2/Dsh2 interaction promotes non-canonical Wnt signaling and shows how cross-talk between two major signal transduction pathways, Eph/ephrin and Wnt, coordinate morphogenesis of the neural tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Yoon
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Jian Sun
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Moonsup Lee
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Yoo-Seok Hwang
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ira O Daar
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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4
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Kolvenbach CM, Felger T, Schierbaum L, Thiffault I, Pastinen T, Szczepańska M, Zaniew M, Adamczyk P, Bayat A, Yilmaz Ö, Lindenberg TT, Thiele H, Hildebrandt F, Hinderhofer K, Moog U, Hilger AC, Sullivan B, Bartik L, Gnyś P, Grote P, Odermatt B, Reutter HM, Dworschak GC. X-linked variations in SHROOM4are implicated in congenital anomalies of the urinary tract and the anorectal, cardiovascular and central nervous systems. J Med Genet 2022; 60:587-596. [PMID: 36379543 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundSHROOM4is thought to play an important role in cytoskeletal modification and development of the early nervous system. Previously, single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) or copy number variations (CNVs) inSHROOM4have been associated with the neurodevelopmental disorder Stocco dos Santos syndrome, but not with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract and the visceral or the cardiovascular system.MethodsHere, exome sequencing and CNV analyses besides expression studies in zebrafish and mouse andknockdown(KD) experiments using a splice blocking morpholino in zebrafish were performed to study the role ofSHROOM4during embryonic development.ResultsIn this study, we identified putative disease-causing SNVs and CNVs inSHROOM4in six individuals from four families with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract and the anorectal, cardiovascular and central nervous systems (CNS). Embryonic mouse and zebrafish expression studies showedShroom4expression in the upper and lower urinary tract, the developing cloaca, the heart and the cerebral CNS. KD studies in zebrafish larvae revealed pronephric cysts, anomalies of the cloaca and the heart, decreased eye-to-head ratio and higher mortality compared with controls. These phenotypes could be rescued by co-injection of human wild-typeSHROOM4mRNA and morpholino.ConclusionThe identified SNVs and CNVs in affected individuals with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract, the anorectal, the cardiovascular and the central nervous systems, and subsequent embryonic mouse and zebrafish studies suggestSHROOM4as a developmental gene for different organ systems.
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Optogenetic control of apical constriction induces synthetic morphogenesis in mammalian tissues. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5400. [PMID: 36104355 PMCID: PMC9474505 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe emerging field of synthetic developmental biology proposes bottom-up approaches to examine the contribution of each cellular process to complex morphogenesis. However, the shortage of tools to manipulate three-dimensional (3D) shapes of mammalian tissues hinders the progress of the field. Here we report the development of OptoShroom3, an optogenetic tool that achieves fast spatiotemporal control of apical constriction in mammalian epithelia. Activation of OptoShroom3 through illumination in an epithelial Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell sheet reduces the apical surface of the stimulated cells and causes displacements in the adjacent regions. Light-induced apical constriction provokes the folding of epithelial cell colonies on soft gels. Its application to murine and human neural organoids leads to thickening of neuroepithelia, apical lumen reduction in optic vesicles, and flattening in neuroectodermal tissues. These results show that spatiotemporal control of apical constriction can trigger several types of 3D deformation depending on the initial tissue context.
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Vogrinc D, Goričar K, Dolžan V. Genetic Variability in Molecular Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:646901. [PMID: 33815092 PMCID: PMC8012500 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.646901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, affecting a significant part of the population. The majority of AD cases occur in the elderly with a typical age of onset of the disease above 65 years. AD presents a major burden for the healthcare system and since population is rapidly aging, the burden of the disease will increase in the future. However, no effective drug treatment for a full-blown disease has been developed to date. The genetic background of AD is extensively studied; numerous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified significant genes associated with increased risk of AD development. This review summarizes more than 100 risk loci. Many of them may serve as biomarkers of AD progression, even in the preclinical stage of the disease. Furthermore, we used GWAS data to identify key pathways of AD pathogenesis: cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, localization, transport, regulation of cellular processes, and neurological system processes. Gene clustering into molecular pathways can provide background for identification of novel molecular targets and may support the development of tailored and personalized treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hildebrand JD, Leventry AD, Aideyman OP, Majewski JC, Haddad JA, Bisi DC, Kaufmann N. A modifier screen identifies regulators of cytoskeletal architecture as mediators of Shroom-dependent changes in tissue morphology. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.055640. [PMID: 33504488 PMCID: PMC7875558 DOI: 10.1242/bio.055640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell architecture is critical in the formation of tissues during animal development. The mechanisms that control cell shape must be both dynamic and stable in order to establish and maintain the correct cellular organization. Previous work has identified Shroom family proteins as essential regulators of cell morphology during vertebrate development. Shroom proteins regulate cell architecture by directing the subcellular distribution and activation of Rho-kinase, which results in the localized activation of non-muscle myosin II. Because the Shroom-Rock-myosin II module is conserved in most animal model systems, we have utilized Drosophila melanogaster to further investigate the pathways and components that are required for Shroom to define cell shape and tissue architecture. Using a phenotype-based heterozygous F1 genetic screen for modifiers of Shroom activity, we identified several cytoskeletal and signaling protein that may cooperate with Shroom. We show that two of these proteins, Enabled and Short stop, are required for ShroomA-induced changes in tissue morphology and are apically enriched in response to Shroom expression. While the recruitment of Ena is necessary, it is not sufficient to redefine cell morphology. Additionally, this requirement for Ena appears to be context dependent, as a variant of Shroom that is apically localized, binds to Rock, but lacks the Ena binding site, is still capable of inducing changes in tissue architecture. These data point to important cellular pathways that may regulate contractility or facilitate Shroom-mediated changes in cell and tissue morphology. Summary: Using Drosophila as a model system, we identify F-actin and microtubules as important determinants of how cells and tissues respond to Shroom induced contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Adam D Leventry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Omoregie P Aideyman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - John C Majewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - James A Haddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Dawn C Bisi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Nancy Kaufmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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8
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Yuan YJ, Ye Z, Yu H, Chen Y, Wang YW, Zhao JH, Sun JF, Xu LM. Shrm4 contributes to autophagy inhibition and neuroprotection following ischemic stroke by mediating GABA B receptor activation. FASEB J 2020; 34:15837-15848. [PMID: 33079458 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000458rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries and the most common cause of disability in adults worldwide. Despite advances in the understanding of stroke pathophysiology, therapeutic options remain limited. In this study, we explored the interaction of Shrm4 and the metabotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABAB ) in ischemic stroke. A transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was induced by filament insertion in Shrm4+/+ and wild-type C57BL/6J mice, followed by reperfusion for up to 7 days. Baclofen was administered was used to activate GABAB in vivo during reperfusion. Neurological deficits, motor and memory functions, and infarct volume were determined in the various mouse groups. Furthermore, we also developed an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) cell model in primary neurons to test Shrm4/GABAB interactions in vitro. Shrm4 was observed to decrease infarct volume and neuronal cell loss in penumbra, and rescue neurological deficits in MCAO mice. Notably, Shrm4 also increased pole climbing speed, reduced foot faults, and increased escape latency in the Morris water maze test, while reducing neuron autophagy through an interaction with GABAB receptors. GABAB activation using baclofen further reduced OGD-induced neuron damage in culture and stroke outcomes of MCAO, relative to Shrm4 alone. Taken together, Shrm4-mediated GABAB activation confers neuroprotection by reducing neuronal autophagy in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Yuan
- Department of Anesthesia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Ye
- Department of Anesthesia, The Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Center South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Wen Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hua Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Feng Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ming Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Martin JB, Muccioli M, Herman K, Finnell RH, Plageman TF. Folic acid modifies the shape of epithelial cells during morphogenesis via a Folr1 and MLCK dependent mechanism. Biol Open 2019; 8:8/1/bio041160. [PMID: 30670450 PMCID: PMC6361208 DOI: 10.1242/bio.041160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Folic acid supplementation can prevent neural tube defects, but the specific molecular mechanisms by which it does have not been elucidated. During neural plate morphogenesis, epithelial cell apical constriction cooperates with other events to drive tissue-bending, and when defective, can result in neural tube defects. A Rho-kinase deficient binding mutant of the apical constriction regulating protein, Shroom3 (Shroom3R1838C), is one of only a handful of mouse mutant lines with neural tube defects that can be rescued by folic acid supplementation. This provided a unique opportunity to probe the functional rescue of a protein linked to neural tube development by folic acid. Utilizing an epithelial cell culture model of apical constriction, it was observed that treatment with exogenous folic acid, as well as co-expression of the folic acid receptor Folr1, can rescue the function of the Rho-kinase binding deficient mutant of Shroom3 in vitro It was also determined that the rescuing ability of folic acid is RhoA and Rho-kinase independent but myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and Src-kinase dependent. Inhibition of Rho-kinase-dependent apical constriction in chick embryo neural epithelium was also observed to be rescued by exogenous folic acid and that treatment with folic acid is accompanied by elevated activated myosin light chain and MLCK. Furthermore, doubly heterozygous mouse embryos lacking one copy each of Shroom3 and Folr1 exhibit a low rate of neural tube defects and also have lower levels of activated myosin light chain and MLCK. These studies suggest a novel mechanism by which folic acid modifies epithelial cell shape during morphogenesis, shedding light onto how folic acid may prevent neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Martin
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria Muccioli
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kenneth Herman
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Timothy F Plageman
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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10
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Cai Z, Villumsen TM, Asp T, Guldbrandtsen B, Sahana G, Lund MS. SNP markers associated with body size and pelt length in American mink (Neovison vison). BMC Genet 2018; 19:103. [PMID: 30419805 PMCID: PMC6233529 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of genes underlying production traits is a key aim of the mink research community. Recent availability of genomic tools have opened the possibility for faster genetic progress in mink breeding. Availability of mink genome assembly allows genome-wide association studies in mink. Results In this study, we used genotyping-by-sequencing to obtain single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes of 2496 mink. After multiple rounds of filtering, we retained 28,336 high quality SNPs and 2352 individuals for a genome-wide association study (GWAS). We performed the first GWAS for body weight, behavior, along with 10 traits related to fur quality in mink. Conclusions Combining association results with existing functional information of genes and mammalian phenotype databases, we proposed WWC3, MAP2K4, SLC7A1 and USP22 as candidate genes for body weight and pelt length in mink. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-018-0688-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Cai
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Trine Michelle Villumsen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Torben Asp
- Section of Crop Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Bernt Guldbrandtsen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Goutam Sahana
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mogens Sandø Lund
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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11
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Odenwald MA, Choi W, Kuo WT, Singh G, Sailer A, Wang Y, Shen L, Fanning AS, Turner JR. The scaffolding protein ZO-1 coordinates actomyosin and epithelial apical specializations in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17317-17335. [PMID: 30242130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelia assemble into sheets that compartmentalize organs and generate tissue barriers by integrating apical surfaces into a single, unified structure. This tissue organization is shared across organs, species, and developmental stages. The processes that regulate development and maintenance of apical epithelial surfaces are, however, undefined. Here, using an intestinal epithelial-specific knockout (KO) mouse and cultured epithelial cells, we show that the tight junction scaffolding protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) is essential for development of unified apical surfaces in vivo and in vitro We found that U5 and GuK domains of ZO-1 are necessary for proper apical surface assembly, including organization of microvilli and cortical F-actin; however, direct interactions with F-actin through the ZO-1 actin-binding region (ABR) are not required. ZO-1 lacking the PDZ1 domain, which binds claudins, rescued apical structure in ZO-1-deficient epithelia, but not in cells lacking both ZO-1 and ZO-2, suggesting that heterodimerization with ZO-2 restores PDZ1-dependent ZO-1 interactions that are vital to apical surface organization. Pharmacologic F-actin disruption, myosin II motor inhibition, or dynamin inactivation restored apical epithelial structure in vitro and in vivo, indicating that ZO-1 directs epithelial organization by regulating actomyosin contraction and membrane traffic. We conclude that multiple ZO-1-mediated interactions contribute to coordination of epithelial actomyosin function and genesis of unified apical surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wangsun Choi
- the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Gurminder Singh
- From the Departments of Pathology and.,the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | | | | | - Le Shen
- From the Departments of Pathology and.,Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Alan S Fanning
- the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- From the Departments of Pathology and .,the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
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12
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Mib1 prevents Notch Cis-inhibition to defer differentiation and preserve neuroepithelial integrity during neural delamination. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004162. [PMID: 29708962 PMCID: PMC5945229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate neuroepithelium is composed of elongated progenitors whose reciprocal attachments ensure the continuity of the ventricular wall. As progenitors commit to differentiation, they translocate their nucleus basally and eventually withdraw their apical endfoot from the ventricular surface. However, the mechanisms allowing this delamination process to take place while preserving the integrity of the neuroepithelial tissue are still unclear. Here, we show that Notch signaling, which is classically associated with an undifferentiated state, remains active in prospective neurons until they delaminate. During this transition period, prospective neurons rapidly reduce their apical surface and only later down-regulate N-Cadherin levels. Upon Notch blockade, nascent neurons disassemble their junctions but fail to reduce their apical surface. This disrupted sequence weakens the junctional network and eventually leads to breaches in the ventricular wall. We also provide evidence that the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1) promotes differentiation by reducing Notch signaling through a Cis-inhibition mechanism. However, during the delamination process, the ubiquitin ligase Mindbomb1 (Mib1) transiently blocks this Cis-inhibition and sustains Notch activity to defer differentiation. We propose that the fine-tuned balance between Notch Trans-activation and Cis-inhibition allows neuroepithelial cells to seamlessly delaminate from the ventricular wall as they commit to differentiation.
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13
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Drysdale TA. Using Large Datasets to Understand CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1351-1353. [PMID: 29643114 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Drysdale
- Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Osterfield M, Berg CA, Shvartsman SY. Epithelial Patterning, Morphogenesis, and Evolution: Drosophila Eggshell as a Model. Dev Cell 2017; 41:337-348. [PMID: 28535370 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms driving tissue and organ formation requires knowledge across scales. How do signaling pathways specify distinct tissue types? How does the patterning system control morphogenesis? How do these processes evolve? The Drosophila egg chamber, where EGF and BMP signaling intersect to specify unique cell types that construct epithelial tubes for specialized eggshell structures, has provided a tractable system to ask these questions. Work there has elucidated connections between scales of development, including across evolutionary scales, and fostered the development of quantitative modeling tools. These tools and general principles can be applied to the understanding of other developmental processes across organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Osterfield
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Celeste A Berg
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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15
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Zalewski JK, Heber S, Mo JH, O'Conor K, Hildebrand JD, VanDemark AP. Combining Wet and Dry Lab Techniques to Guide the Crystallization of Large Coiled-coil Containing Proteins. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117766 DOI: 10.3791/54886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining crystals for structure determination can be a difficult and time consuming proposition for any protein. Coiled-coil proteins and domains are found throughout nature, however, because of their physical properties and tendency to aggregate, they are traditionally viewed as being especially difficult to crystallize. Here, we utilize a variety of quick and simple techniques designed to identify a series of possible domain boundaries for a given coiled-coil protein, and then quickly characterize the behavior of these proteins in solution. With the addition of a strongly fluorescent tag (mRuby2), protein characterization is simple and straightforward. The target protein can be readily visualized under normal lighting and can be quantified with the use of an appropriate imager. The goal is to quickly identify candidates that can be removed from the crystallization pipeline because they are unlikely to succeed, affording more time for the best candidates and fewer funds expended on proteins that do not produce crystals. This process can be iterated to incorporate information gained from initial screening efforts, can be adapted for high-throughput expression and purification procedures, and is augmented by robotic screening for crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Heber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh; Institute of Structural Biology, German Research Center for Environmental Health
| | - Joshua H Mo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Keith O'Conor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh
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16
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Temporal quantitative phosphoproteomics of ADP stimulation reveals novel central nodes in platelet activation and inhibition. Blood 2016; 129:e1-e12. [PMID: 28060719 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-714048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) enhances platelet activation by virtually any other stimulant to complete aggregation. It binds specifically to the G-protein-coupled membrane receptors P2Y1 and P2Y12, stimulating intracellular signaling cascades, leading to integrin αIIbβ3 activation, a process antagonized by endothelial prostacyclin. P2Y12 inhibitors are among the most successful antiplatelet drugs, however, show remarkable variability in efficacy. We reasoned whether a more detailed molecular understanding of ADP-induced protein phosphorylation could identify (1) critical hubs in platelet signaling toward aggregation and (2) novel molecular targets for antiplatelet treatment strategies. We applied quantitative temporal phosphoproteomics to study ADP-mediated signaling at unprecedented molecular resolution. Furthermore, to mimic the antagonistic efficacy of endothelial-derived prostacyclin, we determined how Iloprost reverses ADP-mediated signaling events. We provide temporal profiles of 4797 phosphopeptides, 608 of which showed significant regulation. Regulated proteins are implicated in well-known activating functions such as degranulation and cytoskeletal reorganization, but also in less well-understood pathways, involving ubiquitin ligases and GTPase exchange factors/GTPase-activating proteins (GEF/GAP). Our data demonstrate that ADP-triggered phosphorylation occurs predominantly within the first 10 seconds, with many short rather than sustained changes. For a set of phosphorylation sites (eg, PDE3ASer312, CALDAG-GEFISer587, ENSASer109), we demonstrate an inverse regulation by ADP and Iloprost, suggesting that these are central modulators of platelet homeostasis. This study demonstrates an extensive spectrum of human platelet protein phosphorylation in response to ADP and Iloprost, which inversely overlap and represent major activating and inhibitory pathways.
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17
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Odenwald MA, Choi W, Buckley A, Shashikanth N, Joseph NE, Wang Y, Warren MH, Buschmann MM, Pavlyuk R, Hildebrand J, Margolis B, Fanning AS, Turner JR. ZO-1 interactions with F-actin and occludin direct epithelial polarization and single lumen specification in 3D culture. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:243-259. [PMID: 27802160 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia within tubular organs form and expand lumens. Failure of these processes can result in serious developmental anomalies. Although tight junction assembly is crucial to epithelial polarization, the contribution of specific tight junction proteins to lumenogenesis is undefined. Here, we show that ZO-1 (also known as TJP1) is necessary for the formation of single lumens. Epithelia lacking this tight junction scaffolding protein form cysts with multiple lumens and are defective in the earliest phases of polarization, both in two and three dimensions. Expression of ZO-1 domain-deletion mutants demonstrated that the actin-binding region and U5-GuK domain are crucial to single lumen development. For actin-binding region, but not U5-GuK domain, mutants, this could be overcome by strong polarization cues from the extracellular matrix. Analysis of the U5-GuK binding partners shroom2, α-catenin and occludin showed that only occludin deletion led to multi-lumen cysts. Like ZO-1-deficiency, occludin deletion led to mitotic spindle orientation defects. Single lumen formation required the occludin OCEL domain, which binds to ZO-1. We conclude that ZO-1-occludin interactions regulate multiple phases of epithelial polarization by providing cell-intrinsic signals that are required for single lumen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wangsun Choi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron Buckley
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nora E Joseph
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Yitang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael H Warren
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mary M Buschmann
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Roman Pavlyuk
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ben Margolis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alan S Fanning
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Zalewski JK, Mo JH, Heber S, Heroux A, Gardner RG, Hildebrand JD, VanDemark AP. Structure of the Shroom-Rho Kinase Complex Reveals a Binding Interface with Monomeric Shroom That Regulates Cell Morphology and Stimulates Kinase Activity. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25364-25374. [PMID: 27758857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shroom-mediated remodeling of the actomyosin cytoskeleton is a critical driver of cellular shape and tissue morphology that underlies the development of many tissues including the neural tube, eye, intestines, and vasculature. Shroom uses a conserved SD2 domain to direct the subcellular localization of Rho-associated kinase (Rock), which in turn drives changes in the cytoskeleton and cellular morphology through its ability to phosphorylate and activate non-muscle myosin II. Here, we present the structure of the human Shroom-Rock binding module, revealing an unexpected stoichiometry for Shroom in which two Shroom SD2 domains bind independent surfaces on Rock. Mutation of interfacial residues impaired Shroom-Rock binding in vitro and resulted in altered remodeling of the cytoskeleton and loss of Shroom-mediated changes in cellular morphology. Additionally, we provide the first direct evidence that Shroom can function as a Rock activator. These data provide molecular insight into the Shroom-Rock interface and demonstrate that Shroom directly participates in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics, adding to its known role in Rock localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna K Zalewski
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Joshua H Mo
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Simone Heber
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Annie Heroux
- the Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and
| | - Richard G Gardner
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jeffrey D Hildebrand
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Andrew P VanDemark
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260,
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19
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Bonin CA, Lewallen EA, Baheti S, Bradley EW, Stuart MJ, Berry DJ, van Wijnen AJ, Westendorf JJ. Identification of differentially methylated regions in new genes associated with knee osteoarthritis. Gene 2015; 576:312-8. [PMID: 26484395 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes in articular chondrocytes are associated with osteoarthritis (OA) disease progression. Numerous studies have identified differentially methylated cytosines in OA tissues; however, the consequences of altered CpG methylation at single nucleotides on gene expression and phenotypes are difficult to predict. With the objective of detecting novel genes relevant to OA, we conducted a genome-wide assessment of differentially methylated sites (DMSs) and differentially methylated regions (DMRs). DNA was extracted from visually damaged and normal appearing, non-damaged human knee articular cartilage from the same joint and then subjected to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. DMRs were identified using a genome-wide systematic bioinformatics approach. A sliding-window of 500 bp was used for screening the genome for regions with clusters of DMSs. Gene expression levels were assessed and cell culture demethylation experiments were performed to further examine top candidate genes associated with damaged articular cartilage. More than 1000 DMRs were detected in damaged osteoarthritic cartilage. Nineteen of these contained five or more DMSs and were located in gene promoters or first introns and exons. Gene expression assessment revealed that hypermethylated DMRs in damaged samples were more consistently associated with gene repression than hypomethylated DMRs were with gene activation. Accordingly, a demethylation agent induced expression of most hypermethylated genes in chondrocytes. Our study revealed the utility of a systematic DMR search as an alternative to focusing on single nucleotide data. In particular, this approach uncovered promising candidates for functional studies such as the hypermethylated protein-coding genes FOXP4 and SHROOM1, which appear to be linked to OA pathology in humans and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A Bonin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Eric A Lewallen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Saurabh Baheti
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Michael J Stuart
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Daniel J Berry
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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20
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McGreevy EM, Vijayraghavan D, Davidson LA, Hildebrand JD. Shroom3 functions downstream of planar cell polarity to regulate myosin II distribution and cellular organization during neural tube closure. Biol Open 2015; 4:186-96. [PMID: 25596276 PMCID: PMC4365487 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20149589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube closure is a critical developmental event that relies on actomyosin contractility to facilitate specific processes such as apical constriction, tissue bending, and directional cell rearrangements. These complicated processes require the coordinated activities of Rho-Kinase (Rock), to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and actomyosin contractility, and the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway, to direct the polarized cellular behaviors that drive convergent extension (CE) movements. Here we investigate the role of Shroom3 as a direct linker between PCP and actomyosin contractility during mouse neural tube morphogenesis. In embryos, simultaneous depletion of Shroom3 and the PCP components Vangl2 or Wnt5a results in an increased liability to NTDs and CE failure. We further show that these pathways intersect at Dishevelled, as Shroom3 and Dishevelled 2 co-distribute and form a physical complex in cells. We observed that multiple components of the Shroom3 pathway are planar polarized along mediolateral cell junctions in the neural plate of E8.5 embryos in a Shroom3 and PCP-dependent manner. Finally, we demonstrate that Shroom3 mutant embryos exhibit defects in planar cell arrangement during neural tube closure, suggesting a role for Shroom3 activity in CE. These findings support a model in which the Shroom3 and PCP pathways interact to control CE and polarized bending of the neural plate and provide a clear illustration of the complex genetic basis of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M McGreevy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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21
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Das D, Zalewski JK, Mohan S, Plageman TF, VanDemark AP, Hildebrand JD. The interaction between Shroom3 and Rho-kinase is required for neural tube morphogenesis in mice. Biol Open 2014; 3:850-60. [PMID: 25171888 PMCID: PMC4163662 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20147450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shroom3 is an actin-associated regulator of cell morphology that is required for neural tube closure, formation of the lens placode, and gut morphogenesis in mice and has been linked to chronic kidney disease and directional heart looping in humans. Numerous studies have shown that Shroom3 likely regulates these developmental processes by directly binding to Rho-kinase and facilitating the assembly of apically positioned contractile actomyosin networks. We have characterized the molecular basis for the neural tube defects caused by an ENU-induced mutation that results in an arginine-to-cysteine amino acid substitution at position 1838 of mouse Shroom3. We show that this substitution has no effect on Shroom3 expression or localization but ablates Rock binding and renders Shroom3 non-functional for the ability to regulate cell morphology. Our results indicate that Rock is the major downstream effector of Shroom3 in the process of neural tube morphogenesis. Based on sequence conservation and biochemical analysis, we predict that the Shroom-Rock interaction is highly conserved across animal evolution and represents a signaling module that is utilized in a variety of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debamitra Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jenna K Zalewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Swarna Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Timothy F Plageman
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew P VanDemark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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22
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Simões SDM, Mainieri A, Zallen JA. Rho GTPase and Shroom direct planar polarized actomyosin contractility during convergent extension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 204:575-89. [PMID: 24535826 PMCID: PMC3926966 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201307070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPase signaling establishes a planar polarized actomyosin network within which the actin-binding protein Shroom enhances myosin activity locally to generate robust mechanical forces during axis elongation. Actomyosin contraction generates mechanical forces that influence cell and tissue structure. During convergent extension in Drosophila melanogaster, the spatially regulated activity of the myosin activator Rho-kinase promotes actomyosin contraction at specific planar cell boundaries to produce polarized cell rearrangement. The mechanisms that direct localized Rho-kinase activity are not well understood. We show that Rho GTPase recruits Rho-kinase to adherens junctions and is required for Rho-kinase planar polarity. Shroom, an asymmetrically localized actin- and Rho-kinase–binding protein, amplifies Rho-kinase and myosin II planar polarity and junctional localization downstream of Rho signaling. In Shroom mutants, Rho-kinase and myosin II achieve reduced levels of planar polarity, resulting in decreased junctional tension, a disruption of multicellular rosette formation, and defective convergent extension. These results indicate that Rho GTPase activity is required to establish a planar polarized actomyosin network, and the Shroom actin-binding protein enhances myosin contractility locally to generate robust mechanical forces during axis elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio de Matos Simões
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and 2 Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
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23
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Chen B, Brinkmann K, Chen Z, Pak CW, Liao Y, Shi S, Henry L, Grishin NV, Bogdan S, Rosen MK. The WAVE regulatory complex links diverse receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Cell 2014; 156:195-207. [PMID: 24439376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) controls actin cytoskeletal dynamics throughout the cell by stimulating the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex at distinct membrane sites. However, the factors that recruit the WRC to specific locations remain poorly understood. Here, we have identified a large family of potential WRC ligands, consisting of ∼120 diverse membrane proteins, including protocadherins, ROBOs, netrin receptors, neuroligins, GPCRs, and channels. Structural, biochemical, and cellular studies reveal that a sequence motif that defines these ligands binds to a highly conserved interaction surface of the WRC formed by the Sra and Abi subunits. Mutating this binding surface in flies resulted in defects in actin cytoskeletal organization and egg morphology during oogenesis, leading to female sterility. Our findings directly link diverse membrane proteins to the WRC and actin cytoskeleton and have broad physiological and pathological ramifications in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Klaus Brinkmann
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Zhucheng Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chi W Pak
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuxing Liao
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuoyong Shi
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lisa Henry
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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24
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Mohan S, Das D, Bauer RJ, Heroux A, Zalewski JK, Heber S, Dosunmu-Ogunbi AM, Trakselis MA, Hildebrand JD, VanDemark AP. Structure of a highly conserved domain of Rock1 required for Shroom-mediated regulation of cell morphology. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81075. [PMID: 24349032 PMCID: PMC3857177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled coil containing protein kinase (Rho-kinase or Rock) is a well-defined determinant of actin organization and dynamics in most animal cells characterized to date. One of the primary effectors of Rock is non-muscle myosin II. Activation of Rock results in increased contractility of myosin II and subsequent changes in actin architecture and cell morphology. The regulation of Rock is thought to occur via autoinhibition of the kinase domain via intramolecular interactions between the N-terminus and the C-terminus of the kinase. This autoinhibited state can be relieved via proteolytic cleavage, binding of lipids to a Pleckstrin Homology domain near the C-terminus, or binding of GTP-bound RhoA to the central coiled-coil region of Rock. Recent work has identified the Shroom family of proteins as an additional regulator of Rock either at the level of cellular distribution or catalytic activity or both. The Shroom-Rock complex is conserved in most animals and is essential for the formation of the neural tube, eye, and gut in vertebrates. To address the mechanism by which Shroom and Rock interact, we have solved the structure of the coiled-coil region of Rock that binds to Shroom proteins. Consistent with other observations, the Shroom binding domain is a parallel coiled-coil dimer. Using biochemical approaches, we have identified a large patch of residues that contribute to Shrm binding. Their orientation suggests that there may be two independent Shrm binding sites on opposing faces of the coiled-coil region of Rock. Finally, we show that the binding surface is essential for Rock colocalization with Shroom and for Shroom-mediated changes in cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Debamitra Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Annie Heroux
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Jenna K. Zalewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simone Heber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Atinuke M. Dosunmu-Ogunbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Trakselis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JDH); (AV)
| | - Andrew P. VanDemark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JDH); (AV)
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25
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Schofield AV, Bernard O. Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) signaling and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:301-16. [PMID: 23601011 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.786671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The small Rho GTPase family of proteins, encompassing the three major G-protein classes Rho, Rac and cell division control protein 42, are key mitogenic signaling molecules that regulate multiple cancer-associated cellular phenotypes including cell proliferation and motility. These proteins are known for their role in the regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, which is achieved through modulating the activity of their downstream effector molecules. The Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 1 and 2 (ROCK1 and ROCK2) proteins were the first discovered Rho effectors that were primarily established as players in RhoA-mediated stress fiber formation and focal adhesion assembly. It has since been discovered that the ROCK kinases actively phosphorylate a large cohort of actin-binding proteins and intermediate filament proteins to modulate their functions. It is well established that global cellular morphology, as modulated by the three cytoskeletal networks: actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules, is regulated by a variety of accessory proteins whose activities are dependent on their phosphorylation by the Rho-kinases. As a consequence, they regulate many key cellular functions associated with malignancy, including cell proliferation, motility and viability. In this current review, we focus on the role of the ROCK-signaling pathways in disease including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Schofield
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Unit and Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
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Ernst S, Liu K, Agarwala S, Moratscheck N, Avci ME, Dalle Nogare D, Chitnis AB, Ronneberger O, Lecaudey V. Shroom3 is required downstream of FGF signalling to mediate proneuromast assembly in zebrafish. Development 2012; 139:4571-81. [PMID: 23136387 DOI: 10.1242/dev.083253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During development, morphogenetic processes require a precise coordination of cell differentiation, cell shape changes and, often, cell migration. Yet, how pattern information is used to orchestrate these different processes is still unclear. During lateral line (LL) morphogenesis, a group of cells simultaneously migrate and assemble radially organized cell clusters, termed rosettes, that prefigure LL sensory organs. This process is controlled by Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling, which induces cell fate changes, cell migration and cell shape changes. However, the exact molecular mechanisms induced by FGF activation that mediate these changes on a cellular level are not known. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which FGFs control apical constriction and rosette assembly. We show that apical constriction in the LL primordium requires the activity of non-muscle myosin. We demonstrate further that shroom3, a well-known regulator of non-muscle myosin activity, is expressed in the LL primordium and that its expression requires FGF signalling. Using gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we demonstrate that Shroom3 is the main organizer of cell shape changes during rosette assembly, probably by coordinating Rho kinase recruitment and non-muscle myosin activation. In order to quantify morphogenesis in the LL primordium in an unbiased manner, we developed a unique trainable 'rosette detector'. We thus propose a model in which Shroom3 drives rosette assembly in the LL downstream of FGF in a Rho kinase- and non-muscle myosin-dependent manner. In conclusion, we uncovered the first mechanistic link between patterning and morphogenesis during LL sensory organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ernst
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Satish L, LaFramboise WA, Johnson S, Vi L, Njarlangattil A, Raykha C, Krill-Burger JM, Gallo PH, O'Gorman DB, Gan BS, Baratz ME, Ehrlich GD, Kathju S. Fibroblasts from phenotypically normal palmar fascia exhibit molecular profiles highly similar to fibroblasts from active disease in Dupuytren's Contracture. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:15. [PMID: 22559715 PMCID: PMC3375203 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dupuytren's contracture (DC) is a fibroproliferative disorder characterized by the progressive development of a scar-like collagen-rich cord that affects the palmar fascia of the hand and leads to digital flexion contractures. DC is most commonly treated by surgical resection of the diseased tissue, but has a high reported recurrence rate ranging from 27% to 80%. We sought to determine if the transcriptomic profiles of fibroblasts derived from DC-affected palmar fascia, adjacent phenotypically normal palmar fascia, and non-DC palmar fascial tissues might provide mechanistic clues to understanding the puzzle of disease predisposition and recurrence in DC. METHODS To achieve this, total RNA was obtained from fibroblasts derived from primary DC-affected palmar fascia, patient-matched unaffected palmar fascia, and palmar fascia from non-DC patients undergoing carpal tunnel release (6 patients in each group). These cells were grown on a type-1 collagen substrate (to better mimic their in vivo environments). Microarray analyses were subsequently performed using Illumina BeadChip arrays to compare the transcriptomic profiles of these three cell populations. Data were analyzed using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM v3.02), hierarchical clustering, concordance mapping and Venn diagram. RESULTS We found that the transcriptomic profiles of DC-disease fibroblasts and fibroblasts from unaffected fascia of DC patients exhibited a much greater overlap than fibroblasts derived from the palmar fascia of patients undergoing carpal tunnel release. Quantitative real time RT-PCR confirmed the differential expression of select genes validating the microarray data analyses. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that predisposition and recurrence in DC may stem, at least in part, from intrinsic similarities in the basal gene expression of diseased and phenotypically unaffected palmar fascia fibroblasts. These data also demonstrate that a collagen-rich environment differentially alters gene expression in these cells. In addition, Ingenuity pathway analysis of the specific biological pathways that differentiate DC-derived cells from carpal tunnel-derived cells has identified the potential involvement of microRNAs in this fibroproliferative disorder. CONCLUSIONS These data show that the transcriptomic profiles of DC-disease fibroblasts and fibroblasts from unaffected palmar fascia in DC patients are highly similar, and differ significantly from the transcriptomic profiles of fibroblasts from the palmar fascia of patients undergoing carpal tunnel release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Satish
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Sandra Johnson
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Linda Vi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Njarlangattil
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Raykha
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Phillip H Gallo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David B O'Gorman
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bing Siang Gan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark E Baratz
- Division of Upper Extremity Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Garth D Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Mohan S, Rizaldy R, Das D, Bauer RJ, Heroux A, Trakselis MA, Hildebrand JD, VanDemark AP. Structure of Shroom domain 2 reveals a three-segmented coiled-coil required for dimerization, Rock binding, and apical constriction. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2131-42. [PMID: 22493320 PMCID: PMC3364177 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-11-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shroom (Shrm) proteins are essential regulators of cell shape and tissue morpho-logy during animal development that function by interacting directly with the coiled-coil region of Rho kinase (Rock). The Shrm-Rock interaction is sufficient to direct Rock subcellular localization and the subsequent assembly of contractile actomyosin networks in defined subcellular locales. However, it is unclear how the Shrm-Rock interaction is regulated at the molecular level. To begin investigating this issue, we present the structure of Shrm domain 2 (SD2), which mediates the interaction with Rock and is required for Shrm function. SD2 is a unique three-segmented dimer with internal symmetry, and we identify conserved residues on the surface and within the dimerization interface that are required for the Rock-Shrm interaction and Shrm activity in vivo. We further show that these residues are critical in both vertebrate and invertebrate Shroom proteins, indicating that the Shrm-Rock signaling module has been functionally and molecularly conserved. The structure and biochemical analysis of Shrm SD2 indicate that it is distinct from other Rock activators such as RhoA and establishes a new paradigm for the Rock-mediated assembly of contractile actomyosin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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29
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Grosse AS, Pressprich MF, Curley LB, Hamilton KL, Margolis B, Hildebrand JD, Gumucio DL. Cell dynamics in fetal intestinal epithelium: implications for intestinal growth and morphogenesis. Development 2011; 138:4423-32. [PMID: 21880782 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms that drive growth and remodeling of the early intestinal epithelium are poorly understood. Current dogma suggests that the murine fetal intestinal epithelium is stratified, that villi are formed by an epithelial remodeling process involving the de novo formation of apical surface at secondary lumina, and that radial intercalation of the stratified cells constitutes a major intestinal lengthening mechanism. Here, we investigate cell polarity, cell cycle dynamics and cell shape in the fetal murine intestine between E12.5 and E14.5. We show that, contrary to previous assumptions, this epithelium is pseudostratified. Furthermore, epithelial nuclei exhibit interkinetic nuclear migration, a process wherein nuclei move in concert with the cell cycle, from the basal side (where DNA is synthesized) to the apical surface (where mitosis takes place); such nuclear movements were previously misinterpreted as the radial intercalation of cells. We further demonstrate that growth of epithelial girth between E12.5 and E14.5 is driven by microtubule- and actinomyosin-dependent apicobasal elongation, rather than by progressive epithelial stratification as was previously thought. Finally, we show that the actin-binding protein Shroom3 is crucial for the maintenance of the single-layered pseudostratified epithelium. In mice lacking Shroom3, the epithelium is disorganized and temporarily stratified during villus emergence. These results favor an alternative model of intestinal morphogenesis in which the epithelium remains single layered and apicobasally polarized throughout early intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Grosse
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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30
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Assef YA, Ozu M, Marino GI, Galizia L, Kotsias BA. ENaC channels in oocytes from Xenopus laevis and their regulation by xShroom1 protein. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:259-66. [PMID: 21865733 DOI: 10.1159/000331738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shroom is a family of related proteins linked to the actin cytoskeleton. xShroom1 is constitutively expressed in X. oocytes and is required for the expression of amiloride sensitive sodium channels (ENaC). Oocytes were injected with α, β, and γ mENaC and xShroom1 sense or antisense oligonucleotides. We used voltage clamp techniques to study the amiloride-sensitive Na(+) currents (INa((amil))). We observed a marked reduction in INa((amil)) in oocytes co-injected with xShroom1 antisense. Oocytes expressing a DEG mutant β-mENaC subunit (β-S518K) with an open probability of 1 had enhanced INa((amil)) although these currents were also reduced when co-injected with xShroom1 antisense. Addition of low concentration (20 ng/ml) of trypsin which activates the membrane-resident ENaC channels led to a slow increase in INa((amil)) in oocytes with xShroom1 sense but had no effect on the currents in oocytes coinjected with ENaC and xShroom1 antisense. The same results were obtained with higher concentrations of trypsin (2 μg/ml) exposed during 2.5 min. In addition, fluorescence positive staining of plasma membrane in the oocytes expressing α, β and γ mENaC and xShroom1 sense were observed but not in oocytes coinjected with ENaC and xShroom1 antisense oligonucleotides. On this basis, we suggest that xShroom1-dependent ENaC inhibition may be through the number of channels inserted in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina A Assef
- Laboratorio de Canales Iónicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, IDIM- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Marimuthu A, O’Meally RN, Chaerkady R, Subbannayya Y, Nanjappa V, Kumar P, Kelkar DS, Pinto SM, Sharma R, Renuse S, Goel R, Christopher R, Delanghe B, Cole RN, Harsha H, Pandey A. A comprehensive map of the human urinary proteome. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2734-43. [PMID: 21500864 PMCID: PMC4213861 DOI: 10.1021/pr2003038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study of the human urinary proteome has the potential to offer significant insights into normal physiology as well as disease pathology. The information obtained from such studies could be applied to the diagnosis of various diseases. The high sensitivity, resolution, and mass accuracy of the latest generation of mass spectrometers provides an opportunity to accurately catalog the proteins present in human urine, including those present at low levels. To this end, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of human urinary proteome from healthy individuals using high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Importantly, we used the Orbitrap for detecting ions in both MS (resolution 60 000) and MS/MS (resolution 15 000) modes. To increase the depth of our analysis, we characterized both unfractionated as well as lectin-enriched proteins in our experiments. In all, we identified 1,823 proteins with less than 1% false discovery rate, of which 671 proteins have not previously been reported as constituents of human urine. This data set should serve as a comprehensive reference list for future studies aimed at identification and characterization of urinary biomarkers for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivusudar Marimuthu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
- Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Robert N. O’Meally
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
| | - Yashwanth Subbannayya
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore 560041, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishalakshi Nanjappa
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanashree S. Kelkar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690525, Kerala, India
| | - Sneha M. Pinto
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560006, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690525, Kerala, India
| | - Renu Goel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560006, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Robert N. Cole
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
| | - H.C. Harsha
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
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32
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Borges RM, Lamers ML, Forti FL, Santos MFD, Yan CYI. Rho signaling pathway and apical constriction in the early lens placode. Genesis 2011; 49:368-79. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Farber MJ, Rizaldy R, Hildebrand JD. Shroom2 regulates contractility to control endothelial morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:795-805. [PMID: 21248203 PMCID: PMC3057704 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-06-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic contractile, migratory, and adhesive properties of endothelial cells are central determinants in the formation of vascular networks seen in vertebrate organisms. Because Shroom2 (Shrm2) is expressed within the endothelium, is localized to cortical actin and cell-cell adhesions, and contains a conserved Rho kinase (Rock) binding domain, we hypothesized that Shrm2 may participate in the regulation of endothelial cell behavior during vascular morphogenesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, depletion of Shrm2 results in elevated branching and sprouting angiogenic behavior of endothelial cells. This is recapitulated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in a vasculogenesis assay in which differentiated embryonic stem cells depleted for Shrm2 form a more highly branched endothelial network. Further analyses indicate that the altered behavior observed following Shrm2 depletion is due to aberrant cell contractility, as evidenced by decreased stress fiber organization and collagen contraction with an increase in cellular migration. Because Shrm2 directly interacts with Rock, and Shrm2 knockdown results in the loss of Rock and activated myosin II from sites of cell-cell adhesion, we conclude that Shrm2 facilitates the formation of a contractile network within endothelial cells, the loss of which leads to an increase in endothelial sprouting, migration, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Farber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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34
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Bolinger C, Zasadil L, Rizaldy R, Hildebrand JD. Specific isoforms of drosophila shroom define spatial requirements for the induction of apical constriction. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2078-93. [PMID: 20549743 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate Shroom proteins define cytoskeletal organization and cellular architecture by binding directly to F-actin and Rho-kinase and spatially regulating the activity of nonmuscle myosin II (myosin II). Here, we report characterization and gain-of-function analysis of Drosophila Shroom. The dShrm locus expresses at least two protein isoforms, dShrmA and dShrmB, which localize to adherens junctions and the apical membrane, respectively. dShrmA and dShrmB exhibit differing abilities to induce apical constriction that are based on their subcellular distribution and the subsequent assembly of spatially and organizationally distinct actomyosin networks that are dependent on the ability to engage Rho-kinase and the activity of myosin II. These data show that the differential subcellular distribution of naturally occurring isoforms of Shroom proteins can define both the position and organization of actomyosin networks in vivo. We further hypothesize that differentially positioned contractile arrays have distinct effects on cellular morphologies and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Bolinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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35
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Etournay R, Lepelletier L, Boutet de Monvel J, Michel V, Cayet N, Leibovici M, Weil D, Foucher I, Hardelin JP, Petit C. Cochlear outer hair cells undergo an apical circumference remodeling constrained by the hair bundle shape. Development 2010; 137:1373-83. [PMID: 20332152 DOI: 10.1242/dev.045138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells acquire diverse shapes relating to their different functions. This is particularly relevant for the cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs), whose apical and basolateral shapes accommodate the functioning of these cells as mechano-electrical and electromechanical transducers, respectively. We uncovered a circumferential shape transition of the apical junctional complex (AJC) of OHCs, which occurs during the early postnatal period in the mouse, prior to hearing onset. Geometric analysis of the OHC apical circumference using immunostaining of the AJC protein ZO1 and Fourier-interpolated contour detection characterizes this transition as a switch from a rounded-hexagon to a non-convex circumference delineating two lateral lobes at the neural side of the cell, with a negative curvature in between. This shape tightly correlates with the 'V'-configuration of the OHC hair bundle, the apical mechanosensitive organelle that converts sound-evoked vibrations into variations in cell membrane potential. The OHC apical circumference remodeling failed or was incomplete in all the mouse mutants affected in hair bundle morphogenesis that we tested. During the normal shape transition, myosin VIIa and myosin II (A and B isoforms) displayed polarized redistributions into and out of the developing lobes, respectively, while Shroom2 and F-actin transiently accumulated in the lobes. Defects in these redistributions were observed in the mutants, paralleling their apical circumference abnormalities. Our results point to a pivotal role for actomyosin cytoskeleton tensions in the reshaping of the OHC apical circumference. We propose that this remodeling contributes to optimize the mechanical coupling between the basal and apical poles of mature OHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Etournay
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, INSERM UMRS587-Université Paris VI, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris Cedex 15, France
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36
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Plageman TF, Chung MI, Lou M, Smith AN, Hildebrand JD, Wallingford JB, Lang RA. Pax6-dependent Shroom3 expression regulates apical constriction during lens placode invagination. Development 2010; 137:405-15. [PMID: 20081189 DOI: 10.1242/dev.045369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development requires a complex series of relative cellular movements and shape changes that are generally referred to as morphogenesis. Although some of the mechanisms underlying morphogenesis have been identified, the process is still poorly understood. Here, we address mechanisms of epithelial morphogenesis using the vertebrate lens as a model system. We show that the apical constriction of lens epithelial cells that accompanies invagination of the lens placode is dependent on Shroom3, a molecule previously associated with apical constriction during morphogenesis of the neural plate. We show that Shroom3 is required for the apical localization of F-actin and myosin II, both crucial components of the contractile complexes required for apical constriction, and for the apical localization of Vasp, a Mena family protein with F-actin anti-capping function that is also required for morphogenesis. Finally, we show that the expression of Shroom3 is dependent on the crucial lens-induction transcription factor Pax6. This provides a previously missing link between lens-induction pathways and the morphogenesis machinery and partly explains the absence of lens morphogenesis in Pax6-deficient mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Plageman
- The Visual Systems Group, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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37
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Schlosser G. Making senses development of vertebrate cranial placodes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 283:129-234. [PMID: 20801420 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)83004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cranial placodes (which include the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, otic, lateral line, profundal/trigeminal, and epibranchial placodes) give rise to many sense organs and ganglia of the vertebrate head. Recent evidence suggests that all cranial placodes may be developmentally related structures, which originate from a common panplacodal primordium at neural plate stages and use similar regulatory mechanisms to control developmental processes shared between different placodes such as neurogenesis and morphogenetic movements. After providing a brief overview of placodal diversity, the present review summarizes current evidence for the existence of a panplacodal primordium and discusses the central role of transcription factors Six1 and Eya1 in the regulation of processes shared between different placodes. Upstream signaling events and transcription factors involved in early embryonic induction and specification of the panplacodal primordium are discussed next. I then review how individual placodes arise from the panplacodal primordium and present a model of multistep placode induction. Finally, I briefly summarize recent advances concerning how placodal neurons and sensory cells are specified, and how morphogenesis of placodes (including delamination and migration of placode-derived cells and invagination) is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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38
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Sawyer JM, Harrell JR, Shemer G, Sullivan-Brown J, Roh-Johnson M, Goldstein B. Apical constriction: a cell shape change that can drive morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2009; 341:5-19. [PMID: 19751720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biologists have long recognized that dramatic bending of a cell sheet may be driven by even modest shrinking of the apical sides of cells. Cell shape changes and tissue movements like these are at the core of many of the morphogenetic movements that shape animal form during development, driving processes such as gastrulation, tube formation, and neurulation. The mechanisms of such cell shape changes must integrate developmental patterning information in order to spatially and temporally control force production-issues that touch on fundamental aspects of both cell and developmental biology and on birth defects research. How does developmental patterning regulate force-producing mechanisms, and what roles do such mechanisms play in development? Work on apical constriction from multiple systems including Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, sea urchin, Xenopus, chick, and mouse has begun to illuminate these issues. Here, we review this effort to explore the diversity of mechanisms of apical constriction, the diversity of roles that apical constriction plays in development, and the common themes that emerge from comparing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Sawyer
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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39
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Lee C, Le MP, Wallingford JB. The shroom family proteins play broad roles in the morphogenesis of thickened epithelial sheets. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1480-91. [PMID: 19384856 PMCID: PMC2699254 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thickened epithelial sheets are found in a wide variety of organ systems and the mechanisms governing their morphogenesis remain poorly defined. We show here, through expression patterns and functional studies, that Shroom family proteins are broadly involved in generating thickened epithelial sheets. Through in situ hybridization, we report the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the four Shroom family members during early Xenopus development, from oocytes to tadpole stage embryos. Further, we show that Shroom1 and 2 mRNAs are maternally expressed, while Shroom3 and Shroom4 are zygotic transcripts. In addition, maternal Shroom1 and 2 mRNAs localize in the animal hemisphere of the Xenopus egg and early blastula. During later development, all four Shroom family proteins are broadly expressed in developing epithelial organs, and the epithelial cells that express Shrooms are elongated. Moreover, we show that ectopic expression of Shroom2, like Shroom3, is able to increase cell height and that loss of Shroom2 function results in a failure of cell elongation in the neural epithelium. Together, these data suggest that Shroom family proteins play an important role in the morphogenesis of several different epithelial tissues during development. Developmental Dynamics 238:1480-1491, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
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40
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Lee C, Le MP, Cannatella D, Wallingford JB. Changes in localization and expression levels of Shroom2 and spectrin contribute to variation in amphibian egg pigmentation patterns. Dev Genes Evol 2009; 219:319-30. [PMID: 19554350 PMCID: PMC2902998 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-009-0292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One contributing factor in the worldwide decline in amphibian populations is thought to be the exposure of eggs to UV light. Enrichment of pigment in the animal hemisphere of eggs laid in the sunlight defends against UV damage, but little is known about the cell biological mechanisms controlling such polarized pigment patterns. Even less is known about how such mechanisms were modified during evolution to achieve the array of amphibian egg pigment patterns. Here, we show that ectopic expression of the gamma-tubulin regulator, Shroom2, is sufficient to induce co-accumulation of pigment granules, spectrin, and dynactin in Xenopus blastomeres. Shroom2 and spectrin are enriched and co-localize specifically in the pigmented animal hemisphere of Xenopus eggs and blastulae. Moreover, Shroom2 messenger RNA (mRNA) is expressed maternally at high levels in Xenopus. In contrast to Xenopus, eggs and blastulae of Physalaemus pustulosus have very little surface pigmentation. Rather, we find that pigment is enriched in the perinuclear region of these embryos, where it co-localizes with spectrin. Moreover, maternal Shroom2 mRNA was barely detectable in Physaleamus, though zygotic levels were comparable to Xenopus. We therefore suggest that a Shroom2/spectrin/dynactin-based mechanism controls pigment localization in amphibian eggs and that variation in maternal Shroom2 mRNA levels accounts in part for variation in amphibian egg pigment patterns during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjae Lee
- Dept. of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology
| | - Minh-Phuong Le
- Dept. of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology
| | - David Cannatella
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - John B. Wallingford
- Dept. of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology
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41
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Taylor J, Chung KH, Figueroa C, Zurawski J, Dickson HM, Brace EJ, Avery AW, Turner DL, Vojtek AB. The scaffold protein POSH regulates axon outgrowth. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:5181-92. [PMID: 18829867 PMCID: PMC2592661 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-02-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How scaffold proteins integrate signaling pathways with cytoskeletal components to drive axon outgrowth is not well understood. We report here that the multidomain scaffold protein Plenty of SH3s (POSH) regulates axon outgrowth. Reduction of POSH function by RNA interference (RNAi) enhances axon outgrowth in differentiating mouse primary cortical neurons and in neurons derived from mouse P19 cells, suggesting POSH negatively regulates axon outgrowth. Complementation analysis reveals a requirement for the third Src homology (SH) 3 domain of POSH, and we find that the actomyosin regulatory protein Shroom3 interacts with this domain of POSH. Inhibition of Shroom3 expression by RNAi leads to increased process lengths, as observed for POSH RNAi, suggesting that POSH and Shroom function together to inhibit process outgrowth. Complementation analysis and interference of protein function by dominant-negative approaches suggest that Shroom3 recruits Rho kinase to inhibit process outgrowth. Furthermore, inhibition of myosin II function reverses the POSH or Shroom3 RNAi phenotype, indicating a role for myosin II regulation as a target of the POSH-Shroom complex. Collectively, these results suggest that the molecular scaffold protein POSH assembles an inhibitory complex that links to the actin-myosin network to regulate neuronal process outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwan-Ho Chung
- Program in Neuroscience, and
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David L. Turner
- *Department of Biological Chemistry
- Program in Neuroscience, and
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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42
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Nishimura T, Takeichi M. Shroom3-mediated recruitment of Rho kinases to the apical cell junctions regulates epithelial and neuroepithelial planar remodeling. Development 2008; 135:1493-502. [PMID: 18339671 DOI: 10.1242/dev.019646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of epithelial sheets plays important roles in animal morphogenesis. Shroom3 is known to regulate the apical constriction of epithelial cells. Here, we show that Shroom3 binds ROCKs and recruits them to the epithelial apical junctions. We identified the Shroom3-binding site (RII-C1) on ROCKs, and found that RII-C1 could antagonize the Shroom3-ROCK interaction, interfering with the action of Shroom3 on cell morphology. In the invaginating neural plate/tube, Shroom3 colocalized with ROCKs at the apical junctions; Shroom3 depletion or RII-C1 expression in the tube removed these apically localized ROCKs, and concomitantly blocked neural tube closure. Closing neural plate exhibited peculiar cell assemblies, including rosette formation, as well as a planar-polarized distribution of phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain, but these were abolished by ROCK inhibition or RII-C1 expression. These results demonstrate that the Shroom3-ROCK interaction is crucial for the regulation of epithelial and neuroepithelial cell arrangement and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamako Nishimura
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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43
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Enabled (Xena) regulates neural plate morphogenesis, apical constriction, and cellular adhesion required for neural tube closure in Xenopus. Dev Biol 2007; 314:393-403. [PMID: 18201691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics is essential for neurulation, though it remains unclear how these two processes are coordinated. Members of the Ena/VASP family of proteins are localized to sites of cellular adhesion and actin dynamics and lack of two family members, Mena and VASP, in mice results in failure of neural tube closure. The precise mechanism by which Ena/VASP proteins regulate this process, however, is not understood. In this report, we show that Xenopus Ena (Xena) is localized to apical adhesive junctions of neuroepithelial cells during neurulation and that Xena knockdown disrupts cell behaviors integral to neural tube closure. Changes in the shape of the neural plate as well as apical constriction within the neural plate are perturbed in Xena knockdown embryos. Additionally, we demonstrate that Xena is essential for cell-cell adhesion. These results demonstrate that Xena plays an integral role in coordinating the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular adhesion during neurulation in Xenopus.
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44
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Fiehler RW, Wolff T. Drosophila Myosin II, Zipper, is essential for ommatidial rotation. Dev Biol 2007; 310:348-62. [PMID: 17826761 PMCID: PMC2110880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adult Drosophila retina is a highly polarized epithelium derived from a precursor tissue that is initially symmetric across its dorsoventral axis. Specialized 90 degrees rotational movements of subsets of cells, the ommatidial precursors, establish mirror symmetry in the retinal epithelium. Myosin II, or Zipper (Zip), a motor protein, regulates the rate at which ommatidia rotate: in zip mutants, the rate of rotation is significantly slowed. Zip is concentrated in the cells that we show to be at the likely interface between rotating and non-rotating cells: the boundary between differentiated and undifferentiated cells. Zip is also robust in newly added ommatidial cells, consistent with our model that the machinery that drives rotation should shift to newly recruited cells as they are added to the growing ommatidium. Finally, cell death genes and canonical Wnt signaling pathway members genetically modify the zip phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Fiehler
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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45
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Etournay R, Zwaenepoel I, Perfettini I, Legrain P, Petit C, El-Amraoui A. Shroom2, a myosin-VIIa- and actin-binding protein, directly interacts with ZO-1 at tight junctions. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:2838-50. [PMID: 17666436 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.002568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in myosin VIIa lead to developmental anomalies of the auditory and visual sensory cells. We sought proteins interacting with the myosin VIIa tail by using the yeast two-hybrid system. Here, we report on shroom2, a submembranous PDZ domain-containing protein that is associated with the tight junctions in multiple embryonic and adult epithelia. Shroom2 directly interacts with the C-terminal MyTH4-FERM domain of myosin VIIa and with F-actin. In addition, a shroom2 fragment containing the region of interaction with F-actin was able to protect actin filaments from cytochalasin-D-induced disruption in MDCK cells. Transfection experiments in MDCK and LE (L fibroblasts that express E-cadherin) cells led us to conclude that shroom2 is targeted to the cell-cell junctions in the presence of tight junctions only. In Ca(2+)-switch experiments on MDCK cells, ZO-1 (also known as TJP1) preceded GFP-tagged shroom2 at the differentiating tight junctions. ZO-1 directly interacts with the serine- and proline-rich region of shroom2 in vitro. Moreover, the two proteins colocalize in vivo at mature tight junctions, and could be coimmunoprecipitated from brain and cochlear extracts. We suggest that shroom2 and ZO-1 form a tight-junction-associated scaffolding complex, possibly linked to myosin VIIa, that bridges the junctional membrane to the underlying cytoskeleton, thereby contributing to the stabilization of these junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Etournay
- INSERM UMRS 587, Unité de Génétique des Déficits Sensoriels, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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46
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Lee C, Scherr HM, Wallingford JB. Shroom family proteins regulate gamma-tubulin distribution and microtubule architecture during epithelial cell shape change. Development 2007; 134:1431-41. [PMID: 17329357 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell shape changes require the coordination of actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. The molecular mechanisms by which such coordination is achieved remain obscure, particularly in the context of epithelial cells within developing vertebrate embryos. We have identified a novel role for the actin-binding protein Shroom3 as a regulator of the microtubule cytoskeleton during epithelial morphogenesis. We show that Shroom3 is sufficient and also necessary to induce a redistribution of the microtubule regulator gamma-tubulin. Moreover, this change in gamma-tubulin distribution underlies the assembly of aligned arrays of microtubules that drive apicobasal cell elongation. Finally, experiments with the related protein, Shroom1, demonstrate that gamma-tubulin regulation is a conserved feature of this protein family. Together, the data demonstrate that Shroom family proteins govern epithelial cell behaviors by coordinating the assembly of both microtubule and actin cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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47
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Fairbank PD, Lee C, Ellis A, Hildebrand JD, Gross JM, Wallingford JB. Shroom2 (APXL) regulates melanosome biogenesis and localization in the retinal pigment epithelium. Development 2006; 133:4109-18. [PMID: 16987870 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Shroom family proteins have been implicated in the control of the actin cytoskeleton, but so far only a single family member has been studied in the context of developing embryos. Here, we show that the Shroom-family protein,Shroom2 (previously known as APXL) is both necessary and sufficient to govern the localization of pigment granules at the apical surface of epithelial cells. In Xenopus embryos that lack Shroom2 function, we observed defects in pigmentation of the eye that stem from failure of melanosomes to mature and to associate with the apical cell surface. Ectopic expression of Shroom2 in naïve epithelial cells facilitates apical pigment accumulation, and this activity specifically requires the Rab27a GTPase. Most interestingly, we find that Shroom2, like Shroom3 (previously called Shroom),is sufficient to induce a dramatic apical accumulation of the microtubule-nucleating protein γ-tubulin at the apical surfaces of naïve epithelial cells. Together, our data identify Shroom2 as a central regulator of RPE pigmentation, and suggest that, despite their diverse biological roles, Shroom family proteins share a common activity. Finally,because the locus encoding human SHROOM2 lies within the critical region for two distinct forms of ocular albinism, it is possible that SHROOM2mutations may be a contributing factor in these human visual system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela D Fairbank
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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48
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Yoder M, Hildebrand JD. Shroom4 (Kiaa1202) is an actin-associated protein implicated in cytoskeletal organization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 64:49-63. [PMID: 17009331 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
All animal cells utilize a specialized set of cytoskeletal proteins to determine their overall shape and the organization of their intracellular compartments and organelles. During embryonic development, the dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton is critical for virtually all morphogenic events requiring changes in cell shape, migration, adhesion, and division. The behavior of the actin cytoskeleton is modulated by a myriad of accessory proteins. Shroom3 is an actin binding protein that regulates neural tube morphogenesis by eliciting changes in cell shape through a myosin II-dependent pathway. The Shroom-related gene SHROOM4 (formerly called KIAA1202) has also been implicated in neural development, as mutations in this gene are associated with human X-linked mental retardation. To better understand the function of Shrm4 in embryonic development, we have cloned mouse Shroom4 and characterized its protein product in vivo and in vitro. Shroom4 is expressed in a wide range of cell types during mouse development, including vascular endothelium and the polarized epithelium of the neural tube and kidney. In endothelial cells and embryo fibroblasts, endogenous Shroom4 co-distributes with myosin II to a distinct cytoplasmic population of F-actin and ectopic expression of Shroom4 in multiple cell types enhances or induces the formation of this actin-based structure. This localization is mediated, at least in part, by the direct interaction of Shroom4 and F-actin. Our results suggest that Shroom4 is a regulator of cytoskeletal architecture that may play an important role in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yoder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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