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Banks LB, Sklarz T, Gohil M, O'Leary C, Behrens EM, Sun H, Chen YH, Koretzky GA, Jordan MS. Akt2 deficiency impairs Th17 differentiation, augments Th2 differentiation, and alters the peripheral response to immunization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.598023. [PMID: 38915532 PMCID: PMC11195075 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.598023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Akt1 and Akt2, isoforms of the serine threonine kinase Akt, are essential for T cell development. However, their role in peripheral T cell differentiation remains undefined. Using mice with germline deletions of either Akt1 or Akt2, we found that both isoforms are important for Th17 differentiation, although Akt2 loss had a greater impact than loss of Akt1. In contrast to defective IL-17 production, Akt2 -/- T cells exhibited enhanced IL-4 production in vitro under Th2 polarizing conditions. In vivo , Akt2 -/- mice displayed significantly diminished IL-17A and GM-CSF production following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). This dampened response was associated with further alterations in Th cell differentiation including decreased IFNγ production but preserved IL-4 production, and preferential expansion of regulatory T cells compared to non-regulatory CD4 T cells. Taken together, we identify Akt2 as an important signaling molecule in regulating peripheral CD4 T cell responses.
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2
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Geißert R, Lammert A, Wirth S, Hönig R, Lohfink D, Unger M, Pek D, Schlüter K, Scheftschik T, Smit DJ, Jücker M, Menke A, Giehl K. K-Ras(V12) differentially affects the three Akt isoforms in lung and pancreatic carcinoma cells and upregulates E-cadherin and NCAM via Akt3. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:85. [PMID: 38291468 PMCID: PMC10826106 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
K-Ras is the most frequently mutated Ras variant in pancreatic, colon and non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. Activating mutations in K-Ras result in increased amounts of active Ras-GTP and subsequently a hyperactivation of effector proteins and downstream signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that oncogenic K-Ras(V12) regulates tumor cell migration by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3-K)/Akt pathway and induces the expression of E-cadherin and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) by upregulation of Akt3. In vitro interaction and co-precipitation assays identified PI3-Kα as a bona fide effector of active K-Ras4B but not of H-Ras or N-Ras, resulting in enhanced Akt phosphorylation. Moreover, K-Ras(V12)-induced PI3-K/Akt activation enhanced migration in all analyzed cell lines. Interestingly, Western blot analyses with Akt isoform-specific antibodies as well as qPCR studies revealed, that the amount and the activity of Akt3 was markedly increased whereas the amount of Akt1 and Akt2 was downregulated in EGFP-K-Ras(V12)-expressing cell clones. To investigate the functional role of each Akt isoform and a possible crosstalk of the isoforms in more detail, each isoform was stably depleted in PANC-1 pancreatic and H23 lung carcinoma cells. Akt3, the least expressed Akt isoform in most cell lines, is especially upregulated and active in Akt2-depleted cells. Since expression of EGFP-K-Ras(V12) reduced E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion by induction of polysialylated NCAM, Akt3 was analyzed as regulator of E-cadherin and NCAM. Western blot analyses revealed pronounced reduction of E-cadherin and NCAM in the Akt3-kd cells, whereas Akt1 and Akt2 depletion upregulated E-cadherin, especially in H23 lung carcinoma cells. In summary, we identified oncogenic K-Ras4B as a key regulator of PI3-Kα-Akt signaling and Akt3 as a crucial regulator of K-Ras4B-induced modulation of E-cadherin and NCAM expression and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Geißert
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Angela Lammert
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wirth
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rabea Hönig
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Lohfink
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Internal Medicine IV, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Unger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Denis Pek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schlüter
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Theresa Scheftschik
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Internal Medicine IV, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Smit
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andre Menke
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Internal Medicine IV, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaudia Giehl
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine IV, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Chen M, Wang K, Han Y, Yan S, Yuan H, Liu Q, Li L, Li N, Zhu H, Lu D, Wang K, Liu F, Luo D, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Li D, Zhang L, Ji H, Zhou H, Chen Y, Qin J, Gao D. Identification of XAF1 as an endogenous AKT inhibitor. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112690. [PMID: 37384528 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AKT kinase is a key regulator in cell metabolism and survival, and its activation is strictly modulated. Herein, we identify XAF1 (XIAP-associated factor) as a direct interacting protein of AKT1, which strongly binds the N-terminal region of AKT1 to block its K63-linked poly-ubiquitination and subsequent activation. Consistently, Xaf1 knockout causes AKT activation in mouse muscle and fat tissues and reduces body weight gain and insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet. Pathologically, XAF1 expression is low and anti-correlated with the phosphorylated p-T308-AKT signal in prostate cancer samples, and Xaf1 knockout stimulates the p-T308-AKT signal to accelerate spontaneous prostate tumorigenesis in mice with Pten heterozygous loss. And ectopic expression of wild-type XAF1, but not the cancer-derived P277L mutant, inhibits orthotopic tumorigenesis. We further identify Forkhead box O 1 (FOXO1) as a transcriptional regulator of XAF1, thus forming a negative feedback loop between AKT1 and XAF1. These results reveal an important intrinsic regulatory mechanism of AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kangjunjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ying Han
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shukun Yan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huairui Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiuli Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ni Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dayun Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dakui Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Jun Qin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Daming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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Fan JR, Chang SN, Chu CT, Chen HC. AKT2-mediated nuclear deformation leads to genome instability during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. iScience 2023; 26:106992. [PMID: 37378334 PMCID: PMC10291577 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear deformation has been observed in some cancer cells for decades, but its underlying mechanism and biological significance remain elusive. To address these questions, we employed human lung cancer A549 cell line as a model in context with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Here, we report that nuclear deformation induced by TGFβ is concomitant with increased phosphorylation of lamin A at Ser390, defective nuclear lamina and genome instability. AKT2 and Smad3 serve as the downstream effectors for TGFβ to induce nuclear deformation. AKT2 directly phosphorylates lamin A at Ser390, whereas Smad3 is required for AKT2 activation upon TGFβ stimulation. Expression of the lamin A mutant with a substitution of Ser390 to Ala or suppression of AKT2 or Smad3 prevents nuclear deformation and genome instability induced by TGFβ. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism for TGFβ-induced nuclear deformation and establish a role of nuclear deformation in genome instability during epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Fan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Nian Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tung Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chen Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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5
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Amiran MR, Taghdir M, Joozdani FA. Molecular insights into the behavior of the allosteric and ATP-competitive inhibitors in interaction with AKT1 protein: A molecular dynamics study. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124853. [PMID: 37172698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
AKT1 is a family of serine/threonine kinases that play a key role in regulating cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Two significant classes of AKT1 inhibitors (allosteric and ATP-competitive) are used in clinical development, and both of them could be effective in specific conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of several different inhibitors on two conformations of the AKT1 by computational approach. We studied the effects of four inhibitors, including MK-2206, Miransertib, Herbacetin, and Shogaol, on the inactive conformation of AKT1 protein and the effects of four inhibitors, Capivasertib, AT7867, Quercetin, and Oridonin molecules on the active conformation of AKT1 protein. The results of simulations showed that each inhibitor creates a stable complex with AKT1 protein, although AKT1/Shogaol and AKT1/AT7867 complexes showed less stability than other complexes. Based on RMSF calculations, the fluctuation of residues in the mentioned complexes is higher than in other complexes. As compared to other complexes in either of its two conformations, MK-2206 has a stronger binding free energy affinity in the inactive conformation, -203.446 kJ/mol. MM-PBSA calculations showed that the van der Waals interactions contribute more than the electrostatic interactions to the binding energy of inhibitors to AKT1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Amiran
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115_111, Iran
| | - Majid Taghdir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115_111, Iran.
| | - Farzane Abasi Joozdani
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115_111, Iran
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6
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Somanath PR, Chernoff J, Cummings BS, Prasad SM, Homan HD. Targeting P21-Activated Kinase-1 for Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082236. [PMID: 37190165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) has limited therapeutic options and a high mortality rate. The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of proteins is important in cell survival, proliferation, and motility in physiology, and pathologies such as infectious, inflammatory, vascular, and neurological diseases as well as cancers. Group-I PAKs (PAK1, PAK2, and PAK3) are involved in the regulation of actin dynamics and thus are integral for cell morphology, adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and cell motility. They also play prominent roles in cell survival and proliferation. These properties make group-I PAKs a potentially important target for cancer therapy. In contrast to normal prostate and prostatic epithelial cells, group-I PAKs are highly expressed in mPCA and PCa tissue. Importantly, the expression of group-I PAKs is proportional to the Gleason score of the patients. While several compounds have been identified that target group-I PAKs and these are active in cells and mice, and while some inhibitors have entered human trials, as of yet, none have been FDA-approved. Probable reasons for this lack of translation include issues related to selectivity, specificity, stability, and efficacy resulting in side effects and/or lack of efficacy. In the current review, we describe the pathophysiology and current treatment guidelines of PCa, present group-I PAKs as a potential druggable target to treat mPCa patients, and discuss the various ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors of PAKs. We also discuss the development and testing of a nanotechnology-based therapeutic formulation of group-I PAK inhibitors and its significant potential advantages as a novel, selective, stable, and efficacious mPCa therapeutic over other PCa therapeutics in the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payaningal R Somanath
- Department of Clinical & Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- MetasTx LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- MetasTx LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Brian S Cummings
- MetasTx LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sandip M Prasad
- Morristown Medical Center, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
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7
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Morin ameliorates methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity via targeting Nrf2/HO-1 and Bax/Bcl2/Caspase-3 signaling pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3479-3488. [PMID: 36781607 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ toxicity limits the therapeutic efficacy of methotrexate (MTX), an anti-metabolite therapeutic that is frequently used as an anti-cancer and immunosuppressive medicine. Hepatocellular toxicity is among the most severe side effects of long-term MTX use. The present study unveils new confirmations as regards the remedial effects of morin on MTX-induced hepatocellular injury through regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis and MAPK signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were subjected to oral treatment of morin (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) for 10 days. Hepatotoxicity was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of MTX (20 mg/kg body weight) on the 5th day. MTX related hepatic injury was associated with increased MDA while decreased GSH levels, the activities of endogen antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) and mRNA levels of HO-1 and Nrf2 in the hepatic tissue. MTX treatment also resulted in apoptosis in the liver tissue via increasing mRNA transcript levels of Bax, caspase-3, Apaf-1 and downregulation of Bcl-2. Conversely, treatment with morin at different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) considerably mitigated MTX-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the liver tissue. Morin also mitigated MTX-induced increases of ALT, ALP and AST levels, downregulated mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), MAPK14 and MAPK15, JNK, Akt2 and FOXO1 genes. CONCLUSION According to the findings of this study, morin may be a potential way to shield the liver tissue from the oxidative damage and apoptosis.
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8
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Wainstein E, Maik-Rachline G, Blenis J, Seger R. AKTs do not translocate to the nucleus upon stimulation but AKT3 can constitutively signal from the nuclear envelope. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111733. [PMID: 36476861 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AKT is a central signaling protein kinase that plays a role in the regulation of cellular survival metabolism and cell growth, as well as in pathologies such as diabetes and cancer. Human AKT consists of three isoforms (AKT1-3) that may fulfill different functions. Here, we report that distinct subcellular localization of the isoforms directly influences their activity and function. AKT1 is localized primarily in the cytoplasm, AKT2 in the nucleus, and AKT3 in the nucleus or nuclear envelope. None of the isoforms actively translocates into the nucleus upon stimulation. Interestingly, AKT3 at the nuclear envelope is constitutively phosphorylated, enabling a constant phosphorylation of TSC2 at this location. Knockdown of AKT3 induces moderate attenuation of cell proliferation of breast cancer cells. We suggest that in addition to the stimulation-induced activation of the lysosomal/cytoplasmic AKT1-TSC2 pathway, a subpopulation of TSC2 is constitutively inactivated by AKT3 at the nuclear envelope of transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Wainstein
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Galia Maik-Rachline
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - John Blenis
- Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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9
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Degan SE, Gelman IH. Emerging Roles for AKT Isoform Preference in Cancer Progression Pathways. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1251-1257. [PMID: 33931488 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway is one of the most mutated in human cancers, predominantly associated with the loss of the signaling antagonist, PTEN, and to lesser extents, with gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CA (encoding PI3K-p110α) and AKT1. In addition, most oncogenic driver pathways activate PI3K/AKT signaling. Nonetheless, drugs targeting PI3K or AKT have fared poorly against solid tumors in clinical trials as monotherapies, yet some have shown efficacy when combined with inhibitors of other oncogenic drivers, such as receptor tyrosine kinases or nuclear hormone receptors. There is growing evidence that AKT isoforms, AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3, have different, often distinct roles in either promoting or suppressing specific parameters of oncogenic progression, yet few if any isoform-preferred substrates have been characterized. This review will describe recent data showing that the differential activation of AKT isoforms is mediated by complex interplays between PTEN, PI3K isoforms and upstream tyrosine kinases, and that the efficacy of PI3K/AKT inhibitors will likely depend on the successful targeting of specific AKT isoforms and their preferred pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus E Degan
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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10
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Arous C, Mizgier ML, Rickenbach K, Pinget M, Bouzakri K, Wehrle-Haller B. Integrin and autocrine IGF2 pathways control fasting insulin secretion in β-cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16510-16528. [PMID: 32934005 PMCID: PMC7864053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of fasting insulin release and insufficient glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) are hallmarks of diabetes. Studies have established cross-talk between integrin signaling and insulin activity, but more details of how integrin-dependent signaling impacts the pathophysiology of diabetes are needed. Here, we dissected integrin-dependent signaling pathways involved in the regulation of insulin secretion in β-cells and studied their link to the still debated autocrine regulation of insulin secretion by insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 2-AKT signaling. We observed for the first time a cooperation between different AKT isoforms and focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent adhesion signaling, which either controlled GSIS or prevented insulin secretion under fasting conditions. Indeed, β-cells form integrin-containing adhesions, which provide anchorage to the pancreatic extracellular matrix and are the origin of intracellular signaling via FAK and paxillin. Under low-glucose conditions, β-cells adopt a starved adhesion phenotype consisting of actin stress fibers and large peripheral focal adhesion. In contrast, glucose stimulation induces cell spreading, actin remodeling, and point-like adhesions that contain phospho-FAK and phosphopaxillin, located in small protrusions. Rat primary β-cells and mouse insulinomas showed an adhesion remodeling during GSIS resulting from autocrine insulin/IGF2 and AKT1 signaling. However, under starving conditions, the maintenance of stress fibers and the large adhesion phenotype required autocrine IGF2-IGF1 receptor signaling mediated by AKT2 and elevated FAK-kinase activity and ROCK-RhoA levels but low levels of paxillin phosphorylation. This starved adhesion phenotype prevented excessive insulin granule release to maintain low insulin secretion during fasting. Thus, deregulation of the IGF2 and adhesion-mediated signaling may explain dysfunctions observed in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arous
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Luisa Mizgier
- UMR DIATHEC, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, UMR DIATHEC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Katharina Rickenbach
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Pinget
- UMR DIATHEC, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, UMR DIATHEC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Bouzakri
- UMR DIATHEC, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, UMR DIATHEC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Caccamo D, Currò M, Ientile R, Verderio EAM, Scala A, Mazzaglia A, Pennisi R, Musarra-Pizzo M, Zagami R, Neri G, Rosmini C, Potara M, Focsan M, Astilean S, Piperno A, Sciortino MT. Intracellular Fate and Impact on Gene Expression of Doxorubicin/Cyclodextrin-Graphene Nanomaterials at Sub-Toxic Concentration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144891. [PMID: 32664456 PMCID: PMC7402311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The graphene road in nanomedicine still seems very long and winding because the current knowledge about graphene/cell interactions and the safety issues are not yet sufficiently clarified. Specifically, the impact of graphene exposure on gene expression is a largely unexplored concern. Herein, we investigated the intracellular fate of graphene (G) decorated with cyclodextrins (CD) and loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and the modulation of genes involved in cancer-associated canonical pathways. Intracellular fate of GCD@DOX, tracked by FLIM, Raman mapping and fluorescence microscopy, evidenced the efficient cellular uptake of GCD@DOX and the presence of DOX in the nucleus, without graphene carrier. The NanoString nCounter™ platform provided evidence for 34 (out of 700) differentially expressed cancer-related genes in HEp-2 cells treated with GCD@DOX (25 µg/mL) compared with untreated cells. Cells treated with GCD alone (25 µg/mL) showed modification for 16 genes. Overall, 14 common genes were differentially expressed in both GCD and GCD@DOX treated cells and 4 of these genes with an opposite trend. The modification of cancer related genes also at sub-cytotoxic G concentration should be taken in consideration for the rational design of safe and effective G-based drug/gene delivery systems. The reliable advantages provided by NanoString® technology, such as sensibility and the direct RNA measurements, could be the cornerstone in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Caccamo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Polyclinic Hospital University, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.C.); (M.C.); (R.I.)
| | - Monica Currò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Polyclinic Hospital University, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.C.); (M.C.); (R.I.)
| | - Riccardo Ientile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Polyclinic Hospital University, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.C.); (M.C.); (R.I.)
| | - Elisabetta AM Verderio
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Angela Scala
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (R.P.); (M.M.P.); (G.N.); (C.R.)
| | - Antonino Mazzaglia
- CNR-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (R.P.); (M.M.P.); (G.N.); (C.R.)
- Department of Innate Immunology, Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, 140 Jinye Ave, Building A10, Life Science Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen 518119, China
| | - Maria Musarra-Pizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (R.P.); (M.M.P.); (G.N.); (C.R.)
| | - Roberto Zagami
- CNR-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (R.Z.)
| | - Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (R.P.); (M.M.P.); (G.N.); (C.R.)
| | - Consolato Rosmini
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (R.P.); (M.M.P.); (G.N.); (C.R.)
| | - Monica Potara
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian Str. 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.P.); (M.F.); (S.A.)
| | - Monica Focsan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian Str. 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.P.); (M.F.); (S.A.)
| | - Simion Astilean
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian Str. 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.P.); (M.F.); (S.A.)
- Department of Biomolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, M Kogalniceanu Str. 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anna Piperno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (R.P.); (M.M.P.); (G.N.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.T.S.); Tel.: +39-090-6765173 (A.P.); +39-090-6765217 (M.T.S.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (R.P.); (M.M.P.); (G.N.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.T.S.); Tel.: +39-090-6765173 (A.P.); +39-090-6765217 (M.T.S.)
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12
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Hinz N, Jücker M. Distinct functions of AKT isoforms in breast cancer: a comprehensive review. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:154. [PMID: 31752925 PMCID: PMC6873690 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKT, also known as protein kinase B, is a key element of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Moreover, AKT regulates the hallmarks of cancer, e.g. tumor growth, survival and invasiveness of tumor cells. After AKT was discovered in the early 1990s, further studies revealed that there are three different AKT isoforms, namely AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3. Despite their high similarity of 80%, the distinct AKT isoforms exert non-redundant, partly even opposing effects under physiological and pathological conditions. Breast cancer as the most common cancer entity in women, frequently shows alterations of the PI3K/AKT signaling. MAIN CONTENT A plethora of studies addressed the impact of AKT isoforms on tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of breast cancer as well as on therapy response and overall survival in patients. Therefore, this review aimed to give a comprehensive overview about the isoform-specific effects of AKT in breast cancer and to summarize known downstream and upstream mechanisms. Taking account of conflicting findings among the studies, the majority of the studies reported a tumor initiating role of AKT1, whereas AKT2 is mainly responsible for tumor progression and metastasis. In detail, AKT1 increases cell proliferation through cell cycle proteins like p21, p27 and cyclin D1 and impairs apoptosis e.g. via p53. On the downside AKT1 decreases migration of breast cancer cells, for instance by regulating TSC2, palladin and EMT-proteins. However, AKT2 promotes migration and invasion most notably through regulation of β-integrins, EMT-proteins and F-actin. Whilst AKT3 is associated with a negative ER-status, findings about the role of AKT3 in regulation of the key properties of breast cancer are sparse. Accordingly, AKT1 is mutated and AKT2 is amplified in some cases of breast cancer and AKT isoforms are associated with overall survival and therapy response in an isoform-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS Although there are several discussed hypotheses how isoform specificity is achieved, the mechanisms behind the isoform-specific effects remain mostly unrevealed. As a consequence, further effort is necessary to achieve deeper insights into an isoform-specific AKT signaling in breast cancer and the mechanism behind it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Hinz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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13
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Shariati M, Meric-Bernstam F. Targeting AKT for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:977-988. [PMID: 31594388 PMCID: PMC6901085 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1676726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Targeted therapies in cancer aim to inhibit specific molecular targets responsible for enhanced tumor growth. AKT/PKB (protein kinase B) is a serine threonine kinase involved in several critical cellular pathways, including survival, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Although phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) is the key regulator of AKT activation, numerous stimuli and kinases initiate pro-proliferative AKT signaling which results in the activation of AKT pathway to drive cellular growth and survival. Activating mutations and amplification of components of the AKT pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis of many cancers including breast and ovarian. Given its importance, AKT, it has been validated as a promising therapeutic target.Areas covered: This article summarizes AKT's biological function and different classes of AKT inhibitors as anticancer agents. We also explore the efficacy of AKT inhibitors as monotherapies and in combination with cytotoxic and other targeted therapies.Expert opinion: The complex mechanism following AKT inhibition requires the addition of other therapies to prevent resistance and improve clinical response. Further studies are necessary to determine additional rational combinations that can enhance efficacy of AKT inhibitors, potentially by targeting compensatory mechanisms, and/or enhancing apoptosis. The identification of biomarkers of response is essential for the development of successful therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shariati
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Bjune K, Wierød L, Naderi S. Inhibitors of AKT kinase increase LDL receptor mRNA expression by two different mechanisms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218537. [PMID: 31216345 PMCID: PMC6583949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B (AKT) is a serine/threonine kinase that functions as an important downstream effector of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. We have recently shown that MK-2206 and triciribine, two highly selective AKT inhibitors increase the level of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mRNA which leads to increased amount of cell-surface LDLRs. However, whereas MK-2206 induces transcription of the LDLR gene, triciribine stabilizes LDLR mRNA, raising the possibility that the two inhibitors may actually affect other kinases than AKT. In this study, we aimed to ascertain the role of AKT in regulation of LDLR mRNA expression by examining the effect of five additional AKT inhibitors on LDLR mRNA levels. Here we show that in cultured HepG2 cells, AKT inhibitors ARQ-092, AKT inhibitor VIII, perifosine, AT7867 and CCT128930 increase LDLR mRNA levels by inducing the activity of LDLR promoter. CCT128930 also increased the stability of LDLR mRNA. To study the role of AKT isoforms on LDLR mRNA levels, we examined the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of AKT1 or AKT2 on LDLR promoter activity and LDLR mRNA stability. Whereas knockdown of either AKT1 or AKT2 led to upregulation of LDLR promoter activity, only knockdown of AKT2 had a stabilizing effect on LDLR mRNA. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence for involvement of AKT in regulation of LDLR mRNA expression, and point towards the AKT isoform specificity for upregulation of LDLR mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Bjune
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Lene Wierød
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Soheil Naderi
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Linton MF, Moslehi JJ, Babaev VR. Akt Signaling in Macrophage Polarization, Survival, and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112703. [PMID: 31159424 PMCID: PMC6600269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt pathway plays a crucial role in the survival, proliferation, and migration of macrophages, which may impact the development of atherosclerosis. Changes in Akt isoforms or modulation of the Akt activity levels in macrophages significantly affect their polarization phenotype and consequently atherosclerosis in mice. Moreover, the activity levels of Akt signaling determine the viability of monocytes/macrophages and their resistance to pro-apoptotic stimuli in atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, elimination of pro-apoptotic factors as well as factors that antagonize or suppress Akt signaling in macrophages increases cell viability, protecting them from apoptosis, and this markedly accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. In contrast, inhibition of Akt signaling by the ablation of Rictor in myeloid cells, which disrupts mTORC2 assembly, significantly decreases the viability and proliferation of blood monocytes and macrophages with the suppression of atherosclerosis. In addition, monocytes and macrophages exhibit a threshold effect for Akt protein levels in their ability to survive. Ablation of two Akt isoforms, preserving only a single Akt isoform in myeloid cells, markedly compromises monocyte and macrophage viability, inducing monocytopenia and diminishing early atherosclerosis. These recent advances in our understanding of Akt signaling in macrophages in atherosclerosis may have significant relevance in the burgeoning field of cardio-oncology, where PI3K/Akt inhibitors being tested in cancer patients can have significant cardiovascular and metabolic ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
| | - Javid J Moslehi
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
| | - Vladimir R Babaev
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
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16
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Conway JRW, Herrmann D, Evans TRJ, Morton JP, Timpson P. Combating pancreatic cancer with PI3K pathway inhibitors in the era of personalised medicine. Gut 2019; 68:742-758. [PMID: 30396902 PMCID: PMC6580874 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most deadly solid tumours. This is due to a generally late-stage diagnosis of a primarily treatment-refractory disease. Several large-scale sequencing and mass spectrometry approaches have identified key drivers of this disease and in doing so highlighted the vast heterogeneity of lower frequency mutations that make clinical trials of targeted agents in unselected patients increasingly futile. There is a clear need for improved biomarkers to guide effective targeted therapies, with biomarker-driven clinical trials for personalised medicine becoming increasingly common in several cancers. Interestingly, many of the aberrant signalling pathways in PDAC rely on downstream signal transduction through the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways, which has led to the development of several approaches to target these key regulators, primarily as combination therapies. The following review discusses the trend of PDAC therapy towards molecular subtyping for biomarker-driven personalised therapies, highlighting the key pathways under investigation and their relationship to the PI3K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- James RW Conway
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - TR Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Department, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Department, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Phosphorylation Regulates CAP1 (Cyclase-Associated Protein 1) Functions in the Motility and Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4925. [PMID: 30894654 PMCID: PMC6426867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis among major malignancies, largely due to its highly invasive property and difficulty in early detection. Mechanistic insights into cancerous transformation and especially metastatic progression are imperative for developing novel treatment strategies. The actin-regulating protein CAP1 is implicated in human cancers, while the role still remains elusive. In this study, we investigated roles for CAP1 and its phosphor-regulation in pancreatic cancer cells. No evidence supports remarkable up-regulation of CAP1 in the panel of cancer cell lines examined. However, knockdown of CAP1 in cancer cells led to enhanced stress fibers, reduced cell motility and invasion into Matrigel. Phosphorylation of CAP1 at the S308/S310 tandem regulatory site was elevated in cancer cells, consistent with hyper-activated GSK3 reported in pancreatic cancer. Inhibition of GSK3, a kinase for S310, reduced cell motility and invasion. Moreover, phosphor mutants had defects in alleviating actin stress fibers and rescuing the reduced invasiveness in the CAP1-knockdown PANC-1 cells. These results suggest a required role for transient phosphorylation for CAP1 function in controlling cancer cell invasiveness. Depletion of CAP1 also reduced FAK activity and cell adhesion, but did not cause significant alterations in ERK or cell proliferation. CAP1 likely regulates cancer cell invasiveness through effects on both actin filament turnover and cell adhesion. Finally, the growth factor PDGF induced CAP1 dephosphorylation, suggesting CAP1 may mediate extracellular signals to control cancer cell invasiveness. These findings may ultimately help develop strategies targeting CAP1 or its regulatory signals for controlling the invasive cycle of the disease.
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18
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Hemming ML, Lawlor MA, Andersen JL, Hagan T, Chipashvili O, Scott TG, Raut CP, Sicinska E, Armstrong SA, Demetri GD, Bradner JE, Ganz PA, Tomlinson G, Olopade OI, Couch FJ, Wang X, Lindor NM, Pankratz VS, Radice P, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Zaffaroni D, Barile M, Viel A, Allavena A, Dall'Olio V, Peterlongo P, Szabo CI, Zikan M, Claes K, Poppe B, Foretova L, Mai PL, Greene MH, Rennert G, Lejbkowicz F, Glendon G, Ozcelik H, Andrulis IL, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Sunde L, Cruger D, Birk Jensen U, Caligo M, Friedman E, Kaufman B, Laitman Y, Milgrom R, Dubrovsky M, Cohen S, Borg A, Jernström H, Lindblom A, Rantala J, Stenmark-Askmalm M, Melin B, Nathanson K, Domchek S, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Huzarski T, Osorio A, Lasa A, Durán M, Tejada MI, Godino J, Benitez J, Hamann U, Kriege M, Hoogerbrugge N, van der Luijt RB, van Asperen CJ, Devilee P, Meijers-Heijboer EJ, Blok MJ, Aalfs CM, Hogervorst F, Rookus M, Cook M, Oliver C, Frost D, Conroy D, Evans DG, Lalloo F, Pichert G, Davidson R, Cole T, Cook J, Paterson J, Hodgson S, Morrison PJ, Porteous ME, Walker L, Kennedy MJ, Dorkins H, Peock S, Godwin AK, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, de Pauw A, Mazoyer S, Bonadona V, Lasset C, Dreyfus H, Leroux D, Hardouin A, Berthet P, Faivre L, Loustalot C, Noguchi T, Sobol H, Rouleau E, Nogues C, Frénay M, Vénat-Bouvet L, Hopper JL, Daly MB, Terry MB, John EM, Buys SS, Yassin Y, Miron A, Goldgar D, Singer CF, Dressler AC, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Pfeiler G, Hansen TVO, Jønson L, Agnarsson BA, Kirchhoff T, Offit K, Devlin V, Dutra-Clarke A, Piedmonte M, Rodriguez GC, Wakeley K, Boggess JF, Basil J, Schwartz PE, Blank SV, Toland AE, Montagna M, Casella C, Imyanitov E, Tihomirova L, Blanco I, Lazaro C, Ramus SJ, Sucheston L, Karlan BY, Gross J, Schmutzler R, Wappenschmidt B, Engel C, Meindl A, Lochmann M, Arnold N, Heidemann S, Varon-Mateeva R, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Deissler H, Gadzicki D, Preisler-Adams S, Kast K, Schönbuchner I, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Aittomäki K, Nevanlinna H, Simard J, Spurdle AB, Holland H, Chen X, Platte R, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF. Enhancer Domains in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Regulate KIT Expression and Are Targetable by BET Bromodomain Inhibition. Cancer Res 2019. [PMID: 18483246 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by activating mutations in the related receptor tyrosine kinases KIT and PDGFRA. GIST relies on expression of these unamplified receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) genes through a large enhancer domain, resulting in high expression levels of the oncogene required for tumor growth. Although kinase inhibition is an effective therapy for many patients with GIST, disease progression from kinase-resistant mutations is common and no other effective classes of systemic therapy exist. In this study, we identify regulatory regions of the KIT enhancer essential for KIT gene expression and GIST cell viability. Given the dependence of GIST upon enhancer-driven expression of RTKs, we hypothesized that the enhancer domains could be therapeutically targeted by a BET bromodomain inhibitor (BBI). Treatment of GIST cells with BBIs led to cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cell death, with unique sensitivity in GIST cells arising from attenuation of the KIT enhancer domain and reduced KIT gene expression. BBI treatment in KIT-dependent GIST cells produced genome-wide changes in the H3K27ac enhancer landscape and gene expression program, which was also seen with direct KIT inhibition using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Combination treatment with BBI and TKI led to superior cytotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo, with BBI preventing tumor growth in TKI-resistant xenografts. Resistance to select BBI in GIST was attributable to drug efflux pumps. These results define a therapeutic vulnerability and clinical strategy for targeting oncogenic kinase dependency in GIST. SIGNIFICANCE: Expression and activity of mutant KIT is essential for driving the majority of GIST neoplasms, which can be therapeutically targeted using BET bromodomain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hemming
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A Lawlor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica L Andersen
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy Hagan
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Otari Chipashvili
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas G Scott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chandrajit P Raut
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ewa Sicinska
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George D Demetri
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wang J, Ran Q, Zeng HR, Wang L, Hu CJ, Huang QW. Cellular stress response mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis: a systematic review. Chin Med 2018; 13:27. [PMID: 29930696 PMCID: PMC5992750 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma coptidis has been used in China for thousands of years with the functions of heating dampness and purging fire detoxification. But the underlying molecular mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis are still far from being fully elucidated. Alkaloids, especially berberine, coptisine and palmatine, are responsible for multiple pharmacological effects of Rhizoma coptidis. In this review, we studied on the effects and molecular mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis on NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K–Akt/AMPK/ERS and oxidative stress pathways. Then we summarized the mechanisms of these alkaloid components of Rhizoma coptidis on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes and diabetic complications. Evidence presented in this review implicated that Rhizoma coptidis exerted beneficial effects on various diseases by regulation of NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K–Akt/AMPK/ERS and oxidative stress pathways, which support the clinical application of Rhizoma coptidis and offer references for future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Qian Ran
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Hai-Rong Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Chang-Jiang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Qin-Wan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137 China
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20
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Shen CY, Chen LH, Lin YF, Lai LC, Chuang EY, Tsai MH. Mitomycin C treatment induces resistance and enhanced migration via phosphorylated Akt in aggressive lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79995-80007. [PMID: 27833080 PMCID: PMC5346766 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1984, mitomycin C (MMC) has been applied in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MMC-based chemotherapeutic regimens are still under consideration owing to the efficacy and low cost as compared with other second-line regimens in patients with advanced NSCLC. Hence, it is important to investigate whether MMC induces potential negative effects in NSCLC. Here, we found that the malignant lung cancer cells, CL1-2 and CL1-5, were more resistant to MMC than were the parental CL1-0 cells and pre-malignant CL1-1 cells. CL1-2 and CL1-5 cells consistently showed lower sub-G1 fractions post MMC treatment. DNA repair-related proteins were not induced more in CL1-5 than in CL1-0 cells, but the levels of endogenous and MMC-induced phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) were higher in CL1-5 cells. Administering a p-Akt inhibitor reduced the MMC resistance, demonstrating that p-Akt is important in the MMC resistance of CL1-5 cells. Furthermore, we revealed that cell migration was enhanced by MMC but lowered by a p-Akt inhibitor in CL1-5 cells. This study suggests that in CL1-5 cells, the activity of p-Akt, rather than DNA repair mechanisms, may underlie the resistance to MMC and enhance the cells' migration abilities after MMC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ying Shen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Han Chen
- YongLin Biomedical Engineering Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Lin
- YongLin Biomedical Engineering Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eric Y Chuang
- YongLin Biomedical Engineering Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Hsun Tsai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Pinton G, Zonca S, Manente AG, Cavaletto M, Borroni E, Daga A, Jithesh PV, Fennell D, Nilsson S, Moro L. SIRT1 at the crossroads of AKT1 and ERβ in malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14366-79. [PMID: 26885609 PMCID: PMC4924721 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we show that malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients whose tumors express high levels of AKT1 exhibit a significantly worse prognosis, whereas no significant correlation with AKT3 expression is observed. We provide data that establish a phosphorylation independent role of AKT1 in affecting MPM cell shape and anchorage independent cell growth in vitro and highlight the AKT1 isoform-specific nature of these effects. We describe that AKT1 activity is inhibited by the loss of SIRT1-mediated deacetylation and identify, by mass spectrometry, 11 unique proteins that interact with acetylated AKT1. Our data demonstrate a role of the AKT1/SIRT1/FOXM1 axis in the expression of the tumor suppressor ERβ. We further demonstrate an inhibitory feedback loop by ERβ, activated by the selective agonist KB9520, on this axis both in vitro and in vivo. Our data broaden the current knowledge of ERβ and AKT isoform-specific functions that could be valuable in the design of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pinton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Zonca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Arcangela G Manente
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Cavaletto
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ester Borroni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonio Daga
- Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS San Martino-IST, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Puthen V Jithesh
- Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Sidra Medical and Research Center, 26999 Doha, Qatar
| | - Dean Fennell
- Department of Cancer Studies, Cancer Research UK Leicester Centre, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK
| | - Stefan Nilsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.,Karo Bio AB, Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Laura Moro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", 28100 Novara, Italy
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22
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Prohibitin-2 negatively regulates AKT2 expression to promote prostate cancer cell migration. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1147-1155. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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23
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Jin Y, Xie Y, Ostriker AC, Zhang X, Liu R, Lee MY, Leslie KL, Tang W, Du J, Lee SH, Wang Y, Sessa WC, Hwa J, Yu J, Martin KA. Opposing Actions of AKT (Protein Kinase B) Isoforms in Vascular Smooth Muscle Injury and Therapeutic Response. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2311-2321. [PMID: 29025710 PMCID: PMC5699966 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug-eluting stent delivery of mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) inhibitors is highly effective in preventing intimal hyperplasia after coronary revascularization, but adverse effects limit their use for systemic vascular disease. Understanding the mechanism of action may lead to new treatment strategies. We have shown that rapamycin promotes vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in an AKT2-dependent manner in vitro. Here, we investigate the roles of AKT (protein kinase B) isoforms in intimal hyperplasia. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that germ-line-specific or smooth muscle-specific deletion of Akt2 resulted in more severe intimal hyperplasia compared with control mice after arterial denudation injury. Conversely, smooth muscle-specific Akt1 knockout prevented intimal hyperplasia, whereas germ-line Akt1 deletion caused severe thrombosis. Notably, rapamycin prevented intimal hyperplasia in wild-type mice but had no therapeutic benefit in Akt2 knockouts. We identified opposing roles for AKT1 and AKT2 isoforms in smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and rapamycin response in vitro. Mechanistically, rapamycin induced MYOCD (myocardin) mRNA expression. This was mediated by AKT2 phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of FOXO4 (forkhead box O4), inhibiting its binding to the MYOCD promoter. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal opposing roles for AKT isoforms in smooth muscle cell remodeling. AKT2 is required for rapamycin's therapeutic inhibition of intimal hyperplasia, likely mediated in part through AKT2-specific regulation of MYOCD via FOXO4. Because AKT2 signaling is impaired in diabetes mellitus, this work has important implications for rapamycin therapy, particularly in diabetic patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/deficiency
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
- Vascular System Injuries/enzymology
- Vascular System Injuries/genetics
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
- Vascular System Injuries/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Yi Xie
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Allison C Ostriker
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Renjing Liu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Monica Y Lee
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Kristen L Leslie
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Waiho Tang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Du
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Seung Hee Lee
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Yingdi Wang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - William C Sessa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - John Hwa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.).
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24
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Liu Y, Zhang C, Zhao L, Du N, Hou N, Song T, Huang C. APPL1 promotes the migration of gastric cancer cells by regulating Akt2 phosphorylation. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1343-1351. [PMID: 28902365 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a multifunctional adaptor protein, APPL1 (adaptor protein containing pleckstrin homology domain, phosphotyrosine binding domain and a leucine zipper motif 1) is overexpressed in many cancers, and has been implicated in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The present study investigated the expression of APPL1 in gastric carcinoma and the function in regulating cell migration. We investigated the expression of APPL1 in gastric carcinoma based upon The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The expression of APPL1 in collected gastric carcinoma tissues and cultured cells was measured by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Transwell assay and wound healing assay were used to analyze the effects of APPL1 on tumor cell migration. The statistical results based upon TCGA database showed significantly higher expression of APPL1 in gastric carcinoma compared to adjacent normal tissues, and we confirmed these findings by measuring APPL1 expression in collected gastric carcinoma tissues and cultured cells. The results of transwell assay and wound healing assay showed that when APPL1 was silenced by siRNA, cell migration was inhibited and overexpression of APPL1 promoted migration. Western blot results demonstrated that changes in several mesenchymal markers were consistent with the observed reduction or enhancement of cell migration. Importantly, the expression of APPL1 significantly affected the phosphorylation of Akt2. In addition, MMP2 and MMP9, downstream effectors of Akt2 changed accordingly, which is a critical requirement for Akt2-mediated cell migration. The results demonstrate an important new function of APPL1 in regulating cell migration through a mechanism that depends on Akt2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ning Du
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ni Hou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tusheng Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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25
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Rao G, Pierobon M, Kim IK, Hsu WH, Deng J, Moon YW, Petricoin EF, Zhang YW, Wang Y, Giaccone G. Inhibition of AKT1 signaling promotes invasion and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer cells with K-RAS or EGFR mutations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7066. [PMID: 28765579 PMCID: PMC5539338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a role of the PI3K-AKT pathway in the regulation of cell motility, invasion and metastasis. AKT activation is known to promote metastasis, however under certain circumstances, it also shows an inhibitory activity on metastatic processes, and the cause of such conflicting results is largely unclear. Here we found that AKT1 is an important regulator of metastasis and down-regulation of its activity is associated with increased metastatic potential of A549 cells. Inhibition of AKT1 enhanced migration and invasion in KRAS- or EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. The allosteric AKT inhibitor MK-2206 promoted metastasis of KRAS-mutated A549 cells in vivo. We next identified that the phosphorylation of Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) and LAMC2 protein level were increased with AKT1 inhibition, and MARCKS or LAMC2 knockdown abrogated migration and invasion induced by AKT1 inhibition. This study unravels an anti-metastatic role of AKT1 in the NSCLC cells with KRAS or EGFR mutations, and establishes an AKT1-MARCKS-LAMC2 feedback loop in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Rao
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - In-Kyu Kim
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wei-Hsun Hsu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jianghong Deng
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Yong-Wha Moon
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Zhang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yisong Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Gene polymorphisms in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway contribute to prostate cancer susceptibility in Chinese men. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61305-61317. [PMID: 28977864 PMCID: PMC5617424 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this hospital-based case-control study of 413 prostate cancer (PCa) cases and 807 cancer-free controls, we investigated the role of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of pivotal genes in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. We genotyped 17 SNPs in mTOR, Raptor, AKT1, AKT2, PTEN, and K-ras and found that 4 were associated with PCa susceptibility. Among the variants, the homozygote variant CC genotype of mTOR rs17036508 C>T were associated with higher PCa risk than the wild TT genotypes (adjusted OR = 3.73 (95% CI = 1.75-7.94), P = 0.001). The GT genotype of mTOR rs2295080 G>T was more protective than the TT genotypes (adjusted OR=0.54 (95% CI=0.32-0.91), P=0.020). The distributions of Raptor rs1468033 A>G genotypes differed between cases and controls, especially in subgroups defined by age, BMI, smoking status, and ethnicity. The CT/CC genotypes of AKT2 rs7250897 C>T were associated with an increased risk of PCa, particularly in subgroups of age >71 and BMI >24 kg/m2. These findings suggest that SNPs in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway may contribute to the risk of PCa in Chinese men.
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Linton MF, Babaev VR, Huang J, Linton EF, Tao H, Yancey PG. Macrophage Apoptosis and Efferocytosis in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Circ J 2016; 80:2259-2268. [PMID: 27725526 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage apoptosis and the ability of macrophages to clean up dead cells, a process called efferocytosis, are crucial determinants of atherosclerosis lesion progression and plaque stability. Environmental stressors initiate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). Unresolved ER stress with activation of the UPR initiates apoptosis. Macrophages are resistant to apoptotic stimuli, because of activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Macrophages express 3 Akt isoforms, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, which are products of distinct but homologous genes. Akt displays isoform-specific effects on atherogenesis, which vary with different vascular cell types. Loss of macrophage Akt2 promotes the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and reduces atherosclerosis. However, Akt isoforms are redundant with regard to apoptosis. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is a pro-apoptotic effector of the UPR, and the JNK1 isoform opposes anti-apoptotic Akt signaling. Loss of JNK1 in hematopoietic cells protects macrophages from apoptosis and accelerates early atherosclerosis. IκB kinase α (IKKα, a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family) plays an important role in mTORC2-mediated Akt signaling in macrophages, and IKKα deficiency reduces macrophage survival and suppresses early atherosclerosis. Efferocytosis involves the interaction of receptors, bridging molecules, and apoptotic cell ligands. Scavenger receptor class B type I is a critical mediator of macrophage efferocytosis via the Src/PI3K/Rac1 pathway in atherosclerosis. Agonists that resolve inflammation offer promising therapeutic potential to promote efferocytosis and prevent atherosclerotic clinical events. (Circ J 2016; 80: 2259-2268).
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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Li CW, Lim SO, Xia W, Lee HH, Chan LC, Kuo CW, Khoo KH, Chang SS, Cha JH, Kim T, Hsu JL, Wu Y, Hsu JM, Yamaguchi H, Ding Q, Wang Y, Yao J, Lee CC, Wu HJ, Sahin AA, Allison JP, Yu D, Hortobagyi GN, Hung MC. Glycosylation and stabilization of programmed death ligand-1 suppresses T-cell activity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12632. [PMID: 27572267 PMCID: PMC5013604 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular interaction between programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) leads to tumour-associated immune escape. Here we show that the immunosuppression activity of PD-L1 is stringently modulated by ubiquitination and N-glycosylation. We show that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) interacts with PD-L1 and induces phosphorylation-dependent proteasome degradation of PD-L1 by β-TrCP. In-depth analysis of PD-L1 N192, N200 and N219 glycosylation suggests that glycosylation antagonizes GSK3β binding. In this regard, only non-glycosylated PD-L1 forms a complex with GSK3β and β-TrCP. We also demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) stabilizes PD-L1 via GSK3β inactivation in basal-like breast cancer. Inhibition of EGF signalling by gefitinib destabilizes PD-L1, enhances antitumour T-cell immunity and therapeutic efficacy of PD-1 blockade in syngeneic mouse models. Together, our results link ubiquitination and glycosylation pathways to the stringent regulation of PD-L1, which could lead to potential therapeutic strategies to enhance cancer immune therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Seung-Oe Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Weiya Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Li-Chuan Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Chu-Wei Kuo
- Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shin Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jong-Ho Cha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Taewan Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jung-Mao Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Ju Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Aysegul A. Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - James P. Allison
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Gabriel N. Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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29
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Chami B, Steel AJ, De La Monte SM, Sutherland GT. The rise and fall of insulin signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:497-515. [PMID: 26883429 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of both diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Alarmingly, diabetes is also a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The AD brain is characterised by the accumulation of peptides called Aβ as plaques in the neuropil and hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles within neurons. How diabetes confers risk is unknown but a simple linear relationship has been proposed whereby the hyperinsulinemia associated with type 2 diabetes leads to decreased insulin signaling in the brain, with downregulation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway and its inhibition of the major tau kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3β. The earliest studies of post mortem AD brain tissue largely confirmed this cascade of events but subsequent studies have generally found either an upregulation of AKT activity, or that the relationship between insulin signaling and AD is independent of glycogen synthase kinase 3β altogether. Given the lack of success of beta-amyloid-reducing therapies in clinical trials, there is intense interest in finding alternative or adjunctive therapeutic targets for AD. Insulin signaling is a neuroprotective pathway and represents an attractive therapeutic option. However, this incredibly complex signaling pathway is not fully understood in the human brain and particularly in the context of AD. Here, we review the ups and downs of the research efforts aimed at understanding how diabetes modifies AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chami
- Redox Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW,, 2006, Australia
| | - A J Steel
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - S M De La Monte
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Goto A, Dobashi Y, Tsubochi H, Maeda D, Ooi A. MicroRNAs associated with increased AKT gene number in human lung carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2016; 56:1-10. [PMID: 27189341 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) expression profiles were examined in 3 groups of lung carcinomas that had been stratified by increases in AKT1 or AKT2 gene number. Microarray analysis using 2000 probes revealed 87 miRNAs that were up-regulated and 32 down-regulated miRNAs in carcinomas harboring amplification or high-level polysomy of the AKT1 (AKT1+), as well as 123 up-regulated and 83 down-regulated miRNAs in those of the AKT2 genes (AKT2+), in comparison with carcinomas harboring disomy of both (AKTd/d). In total, 182 miRNAs were up-regulated in AKT1+ or AKT2+, compared with AKTd/d. Among these, 28 miRNAs were up-regulated in both the AKT1+ and AKT2+ groups, with a log2 ratio between 1.02 and 3.71 relative to AKTd/d group, including all miR-200 family members. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that carcinomas exhibiting lymph vessel invasion had significantly lower expression of miR-200a (P=.0230) and miR-200b (P=.0168), regardless of the status of the AKT genes. Moreover, a detailed statistical analysis revealed that, in adenocarcinoma and in the early stage of carcinomas (pathologic stage I/II), expression of miR-200a was higher in the AKT2+ group compared with the AKT1+ group, and these differences were statistically significant (P=.0334 and P=.0239, respectively). However, the expression of miR-200a was not significantly correlated with the expression of its target, the zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1; P=.3801) or E-cadherin (P=.2840), a marker of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These results suggest that AKT2 can regulate miR-200a in a histology- or stage-specific manner and that this regulation is independent of subsequent involvement of miR-200a in epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiteru Goto
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoh Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan.
| | - Hiroyoshi Tsubochi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Daichi Maeda
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Akishi Ooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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Nox4 and Duox1/2 Mediate Redox Activation of Mesenchymal Cell Migration by PDGF. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154157. [PMID: 27110716 PMCID: PMC4844135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) orchestrates wound healing and tissue regeneration by regulating recruitment of the precursor mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and fibroblasts. PDGF stimulates generation of hydrogen peroxide that is required for cell migration, but the sources and intracellular targets of H2O2 remain obscure. Here we demonstrate sustained live responses of H2O2 to PDGF and identify PKB/Akt, but not Erk1/2, as the target for redox regulation in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts and MSC. Apocynin, cell-permeable catalase and LY294002 inhibited PDGF-induced migration and mitotic activity of these cells indicating involvement of PI3-kinase pathway and H2O2. Real-time PCR revealed Nox4 and Duox1/2 as the potential sources of H2O2. Silencing of Duox1/2 in fibroblasts or Nox4 in MSC reduced PDGF-stimulated intracellular H2O2, PKB/Akt phosphorylation and migration, but had no such effect on Erk1/2. In contrast to PDGF, EGF failed to increase cytoplasmic H2O2, phosphorylation of PKB/Akt and migration of fibroblasts and MSC, confirming the critical impact of redox signaling. We conclude that PDGF-induced migration of mesenchymal cells requires Nox4 and Duox1/2 enzymes, which mediate redox-sensitive activation of PI3-kinase pathway and PKB/Akt.
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32
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A Switch in Akt Isoforms Is Required for Notch-Induced Snail1 Expression and Protection from Cell Death. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:923-40. [PMID: 26711268 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01074-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch activation in aortic endothelial cells (ECs) takes place at embryonic stages during cardiac valve formation and induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Using aortic ECs, we show here that active Notch expression promotes EndMT, resulting in downregulation of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and upregulation of mesenchymal genes such as those for fibronectin and Snail1/2. In these cells, transforming growth factor β1 exacerbates Notch effects by increasing Snail1 and fibronectin activation. When Notch-downstream pathways were analyzed, we detected an increase in glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation and inactivation that facilitates Snail1 nuclear retention and protein stabilization. However, the total activity of Akt was downregulated. The discrepancy between Akt activity and GSK-3β phosphorylation is explained by a Notch-induced switch in the Akt isoforms, whereby Akt1, the predominant isoform expressed in ECs, is decreased and Akt2 transcription is upregulated. Mechanistically, Akt2 induction requires the stimulation of the β-catenin/TCF4 transcriptional complex, which activates the Akt2 promoter. Active, phosphorylated Akt2 translocates to the nucleus in Notch-expressing cells, resulting in GSK-3β inactivation in this compartment. Akt2, but not Akt1, colocalizes in the nucleus with lamin B in the nuclear envelope. In addition to promoting GSK-3β inactivation, Notch downregulates Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), another Akt2 nuclear substrate. Moreover, Notch protects ECs from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through an Akt2- and Snail1-dependent mechanism.
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33
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Phosphatidylinositol (3,4) bisphosphate-specific phosphatases and effector proteins: A distinct branch of PI3K signaling. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1789-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Aberrant activation of fundamental cellular processes, such as proliferation, migration and survival, underlies the development of numerous human pathophysiologies, including cancer. One of the most frequently hyperactivated pathways in cancer is the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling cascade. Three isoforms of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3) function to regulate cell survival, growth, proliferation and metabolism. Strikingly, non-redundant and even opposing functions of Akt isoforms in the regulation of phenotypes associated with malignancy in humans have been described. However, the mechanisms by which Akt isoform-specificity is conferred are largely unknown. In the present review, we highlight recent findings that have contributed to our understanding of the complexity of Akt isoform-specific signalling and discussed potential mechanisms by which this isoform-specificity is conferred. An understanding of the mechanisms of Akt isoform-specificity has important implications for the development of isoform-specific Akt inhibitors and will be critical to finding novel targets to treat disease.
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35
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Fortier AM, Asselin E, Cadrin M. Functional specificity of Akt isoforms in cancer progression. Biomol Concepts 2015; 2:1-11. [PMID: 25962016 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt/PKB kinases are central mediators of cell homeostasis. There are three highly homologous Akt isoforms, Akt1/PKBα, Akt2/PKBβ and Akt3/PKBγ. Hyperactivation of Akt signaling is a key node in the progression of a variety of human cancer, by modulating tumor growth, chemoresistance and cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. It is now clear that, to understand the mechanisms on how Akt affects specific cancer cells, it is necessary to consider the relative importance of each of the three Akt isoforms in the altered cells. Akt1 is involved in tumor growth, cancer cell invasion and chemoresistance and is the predominant altered isoform found in various carcinomas. Akt2 is related to cancer cell invasion, metastasis and survival more than tumor induction. Most of the Akt2 alterations are observed in breast, ovarian, pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas. As Akt3 expression is limited to some tissues, its implication in tumor growth and resistance to drugs mostly occurs in melanomas, gliomas and some breast carcinomas. To explain how Akt isoforms can play different or even opposed roles, three mechanisms have been proposed: tissue-specificity expression/activation of Akt isoforms, distinct effect on same substrate as well as specific localization through the cyto-skeleton network. It is becoming clear that to develop an effective anticancer Akt inhibitor drug, it is necessary to target the specific Akt isoform which promotes the progression of the specific tumor.
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36
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Xie Y, Jin Y, Merenick BL, Ding M, Fetalvero KM, Wagner RJ, Mai A, Gleim S, Tucker DF, Birnbaum MJ, Ballif BA, Luciano AK, Sessa WC, Rzucidlo EM, Powell RJ, Hou L, Zhao H, Hwa J, Yu J, Martin KA. Phosphorylation of GATA-6 is required for vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation after mTORC1 inhibition. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra44. [PMID: 25969542 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo transcriptionally regulated reversible differentiation in growing and injured blood vessels. This dedifferentiation also contributes to VSMC hyperplasia after vascular injury, including that caused by angioplasty and stenting. Stents provide mechanical support and can contain and release rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Rapamycin suppresses VSMC hyperplasia and promotes VSMC differentiation. We report that rapamycin-induced differentiation of VSMCs required the transcription factor GATA-6. Inhibition of mTORC1 stabilized GATA-6 and promoted the nuclear accumulation of GATA-6, its binding to DNA, its transactivation of promoters encoding contractile proteins, and its inhibition of proliferation. These effects were mediated by phosphorylation of GATA-6 at Ser(290), potentially by Akt2, a kinase that is activated in VSMCs when mTORC1 is inhibited. Rapamycin induced phosphorylation of GATA-6 in wild-type mice, but not in Akt2(-/-) mice. Intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury was greater in Akt2(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice, and the exacerbated response in Akt2(-/-) mice was rescued to a greater extent by local overexpression of the wild-type or phosphomimetic (S290D) mutant GATA-6 than by that of the phosphorylation-deficient (S290A) mutant. Our data indicated that GATA-6 and Akt2 are involved in the mTORC1-mediated regulation of VSMC proliferation and differentiation. Identifying the downstream transcriptional targets of mTORC1 may provide cell type-specific drug targets to combat cardiovascular diseases associated with excessive proliferation of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yu Jin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Bethany L Merenick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Min Ding
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Kristina M Fetalvero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Robert J Wagner
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Alice Mai
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Scott Gleim
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - David F Tucker
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Amelia K Luciano
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - William C Sessa
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Eva M Rzucidlo
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Richard J Powell
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - John Hwa
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jun Yu
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Dobashi Y, Tsubochi H, Matsubara H, Inoue J, Inazawa J, Endo S, Ooi A. Diverse involvement of isoforms and gene aberrations of Akt in human lung carcinomas. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:772-781. [PMID: 25855050 PMCID: PMC4471790 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence confirms a central role of Akt in cancer. To evaluate the relative contribution of deregulated Akt and their clinicopathological significance in lung carcinomas, overexpression, activation of Akt and AKT gene increases were investigated. Immunohistochemical staining for 108 cases revealed overexpression of total Akt, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 in 61.1, 47.2, 40.7 and 23.1%, respectively, and phosphorylated Akt in 42.6% of cases. Expression of total Akt, Akt2 and Akt3 were frequently observed in small cell carcinoma, but phosphorylated Akt and Akt1 were more frequently observed in squamous cell carcinoma. FISH analysis to evaluate gene increases of AKT1-3 revealed amplification of AKT1 in 4.2% and AKT1 increase by polysomy of chromosome 14 in 27.3% of cases. For AKT2, amplification was observed in 3.2% and polysomy of chromosome 19 in 26.3% of cases. AKT3 increase was observed in 40.0% of cases only by polysomy of chromosome 1. Although “FISH-positive” AKT1 and AKT2 gene increases (amplification/high-level polysomy) were found exclusively in the cases overexpressing total Akt, Akt1 or Akt2, respectively, AKT3 increase was irrelevant of Akt3 expression. Statistically, expressions of Akt2, p-Akt and cytoplasmic-p-Akt were correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0479, P = 0.0371 and P = 0.0310, respectively). Although AKT1 and AKT2 gene increase showed positive correlation with, or trend towards a positive correlation with tumor size (P = 0.0430, P = 0.0590, respectively), AKT3 did not. In conclusion, Akt isoforms are differentially involved in the pathological phenotype of lung carcinoma in a diverse manner. Because abnormality of Akt1/AKT1 and Akt2/AKT2 correlated with clinicopathological profiles, Akt1/2-specific targeting may open a novel therapeutic window for the group showing Akt deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Tsubochi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirochika Matsubara
- Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Endo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akishi Ooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
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Thien A, Prentzell MT, Holzwarth B, Kläsener K, Kuper I, Boehlke C, Sonntag AG, Ruf S, Maerz L, Nitschke R, Grellscheid SN, Reth M, Walz G, Baumeister R, Neumann-Haefelin E, Thedieck K. TSC1 activates TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling in growth arrest and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Dev Cell 2015; 32:617-30. [PMID: 25727005 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tuberous sclerosis proteins TSC1 and TSC2 are key integrators of growth factor signaling. They suppress cell growth and proliferation by acting in a heteromeric complex to inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). In this study, we identify TSC1 as a component of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-Smad2/3 pathway. Here, TSC1 functions independently of TSC2. TSC1 interacts with the TGF-β receptor complex and Smad2/3 and is required for their association with one another. TSC1 regulates TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and target gene expression and controls TGF-β-induced growth arrest and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Hyperactive Akt specifically activates TSC1-dependent cytostatic Smad signaling to induce growth arrest. Thus, TSC1 couples Akt activity to TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling. This has implications for cancer treatments targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinases and Akt because they may impair tumor-suppressive cytostatic TGF-β signaling by inhibiting Akt- and TSC1-dependent Smad activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Thien
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirja Tamara Prentzell
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Birgit Holzwarth
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- Molecular Immunology (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ineke Kuper
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Annika G Sonntag
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ruf
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Research Training Group (RTG) 1104, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Maerz
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Nitschke
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Reth
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Molecular Immunology (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Research Training Group (RTG) 1104, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; ZBMZ Centre for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (Faculty of Medicine), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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The roles of akt isoforms in the regulation of podosome formation in fibroblasts and extracellular matrix invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:96-111. [PMID: 25575302 PMCID: PMC4381253 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells employ actin-based membrane protrusions called podosomes and invadopodia for cross-tissue migration during normal human development such as embryogenesis and angiogenesis, and in diseases such as atherosclerosis plaque formation and cancer cell metastasis. The Akt isoforms, downstream effectors of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), play crucial roles in cell migration and invasion, but their involvement in podosome formation and cell invasion is not known. In this study, we have used Akt1 and/or Akt2 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts and Akt3-targeted shRNA to determine the roles of the three Akt isoforms in Src and phorbol ester-induced podosome formation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) digestion. We found that deletion or knockdown of Akt1 significantly reduces Src-induced formation of podosomes and rosettes, and ECM digestion, while suppression of Akt2 has little effect. In contrast, Akt3 knockdown by shRNA increases Src-induced podosome/rosette formation and ECM invasion. These data suggest that Akt1 promotes, while Akt3 suppresses, podosome formation induced by Src, and Akt2 appears to play an insignificant role. Interestingly, both Akt1 and Akt3 suppress, while Akt2 enhances, phorbol ester-induced podosome formation. These data show that Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 play different roles in podosome formation and ECM invasion induced by Src or phorbol ester, thus underscoring the importance of cell context in the roles of Akt isoforms in cell invasion.
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Rotllan N, Chamorro-Jorganes A, Araldi E, Wanschel AC, Aryal B, Aranda JF, Goedeke L, Salerno AG, Ramírez CM, Sessa WC, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. Hematopoietic Akt2 deficiency attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2014; 29:597-610. [PMID: 25392271 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-262097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of death and disability in diabetic and obese subjects with insulin resistance. Akt2, a phosphoinositide-dependent serine-threonine protein kinase, is highly express in insulin-responsive tissues; however, its role during the progression of atherosclerosis remains unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate the contribution of Akt2 during the progression of atherosclerosis. We found that germ-line Akt2-deficient mice develop similar atherosclerotic plaques as wild-type mice despite higher plasma lipids and glucose levels. It is noteworthy that transplantation of bone marrow cells isolated from Akt2(-/-) mice to Ldlr(-/-) mice results in marked reduction of the progression of atherosclerosis compared with Ldlr(-/-) mice transplanted with wild-type bone marrow cells. In vitro studies indicate that Akt2 is required for macrophage migration in response to proatherogenic cytokines (monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor). Moreover, Akt2(-/-) macrophages accumulate less cholesterol and have an alternative activated or M2-type phenotype when stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines. Together, these results provide evidence that macrophage Akt2 regulates migration, the inflammatory response and cholesterol metabolism and suggest that targeting Akt2 in macrophages might be beneficial for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Rotllan
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aránzazu Chamorro-Jorganes
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elisa Araldi
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amarylis C Wanschel
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Binod Aryal
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Juan F Aranda
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alessandro G Salerno
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cristina M Ramírez
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - William C Sessa
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- *Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Departments of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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41
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Bancroft T, Bouaouina M, Roberts S, Lee M, Calderwood DA, Schwartz M, Simons M, Sessa WC, Kyriakides TR. Up-regulation of thrombospondin-2 in Akt1-null mice contributes to compromised tissue repair due to abnormalities in fibroblast function. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:409-22. [PMID: 25389299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is essential for tissue repair and is regulated by multiple factors, including thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) and hypoxia/VEGF-induced activation of Akt. In contrast to TSP2 knock-out (KO) mice, Akt1 KO mice have elevated TSP2 expression and delayed tissue repair. To investigate the contribution of increased TSP2 to Akt1 KO mice phenotypes, we generated Akt1/TSP2 double KO (DKO) mice. Full-thickness excisional wounds in DKO mice healed at an accelerated rate when compared with Akt1 KO mice. Isolated dermal Akt1 KO fibroblasts expressed increased TSP2 and displayed altered morphology and defects in migration and adhesion. These defects were rescued in DKO fibroblasts or after TSP2 knockdown. Conversely, the addition of exogenous TSP2 to WT cells induced cell morphology and migration rates that were similar to those of Akt1 KO cells. Akt1 KO fibroblasts displayed reduced adhesion to fibronectin with manganese stimulation when compared with WT and DKO cells, revealing an Akt1-dependent role for TSP2 in regulating integrin-mediated adhesions; however, this effect was not due to changes in β1 integrin surface expression or activation. Consistent with these results, Akt1 KO fibroblasts displayed reduced Rac1 activation that was dependent upon expression of TSP2 and could be rescued by a constitutively active Rac mutant. Our observations show that repression of TSP2 expression is a critical aspect of Akt1 function in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Bancroft
- From the Departments of Pathology, the Program of Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | | | - Sophia Roberts
- the Program of Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Monica Lee
- the Program of Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Pharmacology
| | - David A Calderwood
- the Program of Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Cell Biology, Pharmacology
| | - Martin Schwartz
- the Program of Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Cardiology, and
| | - Michael Simons
- the Program of Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Cardiology, and
| | - William C Sessa
- the Program of Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Pharmacology
| | - Themis R Kyriakides
- From the Departments of Pathology, the Program of Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Biomedical Engineering and
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42
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Zhou GL, Zhang H, Wu H, Ghai P, Field J. Phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein CAP1 controls its association with cofilin and actin. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5052-65. [PMID: 25315833 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.156059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling can control the dynamic balance between filamentous and monomeric actin by modulating actin regulatory proteins. One family of actin regulating proteins that controls actin dynamics comprises cyclase-associated proteins 1 and 2 (CAP1 and 2, respectively). However, cell signals that regulate CAPs remained unknown. We mapped phosphorylation sites on mouse CAP1 and found S307 and S309 to be regulatory sites. We further identified glycogen synthase kinase 3 as a kinase phosphorylating S309. The phosphomimetic mutant S307D/S309D lost binding to its partner cofilin and, when expressed in cells, caused accumulation of actin stress fibers similar to that in cells with reduced CAP expression. In contrast, the non-phosphorylatable S307A/S309A mutant showed drastically increased cofilin binding and reduced binding to actin. These results suggest that the phosphorylation serves to facilitate release of cofilin for a subsequent cycle of actin filament severing. Moreover, our results suggest that S307 and S309 function in tandem; neither the alterations in binding cofilin and/or actin, nor the defects in rescuing the phenotype of the enlarged cell size in CAP1 knockdown cells was observed in point mutants of either S307 or S309. In summary, we identify a novel regulatory mechanism of CAP1 through phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lei Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA Molecular Biosciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA Molecular Biosciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA
| | - Huhehasi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA
| | - Pooja Ghai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA Molecular Biosciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA
| | - Jeffrey Field
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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43
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Babaev VR, Hebron KE, Wiese CB, Toth CL, Ding L, Zhang Y, May JM, Fazio S, Vickers KC, Linton MF. Macrophage deficiency of Akt2 reduces atherosclerosis in Ldlr null mice. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2296-308. [PMID: 25240046 PMCID: PMC4617132 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play crucial roles in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Akt, a serine/threonine protein kinase B, is vital for cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Macrophages express three Akt isoforms, Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3, but the roles of Akt1 and Akt2 in atherosclerosis in vivo remain unclear. To dissect the impact of macrophage Akt1 and Akt2 on early atherosclerosis, we generated mice with hematopoietic deficiency of Akt1 or Akt2. After 8 weeks on Western diet, Ldlr−/− mice reconstituted with Akt1−/− fetal liver cells (Akt1−/−→Ldlr−/−) had similar atherosclerotic lesion areas compared with control mice transplanted with WT cells (WT→Ldlr−/−). In contrast, Akt2−/−→Ldlr−/− mice had dramatically reduced atherosclerotic lesions compared with WT→Ldlr−/− mice of both genders. Similarly, in the setting of advanced atherosclerotic lesions, Akt2−/−→Ldlr−/− mice had smaller aortic lesions compared with WT→Ldlr−/− and Akt1−/−→Ldlr−/− mice. Importantly, Akt2−/−→Ldlr−/− mice had reduced numbers of proinflammatory blood monocytes expressing Ly-6Chi and chemokine C-C motif receptor 2. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from Akt2−/− mice were skewed toward an M2 phenotype and showed decreased expression of proinflammatory genes and reduced cell migration. Our data demonstrate that loss of Akt2 suppresses the ability of macrophages to undergo M1 polarization reducing both early and advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir R Babaev
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Katie E Hebron
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Carrie B Wiese
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Cynthia L Toth
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lei Ding
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Youmin Zhang
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - James M May
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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44
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Al-Jarallah A, Chen X, González L, Trigatti BL. High density lipoprotein stimulated migration of macrophages depends on the scavenger receptor class B, type I, PDZK1 and Akt1 and is blocked by sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor antagonists. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106487. [PMID: 25188469 PMCID: PMC4154704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HDL carries biologically active lipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and stimulates a variety of cell signaling pathways in diverse cell types, which may contribute to its ability to protect against atherosclerosis. HDL and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists, FTY720 and SEW2871 triggered macrophage migration. HDL-, but not FTY720-stimulated migration was inhibited by an antibody against the HDL receptor, SR-BI, and an inhibitor of SR-BI mediated lipid transfer. HDL and FTY720-stimulated migration was also inhibited in macrophages lacking either SR-BI or PDZK1, an adaptor protein that binds to SR-BI's C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. Migration in response to HDL and S1P receptor agonists was inhibited by treatment of macrophages with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor type 1 (S1PR1) antagonists and by pertussis toxin. S1PR1 activates signaling pathways including PI3K-Akt, PKC, p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and Rho kinases. Using selective inhibitors or macrophages from gene targeted mice, we demonstrated the involvement of each of these pathways in HDL-dependent macrophage migration. These data suggest that HDL stimulates the migration of macrophages in a manner that requires the activities of the HDL receptor SR-BI as well as S1PR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishah Al-Jarallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leticia González
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardo L. Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Girardi C, James P, Zanin S, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M. Differential phosphorylation of Akt1 and Akt2 by protein kinase CK2 may account for isoform specific functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1865-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Signaling specificity in the Akt pathway in biology and disease. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 55:28-38. [PMID: 24794538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Akt/PKB is a key master regulator of a wide range of physiological functions including metabolism, proliferation, survival, growth, angiogenesis and migration and invasion. The Akt protein kinase family comprises three highly related isoforms encoded by different genes. The initial observation that the Akt isoforms share upstream activators as well as several downstream effectors, together with the high sequence homology suggested that their functions were mostly redundant. By contrast, an increasing body of evidence has recently uncovered the concept of Akt isoform signaling specificity, supported by distinct phenotypes displayed by animal strains genetically modified for each of the three genes, as well as by the identification of isoform-specific substrates and association with discrete subcellular locations. Given that Akt is regarded as a promising therapeutic target in a number of pathologies, it is essential to dissect the relative contributions of each isoform, as well as the degree of compensation in pathophysiological function. Here we summarize our view of how Akt selectivity is achieved in the context of subcellular localization, isoform-specific substrate phosphorylation and context-dependent functions in normal and pathophysiological settings.
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Dobashi Y, Sato E, Oda Y, Inazawa J, Ooi A. Significance of Akt activation and AKT gene increases in soft tissue tumors. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:127-36. [PMID: 24321521 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the aberrations of AKT genes, their protein products and clinicopathologic significance in bone and soft tissue tumors, expression profiles of total Akt, its isoforms and activated Akt, and increases in copy number of AKT1/AKT2 genes were examined. Immunohistochemical analysis in 77 cases revealed overexpression of total Akt, Akt1, Akt2, and phosphorylated Akt in 84.4%, 67.5%, 72.7%, and 71.4%, respectively. Positive results were also observed in benign lesions but at a lower frequency. Overexpression of Akt1 was more frequent than that of Akt2 in well-differentiated liposarcoma (6/7 versus 3/7 cases) and schwannoma (4/4 versus 1/4 cases), whereas Akt2 overexpression and Akt activation were more frequent than Akt1 overexpression in malignant nerve sheath (3/4 and 4/4, respectively, versus 2/4 cases) and muscular tumors (8/9 and 8/9 versus 4/9 cases). By fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, increase of gene copy number was observed in 13.3% for AKT1 and in 25.0% for AKT2 due to polysomy of chromosome 14 or 19, respectively, but not gene amplification. One case of schwannoma exhibited polysomy of both chromosomes 14 and 19. Akt activation was correlated with total Akt cytoplasmic localization (P = .0031) and subsequent metastasis (P = .0454). Moreover, AKT2 gene increase correlated with tumor size (P = .0352) and metastasis (P = .0344). In conclusion, in a defined subset of bone and soft tissue tumors, including benign tumors, Akt was frequently overexpressed and activated, and AKT1/2 copy number was increased. Because abnormality of Akt/AKT correlated with clinicopathologic profiles, novel therapies targeting isoform-specific Akts may be useful for these particular types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
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Canaud G, Bienaimé F, Viau A, Treins C, Baron W, Nguyen C, Burtin M, Berissi S, Giannakakis K, Muda AO, Zschiedrich S, Huber TB, Friedlander G, Legendre C, Pontoglio M, Pende M, Terzi F. AKT2 is essential to maintain podocyte viability and function during chronic kidney disease. Nat Med 2013; 19:1288-96. [PMID: 24056770 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), loss of functional nephrons results in metabolic and mechanical stress in the remaining ones, resulting in further nephron loss. Here we show that Akt2 activation has an essential role in podocyte protection after nephron reduction. Glomerulosclerosis and albuminuria were substantially worsened in Akt2(-/-) but not in Akt1(-/-) mice as compared to wild-type mice. Specific deletion of Akt2 or its regulator Rictor in podocytes revealed that Akt2 has an intrinsic function in podocytes. Mechanistically, Akt2 triggers a compensatory program that involves mouse double minute 2 homolog (Mdm2), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (Gsk3) and Rac1. The defective activation of this pathway after nephron reduction leads to apoptosis and foot process effacement of the podocytes. We further show that AKT2 activation by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) is also required for podocyte survival in human CKD. More notably, we elucidate the events underlying the adverse renal effect of sirolimus and provide a criterion for the rational use of this drug. Thus, our results disclose a new function of Akt2 and identify a potential therapeutic target for preserving glomerular function in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Canaud
- 1] Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U845, Centre de Recherche 'Croissance et Signalisation', Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. [2] Service de Néphrologie Transplantation Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. [3]
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Cariaga-Martinez AE, López-Ruiz P, Nombela-Blanco MP, Motiño O, González-Corpas A, Rodriguez-Ubreva J, Lobo MV, Cortés MA, Colás B. Distinct and specific roles of AKT1 and AKT2 in androgen-sensitive and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1586-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zeng L, Bai M, Mittal AK, El-Jouni W, Zhou J, Cohen DM, Zhou MI, Cohen HT. Candidate tumor suppressor and pVHL partner Jade-1 binds and inhibits AKT in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5371-80. [PMID: 23824745 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor pVHL is lost in the majority of clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is also common in RCC, with PTEN loss occurring in approximately 30% of the cases, but other mechanisms responsible for activating AKT at a wider level in this setting are undefined. Plant homeodomain protein Jade-1 (PHF17) is a candidate renal tumor suppressor stabilized by pVHL. Here, using kinase arrays, we identified phospho-AKT1 as an important target of Jade-1. Overexpressing or silencing Jade-1 in RCC cells increased or decreased levels of endogenous phospho-AKT/AKT1. Furthermore, reintroducing pVHL into RCC cells increased endogenous Jade-1 and suppressed endogenous levels of phospho-AKT, which colocalized with and bound to Jade-1. The N-terminus of Jade-1 bound both the catalytic domain and the C-terminal regulatory tail of AKT, suggesting a mechanism through which Jade-1 inhibited AKT kinase activity. Intriguingly, RCC precursor cells where Jade-1 was silenced exhibited an increased capacity for AKT-dependent anchorage-independent growth, in support of a tumor suppressor function for Jade-1 in RCC. In support of this concept, an in silico expression analysis suggested that reduced Jade-1 expression is a poor prognostic factor in clear-cell RCC that is associated with activation of an AKT1 target gene signature. Taken together, our results identify 2 mechanisms for Jade-1 fine control of AKT/AKT1 in RCC, through loss of pVHL, which decreases Jade-1 protein, or through attenuation in Jade-1 expression. These findings help explain the pathologic cooperativity in clear-cell RCC between PTEN inactivation and pVHL loss, which leads to decreased Jade-1 levels that superactivate AKT. In addition, they prompt further investigation of Jade-1 as a candidate biomarker and tumor suppressor in clear-cell RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Zeng
- Renal and Hematology/Oncology Sections, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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