1
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Mariño Pérez L, Ielasi FS, Lee A, Delaforge E, Juyoux P, Tengo M, Davis RJ, Palencia A, Jensen MR. Structural basis of homodimerization of the JNK scaffold protein JIP2 and its heterodimerization with JIP1. Structure 2024:S0969-2126(24)00228-4. [PMID: 39013462 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The scaffold proteins JIP1 and JIP2 intervene in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway to mediate signaling specificity by coordinating the simultaneous assembly of multiple kinases. Using NMR, we demonstrate that JIP1 and JIP2 heterodimerize via their SH3 domains with the affinity of heterodimerization being comparable to homodimerization. We present the high-resolution crystal structure of the JIP2-SH3 homodimer and the JIP1-JIP2-SH3 heterodimeric complex. The JIP2-SH3 structure reveals how charge differences in residues at its dimer interface lead to formation of compensatory hydrogen bonds and salt bridges, distinguishing it from JIP1-SH3. In the JIP1-JIP2-SH3 complex, structural features of each homodimer are employed to stabilize the heterodimer. Building on these insights, we identify key residues crucial for stabilizing the dimer of both JIP1 and JIP2. Through targeted mutations in cellulo, we demonstrate a functional role for the dimerization of the JIP1 and JIP2 scaffold proteins in activation of the JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mariño Pérez
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France; Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Francesco S Ielasi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Structural Biology of Novel Targets in Human Diseases, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandra Lee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - Pauline Juyoux
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Maud Tengo
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Andrés Palencia
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Structural Biology of Novel Targets in Human Diseases, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
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2
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Patel R, Cardona CL, Angeles E, Singh G, Ashok A, Teich AF, Sproul AA. Reduced SH3RF3 may protect against Alzheimer's disease by lowering microglial pro-inflammatory responses via modulation of JNK and NFkB signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.23.600281. [PMID: 38979369 PMCID: PMC11230201 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.23.600281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how high-risk individuals are protected from Alzheimer's disease (AD) may illuminate potential therapeutic targets. A previously identified non-coding SNP in SH3RF3/POSH2 significantly delayed disease onset in a Caribbean Hispanic cohort carrying the PSEN1 G206A mutation sufficient to cause early-onset AD and microglial expression of SH3RF3 has been reported to be a key driver of late-onset AD. SH3RF3 acts as a JNK pathway scaffold and can activate NFκB signaling. While effects of SH3RF3 knockdown in human neurons were subtle, including decreased phospho-tau S422, knockdown in human microglia significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines in response to either a viral mimic or oligomeric Aβ42. This was associated with reduced activation of JNK and NFκB pathways in response to these stimuli. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK or NFκB signaling phenocopied SH3RF3 knockdown. We also found PSEN1 G206A microglia have reduced inflammatory responses to oAβ42. Thus, further reduction of microglial inflammatory responses in PSEN1 mutant carriers by protective SNPs in SH3RF3 might reduce the link between amyloid and neuroinflammation to subsequently delay the onset of AD.
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3
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Zhang H, Ben Zablah Y, Zhang H, Liu A, Gugustea R, Lee D, Luo X, Meng Y, Li S, Zhou C, Xin T, Jia Z. Inhibition of Rac1 in ventral hippocampal excitatory neurons improves social recognition memory and synaptic plasticity. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:914491. [PMID: 35936771 PMCID: PMC9354987 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.914491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is critically involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, neuronal structure, synaptic plasticity, and memory. Rac1 overactivation is reported in human patients and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and contributes to their spatial memory deficits, but whether Rac1 dysregulation is also important in other forms of memory deficits is unknown. In addition, the cell types and synaptic mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we used local injections of AAV virus containing a dominant-negative (DN) Rac1 under the control of CaMKIIα promoter and found that the reduction of Rac1 hyperactivity in ventral hippocampal excitatory neurons improves social recognition memory in APP/PS1 mice. Expression of DN Rac1 also improves long-term potentiation, a key synaptic mechanism for memory formation. Our results suggest that overactivation of Rac1 in hippocampal excitatory neurons contributes to social memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice and that manipulating Rac1 activity may provide a potential therapeutic strategy to treat social deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, China
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Youssif Ben Zablah
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haorui Zhang
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - An Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Radu Gugustea
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dongju Lee
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiao Luo
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanghong Meng
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Caoxian People’s Hospital, Caoxian, China
| | - Changxi Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Changxi Zhou,
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, China
- Tao Xin,
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Zhengping Jia,
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4
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Yao M, Meng M, Yang X, Wang S, Zhang H, Zhang F, Shi L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Xu Z. POSH regulates assembly of the NMDAR/PSD-95/Shank complex and synaptic function. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110642. [PMID: 35385725 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation or disruption of the Shank/ProSAP family of genes is a high risk factor for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and intellectual disability. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction contributes to the development of autism-like behaviors. However, the molecular mechanism of Shank-mediated NMDAR modulation is still not clear. Here, we show that the scaffold protein plenty of SH3s (POSH) directly interacts with two other scaffold proteins, PSD95 and SHANK2/3, at excitatory synapses. In POSH conditional knockout (cKO) mice, normal synaptic clustering of NMDAR/PSD-95/SHANK complex is disrupted, accompanied by abnormal dendritic spine development and glutamatergic transmission in hippocampal neurons. POSH cKO mice display profound autism-like behaviors, including impairments in social interactions, social communication, repetitive behaviors, and deficits in learning and memory. Thus, POSH clusters at the postsynaptic density (PSD) with PSD-95 and SHANK2/3 and plays important roles in the signaling mechanisms of the NMDAR/PSD-95/POSH/SHANK complex as well as in spine development and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Meizhen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100101, China.
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5
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Wen Q, Weng H, Liu T, Yu L, Zhao T, Qin J, Li S, Wu Q, Fadel T, Qu Y, Zhou L. Inactivating Celsr2 promotes motor axon fasciculation and regeneration in mouse and human. Brain 2022; 145:670-683. [PMID: 34983065 PMCID: PMC9014747 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding new modulators of axon regeneration is central to neural repair. Our previous work demonstrated critical roles of atypical cadherin Celsr2 during neural development, including cilia organization, neuron migration and axon navigation. Here, we address its role in axon regeneration. We show that Celsr2 is highly expressed in both mouse and human spinal motor neurons. Celsr2 knockout promotes axon regeneration and fasciculation in mouse cultured spinal explants. Similarly, cultured Celsr2 mutant motor neurons extend longer neurites and larger growth cones, with increased expression of end-binding protein 3 and higher potassium-induced calcium influx. Mice with Celsr2 conditional knockout in spinal motor neurons do not exhibit any behavioural deficits; however, after branchial plexus injury, axon regeneration and functional forelimb locomotor recovery are significantly improved. Similarly, knockdown of CELSR2 using shRNA interference in cultured human spinal motor explants and motor neurons increases axonal fasciculation and growth. In mouse adult spinal cord after root avulsion, in mouse embryonic spinal cords, and in cultured human motor neurons, Celsr2 downregulation is accompanied by increased levels of GTP-bound Rac1 and Cdc42, and of JNK and c-Jun. In conclusion, Celsr2 negatively regulates motor axon regeneration and is a potential target to improve neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wen
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Huandi Weng
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Lingtai Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Tainyun Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Si Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Qingfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Tissir Fadel
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium.,College of Life and Health Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Yibo Qu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain- Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,The first affiliated hospital of Jian University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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6
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Sang Y, Tsuji K, Fukushima K, Takahashi K, Kitamura S, Wada J. Semaporin3A-inhibitor ameliorates renal fibrosis through the regulation of JNK signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F740-F756. [PMID: 34747196 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00234.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the common pathological pathway in progressive renal diseases. In the study, we analyzed the roles of Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) on renal fibrosis and the effect of SEMA3A-inhibitor (SEMA3A-I) using unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model. The expression of SEMA3A in the proximal tubulus and neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a recepor of SEMA3A, in fibloblast and tubular cells were increased in the UUO kidneys. The increased expression of myofibroblast marker tenascin-C and fibronection as well as renal fibrosis were increased in UUO kidneys, all of which were ameliorated by SEMA3A-I. In addition, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway known as the target of SEMA3A signaling, was activated in proximal tubular cells and fibroblast cells after UUO surgery while SEMA3A-I significantly attenuated the activation. In vitro, treatments with SEMA3A as well as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in human proximal tubular cells lost epithelial cell characters while SEMA3A-I significantly ameliorated this transformation. JNK inhibitor, SP600125, partially reversed SEMA3A and TGF-β1-induced cell transformation, indicating that JNK signaling is involved in SEMA3A-induced renal fibrosis. In addition, the treatment with SEMA3A in fibroblast cells activated the expression of tenascin-C, collagen type I and fibronection, indicating that SEMA3A may accelerate renal fibrosis through the activation of fibroblast cells. The analysis of human data revealed the positive correlation between urinary SEMA3A and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, indicating the association between SEMA3A and tubular injury. In conclusion, SEMA3A signaling is involved in renal fibrosis through JNK signaling pathway and SEMA3A-I might be the therapeutic option for protecting from renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Sang
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsuji
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kensaku Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitamura
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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7
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Hammouda MB, Ford AE, Liu Y, Zhang JY. The JNK Signaling Pathway in Inflammatory Skin Disorders and Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E857. [PMID: 32252279 PMCID: PMC7226813 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), with its members JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, is a subfamily of (MAPK) mitogen-activated protein kinases. JNK signaling regulates a wide range of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, and inflammation. Dysregulation of JNK pathway is associated with a wide range of immune disorders and cancer. Our objective is to provide a review of JNK proteins and their upstream regulators and downstream effector molecules in common skin disorders, including psoriasis, dermal fibrosis, scleroderma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel B. Hammouda
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.B.H.); (A.E.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Amy E. Ford
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.B.H.); (A.E.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.B.H.); (A.E.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jennifer Y. Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.B.H.); (A.E.F.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Ma X, Lu JY, Moraru A, Teleman AA, Fang J, Qiu Y, Liu P, Xu T. A novel regulator of ER Ca 2+ drives Hippo-mediated tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2019; 39:1378-1387. [PMID: 31649333 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a versatile second messenger that regulates various cellular and physiological functions. However, the in vivo molecular mechanisms by which Ca2+ alterations contribute to tumor growth remain poorly explored. Here we show that Emei is a novel ER Ca2+ regulator that synergizes with RasV12 to induce tumor growth via JNK-mediated Hippo signaling. Emei disruption reduces ER Ca2+ level and subsequently leads to JNK activation and Hippo inactivation. Importantly, genetically increasing cytosolic Ca2+ concentration cooperates with RasV12 to drive tumor growth via inactivating the Hippo pathway. Finally, we identify POSH as a crucial link that bridges cytosolic Ca2+ alteration with JNK activation and Hippo-mediated tumor growth. Together, our findings provide a novel mechanism of tumor growth that acts through intracellular Ca2+ levels to modulate JNK-mediated Hippo signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjue Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jin-Yu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Aurelio A Teleman
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jinan Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Park JG, Aziz N, Cho JY. MKK7, the essential regulator of JNK signaling involved in cancer cell survival: a newly emerging anticancer therapeutic target. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919875574. [PMID: 31579105 PMCID: PMC6759727 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919875574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) plays an important role in regulating cell fate, such as proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, and apoptosis. Its activity is induced through the interaction of MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3Ks), MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks), and various scaffolding proteins. Because of the importance of the JNK cascade to intracellular bioactivity, many studies have been conducted to reveal its precise intracellular functions and mechanisms, but its regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we discuss the molecular characterization, activation process, and physiological functions of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), the MAP2K that most specifically controls the activity of JNK. Understanding the role of MKK7/JNK signaling in physiological conditions could spark new hypotheses for targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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10
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Farley MM, Watkins TA. Intrinsic Neuronal Stress Response Pathways in Injury and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 13:93-116. [PMID: 29414247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
From injury to disease to aging, neurons, like all cells, may face various insults that can impact their function and survival. Although the consequences are substantially dictated by the type, context, and severity of insult, distressed neurons are far from passive. Activation of cellular stress responses aids in the preservation or restoration of nervous system function. However, stress responses themselves can further advance neuropathology and contribute significantly to neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Here we explore the recent advances in defining the cellular stress responses within neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal injury, and we emphasize axonal injury as a well-characterized model of neuronal insult. We highlight key findings and unanswered questions about neuronal stress response pathways, from the initial detection of cellular insults through the underlying mechanisms of the responses to their ultimate impact on the fates of distressed neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Farley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Trent A Watkins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
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11
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Xu D, Yao M, Wang Y, Yuan L, Hoeck JD, Yu J, Liu L, Yeap YYC, Zhang W, Zhang F, Feng Y, Ma T, Wang Y, Ng DCH, Niu X, Su B, Behrens A, Xu Z. MEKK3 coordinates with FBW7 to regulate WDR62 stability and neurogenesis. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006613. [PMID: 30566428 PMCID: PMC6347294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of WD repeat domain 62 (WDR62) lead to autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), and down-regulation of WDR62 expression causes the loss of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). However, how WDR62 is regulated and hence controls neurogenesis and brain size remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) forms a complex with WDR62 to promote c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling synergistically in the control of neurogenesis. The deletion of Mekk3, Wdr62, or Jnk1 resulted in phenocopied defects, including premature NPC differentiation. We further showed that WDR62 protein is positively regulated by MEKK3 and JNK1 in the developing brain and that the defects of wdr62 deficiency can be rescued by the transgenic expression of JNK1. Meanwhile, WDR62 is also negatively regulated by T1053 phosphorylation, leading to the recruitment of F-box and WD repeat domain-containing protein 7 (FBW7) and proteasomal degradation. Our findings demonstrate that the coordinated reciprocal and bidirectional regulation among MEKK3, FBW7, WDR62, and JNK1, is required for fine-tuned JNK signaling for the control of balanced NPC self-renewal and differentiation during cortical development. Microcephaly is a neural developmental disorder characterized by significantly reduced brain size and variable intellectual disability. WD repeat domain 62 (WDR62) was identified as the second most common gene for autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) in human. Here, we studied the underlying regulatory mechanism of WDR62 and the impact on generation of new neurons. We show that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (Mekk3), Wdr62, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (Jnk1) knockout (KO) mice have defects in the generation and maturation of neurons. We demonstrate that WDR62 stability is positively regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), MEKK3, but negatively regulated by the E3 ligase, F-box and WD repeat domain-containing protein 7 (FBW7). These positive and negative factors calibrate the strength of the activity of the JNK signaling pathway, which controls self-renewal and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during brain development. This finding improves our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MCPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minghui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Jingwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yvonne Y. C. Yeap
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Weiya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghang Feng
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dominic C. H. Ng
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Axel Behrens
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ZX); (AB)
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Parkinson’s Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZX); (AB)
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12
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Roessler R, Goldmann J, Shivalila C, Jaenisch R. JIP2 haploinsufficiency contributes to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors and cortical neurons. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800094. [PMID: 30456368 PMCID: PMC6238622 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and cellular profiling of patient-specific neural cell types provides suggestions for the involvement of JIP2 in the neurodevelopmental disorder Phelan–McDermid syndrome. Phelan–McDermid syndrome (also known as 22q13.3 deletion syndrome) is a syndromic form of autism spectrum disorder and currently thought to be caused by heterozygous loss of SHANK3. However, patients most frequently present with large chromosomal deletions affecting several additional genes. We used human pluripotent stem cell technology and genome editing to further dissect molecular and cellular mechanisms. We found that loss of JIP2 (MAPK8IP2) may contribute to a distinct neurodevelopmental phenotype in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) affecting neuronal maturation. This is most likely due to a simultaneous down-regulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) proteins, leading to impaired generation of mature neurons. Furthermore, semaphorin signaling appears to be impaired in patient NPCs and neurons. Pharmacological activation of neuropilin receptor 1 (NRP1) rescued impaired semaphorin pathway activity and JNK expression in patient neurons. Our results suggest a novel disease-specific mechanism involving the JIP/JNK complex and identify NRP1 as a potential new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Guo XX, An S, Yang Y, Liu Y, Hao Q, Tang T, Xu TR. Emerging role of the Jun N-terminal kinase interactome in human health. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:756-768. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Su An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Ying Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Qian Hao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Tao Tang
- Faculty of Medicine; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming Yunnan 650500 China
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14
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POSH regulates Hippo signaling through ubiquitin-mediated expanded degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2150-2155. [PMID: 29440430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715165115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a master regulator of organ growth, tissue homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. The activity of the Hippo pathway is controlled by various upstream components, including Expanded (Ex), but the precise molecular mechanism of how Ex is regulated remains poorly understood. Here we identify Plenty of SH3s (POSH), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a key component of Hippo signaling in DrosophilaPOSH overexpression synergizes with loss of Kibra to induce overgrowth and up-regulation of Hippo pathway target genes. Furthermore, knockdown of POSH impedes dextran sulfate sodium-induced Yorkie-dependent intestinal stem cell renewal, suggesting a physiological role of POSH in modulating Hippo signaling. Mechanistically, POSH binds to the C-terminal of Ex and is essential for the Crumbs-induced ubiquitination and degradation of Ex. Our findings establish POSH as a crucial regulator that integrates the signal from the cell surface to negatively regulate Ex-mediated Hippo activation in Drosophila.
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15
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Cunningham CA, Cardwell LN, Guan Y, Teixeiro E, Daniels MA. POSH Regulates CD4+ T Cell Differentiation and Survival. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:4003-13. [PMID: 27084103 PMCID: PMC4868786 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The scaffold molecule POSH is crucial for the regulation of proliferation and effector function in CD8(+) T cells. However, its role in CD4(+) T cells is not known. In this study, we found that disruption of the POSH scaffold complex established a transcriptional profile that strongly skewed differentiation toward Th2, led to decreased survival, and had no effect on cell cycle entry. This is in stark contrast to CD8(+) T cells in which POSH regulates cell cycle and does not affect survival. Disruption of POSH in CD4(+) T cells resulted in the loss of Tak1-dependent activation of JNK1/2 and Tak1-mediated survival. However, in CD8(+) T cells, POSH regulates only JNK1. Remarkably, each type of T cell had a unique composition of the POSH scaffold complex and distinct posttranslational modifications of POSH. These data indicate that the mechanism that regulates POSH function in CD4(+) T cells is different from CD8(+) T cells. All together, these data strongly suggest that POSH is essential for the integration of cell-type-specific signals that regulate the differentiation, survival, and function of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Cunningham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Leah N Cardwell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Mark A Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
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16
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Zhang F, Yu J, Yang T, Xu D, Chi Z, Xia Y, Xu Z. A Novel c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) Signaling Complex Involved in Neuronal Migration during Brain Development. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11466-75. [PMID: 27026702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.716811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of neuronal migration may cause various neurological disorders. Both the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and microcephaly-associated protein WDR62 are important for neuronal migration during brain development; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. We show here that knock-out or knockdown of Tak1 (TGFβ-activated kinase 1) and Jnk2 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2) perturbs neuronal migration during cortical development and that the migration defects incurred by knock-out and/or knockdown of Tβr2 (type II TGF-β receptor) or Tak1 can be partially rescued by expression of TAK1 and JNK2, respectively. Furthermore, TAK1 forms a protein complex with RAC1 and two scaffold proteins of the JNK pathway, the microcephaly-associated protein WDR62 and the RAC1-interacting protein POSH (plenty of Src homology). Components of the complex coordinate with each other in the regulation of TAK1 as well as JNK activities. We suggest that unique JNK protein complexes are involved in the diversified biological and pathological functions during brain development and pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, and
| | - Jingwen Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Tao Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Dan Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Zhixia Chi
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Yanheng Xia
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, and
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, the Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, the Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100101, China
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17
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West RJH, Lu Y, Marie B, Gao FB, Sweeney ST. Rab8, POSH, and TAK1 regulate synaptic growth in a Drosophila model of frontotemporal dementia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:931-47. [PMID: 25800055 PMCID: PMC4384727 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201404066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in genes essential for protein homeostasis have been identified in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Why mature neurons should be particularly sensitive to such perturbations is unclear. We identified mutations in Rab8 in a genetic screen for enhancement of an FTD phenotype associated with ESCRT-III dysfunction. Examination of Rab8 mutants or motor neurons expressing a mutant ESCRT-III subunit, CHMP2B(Intron5), at the Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction synapse revealed synaptic overgrowth and endosomal dysfunction. Expression of Rab8 rescued overgrowth phenotypes generated by CHMP2B(Intron5). In Rab8 mutant synapses, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 and TGF-β signaling were overactivated and acted synergistically to potentiate synaptic growth. We identify novel roles for endosomal JNK-scaffold POSH (Plenty-of-SH3s) and a JNK kinase kinase, TAK1, in regulating growth activation in Rab8 mutants. Our data uncover Rab8, POSH, and TAK1 as regulators of synaptic growth responses and point to recycling endosome as a key compartment for synaptic growth regulation during neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J H West
- Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England, UK Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England, UK
| | - Yubing Lu
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Bruno Marie
- Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England, UK Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England, UK
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18
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Zhao YH, Lv X, Liu YL, Zhao Y, Li Q, Chen YJ, Zhang M. Hydrostatic pressure promotes the proliferation and osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: The roles of RhoA and Rac1. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:283-96. [PMID: 25794483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that hydrostatic pressure can serve as an active regulator for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The current work further investigates the roles of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) in hydrostatic pressure-related effects on BMSCs. Flow cytometry assays showed that the hydrostatic pressure promoted cell cycle initiation in a RhoA- and Rac1-dependent manner. Furthermore, fluorescence assays confirmed that RhoA played a positive and Rac1 displayed a negative role in the hydrostatic pressure-induced F-actin stress fiber assembly. Western blots suggested that RhoA and Rac1 play central roles in the pressure-inhibited ERK phosphorylation, and Rac1 but not RhoA was involved in the pressure-promoted JNK phosphorylation. Finally, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments showed that pressure promoted the expression of osteogenic marker genes in BMSCs at an early stage of osteogenic differentiation through the up-regulation of RhoA activity. Additionally, the PCR results showed that pressure enhanced the expression of chondrogenic marker genes in BMSCs during chondrogenic differentiation via the up-regulation of Rac1 activity. Collectively, our results suggested that RhoA and Rac1 are critical to the pressure-induced proliferation and differentiation, the stress fiber assembly, and MAPK activation in BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yong-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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19
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Xu D, Zhang F, Wang Y, Sun Y, Xu Z. Microcephaly-Associated Protein WDR62 Regulates Neurogenesis through JNK1 in the Developing Neocortex. Cell Rep 2014; 6:104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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20
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The Impact of JNK on Neuronal Migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 800:37-57. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Caspase-2 is essential for c-Jun transcriptional activation and Bim induction in neuron death. Biochem J 2013; 455:15-25. [PMID: 23815625 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptotic death generally requires de novo transcription, and activation of the transcription factor c-Jun has been shown to be necessary in multiple neuronal death paradigms. Caspase-2 has been implicated in death of neuronal and non-neuronal cells, but its relationship to transcriptional activation has not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, using two different neuronal apoptotic paradigms, β-amyloid treatment and NGF (nerve growth factor) withdrawal, we examined the hierarchical role of caspase-2 activation in the transcriptional control of neuron death. Both paradigms induce rapid activation of caspase-2 as well as activation of the transcription factor c-Jun and subsequent induction of the pro-apoptotic BH3 (Bcl-homology domain 3)-only protein Bim (Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death). Caspase-2 activation is dependent on the adaptor protein RAIDD {RIP (receptor-interacting protein)-associated ICH-1 [ICE (interleukin-1β-converting enzyme)/CED-3 (cell-death determining 3) homologue 1] protein with a death domain}, and both caspase-2 and RAIDD are required for c-Jun activation and Bim induction. The present study thus shows that rapid caspase-2 activation is essential for c-Jun activation and Bim induction in neurons subjected to apoptotic stimuli. This places caspase-2 at an apical position in the apoptotic cascade and demonstrates for the first time that caspase-2 can regulate transcription.
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22
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ULK1 and JNK are involved in mitophagy incurred by LRRK2 G2019S expression. Protein Cell 2013; 4:711-21. [PMID: 27023913 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LR RK2 (Leucine rich repeat kinase 2) are a major cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). We and others reported recently that expression of the pathogenic gainof-function mutant form of LRRK2, LRRK2 G2019S, induces mitochondrial fission in neurons through DLP1. Here we provide evidence that expression of LRRK2 G2019S stimulates mitochondria loss or mitophagy. We have characterized several LRRK2 interacting proteins and found that LRRK2 interacts with ULK1 which plays an essential role in autophagy. Knockdown of either ULK1 or DLP1 expression with shRNAs suppresses LRRK2 G2019S expression-induced mitochondrial clearance, suggesting that LRRK2 G2019S expression induces mitochondrial fission through DLP1 followed by mitophagy via an ULK1 dependent pathway. In addition to ULK1, we found that LRRK2 interacts with the endogenous MKK4/7, JIP3 and coordinates with them in the activation of JNK signaling. Interestingly, LRRK2 G2019S-induced loss of mitochondria can also be suppressed by 3 different JNK inhibitors, implying the involvement of the JNK pathway in the pathogenic mechanism of mutated LRRK2. Thus our findings may provide an insight into the complicated pathogenesis of PD as well as some clues to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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23
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Cunningham CA, Knudson KM, Peng BJ, Teixeiro E, Daniels MA. The POSH/JIP-1 scaffold network regulates TCR-mediated JNK1 signals and effector function in CD8+T cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3361-71. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cody A. Cunningham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology & Department of Surgery; Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - Karin M. Knudson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology & Department of Surgery; Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - Binghao J. Peng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology & Department of Surgery; Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology & Department of Surgery; Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - Mark A. Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology & Department of Surgery; Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
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24
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Cohen-Katsenelson K, Wasserman T, Darlyuk-Saadon I, Rabner A, Glaser F, Aronheim A. Identification and analysis of a novel dimerization domain shared by various members of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) scaffold proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7294-304. [PMID: 23341463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.422055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) form a kinase tier module in which MAPK, MAP2K, and MAP3K are held by scaffold proteins. The scaffold proteins serve as a protein platform for selective and spatial kinase activation. The precise mechanism by which the scaffold proteins function has not yet been fully explained. WDR62 is a novel scaffold protein of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Recessive mutations within WDR62 result in severe cerebral cortical malformations. One of the WDR62 mutant proteins found in a patient with microcephaly encodes a C-terminal truncated protein that fails to associate efficiently with JNK and MKK7β1. The present article shows that the WDR62 C-terminal region harbors a novel dimerization domain composed of a putative loop-helix domain that is necessary and sufficient for WDR62 dimerization and is critical for its scaffolding function. The loop-helix domain is highly conserved between orthologues and is also shared by the JNK scaffold protein, JNKBP1/MAPKBP1. Based on the high sequence conservation of the loop-helix domain, our article shows that MAPKBP1 homodimerizes and heterodimerizes with WDR62. Endogenous WDR62 and MAPKBP1 co-localize to stress granules following arsenite treatment, but not during mitosis. This study proposes another layer of complexity, in which coordinated activation of signaling pathways is mediated by the association between the different JNK scaffold proteins depending on their biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenya Cohen-Katsenelson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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25
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Role of JNK and p38 MAPK in Taiwanin A-induced cell death. Life Sci 2012; 91:1358-65. [PMID: 23123629 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The lignan compound Taiwanin A is cytotoxic for human cancer cells. Taiwanin A has been previously shown to damage microtubules, induce mitotic arrest and cause apoptosis in cancer cells. The goal of the current study is to identify intracellular signaling pathways that are involved in Taiwanin A-mediated apoptosis. MAIN METHODS We examined the activation of three mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), in HepG2 cells after Taiwanin A treatment. The role of MAPK activation in Taiwanin A-induced apoptosis was examined using Western blotting, caspase activity assays combined with specific MAPK inhibitors and shRNA treatment to knockdown JNK. KEY FINDINGS Taiwanin A activated all three MAPKs (ERK, p38 and JNK). Cytotoxicity was blocked by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 but not by the ERK inhibitor PD98059. A combined treatment of SB203580 and SP600125 showed increased effects on the inhibition of Taiwanin A cytotoxicity, suggesting that both JNK and p38 play a role in Taiwanin A-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of p38 activity reduced Taiwanin A-induced p53 phosphorylation on Ser15. Direct interaction of Taiwanin A-activated p38 and p53 was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. In addition, inhibition of JNK by SP600125 or silencing of the JNK scaffold protein JIP2 reduced phosphorylation of Bcl-2, which may help to promote anti-apoptotic pathways. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated for the first time that two distinct apoptotic pathways, the p38-p53 and JNK-Bcl-2 pathways, were triggered by the anti-microtubule compound Taiwanin A.
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Yang T, Sun Y, Zhang F, Zhu Y, Shi L, Li H, Xu Z. POSH localizes activated Rac1 to control the formation of cytoplasmic dilation of the leading process and neuronal migration. Cell Rep 2012; 2:640-51. [PMID: 22959435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of proximal cytoplasmic dilation in the leading process (PCDLP) of migratory neocortical neurons is crucial for somal translocation and neuronal migration, processes that require the elaborate coordination of F-actin dynamics, centrosomal movement, and nucleokinesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the Rac1-interacting scaffold protein POSH is essential for neuronal migration in vivo. We demonstrate that POSH is concentrated in the PCDLP and that knockdown of POSH impairs PCDLP formation, centrosome translocation, and nucleokinesis. Furthermore, POSH colocalizes with F-actin and the activated form of Rac1. Knockdown of POSH impairs F-actin assembly and delocalizes activated Rac1. Interference of Rac1 activity also disrupts F-actin assembly and PCDLP formation and perturbs neuronal migration. Thus, we have uncovered a mechanism by which POSH regulates the localization of activated Rac1 and F-actin assembly to control PCDLP formation and subsequent somal translocation of migratory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Pan CQ, Sudol M, Sheetz M, Low BC. Modularity and functional plasticity of scaffold proteins as p(l)acemakers in cell signaling. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2143-65. [PMID: 22743133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells coordinate and integrate various functional modules that control their dynamics, intracellular trafficking, metabolism and gene expression. Such capacity is mediated by specific scaffold proteins that tether multiple components of signaling pathways at plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and in more specialized subcellular structures such as focal adhesions, cell-cell junctions, endosomes, vesicles and synapses. Scaffold proteins act as "pacemakers" as well as "placemakers" that regulate the temporal, spatial and kinetic aspects of protein complex assembly by modulating the local concentrations, proximity, subcellular dispositions and biochemical properties of the target proteins through the intricate use of their modular protein domains. These regulatory mechanisms allow them to gate the specificity, integration and crosstalk of different signaling modules. In addition to acting as physical platforms for protein assembly, many professional scaffold proteins can also directly modify the properties of their targets while they themselves can be regulated by post-translational modifications and/or mechanical forces. Furthermore, multiple scaffold proteins can form alliances of higher-order regulatory networks. Here, we highlight the emerging themes of scaffold proteins by analyzing their common and distinctive mechanisms of action and regulation, which underlie their functional plasticity in cell signaling. Understanding these mechanisms in the context of space, time and force should have ramifications for human physiology and for developing new therapeutic approaches to control pathological states and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Qiurong Pan
- Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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28
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Wilhelm M, Kukekov NV, Schmit TL, Biagas KV, Sproul AA, Gire S, Maes ME, Xu Z, Greene LA. Sh3rf2/POSHER protein promotes cell survival by ring-mediated proteasomal degradation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase scaffold POSH (Plenty of SH3s) protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2247-56. [PMID: 22128169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.269431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that Sh3rf2, a homologue of the pro-apoptotic scaffold POSH (Plenty of SH3s), acts as an anti-apoptotic regulator for the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Sh3rf2 promotes apoptosis of neuronal PC12 cells, cultured cortical neurons, and C6 glioma cells. This death appears to result from activation of JNK signaling. Loss of Sh3rf2 triggers activation of JNK and its target c-Jun. Also, apoptosis promoted by Sh3rf2 knockdown is inhibited by dominant-negative c-Jun as well as by a JNK inhibitor. Investigation of the mechanism by which Sh3rf2 regulates cell survival implicates POSH, a scaffold required for activation of pro-apoptotic JNK/c-Jun signaling. In cells lacking POSH, Sh3rf2 knockdown is unable to activate JNK. We further find that Sh3rf2 binds POSH to reduce its levels by a mechanism that requires the RING domains of both proteins and that appears to involve proteasomal POSH degradation. Conversely, knockdown of Sh3rf2 promotes the stabilization of POSH protein and activation of JNK signaling. Finally, we show that endogenous Sh3rf2 protein rapidly decreases following several different apoptotic stimuli and that knockdown of Sh3rf2 activates the pro-apoptotic JNK pathway in neuronal cells. These findings support a model in which Sh3rf2 promotes proteasomal degradation of pro-apoptotic POSH in healthy cells and in which apoptotic stimuli lead to rapid loss of Sh3rf2 expression, and consequently to stabilization of POSH and JNK activation and cell death. On the basis of these observations, we propose the alternative name POSHER (POSH-eliminating RING protein) for the Sh3rf2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wilhelm
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Health Sciences, New York, New York10032, USA.
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The bottleneck of JNK signaling: Molecular and functional characteristics of MKK4 and MKK7. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:536-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Martin J, St-Pierre MV, Dufour JF. Hit proteins, mitochondria and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:626-32. [PMID: 21316334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The histidine triad (HIT) superfamily comprises proteins that share the histidine triad motif, His-ϕ-His-ϕ-His-ϕ-ϕ, where ϕ is a hydrophobic amino acid. HIT proteins are ubiquitous in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. HIT proteins bind nucleotides and exert dinucleotidyl hydrolase, nucleotidylyl transferase or phosphoramidate hydrolase enzymatic activity. In humans, 5 families of HIT proteins are recognized. The accumulated epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that two branches of the superfamily, the HINT (Histidine Triad Nucleotide Binding) members and FHIT (Fragile Histidine Triad), have tumor suppressor properties but a conclusive physiological role can still not be assigned to these proteins. Aprataxin forms another discrete branch of the HIT superfamily, is implicated in DNA repair mechanisms and unlike the HINT and FHIT members, a defective protein can be conclusively linked to a disease, ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1. The scavenger mRNA decapping enzyme, DcpS, forms a fourth branch of the HIT superfamily. Finally, the GalT enzymes, which exert specific nucleoside monophosphate transferase activity, form a fifth branch that is not implicated in tumorigenesis. The molecular mechanisms by which the HINT and FHIT proteins participate in bioenergetics of cancer are just beginning to be unraveled. Their purported actions as tumor suppressors are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Martin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Visceral Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
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31
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Abstract
Transcription factors are the common convergence points of signal transduction pathways to affect gene transcription. Signal transduction activity results in posttranslational modification (PTM) of transcription factors and the sum of these modifications at any given time point will determine the action of the transcription factor. It has been suggested that these PTMs provide a transcription factor code analogous to the histone code. However, the number and variety of these modifications and the lack of knowledge in general of their dynamics precludes at present a concise view of how combinations of PTMs affect transcription factor function. Also, a single type of PTM such as phosphorylation can have opposing effects on transcription factor activity. Transcription factors of the Forkhead box O (FOXO) class are predominantly regulated through signaling, by phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (also known as AKT) pathway and a reactive oxygen species/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. Both pathways result in increased FOXO phosphorylation yet with opposing result. Whereas PKB-mediated phosphorylation inactivates FOXO, c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated phosphorylation results in activation of FOXO. Here we discuss regulation of FOXO transcription factors by phosphorylation as an example for understanding integration of signal transduction at the level of transcription activity.
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Vaishnav M, MacFarlane M, Dickens M. Disassembly of the JIP1/JNK molecular scaffold by caspase-3-mediated cleavage of JIP1 during apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1028-39. [PMID: 21237154 PMCID: PMC3063339 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report here the cleavage of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway scaffold protein, JNK Interacting Protein-1 (JIP1), by caspases during both Tumour Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) and staurosporine-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. During the initiation of apoptosis, maximal JNK activation is observed when JIP1 is intact, whereas cleavage of JIP1 correlates with JNK inactivation and progression of apoptosis. JIP1 is cleaved by caspase-3 at two sites, leading to disassembly of the JIP1/JNK complex. Inhibition of JIP1 cleavage by the caspase-3 inhibitor DEVD.fmk inhibits this disassembly, and is accompanied by sustained JNK activation. These data suggest that TRAIL and staurosporine induce JNK activation in a caspase-3-independent manner and that caspase-3-mediated JIP1 cleavage plays a role in JNK inactivation via scaffold disassembly during the execution phase of apoptosis. Caspase-mediated cleavage of JIP scaffold proteins may therefore represent an important mechanism for modulation of JNK signalling during apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Vaishnav
- Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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33
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Regulation of the protein stability of POSH and MLK family. Protein Cell 2010; 1:871-8. [PMID: 21203929 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequential activation of the JNK pathway components, including Rac1/Cdc42, MLKs (mixed-lineage kinases), MKK4/7 and JNKs, plays a required role in many cell death paradigms. Those components are organized by a scaffold protein, POSH (Plenty of SH3's), to ensure the effective activation of the JNK pathway and cell death upon apoptotic stimuli. We have shown recently that the expression of POSH and MLK family proteins are regulated through protein stability. By generating a variety of mutants, we provide evidence here that the Nterminal half of POSH is accountable for its stability regulation and its over-expression-induced cell death. In addition, POSH's ability to induce apoptosis is correlated with its stability as well as its MLK binding ability. MLK family's stability, like that of POSH, requires activation of JNKs. However, we were surprised to find out that the widely used dominant negative (d/n) form of c-Jun could down-regulate MLK's stability, indicating that peptide from d/n c-Jun can be potentially developed into a therapeutical drug.
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POSH is involved in Eiger-Basket (TNF-JNK) signaling and embryogenesis in Drosophila. J Genet Genomics 2010; 37:605-19. [DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(09)60080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Vieira M, Fernandes J, Burgeiro A, Thomas GM, Huganir RL, Duarte CB, Carvalho AL, Santos AE. Excitotoxicity through Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors requires Ca2+-dependent JNK activation. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 40:645-55. [PMID: 20708684 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The GluA4-containing Ca(2+)-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptors (Ca-AMPARs) were previously shown to mediate excitotoxicity through mechanisms involving the activator protein-1 (AP-1), a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) substrate. To further investigate JNK involvement in excitotoxic pathways coupled to Ca-AMPARs we used HEK293 cells expressing GluA4-containing Ca-AMPARs (HEK-GluA4). Cell death induced by overstimulation of Ca-AMPARs was mediated, at least in part, by JNK. Importantly, JNK activation downstream of these receptors was dependent on the extracellular Ca(2+) concentration. In our quest for a molecular link between Ca-AMPARs and the JNK pathway we found that the JNK interacting protein-1 (JIP-1) interacts with the GluA4 subunit of AMPARs through the N-terminal domain. In vivo, the excitotoxin kainate promoted the association between GluA4 and JIP-1 in the rat hippocampus. Taken together, our results show that the JNK pathway is activated by Ca-AMPARs upon excitotoxic stimulation and suggest that JIP-1 may contribute to the propagation of the excitotoxic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vieira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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36
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Specific regulation of JNK signalling by the novel rat MKK7gamma1 isoform. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1761-72. [PMID: 20633641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) mediate a diversity of physiological and pathophysiological effects. Apart from isoform-specific JNK activation, upstream kinases are supposed to be the relevant regulators, which are involved in the context- and signalosome-depending functions. In the present study we report the cloning and characterization of the novel rat MKK7gamma1, a splice variant of MKK7 with an additional exon in the N-terminal region, in the neuronal pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. Transfected MKK7gamma1 increased basal JNK activity, in particular phosphorylation of JNK2. Consequently, JNK signalling was changed in mRNA-, protein- and activation-levels of JNK targets, such as transcription factors (c-Jun, p53, c-Myc), cell cycle regulators (p21, CyclinD1) and apoptotic proteins (Fas, Bim, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl). These alterations promote the sensitivity of MKK7gamma1-transfected cells towards cell death and repress cell proliferation under normal cell growth conditions. Complexes of JIP-1, MKK7 and JNK2 were the major JNK signalosomes under basal conditions. After stimulation with taxol (5muM) and tunicamycin (1.4mug/ml), MKK7gamma1- but not MKK7beta1-transfection, reduced cell death and even increased cell proliferation. Cellular stress also led to an increased phosphorylation of JNK1 and the almost complete abrogation of complexes of JIP-1, MKK7 and JNK2 in MKK7gamma1-transfected PC12 cells. Summarizing, MKK7gamma1 affects the function and activity of individual JNK isoforms and the formation of their signalosomes. This study demonstrates for the first time that one splice-variant of MKK7 tightly controls JNK signalling and effectively adapts JNK functions to the cellular context.
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37
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Lennox AL, Stronach B. POSH misexpression induces caspase-dependent cell death in Drosophila. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:651-64. [PMID: 20014406 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
POSH (Plenty of SH3 domains) is a scaffold for signaling proteins regulating cell survival. Specifically, POSH promotes assembly of a complex including Rac GTPase, mixed lineage kinase (MLK), MKK7, and Jun kinase (JNK). In Drosophila, genetic analysis implicated POSH in Tak1-dependent innate immune response, in part through regulation of JNK signaling. Homologs of the POSH signaling complex components, MLK and MKK7, are essential in Drosophila embryonic dorsal closure. Using a gain-of-function approach, we tested whether POSH plays a role in this process. Ectopic expression of POSH in the embryo causes dorsal closure defects due to apoptosis of the amnioserosa, but ectodermal JNK signaling is normal. Phenotypic consequences of POSH expression were found to be dependent on Drosophila Nc, the caspase-9 homolog, but only partially on Tak1 and not at all on Slpr and Hep. These results suggest that POSH may use different signaling complexes to promote cell death in distinct contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Lennox
- Department of Biological Sciences, 202 Life Sciences Annex, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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38
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Abstract
This paper summarises how scaffold proteins affects and regulate the JNK signalling pathway. We believe that some of these scaffold proteins, by virtue of their anchoring and catalytic properties contribute to a high degree of specificity of intra cellular signalling pathways that regulate the progression through the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Engström
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Zhang Y, Parsanejad M, Huang E, Qu D, Aleyasin H, Rousseaux MWC, Gonzalez YR, Cregan SP, Slack RS, Park DS. Pim-1 kinase as activator of the cell cycle pathway in neuronal death induced by DNA damage. J Neurochem 2009; 112:497-510. [PMID: 19895669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is a critical component of neuronal death underlying neurodegenerative diseases and injury. Neuronal death evoked by DNA damage is characterized by inappropriate activation of multiple cell cycle components. However, the mechanism regulating this activation is not fully understood. We demonstrated previously that the cell division cycle (Cdc) 25A phosphatase mediates the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases and neuronal death evoked by the DNA damaging agent camptothecin. We also showed that Cdc25A activation is blocked by constitutive checkpoint kinase 1 activity under basal conditions in neurons. Presently, we report that an additional factor is central to regulation of Cdc25A phosphatase in neuronal death. In a gene array screen, we first identified Pim-1 as a potential factor up-regulated following DNA damage. We confirmed the up-regulation of Pim-1 transcript, protein and kinase activity following DNA damage. This induction of Pim-1 is regulated by the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kappaB) pathway as Pim-1 expression and activity are significantly blocked by siRNA-mediated knockdown of NF-kappaB or NF-kappaB pharmacological inhibitors. Importantly, Pim-1 activity is critical for neuronal death in this paradigm and its deficiency blocks camptothecin-mediated neuronal death. It does so by activating Cdc25A with consequent activation of cyclin D1-associated kinases. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Pim-1 kinase plays a central role in DNA damage-evoked neuronal death by regulating aberrant neuronal cell cycle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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40
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Abstract
Here, we explore the role of Cbl proteins in regulation of neuronal apoptosis. In two paradigms of neuron apoptosis - nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation and DNA damage - cellular levels of c-Cbl and Cbl-b fell well before the onset of cell death. NGF deprivation also induced rapid loss of tyrosine phosphorylation (and most likely, activation) of c-Cbl. Targeting c-Cbl and Cbl-b with siRNAs to mimic their loss/inactivation sensitized neuronal cells to death promoted by NGF deprivation or DNA damage. One potential mechanism by which Cbl proteins might affect neuronal death is by regulation of apoptotic c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. We demonstrate that Cbl proteins interact with the JNK pathway components mixed lineage kinase (MLK) 3 and POSH and that knockdown of Cbl proteins is sufficient to increase JNK pathway activity. Furthermore, expression of c-Cbl blocks the ability of MLKs to signal to downstream components of the kinase cascade leading to JNK activation and protects neuronal cells from death induced by MLKs, but not from downstream JNK activators. On the basis of these findings, we propose that Cbls suppress cell death in healthy neurons at least in part by inhibiting the ability of MLKs to activate JNK signaling. Apoptotic stimuli lead to loss of Cbl protein/activity, thereby removing a critical brake on JNK activation and on cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Sproul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Wilhelm
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stephen Gire
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Lloyd A. Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Haeusgen W, Boehm R, Zhao Y, Herdegen T, Waetzig V. Specific activities of individual c-Jun N-terminal kinases in the brain. Neuroscience 2009; 161:951-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhang QG, Wang R, Han D, Brann DW. Role of Rac1 GTPase in JNK signaling and delayed neuronal cell death following global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2009; 1265:138-47. [PMID: 19368836 PMCID: PMC3801190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The overall goal of this study was to determine the role of Rac1 in POSH/MLK/JNK signaling and delayed neuronal cell death following cerebral ischemia. Temporal studies revealed that Rac1 GTPase activation was significantly elevated in hippocampus CA1 at 10 min to 72 h after cerebral ischemia reperfusion, with peak levels 30 min to 6 h after reperfusion. Total Rac1 protein levels were not significantly changed following cerebral ischemia. Rac1 has been shown to interact with POSH (plenty of SH3s), a scaffold protein that binds to and regulates MLK3 and JNK activation. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) studies revealed that POSH-Rac1-MLK3 complex formation displayed a significant and prolonged elevation after reperfusion, with a correlative increase in phosphorylation/activation of MLK3 as compared to sham controls. Intracerebroventricular administration of Rac1 antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) significantly attenuated Rac1 levels and Rac1 activation at 30 min after reperfusion, with a correlated significant attenuation of POSH-MLK3-Rac1 complex formation and MLK3 activation in hippocampus CA1. Infusion of Rac1 AS-ODNs also significantly attenuated post-ischemic activation of JNK, downstream of MLK3, and strongly protected the hippocampus CA1 from ischemic damage. Missense oligos had no effect on any of the parameters measured. The Rac1 AS-ODNs results were further confirmed by administration of a Rac1 inhibitor (NSC23766), which markedly attenuated activation of Rac1 and JNK, and significantly attenuated apoptotic delayed neuronal cell death following cerebral ischemia. As a whole, these studies demonstrate an important role for Rac1 in activation of the prodeath MLK3-JNK kinase signaling pathway and delayed neuronal cell death following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Guang Zhang
- Developmental Neurobiology Program, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Research Center for Molecular Biology, North China Coal Medical University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Dong Han
- Developmental Neurobiology Program, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Darrell W. Brann
- Developmental Neurobiology Program, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
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Kucherenko MM, Pantoja M, Yatsenko AS, Shcherbata HR, Fischer KA, Maksymiv DV, Chernyk YI, Ruohola-Baker H. Genetic modifier screens reveal new components that interact with the Drosophila dystroglycan-dystrophin complex. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2418. [PMID: 18545683 PMCID: PMC2398783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dystroglycan-Dystrophin (Dg-Dys) complex has a capacity to transmit information from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton inside the cell. It is proposed that this interaction is under tight regulation; however the signaling/regulatory components of Dg-Dys complex remain elusive. Understanding the regulation of the complex is critical since defects in this complex cause muscular dystrophy in humans. To reveal new regulators of the Dg-Dys complex, we used a model organism Drosophila melanogaster and performed genetic interaction screens to identify modifiers of Dg and Dys mutants in Drosophila wing veins. These mutant screens revealed that the Dg-Dys complex interacts with genes involved in muscle function and components of Notch, TGF-β and EGFR signaling pathways. In addition, components of pathways that are required for cellular and/or axonal migration through cytoskeletal regulation, such as Semaphorin-Plexin, Frazzled-Netrin and Slit-Robo pathways show interactions with Dys and/or Dg. These data suggest that the Dg-Dys complex and the other pathways regulating extracellular information transfer to the cytoskeletal dynamics are more intercalated than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya M. Kucherenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mario Pantoja
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andriy S. Yatsenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Halyna R. Shcherbata
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karin A. Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dariya V. Maksymiv
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslava I. Chernyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hammond JW, Griffin K, Jih GT, Stuckey J, Verhey KJ. Co-operative Versus Independent Transport of Different Cargoes by Kinesin-1. Traffic 2008; 9:725-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Beresewicz M, Kowalczyk JE, Zabłocka B. Kalirin-7, a protein enriched in postsynaptic density, is involved in ischemic signal transduction. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:1789-94. [PMID: 18338255 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal/stress-activated kinase (JNK) include Rho-like small GTP-binding proteins and their regulators. SynGAP and kalirin-7 are postsynaptic density-enriched proteins identified through their interaction with Rho GTPases and PSD-95 scaffold protein. We examined immunoreactivity of SynGAP, kalirin-7, and PSD-95, phosphorylation of MAPK and JNK in control and postischemic hippocampus in gerbil model of transient forebrain ischemia. In normal brain higher amount of kalirin-7 but a lower amount of P-JNK was found in ischemia-resistant hippocampal area: CA2-3, DG than in ischemia-vulnerable CA1. After 5 min ischemia and 1 h reperfusion a decrease of P-ERK and increase of P-JNK were uniformly observed in the hippocampal parts. By contrast, the amount of kalirin-7 in CA2-3, DG reached 56% (P < 0.001) of control while was doubled in CA1. Oppositely, the immunoreactivity of SynGAP was increased in CA2-3, DG and reduced in CA1. Our data indicate that SynGAP and kalirin-7 take part in the regulation of ischemic signal transduction but the mechanism does not seem directly connected with the activation of MAPK and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Beresewicz
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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Mathieu J, Flexor M, Lanotte M, Besançon F. A PARP-1/JNK1 cascade participates in the synergistic apoptotic effect of TNFα and all-trans retinoic acid in APL cells. Oncogene 2007; 27:3361-70. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sun Y, Yang T, Xu Z. The JNK Pathway and Neuronal Migration. J Genet Genomics 2007; 34:957-65. [DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lyons TR, Thorburn J, Ryan PW, Thorburn A, Anderson SM, Kassenbrock CK. Regulation of the Pro-apoptotic Scaffolding Protein POSH by Akt. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21987-97. [PMID: 17535800 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704321200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
POSH (Plenty of SH3 domains) binds to activated Rac and promotes apoptosis by acting as a scaffold to assemble a signal transduction pathway leading from Rac to JNK activation. Overexpression of POSH induces apoptosis in a variety of cell types, but apoptosis can be prevented by co-expressing the pro-survival protein kinase Akt. We report here that POSH is a direct substrate for phosphorylation by Akt in vivo and in vitro, and we identify a major site of Akt phosphorylation as serine 304 of POSH, which lies within the Rac-binding domain. We further show that phosphorylation of POSH results in a decreased ability to bind activated Rac, as does phosphomimetic S304D and S304E mutation of POSH. S304D mutant POSH also shows a strongly reduced ability to induce apoptosis. These findings identify a novel mechanism by which Akt promotes cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci R Lyons
- Department of Pathology, the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate critical signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that a novel class of scaffold proteins mediates the structural and functional organization of the three-tier MAPK module. By linking the MAP3K, MAP2K and MAPK into a multienzyme complex, these MAPK-specific scaffold proteins provide an insulated physical conduit through which signals from the respective MAPK can be transmitted to the appropriate spatiotemporal cellular loci. Scaffold proteins play a determinant role in modulating the signaling strength of their cognate MAPK module by regulating the signal amplitude and duration. The scaffold proteins themselves are finely regulated resulting in dynamic intra- and inter-molecular interactions that can modulate the signaling outputs of MAPK modules. This review focuses on defining the diverse mechanisms by which these scaffold proteins interact with their respective MAPK modules and the role of such interactions in the spatiotemporal organization as well as context-specific signaling of the different MAPK modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Dhanasekaran
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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50
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Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK), also known as stress-activated protein kinases, were originally identified by their ability to phosphorylate the N-terminal of the transcription factor c-Jun and by their activation in response to a variety of stresses. JNK are multifunctional kinases involved in many physiological processes. The JNK pathway has been shown to play a major role in apoptosis in many cell death paradigms and its association with a variety of pathological processes is gradually been recognized. This review will concentrate on describing the involvement of the JNK pathway in the context of different diseases and the potential to adopt the JNK pathway components as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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