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Okamoto CK, van den Berg CW, Pohl PC, Tambourgi DV. Role of the complement system in kidney cell death induced by Loxosceles venom Sphingomyelinases D. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1561-1572. [PMID: 38498159 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Envenomation by Loxosceles spiders can result in local and systemic pathologies. Systemic loxoscelism, which can lead to death, is characterized by intravascular hemolysis, platelet aggregation, and acute kidney injury. Sphingomyelinase D (SMase D) in Loxosceles spider venom is responsible for both local and systemic pathologies, and has been shown to induce metalloprotease activity. As the complement system is involved in many renal pathologies and is involved in hemolysis in systemic loxoscelism, the aim of this study was to investigate its role and the role of complement regulators and metalloproteases in an in vitro model of Loxosceles venom induced renal pathology. We investigated the effects of the venom/SMase D and the complement system on the HK-2 kidney cell line. Using cell viability assays, western blotting, and flow cytometry, we show that human serum, as a source of complement, enhanced the venom/SMase D induced cell death and the deposition of complement components and properdin. Inhibitors for ADAM-10 and ADAM-17 prevented the venom induced release of the of the complement regulator MCP/CD46 and reduced the venom/SMase D induced cell death. Our results show that the complement system can contribute to Loxosceles venom induced renal pathology. We therefore suggest that patients experiencing systemic loxoscelism may benefit from treatment with metalloproteinase inhibitors and complement inhibitors, but this proposition should be further analyzed in future pre-clinical and clinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen W van den Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paula C Pohl
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Drexhage LZ, Zhang S, Dupont M, Ragaller F, Sjule E, Cabezas-Caballero J, Deimel LP, Robertson H, Russell RA, Dushek O, Sezgin E, Karaji N, Sattentau QJ. Apoptosis-mediated ADAM10 activation removes a mucin barrier promoting T cell efferocytosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:541. [PMID: 38225245 PMCID: PMC10789802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Efferocytic clearance of apoptotic cells in general, and T cells in particular, is required for tissue and immune homeostasis. Transmembrane mucins are extended glycoproteins highly expressed in the cell glycocalyx that function as a barrier to phagocytosis. Whether and how mucins may be regulated during cell death to facilitate efferocytic corpse clearance is not well understood. Here we show that normal and transformed human T cells express a subset of mucins which are rapidly and selectively removed from the cell surface during apoptosis. This process is mediated by the ADAM10 sheddase, the activity of which is associated with XKR8-catalyzed flipping of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Mucin clearance enhances uptake of apoptotic T cells by macrophages, confirming mucins as an enzymatically-modulatable barrier to efferocytosis. Together these findings demonstrate a glycocalyx regulatory pathway with implications for therapeutic intervention in the clearance of normal and transformed apoptotic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Z Drexhage
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
| | - Shengpan Zhang
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
| | - Maeva Dupont
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Dr, Milton, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, UK
| | - Franziska Ragaller
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ellen Sjule
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Lachlan P Deimel
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
| | - Helen Robertson
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
| | - Rebecca A Russell
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
- SpyBiotech Ltd.; 7600 Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK
| | - Omer Dushek
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | - Niloofar Karaji
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK.
- Oxford Biomedica plc.; Windrush Court, Transport Way, Oxford, OX4 6LT, UK.
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK.
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association; Berlin-Buch, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Aljohmani A, Yildiz D. A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase-Control Elements in Infectious Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:608281. [PMID: 33392273 PMCID: PMC7772189 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.608281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment strategies, infectious diseases are still under the leading causes of death worldwide. Although the activation of the inflammatory cascade is one prerequisite of defense, persistent and exuberant immune response, however, may lead to chronicity of inflammation predisposing to a temporal or permanent tissue damage not only of the site of infection but also among different body organs. The initial response to invading pathogens is mediated by the recognition through various pattern-recognition receptors along with cellular engulfment resulting in a coordinated release of soluble effector molecules and cytokines aiming to terminate the external stimuli. Members of the ‘a disintegrin and metalloproteinase’ (ADAM) family have the capability to proteolytically cleave transmembrane molecules close to the plasma membrane, a process called ectodomain shedding. In fact, in infectious diseases dysregulation of numerous ADAM substrates such as junction molecules (e.g., E-cadherin, VE-cadherin, JAM-A), adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM-1, VCAM-1, L-selectin), and chemokines and cytokines (e.g., CXCL16, TNF-α) has been observed. The alpha-cleavage by ADAM proteases represents a rate limiting step for downstream regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIPing) of several substrates, which influence cellular differentiation, cell signaling pathways and immune modulation. Both the substrates mentioned above and RIPing crucially contribute to a systematic damage in cardiovascular, endocrine, and/or gastrointestinal systems. This review will summarize the current knowledge of ADAM function and the subsequent RIPing in infectious diseases (e.g., pathogen recognition and clearance) and discuss the potential long-term effect on pathophysiological changes such as cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aljohmani
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, PZMS, ZHMB, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Yildiz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, PZMS, ZHMB, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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4
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Lokau J, Agthe M, Flynn CM, Garbers C. Proteolytic control of Interleukin-11 and Interleukin-6 biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ellinghaus U, Cortini A, Pinder CL, Le Friec G, Kemper C, Vyse TJ. Dysregulated CD46 shedding interferes with Th1-contraction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1200-1210. [PMID: 28444759 PMCID: PMC5507296 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IFN‐γ‐producing T helper 1 (Th1) cell responses mediate protection against infections but uncontrolled Th1 activity also contributes to a broad range of autoimmune diseases. Autocrine complement activation has recently emerged as key in the induction and contraction of human Th1 immunity: activation of the complement regulator CD46 and the C3aR expressed by CD4+ T cells via autocrine generated ligands C3b and C3a, respectively, are critical to IFN‐γ production. Further, CD46‐mediated signals also induce co‐expression of immunosuppressive IL‐10 in Th1 cells and transition into a (self)‐regulating and contracting phase. In consequence, C3 or CD46‐deficient patients suffer from recurrent infections while dysregulation of CD46 signaling contributes to Th1 hyperactivity in rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Here, we report a defect in CD46‐regulated Th1 contraction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We observed that MMP‐9‐mediated increased shedding of soluble CD46 by Th1 cells was associated with this defect and that inhibition of MMP‐9 activity normalized release of soluble CD46 and restored Th1 contraction in patients’ T cells. These data may deliver the first mechanistic explanation for the increased serum CD46 levels observed in SLE patients and indicate that targeting CD46‐cleaving proteases could be a novel avenue to modulate Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Ellinghaus
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrea Cortini
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christopher L Pinder
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gaelle Le Friec
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Tien WS, Chen JH, Wu KP. SheddomeDB: the ectodomain shedding database for membrane-bound shed markers. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:42. [PMID: 28361715 PMCID: PMC5374707 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of membrane-anchored proteins are known to be released from cell surface via ectodomain shedding. The cleavage and release of membrane proteins has been shown to modulate various cellular processes and disease pathologies. Numerous studies revealed that cell membrane molecules of diverse functional groups are subjected to proteolytic cleavage, and the released soluble form of proteins may modulate various signaling processes. Therefore, in addition to the secreted protein markers that undergo secretion through the secretory pathway, the shed membrane proteins may comprise an additional resource of noninvasive and accessible biomarkers. In this context, identifying the membrane-bound proteins that will be shed has become important in the discovery of clinically noninvasive biomarkers. Nevertheless, a data repository for biological and clinical researchers to review the shedding information, which is experimentally validated, for membrane-bound protein shed markers is still lacking. RESULTS In this study, the database SheddomeDB was developed to integrate publicly available data of the shed membrane proteins. A comprehensive literature survey was performed to collect the membrane proteins that were verified to be cleaved or released in the supernatant by immunological-based validation experiments. From 436 studies on shedding, 401 validated shed membrane proteins were included, among which 199 shed membrane proteins have not been annotated or validated yet by existing cleavage databases. SheddomeDB attempted to provide a comprehensive shedding report, including the regulation of shedding machinery and the related function or diseases involved in the shedding events. In addition, our published tool ShedP was embedded into SheddomeDB to support researchers for predicting the shedding event on unknown or unrecorded membrane proteins. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, SheddomeDB is the first database for the identification of experimentally validated shed membrane proteins and currently may provide the most number of membrane proteins for reviewing the shedding information. The database included membrane-bound shed markers associated with numerous cellular processes and diseases, and some of these markers are potential novel markers because they are not annotated or validated yet in other databases. SheddomeDB may provide a useful resource for discovering membrane-bound shed markers. The interactive web of SheddomeDB is publicly available at http://bal.ym.edu.tw/SheddomeDB/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Tien
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hong Chen
- Department of Computer Science, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Pin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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Koh YQ, Peiris HN, Vaswani K, Reed S, Rice GE, Salomon C, Mitchell MD. Characterization of exosomal release in bovine endometrial intercaruncular stromal cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:78. [PMID: 27829441 PMCID: PMC5103490 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-to-cell communication between the blastocyst and endometrium is critical for implantation. In recent years, evidence has emerged from studies in humans and several other animal species that exosomes are secreted from the endometrium and trophoblast cells and may play an important role in cell-to-cell communication maternal-fetal interface during early pregnancy. Exosomes are stable extracellular lipid bilayer vesicles that encapsulate proteins, miRNAs, and mRNAs, with the ability to deliver their cargo to near and distant sites, altering cellular function(s). Furthermore, the exosomal cargo can be altered in response to environmental cues (e.g. hypoxia). The current study aims to develop an in vitro system to evaluate maternal-embryo interactions via exosomes (and exosomal cargo) produced by bovine endometrial stromal cells (ICAR) using hypoxia as a known stimulus associated with the release of exosomes and alterations to biological responses (e.g. cell proliferation). METHODS ICAR cells cultured under 8 % O2 or 1 % O2 for 48 h and changes in cell function (i.e. migration, proliferation and apoptosis) were evaluated. Exosome release was determined following the isolation (via differential centrifugation) and characterization of exosomes from ICAR cell-conditioned media. Exosomal proteomic content was evaluated by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Under hypoxic conditions (i.e. 1 % O2), ICAR cell migration and proliferation was decreased (~20 and ~32 %, respectively) and apoptotic protein caspase-3 activation was increased (∼1.6 fold). Hypoxia increased exosome number by ~3.6 fold compared with culture at 8 % O2. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 128 proteins unique to exosomes of ICAR cultured at 1 % O2 compared with only 46 proteins unique to those of ICAR cultured at 8 % O2. Differential production of proteins associated with specific biological processes and molecular functions were identified, most notably ADAM10, pantetheinase and kininogen 2. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we have shown that a stimulus such as hypoxia can alter both the cellular function and exosome release of ICAR cells. Alterations to exosome release and exosomal content in response to stimuli may play a crucial role in maternal-fetal crosstalk and could also affect placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin Koh
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Hassendrini N. Peiris
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Kanchan Vaswani
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Sarah Reed
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Gregory E. Rice
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Murray D. Mitchell
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
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Abstract
The adipokine leptin realizes signal transduction via four different leptin receptor (OB-R) isoforms. The amount of functionally active OB-R, however, is affected by constitutive shedding of the extracellular domain. The product of the cleavage process, the so-called soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), is the main binding protein for leptin in human blood and modulates its bioavailability. Concentrations of sOB-R are differentially regulated in metabolic disorders, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus or obesity, and can, therefore, enhance or reduce leptin sensitivity. Lipotoxicity and apoptosis increase OB-R cleavage via ADAM10-dependent mechanisms. In contrast, although increased sOB-R concentrations seem to directly inhibit leptin effects, reduced amounts of sOB-R may reflect decreased membrane expression of OB-R. These findings, in part, explain alterations of leptin sensitivity that are associated with changes in serum sOB-R concentrations seen in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schaab
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Juergen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Altshuler AE, Lamadrid I, Li D, Ma SR, Kurre L, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Penn AH. Transmural intestinal wall permeability in severe ischemia after enteral protease inhibition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96655. [PMID: 24805256 PMCID: PMC4013012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In intestinal ischemia, inflammatory mediators in the small intestine's lumen such as food byproducts, bacteria, and digestive enzymes leak into the peritoneal space, lymph, and circulation, but the mechanisms by which the intestinal wall permeability initially increases are not well defined. We hypothesize that wall protease activity (independent of luminal proteases) and apoptosis contribute to the increased transmural permeability of the intestine's wall in an acutely ischemic small intestine. To model intestinal ischemia, the proximal jejunum to the distal ileum in the rat was excised, the lumen was rapidly flushed with saline to remove luminal contents, sectioned into equal length segments, and filled with a tracer (fluorescein) in saline, glucose, or protease inhibitors. The transmural fluorescein transport was determined over 2 hours. Villi structure and epithelial junctional proteins were analyzed. After ischemia, there was increased transmural permeability, loss of villi structure, and destruction of epithelial proteins. Supplementation with luminal glucose preserved the epithelium and significantly attenuated permeability and villi damage. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors (doxycycline, GM 6001), and serine protease inhibitor (tranexamic acid) in the lumen, significantly reduced the fluorescein transport compared to saline for 90 min of ischemia. Based on these results, we tested in an in-vivo model of hemorrhagic shock (90 min 30 mmHg, 3 hours observation) for intestinal lesion formation. Single enteral interventions (saline, glucose, tranexamic acid) did not prevent intestinal lesions, while the combination of enteral glucose and tranexamic acid prevented lesion formation after hemorrhagic shock. The results suggest that apoptotic and protease mediated breakdown cause increased permeability and damage to the intestinal wall. Metabolic support in the lumen of an ischemic intestine with glucose reduces the transport from the lumen across the wall and enteral proteolytic inhibition attenuates tissue breakdown. These combined interventions ameliorate lesion formation in the small intestine after hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina E. Altshuler
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University Of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Itze Lamadrid
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University Of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Li
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University Of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie R. Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University Of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leena Kurre
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University Of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University Of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander H. Penn
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University Of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Yamamoto H, Fara AF, Dasgupta P, Kemper C. CD46: the 'multitasker' of complement proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2808-20. [PMID: 24120647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complement is undeniably quintessential for innate immunity by detecting and eliminating infectious microorganisms. Recent work, however, highlights an equally profound impact of complement on the induction and regulation of a wide range of immune cells. In particular, the complement regulator CD46 emerges as a key sensor of immune activation and a vital modulator of adaptive immunity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of CD46-mediated signalling events and their functional consequences on immune-competent cells with a specific focus on those in CD4(+) T cells. We will also discuss the promises and challenges that potential therapeutic modulation of CD46 may hold and pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Yamamoto
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; The Urology Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundations Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
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11
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A, Ojala J, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Impaired autophagy and APP processing in Alzheimer's disease: The potential role of Beclin 1 interactome. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 106-107:33-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kickler K, Ni Choileain S, Williams A, Richards A, Astier AL. Calcitriol modulates the CD46 pathway in T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48486. [PMID: 23144765 PMCID: PMC3483209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement regulator CD46 is a costimulatory molecule for human T cells that induces a regulatory Tr1 phenotype, characterized by large amounts of IL-10 secretion. Secretion of IL-10 upon CD46 costimulation is largely impaired in T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Vitamin D can exert a direct effect on T cells, and may be beneficial in several pathologies, including MS. In this pilot study, we examined whether active vitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or calcitriol) could modulate the CD46 pathway and restore IL-10 production by CD46-costimulated CD4+ T cells from patients with MS. In healthy T cells, calcitriol profoundly affects the phenotype of CD46-costimulated CD4+ T cells, by increasing the expression of CD28, CD25, CTLA-4 and Foxp3 while it concomitantly decreased CD46 expression. Similar trends were observed in MS CD4+ T cells except for CD25 for which a striking opposite effect was observed: while CD25 was normally induced on MS T cells by CD46 costimulation, addition of calcitriol consistently inhibited its induction. Despite the aberrant effect on CD25 expression, calcitriol increased the IL-10:IFNγ ratio, characteristic of the CD46-induced Tr1 phenotype, in both T cells from healthy donors and patients with MS. Hence, we show that calcitriol affects the CD46 pathway, and that it promotes anti-inflammatory responses mediated by CD46. Moreover, it might be beneficial for T cell responses in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Kickler
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan Ni Choileain
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Williams
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Richards
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anne L. Astier
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Kickler K, Maltby K, Ni Choileain S, Stephen J, Wright S, Hafler DA, Jabbour HN, Astier AL. Prostaglandin E2 affects T cell responses through modulation of CD46 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5303-10. [PMID: 22544928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous protein CD46, a regulator of complement activity, promotes T cell activation and differentiation toward a regulatory Tr1-like phenotype. The CD46-mediated differentiation pathway is defective in several chronic inflammatory diseases, underlying the importance of CD46 in controlling T cell function and the need to understand its regulatory mechanisms. Using an RNA interference-based screening approach in primary T cells, we have identified that two members of the G protein-coupled receptor kinases were involved in regulating CD46 expression at the surface of activated cells. We have investigated the role of PGE(2), which binds to the E-prostanoid family of G protein-coupled receptors through four subtypes of receptors called EP 1-4, in the regulation of CD46 expression and function. Conflicting roles of PGE(2) in T cell functions have been reported, and the reasons for these apparent discrepancies are not well understood. We show that addition of PGE(2) strongly downregulates CD46 expression in activated T cells. Moreover, PGE(2) differentially affects T cell activation, cytokine production, and phenotype depending on the activation signals received by the T cells. This was correlated with a distinct pattern of the PGE(2) receptors expressed, with EP4 being preferentially induced by CD46 activation. Indeed, addition of an EP4 antagonist could reverse the effects observed on cytokine production after CD46 costimulation. These data demonstrate a novel role of the PGE(2)-EP4 axis in CD46 functions, which might at least partly explain the diverse roles of PGE(2) in T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Kickler
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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14
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Schaab M, Kausch H, Klammt J, Nowicki M, Anderegg U, Gebhardt R, Rose-John S, Scheller J, Thiery J, Kratzsch J. Novel regulatory mechanisms for generation of the soluble leptin receptor: implications for leptin action. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34787. [PMID: 22545089 PMCID: PMC3335825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adipokine leptin realizes signal transduction via four different membrane-anchored leptin receptor (Ob-R) isoforms in humans. However, the amount of functionally active Ob-R is affected by constitutive shedding of the extracellular domain via a so far unknown mechanism. The product of the cleavage process the so-called soluble leptin receptor (sOb-R) is the main binding protein for leptin in human blood and modulates its bioavailability. sOb-R levels are differentially regulated in metabolic disorders like type 1 diabetes mellitus or obesity and can, therefore, enhance or reduce leptin sensitivity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To describe mechanisms of Ob-R cleavage and to investigate the functional significance of differential sOb-R levels we established a model of HEK293 cells transiently transfected with different human Ob-R isoforms. Using siRNA knockdown experiments we identified ADAM10 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 10) as a major protease for constitutive and activated Ob-R cleavage. Additionally, the induction of lipotoxicity and apoptosis led to enhanced shedding shown by increased levels of the soluble leptin receptor (sOb-R) in cell supernatants. Conversely, high leptin concentrations and ER stress reduced sOb-R levels. Decreased amounts of sOb-R due to ER stress were accompanied by impaired leptin signaling and reduced leptin binding. CONCLUSIONS Lipotoxicity and apoptosis increased Ob-R cleavage via ADAM10-dependent mechanisms. In contrast high leptin levels and ER stress led to reduced sOb-R levels. While increased sOb-R concentrations seem to directly block leptin action, reduced amounts of sOb-R may reflect decreased membrane expression of Ob-R. These findings could explain changes of leptin sensitivity which are associated with variations of serum sOb-R levels in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schaab
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henriette Kausch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juergen Klammt
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Juergen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juergen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Increased activity of cell surface peptidases in HeLa cells undergoing UV-induced apoptosis is not mediated by caspase 3. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2650-2675. [PMID: 22489116 PMCID: PMC3317679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that in HeLa cells treated with a variety of agents there is an increase in cell surface peptidase (CSP) activity in those cells undergoing apoptosis. The increase in CSP activity observed in UVB-irradiated cells undergoing apoptosis was unaffected when the cultures were treated with the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin, and matrix metalloprotease inhibitor BB3103, but greatly enhanced when treated with the caspase 3 inhibitor-DEVD, and reduced in the presence of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor-3-aminobenzamide (3AB). Neither 3AB nor DEVD had an effect on the gross morphology of the apoptotic cells observed under electron microscopy, nor did they have an effect on phosphatidylserine eversion on the cell membrane, or that of PARP cleavage. All the agents except for DEVD had no effect on the level of caspase 3 activity in the cells. The results suggest that other caspases may cleave PARP in these cells. Both 3AB and DEVD treatment reduced the level of actin cleavage seen in the apoptotic cells. The increase in CSP activity observed in cells undergoing UVB-induced apoptosis appears to involve PARP but not caspase 3.
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16
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Blume KE, Soeroes S, Keppeler H, Stevanovic S, Kretschmer D, Rautenberg M, Wesselborg S, Lauber K. Cleavage of annexin A1 by ADAM10 during secondary necrosis generates a monocytic "find-me" signal. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:135-45. [PMID: 22116825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A1 is an intracellular calcium/phospholipid-binding protein that is involved in membrane organization and the regulation of the immune system. It has been attributed an anti-inflammatory role at various control levels, and recently we could show that annexin A1 externalization during secondary necrosis provides an important fail-safe mechanism counteracting inflammatory responses when the timely clearance of apoptotic cells has failed. As such, annexin A1 promotes the engulfment of dying cells and dampens the postphagocytic production of proinflammatory cytokines. In our current follow-up study, we report that exposure of annexin A1 during secondary necrosis coincided with proteolytic processing within its unique N-terminal domain by ADAM10. Most importantly, we demonstrate that the released peptide and culture supernatants of secondary necrotic, annexin A1-externalizing cells induced chemoattraction of monocytes, which was clearly reduced in annexin A1- or ADAM10-knockdown cells. Thus, altogether our findings indicate that annexin A1 externalization and its proteolytic processing into a chemotactic peptide represent final events during apoptosis, which after the transition to secondary necrosis contribute to the recruitment of monocytes and the prevention of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Blume
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
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17
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Ni Choileain S, Astier AL. CD46 processing: a means of expression. Immunobiology 2011; 217:169-75. [PMID: 21742405 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD46 is a ubiquitously expressed type I transmembrane protein, first identified as a regulator of complement activation, and later as an entry receptor for a variety of pathogens. The last decade has also revealed the role of CD46 in regulating the adaptive immune response, acting as an additional costimulatory molecule for human T cells and inducing their differentiation into Tr1 cells, a subset of regulatory T cells. Interestingly, CD46 regulatory pathways are defective in T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, illustrating its importance in regulating T cell homeostasis. Indeed, CD46 expression at the cell surface is tightly regulated in many different cell types, highlighting its importance in several biological processes. Notably, CD46 is the target of enzymatic processing, being cleaved by metalloproteinases and by the presenilin/gamma secretase complex. This processing is required for its functions, at least in T cells. This review will summarize the latest updates on the regulation of CD46 expression and on its effects on T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Ni Choileain
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Friedrich BM, Murray JL, Li G, Sheng J, Hodge TW, Rubin DH, O'Brien WA, Ferguson MR. A functional role for ADAM10 in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 replication. Retrovirology 2011; 8:32. [PMID: 21569301 PMCID: PMC3118345 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene trap insertional mutagenesis was used as a high-throughput approach to discover cellular genes participating in viral infection by screening libraries of cells selected for survival from lytic infection with a variety of viruses. Cells harboring a disrupted ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 10) allele survived reovirus infection, and subsequently ADAM10 was shown by RNA interference to be important for replication of HIV-1. RESULTS Silencing ADAM10 expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) 48 hours before infection significantly inhibited HIV-1 replication in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and in CD4⁺ cell lines. In agreement, ADAM10 over-expression significantly increased HIV-1 replication. ADAM10 down-regulation did not inhibit viral reverse transcription, indicating that viral entry and uncoating are also independent of ADAM10 expression. Integration of HIV-1 cDNA was reduced in ADAM10 down-regulated cells; however, concomitant 2-LTR circle formation was not detected, suggesting that HIV-1 does not enter the nucleus. Further, ADAM10 silencing inhibited downstream reporter gene expression and viral protein translation. Interestingly, we found that while the metalloprotease domain of ADAM10 is not required for HIV-1 replication, ADAM15 and γ-secretase (which proteolytically release the extracellular and intracellular domains of ADAM10 from the plasma membrane, respectively) do support productive infection. CONCLUSIONS We propose that ADAM10 facilitates replication at the level of nuclear trafficking. Collectively, our data support a model whereby ADAM10 is cleaved by ADAM15 and γ-secretase and that the ADAM10 intracellular domain directly facilitates HIV-1 nuclear trafficking. Thus, ADAM10 represents a novel cellular target class for development of antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Friedrich
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - James L Murray
- Zirus, Inc., 1384 Buford Business Boulevard, Suite 700, Buford, GA, 30518, USA
| | - Guangyu Li
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jinsong Sheng
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas W Hodge
- Zirus, Inc., 1384 Buford Business Boulevard, Suite 700, Buford, GA, 30518, USA
| | - Donald H Rubin
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Research Medicine, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Ave South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - William A O'Brien
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Zirus, Inc., 1384 Buford Business Boulevard, Suite 700, Buford, GA, 30518, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Monique R Ferguson
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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Ni Choileain S, Astier AL. CD46 plasticity and its inflammatory bias in multiple sclerosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:49-59. [PMID: 21267793 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Known as a link to the adaptive immune system, a complement regulator, a "pathogen magnet" and more recently as an inducer of autophagy, CD46 is the human receptor that refuses to be put in a box. This review summarizes the current roles of CD46 during immune responses and highlights the role of CD46 as both a promoter and attenuator of the immune response. In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), CD46 responses are overwhelmingly pro-inflammatory with notable defects in cytokine and chemokine production. Understanding the role of CD46 as an inflammatory regulator is a distant goal considering the darkness in which its regulatory mechanisms reside. Further research into the regulation of CD46 expression through its internalization and processing will undoubtedly extend our knowledge of how the balance is tipped in favor of inflammation in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Ni Choileain
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Murai T, Maruyama Y, Mio K, Nishiyama H, Suga M, Sato C. Low cholesterol triggers membrane microdomain-dependent CD44 shedding and suppresses tumor cell migration. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:1999-2007. [PMID: 21087933 PMCID: PMC3023496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.184010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a cell surface adhesion molecule for hyaluronan and is implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis. Proteolytic cleavage of CD44 plays a critical role in the migration of tumor cells and is regulated by factors present in the tumor microenvironment, such as hyaluronan oligosaccharides and epidermal growth factor. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the proteolytic cleavage on membranes remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which disintegrates membrane lipid rafts, enhances CD44 shedding mediated by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) and that cholesterol depletion disorders CD44 localization to the lipid raft. We also evaluated the effect of long term cholesterol reduction using a statin agent and demonstrated that statin enhances CD44 shedding and suppresses tumor cell migration on a hyaluronan-coated substrate. Our results indicate that membrane lipid organization regulates CD44 shedding and propose a possible molecular mechanism by which cholesterol reduction might be effective for preventing and treating the progression of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Murai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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21
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Ni Choileain S, Weyand NJ, Neumann C, Thomas J, So M, Astier AL. The dynamic processing of CD46 intracellular domains provides a molecular rheostat for T cell activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16287. [PMID: 21283821 PMCID: PMC3023775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate termination of an immune response is as important as the induction of an appropriate response. CD46, a regulator of complement activity, promotes T cell activation and differentiation towards a regulatory Tr1 phenotype. This Tr1 differentiation pathway is defective in patients with MS, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, underlying its importance in controlling T cell function and the need to understand its regulatory mechanisms. CD46 has two cytoplasmic tails, Cyt1 and Cyt2, derived from alternative splicing, which are co-expressed in all nucleated human cells. The regulation of their expression and precise functions in regulating human T cell activation has not been fully elucidated. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we first report the novel role of CD46 in terminating T cell activation. Second, we demonstrate that its functions as an activator and inhibitor of T cell responses are mediated through the temporal processing of its cytoplasmic tails. Cyt1 processing is required to turn T cell activation on, while processing of Cyt2 switches T cell activation off, as demonstrated by proliferation, CD25 expression and cytokine secretion. Both tails require processing by Presenilin/γSecretase (P/γS) to exert these functions. This was confirmed by expressing wild-type Cyt1 and Cyt2 tails and uncleavable mutant tails in primary T cells. The role of CD46 tails was also demonstrated with T cells expressing CD19 ectodomain-CD46 C-Terminal Fragment (CTF) fusions, which allowed specific triggering of each tail individually. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that CD46 acts as a molecular rheostat to control human T cell activation through the regulation of processing of its cytoplasmic tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Ni Choileain
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J. Weyand
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christian Neumann
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joelle Thomas
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, CNRS, UMR5534, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Magdalene So
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anne L. Astier
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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22
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Complement alternative pathway acts as a positive feedback amplification of neutrophil activation. Blood 2010; 117:1340-9. [PMID: 21063021 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-283564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement alternative pathway plays an important, but not clearly understood, role in neutrophil-mediated diseases. We here show that neutrophils themselves activate complement when stimulated by cytokines or coagulation-derived factors. In whole blood, tumor necrosis factor/formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or phorbol myristate acetate resulted in C3 fragments binding on neutrophils and monocytes, but not on T cells. Neutrophils, stimulated by tumor necrosis factor, triggered the alternative pathway on their surface in normal and C2-depleted, but not in factor B-depleted serum and on incubation with purified C3, factors B and D. This occurred independently of neutrophil proteases, oxidants, or apoptosis. Neutrophil-secreted properdin was detected on the cell surface and could focus "in situ" the alternative pathway activation. Importantly, complement, in turn, led to further activation of neutrophils, with enhanced CD11b expression and oxidative burst. Complement-induced neutrophil activation involved mostly C5a and possibly C5b-9 complexes, detected on tumor necrosis factor- and serum-activated neutrophils. In conclusion, neutrophil stimulation by cytokines results in an unusual activation of autologous complement by healthy cells. This triggers a new amplification loop in physiologic innate immunity: Neutrophils activate the alternative complement pathway and release C5 fragments, which further amplify neutrophil proinflammatory responses. This mechanism, possibly required for effective host defense, may be relevant to complement involvement in neutrophil-mediated diseases.
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23
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Zhao S, Gu Y, Fan R, Groome LJ, Cooper D, Wang Y. Proteases and sFlt-1 release in the human placenta. Placenta 2010; 31:512-8. [PMID: 20434767 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased placental release of soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sFlt-1) is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE). Although the reason for increased placental sFlt-1 release in PE is unknown, proteolytic effect has been proposed as one of the mechanisms that mediate sFlt-1 release in the placenta. In this study, using various protease inhibitors, we tested the possible role of proteases in sFlt-1 release by human placenta. Villous explants from normal term placentas were incubated with various protease inhibitors including serine protease inhibitors (PMSF, aprotini, and specific chymotrypsin inhibitor (CI)), cysteine protease inhibitor E-64, metalloendopeptidase inhibitor PAD, and universal metalloprotease (ADAM) inhibitor PTM. Culture medium was collected and measured for sFlt-1 by ELISA. Our results showed that villous tissue treated with CI and PTM produced significantly less sFlt-1 than those of controls. PMSF, aprotini, E-64, and PAD had no effect on sFlt-1 release. We further examined chymotrypsin-like protease/chymase and ADAM10 expressions in tissue sections from normal and PE placentas by immunohistochemistry. We found that immunostaining for chymase and ADAM10 was significantly increased in the layer of syncytiotrophoblasts in PE placentas compared to normal placentas. These results suggest chymotrypsin-like serine protease and ADAM10, but not cysteine protease and metalloendopeptidase, may play a role in inducing sFlt-1 release in PE placentas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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24
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Dittmer A, Hohlfeld K, Lützkendorf J, Müller LP, Dittmer J. Human mesenchymal stem cells induce E-cadherin degradation in breast carcinoma spheroids by activating ADAM10. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3053-65. [PMID: 19603142 PMCID: PMC11115486 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to communicate with tumor cells. We analyzed the effect of human MSCs (hMSCs) on breast cancer cells in three-dimensional cultures. By using GFP expression and immunohistochemistry, we show that hMSCs invade 3D breast cancer cell aggregates. hMSCs caused breast cancer spheroids to become disorganized which was accompanied by a disruption of cell-cell adhesion, E-cadherin cleavage, and nuclear translocation of E-cadherin, but not by epithelial/mesenchymal transition or by an increase in ERK1/2 activity. In addition, hMSCs enhanced the motility of breast cancer cells. Inhibition of ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10), known to cleave E-cadherin, prevented both hMSC-mediated E-cadherin cleavage and enhanced migration. Our data suggest that hMSCs interfere with cell-cell adhesion and enhance migration of breast cancer cells by activating ADAM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dittmer
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Universität Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Jana Lützkendorf
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Universität Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lutz P. Müller
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Universität Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Dittmer
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Universität Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
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25
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Hakulinen J, Sankkila L, Sugiyama N, Lehti K, Keski-Oja J. Secretion of active membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-14) into extracellular space in microvesicular exosomes. J Cell Biochem 2009; 105:1211-8. [PMID: 18802920 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, MMP14) is an efficient extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading enzyme that plays important roles in tissue homeostasis and cell invasion. Like a number of type I membrane proteins, MT1-MMP can be internalized from the cell surface through early and recycling endosomes to late endosomes, and recycled to the plasma membrane. Late endosomes participate in the biogenesis of small (30-100 nm) vesicles, exosomes, which redirect plasma membrane proteins for extracellular secretion. We hypothesized that some of the endosomal MT1-MMP could be directed to exosomes for extracellular release. Using cultured human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) and melanoma (G361) cells we provide evidence that both the full-length 60 kDa and the proteolytically processed 43 kDa forms of MT1-MMP are secreted in exosomes. The isolated exosomes were identified by their vesicular structure in electron microscopy and by exosomal marker proteins CD9 and tumor susceptibility gene (TSG101). Furthermore, exosomes contained beta1-integrin (CD29). The exosomes were able to activate pro-MMP-2 and degrade type 1 collagen and gelatin, suggesting that the exosomal MT1-MMP was functionally active. The targeting of MT1-MMP in exosomes represents a novel mechanism for cancer cells to secrete membrane type metalloproteolytic activity into the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Hakulinen
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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26
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Arduise C, Abache T, Li L, Billard M, Chabanon A, Ludwig A, Mauduit P, Boucheix C, Rubinstein E, Le Naour F. Tetraspanins regulate ADAM10-mediated cleavage of TNF-alpha and epidermal growth factor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7002-13. [PMID: 18981120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several cytokines and growth factors are released by proteolytic cleavage of a membrane-anchored precursor, through the action of ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) metalloproteases. The activity of these proteases is regulated through largely unknown mechanisms. In this study we show that Ab engagement of several tetraspanins (CD9, CD81, CD82) increases epidermal growth factor and/or TNF-alpha secretion through a mechanism dependent on ADAM10. The effect of anti-tetraspanin mAb on TNF-alpha release is rapid, not relayed by intercellular signaling, and depends on an intact MEK/Erk1/2 pathway. It is also associated with a concentration of ADAM10 in tetraspanin-containing patches. We also show that a large fraction of ADAM10 associates with several tetraspanins, indicating that ADAM10 is a component of the "tetraspanin web." These data show that tetraspanins regulate the activity of ADAM10 toward several substrates, and illustrate how membrane compartmentalization by tetraspanins can control the function of cell surface proteins such as ectoproteases.
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27
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Abstract
Over the last few years disintegrin metalloproteinases of the Adam (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family have been associated with the process of proteolytic 'shedding' of membrane-associated proteins and hence the rapid modulation of key cell signalling pathways in the tumour microenvironment. Furthermore, numerous members of the Adam family have been associated with tumorigenesis and tumour progression. The question now arises of whether pharmacological manipulation of their functions would be a useful adjunct to therapies targeting intercellular communications. To learn from the lessons of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as anticancer agents, there are many facets of the biological and clinical relevance of the ADAMs that need to be understood before embarking with confidence on such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Murphy
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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28
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Abstract
Measles virus (MV) was isolated in 1954 (Enders and Peeble 1954). It is among the most contagious of viruses and a leading cause of mortality in children in developing countries (Murray and Lopez 1997; Griffin 2001; Bryce et al. 2005). Despite intense research over decades on the biology and pathogenesis of the virus and the successful development in 1963 of an effective MV vaccine (Cutts and Markowitz 1994), cell entry receptor(s) for MV remained unidentified until 1993. Two independent studies showed that transfection of nonsusceptible rodent cells with human CD46 renders these cells permissive to infection with the Edmonston and Halle vaccine strains of measles virus (Dorig et al. 1993; Naniche et al. 1993). A key finding in these investigations was that MV binding and infection was inhibited by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to CD46. These reports established CD46 as a MV cell entry receptor. This chapter summarizes the role of CD46 in measles virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kemper
- Division of Rheumatology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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29
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Trouw L, Blom A, Gasque P. Role of complement and complement regulators in the removal of apoptotic cells. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:1199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Chalaris A, Rabe B, Paliga K, Lange H, Laskay T, Fielding CA, Jones SA, Rose-John S, Scheller J. Apoptosis is a natural stimulus of IL6R shedding and contributes to the proinflammatory trans-signaling function of neutrophils. Blood 2007; 110:1748-55. [PMID: 17567983 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-067918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL6) trans-signaling has emerged as a prominent regulator of immune responses during both innate and acquired immunity. Regulation of IL6 trans-signaling is reliant upon the release of soluble IL6 receptor (sIL6R), which binds IL6 to create an agonistic IL6/sIL6R complex capable of activating cell types that would not normally respond to IL6 itself. Here we show that intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic stimulation by DNA damage, cytokine deprivation, and Fas stimulation promotes shedding of sIL6R. Apoptosis-induced shedding of the IL6R was caspase dependent but PKC independent, with inhibition of ADAM17 preventing IL6R shedding. Such insight is relevant to the control of acute inflammation, where transition from the initial neutrophil infiltration to a more sustained population of mononuclear cells is essential for the resolution of the inflammatory process. This transitional event is governed by IL6 trans-signaling. This study demonstrates that IL6R is shed from apoptotic human neutrophils. In vivo studies in a murine inflammation model showed that neutrophil depletion resulted in reduced local sIL6R levels and a concomitant decrease in mononuclear cells, suggesting that apoptosis-induced IL6R shedding from neutrophils promotes IL6 trans-signaling and regulates the attraction of monocytic cells involved in the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Chalaris
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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