1
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Martin SL, Uribe C, Strafella AP. PET imaging of synaptic density in Parkinsonian disorders. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25253. [PMID: 37814917 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and altered synaptic pruning are present in people with Parkinsonian disorders. Dopamine loss and alpha-synuclein accumulation, two hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology, contribute to synaptic dysfunction and reduced synaptic density in PD. Atypical Parkinsonian disorders are likely to have unique spatiotemporal patterns of synaptic density, differentiating them from PD. Therefore, quantification of synaptic density has the potential to support diagnoses, monitor disease progression, and treatment efficacy. Novel radiotracers for positron emission tomography which target the presynaptic vesicle protein SV2A have been developed to quantify presynaptic density. The radiotracers have successfully investigated synaptic density in preclinical models of PD and people with Parkinsonian disorders. Therefore, this review will summarize the preclinical and clinical utilization of SV2A radiotracers in people with Parkinsonian disorders. We will evaluate how SV2A abundance is associated with other imaging modalities and the considerations for interpreting SV2A in Parkinsonian pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Martin
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carme Uribe
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Unitat de Psicologia Medica, Departament de Medicina, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Edmond J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Neurology Division, Toronto Western Hospital & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Rapetti-Mauss R, Nigri J, Berenguier C, Finetti P, Tubiana SS, Labrum B, Allegrini B, Pellissier B, Efthymiou G, Hussain Z, Bousquet C, Dusetti N, Bertucci F, Guizouarn H, Melnyk P, Borgese F, Tomasini R, Soriani O. SK2 channels set a signalling hub bolstering CAF-triggered tumourigenic processes in pancreatic cancer. Gut 2023; 72:722-735. [PMID: 36882214 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intercellular communication within pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) dramatically contributes to metastatic processes. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, resulting in a lack of targeted therapy to counteract stromal-induced cancer cell aggressiveness. Here, we investigated whether ion channels, which remain understudied in cancer biology, contribute to intercellular communication in PDAC. DESIGN We evaluated the effects of conditioned media from patient-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on electrical features of pancreatic cancer cells (PCC). The molecular mechanisms were deciphered using a combination of electrophysiology, bioinformatics, molecular and biochemistry techniques in cell lines and human samples. An orthotropic mouse model where CAF and PCC were co-injected was used to evaluate tumour growth and metastasis dissemination. Pharmacological studies were carried out in the Pdx1-Cre, Ink4afl/fl LSL-KrasG12D (KICpdx1) mouse model. RESULTS We report that the K+ channel SK2 expressed in PCC is stimulated by CAF-secreted cues (8.84 vs 2.49 pA/pF) promoting the phosphorylation of the channel through an integrin-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-AKT (Protein kinase B) axis. SK2 stimulation sets a positive feedback on the signalling pathway, increasing invasiveness in vitro (threefold) and metastasis formation in vivo. The CAF-dependent formation of the signalling hub associating SK2 and AKT requires the sigma-1 receptor chaperone. The pharmacological targeting of Sig-1R abolished CAF-induced activation of SK2, reduced tumour progression and extended the overall survival in mice (11.7 weeks vs 9.5 weeks). CONCLUSION We establish a new paradigm in which an ion channel shifts the activation level of a signalling pathway in response to stromal cues, opening a new therapeutic window targeting the formation of ion channel-dependent signalling hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérémy Nigri
- INSERM, U1068, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS UMR7258, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Pascal Finetti
- INSERM, U1068, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS UMR7258, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Simha Tubiana
- INSERM, U1068, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS UMR7258, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Bonnie Labrum
- Université Côte d'azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Georgios Efthymiou
- INSERM, U1068, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS UMR7258, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Zainab Hussain
- INSERM, U1068, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS UMR7258, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Corinne Bousquet
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-1037, CNRS Equipe de Recherche Labellisée ERL5294, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée "Ligue Contre le Cancer" & "LabEx Toucan", Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- INSERM, U1068, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS UMR7258, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - François Bertucci
- INSERM, U1068, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS UMR7258, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Patricia Melnyk
- Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Research Center UMR-S 1172, University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Richard Tomasini
- INSERM, U1068, Cancer Research Center of Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS UMR7258, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
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Wilczyński B, Dąbrowska A, Saczko J, Kulbacka J. The Role of Chloride Channels in the Multidrug Resistance. MEMBRANES 2021; 12:38. [PMID: 35054564 PMCID: PMC8781147 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, one of medicine's main and most challenging aims is finding effective ways to treat cancer. Unfortunately, although there are numerous anti-cancerous drugs, such as cisplatin, more and more cancerous cells create drug resistance. Thus, it is equally important to find new medicines and research the drug resistance phenomenon and possibilities to avoid this mechanism. Ion channels, including chloride channels, play an important role in the drug resistance phenomenon. Our article focuses on the chloride channels, especially the volume-regulated channels (VRAC) and CLC chloride channels family. VRAC induces multidrug resistance (MDR) by causing apoptosis connected with apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) and VRAC are responsible for the transport of anti-cancerous drugs such as cisplatin. VRACs are a group of heterogenic complexes made from leucine-rich repetition with 8A (LRRC8A) and a subunit LRRC8B-E responsible for the properties. There are probably other subunits, which can create those channels, for example, TTYH1 and TTYH2. It is also known that the ClC family is involved in creating MDR in mainly two mechanisms-by changing the cell metabolism or acidification of the cell. The most researched chloride channel from this family is the CLC-3 channel. However, other channels are playing an important role in inducing MDR as well. In this paper, we review the role of chloride channels in MDR and establish the role of the channels in the MDR phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Wilczyński
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, L. Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Alicja Dąbrowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, L. Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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4
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Skrzycki M. Superoxide dismutase and the sigma1 receptor as key elements of the antioxidant system in human gastrointestinal tract cancers. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:1225-1239. [PMID: 34888416 PMCID: PMC8613591 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This long-term research was designed to evaluate whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoenzymes participate in the development of human gastrointestinal neoplasms and the potential influence of the sigma1 receptor (Sig1R) on the regulation of SOD gene expression during the neoplastic process. The experiments included human tissues from selected gastrointestinal tract tumors (liver cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma, and colorectal cancer liver metastases). Activity, protein levels, and mRNA levels were determined for SOD isoenzymes and Sig1R. Additionally, markers of oxidative stress (glutathione, lipid peroxidation) were measured. The results showed significant changes in the antioxidant system activity in all examined types of tumors. SOD changed both in healthy cells and in neoplastic cells. The activity and expression of all studied enzymes significantly changed due to the advancement of tumor development. The Sig1R might be an additional regulator of the antioxidant system on which activity might depend on the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Overall, the study shows that SOD1 and SOD2 are involved not only in the formation of neoplastic changes in the human gastrointestinal tissues (healthy intestine - colon tumor; healthy liver - liver cirrhosis - liver cancer) but also in the development of tumors in the sequence: benign tumor - malignant tumor - metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Skrzycki
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw Medical University, 02-097 Warsaw, Banacha 1, Poland
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5
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Pontisso I, Combettes L. Role of Sigma-1 Receptor in Calcium Modulation: Possible Involvement in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:139. [PMID: 33499031 PMCID: PMC7911422 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling plays a pivotal role in the control of cellular homeostasis and aberrant regulation of Ca2+ fluxes have a strong impact on cellular functioning. As a consequence of this ubiquitous role, Ca2+ signaling dysregulation is involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases including cancer. Indeed, multiple studies have highlighted the role of Ca2+ fluxes in all the steps of cancer progression. In particular, the transfer of Ca2+ at the ER-mitochondrial contact sites, also known as mitochondrial associated membranes (MAMs), has been shown to be crucial for cancer cell survival. One of the proteins enriched at this site is the sigma-1 receptor (S1R), a protein that has been described as a Ca2+-sensitive chaperone that exerts a protective function in cells in various ways, including the modulation of Ca2+ signaling. Interestingly, S1R is overexpressed in many types of cancer even though the exact mechanisms by which it promotes cell survival are not fully elucidated. This review summarizes the findings describing the roles of S1R in the control of Ca2+ signaling and its involvement in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pontisso
- UMR 1282, INSERM, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif Sur Yvette, France;
- Faculté des Sciences, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Laurent Combettes
- UMR 1282, INSERM, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif Sur Yvette, France;
- Faculté des Sciences, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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6
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Volume-regulated anion channel as a novel cancer therapeutic target. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:570-576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Skrzycki M, Kaźmierczak B. The hidden role of the Sigma1 receptor in muscle cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:201-208. [PMID: 32054378 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1727924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the very specific role of Sigma1 receptor in different types of muscle cells. Sigma1 receptor is a transmembrane protein residing in such structures like MAM. It has chaperoning activity supporting function of many proteins, particularly ion channels, including Ca2+ channels. This latter function is of particular meaning for muscle cells, due to their calcium-based/regulated metabolism. Here we discuss new reports pointing to participation of Sigma1 receptor in muscle specific processes like contraction, EC-coupling, calcium currents and in diseases like left ventricular hypertrophy, transverse aortic stenosis and hypertension-induced heart dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Skrzycki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kaźmierczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Wilson H, Pagano G, de Natale ER, Mansur A, Caminiti SP, Polychronis S, Middleton LT, Price G, Schmidt KF, Gunn RN, Rabiner EA, Politis M. Mitochondrial Complex 1, Sigma 1, and Synaptic Vesicle 2A in Early Drug-Naive Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1416-1427. [PMID: 32347983 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of mitochondrial energy generation may contribute to neurodegeneration, leading to synaptic loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective of this study was to find cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in PET markers of synaptic vesicle protein 2A, sigma 1 receptor, and mitochondrial complex 1 in drug-naive PD patients. METHODS Twelve early drug-naive PD patients and 16 healthy controls underwent a 3-Tesla MRI and PET imaging to quantify volume of distribution of [11 C]UCB-J, [11 C]SA-4503, and [18 F]BCPP-EF for synaptic vesicle protein 2A, sigma 1 receptor, and mitochondrial complex 1, respectively. Nine PD patients completed approximately 1-year follow-up assessments. RESULTS Reduced [11 C]UCB-J volume of distribution in the caudate, putamen, thalamus, brain stem, and dorsal raphe and across cortical regions was observed in drug-naive PD patients compared with healthy controls. [11 C]UCB-J volume of distribution was reduced in the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra but did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were found in [11 C]SA-4503 and [18 F]BCPP-EF volume of distribution in PD compared with healthy controls. Lower brain stem [11 C]UCB-J volume of distribution correlated with Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III and total scores. No significant longitudinal changes were identified in PD patients at follow-up compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS Our findings represent the first in vivo evidence of mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and synaptic dysfunction in drug-naive PD patients. Synaptic dysfunction likely occurs early in disease pathophysiology and has relevance to symptomatology. Mitochondrial complex 1 and sigma 1 receptor pathology warrants further investigations in PD. Studies in larger cohorts with longer follow-up will determine the validity of these PET markers to track disease progression. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, University of Exeter Medical School, London, UK.,Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Edoardo Rosario de Natale
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, University of Exeter Medical School, London, UK.,Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Ayla Mansur
- Invicro, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Silvia Paola Caminiti
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Sotirios Polychronis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Lefkos T Middleton
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.,Public Health Directorate, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK.,MINDMAPS Consortium, London, UK
| | - Geraint Price
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.,MINDMAPS Consortium, London, UK
| | | | - Roger N Gunn
- Invicro, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.,MINDMAPS Consortium, London, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,MINDMAPS Consortium, London, UK.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, University of Exeter Medical School, London, UK.,Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,MINDMAPS Consortium, London, UK
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9
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Tuna M, I Amos C, B Mills G. Acquired Uniparental Disomy Regions Are Associated with Disease Outcome in Patients with Oral Cavity and Oropharynx But Not Larynx Cancers. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100763. [PMID: 32305020 PMCID: PMC7163079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired uniparental disomy (aUPD) regions pinpoint homozygousity and monoallelic expressed genes. We analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays and expression data from oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx cancers to identify frequency of aUPD in each tumor type and association of aUPD regions and differentially expressed genes in the regions with survival. Cox proportional hazard models were used for survival function; and Student’s t test, for differentially expressed genes between groups. The frequency of aUPD was highest in larynx cancers (88.35%) followed by oral cavity (81.11%) and oropharynx cancers (73.85%). In univariate analysis, 11 regions at chromosome 9p were associated with overall survival (OS) in oral cavity cancers. Two regions at chromosome 17p were associated with OS in oropharyngeal cancers, but no aUPD region was associated with survival in patients with larynx cancers. Overexpression of SIGMAR1, C9orf23, and HINT2 was associated with reduced OS in patients with oral cavity cancers, and upregulation of MED27 and YWHAE was associated with shorter OS in patients with oropharynx cancers. In multivariate analysis, four aUPD regions at chromosome 9p and overexpression of HINT2 were associated with shorter OS in oral cavity cancers, and overexpression of MED27 was associated with worse OS in patients with oropharynx cancers. aUPD regions and differentially expressed genes in those regions influence the outcome and may play a role in aggressiveness in oral cavity and oropharynx cancers but not in patients with larynx cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaffe Tuna
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR; Precision Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR
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10
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Abstract
Ion channels are a major class of membrane proteins that play central roles in signaling within and among cells, as well as in the coupling of extracellular events with cellular responses. Dysregulated ion channel activity plays a causative role in many diseases including cancer. Here, we will review their role in lung cancer. Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers, and it causes the highest number of deaths of all cancer types. The overall 5-year survival rate of lung cancer patients is only 19% and decreases to 5% when patients are diagnosed with stage IV. Thus, new therapeutical strategies are urgently needed. The important contribution of ion channels to the progression of various types of cancer has been firmly established so that ion channel-based therapeutic concepts are currently developed. Thus far, the knowledge on ion channel function in lung cancer is still relatively limited. However, the published studies clearly show the impact of ion channel inhibitors on a number of cellular mechanisms underlying lung cancer cell aggressiveness such as proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle progression, or adhesion. Additionally, in vivo experiments reveal that ion channel inhibitors diminish tumor growth in mice. Furthermore, some studies give evidence that ion channel inhibitors can have an influence on the resistance or sensitivity of lung cancer cells to common chemotherapeutics such as paclitaxel or cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etmar Bulk
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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11
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TASK-3 Gene Knockdown Dampens Invasion and Migration and Promotes Apoptosis in KATO III and MKN-45 Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236077. [PMID: 31810225 PMCID: PMC6928893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence and mortality of gastric cancer is increasing worldwide, in part, because of the lack of new therapeutic targets to treat this disease. Different types of ion channels participate in the hallmarks of cancer. In this context, ion channels are known to exert control over the cell cycle, mechanisms that support survival, angiogenesis, migration, and cell invasion. In particular, TASK-3 (KCNK9), a member of the K2P potassium channel family, has attracted much interest because of its oncogenic properties. However, despite multiple lines of evidence linking TASK-3 to tumorigenesis in various types of cancer, its relationship with gastric cancer has not been fully examined. Therefore, we set out to assess the effect of TASK-3 gene knockdown on KATO III and MKN-45 human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines by using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown. Our results demonstrate that knocking down TASK-3 reduces cell proliferation and viability because of an increase in apoptosis without an apparent effect on cell cycle checkpoints. In addition, cell migration and invasion are reduced after knocking down TASK-3 in these cell lines. The present study highlights TASK-3 as a key protein involved in migration and cell survival in gastric cancer and corroborates its potential as a therapeutic target for gastric cancer treatment.
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12
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Soriani O, Kourrich S. The Sigma-1 Receptor: When Adaptive Regulation of Cell Electrical Activity Contributes to Stimulant Addiction and Cancer. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1186. [PMID: 31780884 PMCID: PMC6861184 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperone protein that acts like an inter-organelle signaling modulator. Among its several functions such as ER lipid metabolisms/transports and indirect regulation of genes transcription, one of its most intriguing feature is the ability to regulate the function and trafficking of a variety of functional proteins. To date, and directly relevant to the present review, σ1R has been found to regulate both voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) belonging to distinct superfamilies (i.e., sodium, Na+; potassium, K+; and calcium, Ca2+ channels) and non-voltage-gated ion channels. This regulatory function endows σ1R with a powerful capability to fine tune cells’ electrical activity and calcium homeostasis—a regulatory power that appears to favor cell survival in pathological contexts such as stroke or neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge on σ1R’s role in the regulation of cellular electrical activity, and how this seemingly adaptive function can shift cell homeostasis and contribute to the development of very distinct chronic pathologies such as psychostimulant abuse and tumor cell growth in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saïd Kourrich
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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13
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Oyer HM, Sanders CM, Kim FJ. Small-Molecule Modulators of Sigma1 and Sigma2/TMEM97 in the Context of Cancer: Foundational Concepts and Emerging Themes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1141. [PMID: 31695608 PMCID: PMC6816035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two known subtypes of the so-called sigma receptors, Sigma1 and Sigma2. Sigma1 (encoded by the SIGMAR1 gene and also known as Sigma-1 receptor, S1R) is a unique pharmacologically regulated integral membrane chaperone or scaffolding protein that allosterically modulates the activity of its associated proteins. Sigma2, recently identified as transmembrane protein 97 (TMEM97), is an integral membrane protein implicated in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. A number of publications over the past two decades have suggested a role for both sigma proteins in tumor biology. Although there is currently no clinically used anti-cancer drug that targets Sigma1 or Sigma2/TMEM97, a growing body of evidence supports the potential of small-molecule compounds with affinity for these proteins, putative sigma ligands, as therapeutic agents to treat cancer. In preclinical models, these compounds have been reported to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, and migration; furthermore, they have been demonstrated to suppress tumor growth, to alleviate cancer-associated pain, and to exert immunomodulatory properties. Here, we will address the known knowns and the known unknowns of Sigma1 and Sigma2/TMEM97 ligand actions in the context of cancer. This review will highlight key discoveries and published evidence in support of a role for sigma proteins in cancer and will discuss several fundamental questions regarding the physiological roles of sigma proteins in cancer and sigma ligand mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley M Oyer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christina M Sanders
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Felix J Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Alamri MA, Alamri MA. Pharmacophore and docking-based sequential virtual screening for the identification of novel Sigma 1 receptor ligands. Bioinformation 2019; 15:586-595. [PMID: 31719769 PMCID: PMC6822515 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma 1 receptor (σ1), a small transmembrane protein expressed in most human cells participates in modulating the function of other membrane proteins such as G protein coupled receptors and ion channels. Several ligands targeting this receptor are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, ischemic stroke and neuro-pathic pain. Hence, this receptor has emerged as an attractive target for the treatment of neuro-pathological diseases with unmet medical needs. It is of interest to identify and characterise novelσ1 receptor ligands with different chemical scaffolds using computer-aided drug designing approach. In this work, a GPCR-focused chemical library consisting of 8543 compounds was screened by pharmacophore and docking-based virtual screening methods using LigandScout 4.3 and Autodock Vina 1.1.2 in PyRx 0.8, respectively. The pharmacophore model was constructed based on the interactions of a selective agonist and another antagonist ligand with high binding affinity to the human σ1receptors. Candidate compounds were filtered sequentially by pharmacophore-fit scores, docking energy scores, drug-likeness filters and ADMET properties. The binding mode and pharmacophore mapping of candidate compounds were analysed by Autodock Vina 1.1.2 and LigandScout 4.3 programs, respectively. A pharmacophore model composed of three hydrophobic and positive ionizable features with recognized geometry was built and used as a 3D query for screening a GPCR-focused chemical library by LigandScout 4.3 program. Among the screened 8543 compounds, 159 candidate compounds were obtained from pharmacophore-based screening. 45 compounds among them bound to σ 1receptor with high binding-affinity scores in comparison to the co-crystallized ligand. Amongst these, top five candidate compounds with excellent druglikeness and ADMET properties were selected. These five candidate compounds may act as potential σ1 receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak A Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alamri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Schmidt HR, Kruse AC. The Molecular Function of σ Receptors: Past, Present, and Future. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:636-654. [PMID: 31387763 PMCID: PMC6748033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The σ1 and σ2 receptors are enigmatic proteins that have attracted attention for decades due to the chemical diversity and therapeutic potential of their ligands. However, despite ongoing clinical trials with σ receptor ligands for multiple conditions, relatively little is known regarding the molecular function of these receptors. In this review, we revisit past research on σ receptors and discuss the interpretation of these data in light of recent developments. We provide a synthesis of emerging structural and genetic data on the σ1 receptor and discuss the recent cloning of the σ2 receptor. Finally, we discuss the major questions that remain in the study of σ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden R Schmidt
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Altered expression and functional role of ion channels in leukemia: bench to bedside. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 22:283-293. [PMID: 31280433 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leukemic cells' (LCs) survival, proliferation, activation, differentiation, and invasiveness/migration can be mediated through the function of cation and anion channels that are involved in volume regulation, polarization, cytoskeleton, and extracellular matrix reorganization. This study will review the expression of ion channels in LCs and their possible function in leukemia progression. We searched relevant literature by a PubMed (2002-2019) of English-language literature using the terms "ion channels", "leukemia", "proliferation", "differentiation", "apoptosis", and "migration". Altered expression and dysfunction of ion channels can have a strong impact on hematopoietic cell and LCs physiology and signaling, which contributes to the vital processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Indeed, it can be stated that changing expression of ion channels can affect the onset and progression as well as clinical features and therapeutic responses of leukemia via inducing the maintenance of LCs. Since ion channels are membrane proteins, they can be easily accessible in LCs for understanding their influence on leukemia progression. On the other hand, ion channels can be new potential targets for chemotherapeutic agents, which may open a novel clinical and pharmaceutical field in leukemia therapy.
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17
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Bergkemper M, Kronenberg E, Thum S, Börgel F, Daniliuc C, Schepmann D, Nieto FR, Brust P, Reinoso RF, Alvarez I, Wünsch B. Synthesis, Receptor Affinity, and Antiallodynic Activity of Spirocyclic σ Receptor Ligands with Exocyclic Amino Moiety. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9666-9690. [PMID: 30350997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to detect novel σ receptor ligands, the rigid spiro[[2]benzopyran-1,1'-cyclohexan]-4'-one was connected with amino moieties derived from σ2 receptor preferring lead compounds resulting in mixtures of trans- and cis-configured amines 6, 18, and 27. In a four step synthesis the methyl acetals 6 were converted into fluoroethyl derivatives 13 and 30. The most promising σ2 receptor ligand is the methyl acetal 6a bearing a 2,4-dimethylbenzylamino moiety. The fluoroethyl derivatives 13c and 13d reveal high σ1 affinity but moderate selectivity over the σ2 subtype. In mice 13c and 13d showed antiallodynic activity that is stronger than that of the reference σ1 antagonist BD-1063 (34). Since the antiallodynic activity of 13c could only be partially reversed by the σ1 agonist PRE-084 (35), it is postulated that a second mechanism contributes to its overall antiallodynic effect. In contrast, the antiallodynic effect of its diastereomer 13d can be totally explained by a σ1 antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bergkemper
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kronenberg
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Simone Thum
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Frederik Börgel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Francisco Rafael Nieto
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Center , University of Granada , Avenida de la Investigación 11 , 18016 Granada , Spain
| | - Peter Brust
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Forschungsstelle Leipzig , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Raquel F Reinoso
- Esteve Pharmaceuticals S.A , Baldiri Reixach 4-8 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Inés Alvarez
- Esteve Pharmaceuticals S.A , Baldiri Reixach 4-8 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM) , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , 48149 Münster , Germany
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18
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Rubino S, Bach MD, Schober AL, Lambert IH, Mongin AA. Downregulation of Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing 8A Limits Proliferation and Increases Sensitivity of Glioblastoma to Temozolomide and Carmustine. Front Oncol 2018; 8:142. [PMID: 29868469 PMCID: PMC5949383 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Ubiquitously expressed volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC) are thought to play a role in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. VRAC are heteromeric channel complexes assembled from proteins belonging to the leucine-rich repeat-containing 8A (LRRC8A through E), among which LRRC8A plays an indispensable role. In the present work, we used an RNAi approach to test potential significance of VRAC and LRRC8A in GBM survival and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Methods Primary GBM cells were derived from a human surgical tissue sample. LRRC8A expression was determined with quantitative RT-PCR and downregulated using siRNA. The effects of LRRC8A knockdown on GBM cell viability, proliferation, and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and Coulter counter assays. Cell cycle progression was further explored using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of propidium iodide-stained cells. Results Temozolomide (TMZ), carmustine, and cisplatin reduced GBM cell survival with the IC50 values of ~1,250, 320, and 30 µM, respectively. Two of three tested gene-specific siRNA constructs, siLRRC8A_3 and siLRRC8A_6, downregulated LRRC8A expression by >80% and significantly reduced GBM cell numbers. The most potent siLRRC8A_3 itself reduced viable cell numbers by ≥50%, and significantly increased toxicity of the sub-IC50 concentrations of TMZ (570 µM) and carmustine (167 µM). In contrast, the effects of siLRRC8A_3 and cisplatin (32 µM) were not additive, most likely because cisplatin uptake is VRAC-dependent. The results obtained in primary GBM cells were qualitatively recapitulated in U251 human GBM cell line. Conclusion Downregulation of LRRC8A expression reduces GBM cell proliferation and increases sensitivity to the clinically used TMZ and carmustine. These findings indicate that VRAC represents a potential target for the treatment of GBM, alone or in combination with the current standard-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rubino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Martin D Bach
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra L Schober
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Ian H Lambert
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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19
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McLaughlin KA, Levin M. Bioelectric signaling in regeneration: Mechanisms of ionic controls of growth and form. Dev Biol 2018; 433:177-189. [PMID: 29291972 PMCID: PMC5753428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control pattern formation is critical for the both the embryonic development of complex structures as well as for the regeneration/repair of damaged or missing tissues and organs. In addition to chemical gradients and gene regulatory networks, endogenous ion flows are key regulators of cell behavior. Not only do bioelectric cues provide information needed for the initial development of structures, they also enable the robust restoration of normal pattern after injury. In order to expand our basic understanding of morphogenetic processes responsible for the repair of complex anatomy, we need to identify the roles of endogenous voltage gradients, ion flows, and electric fields. In complement to the current focus on molecular genetics, decoding the information transduced by bioelectric cues enhances our knowledge of the dynamic control of growth and pattern formation. Recent advances in science and technology place us in an exciting time to elucidate the interplay between molecular-genetic inputs and important biophysical cues that direct the creation of tissues and organs. Moving forward, these new insights enable additional approaches to direct cell behavior and may result in profound advances in augmentation of regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A McLaughlin
- Allen Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, United States.
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, United States
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20
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Cao Z, Xiao Q, Dai X, Zhou Z, Jiang R, Cheng Y, Yang X, Guo H, Wang J, Xi Z, Yao H, Chao J. circHIPK2-mediated σ-1R promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress in human pulmonary fibroblasts exposed to silica. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:3212. [PMID: 29238093 PMCID: PMC5870587 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Silicosis is characterized by fibroblast accumulation and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. Although the roles of SiO2-induced chemokines and cytokines released from alveolar macrophages have received significant attention, the direct effects of SiO2 on protein production and functional changes in pulmonary fibroblasts have been less extensively studied. Sigma-1 receptor, which has been associated with cell proliferation and migration in the central nervous system, is expressed in the lung, but its role in silicosis remains unknown. To elucidate the role of sigma-1 receptor in fibrosis induced by silica, both the upstream molecular mechanisms and the functional effects on cell proliferation and migration were investigated. Both molecular biological assays and pharmacological techniques, combined with functional experiments, such as migration and proliferation, were applied in human pulmonary fibroblasts from adults to analyze the molecular and functional changes induced by SiO2. SiO2 induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in association with enhanced expression of sigma-1 receptor. Endoplasmic reticulum stress promoted migration and proliferation of human pulmonary fibroblasts-adult exposed to SiO2, inducing the development of silicosis. Inhibition of sigma-1 receptor ameliorated endoplasmic reticulum stress and fibroblast functional changes induced by SiO2. circHIPK2 is involved in the regulation of sigma-1 receptor in human pulmonary fibroblasts-adult exposed to SiO2. Our study elucidated a link between SiO2-induced fibrosis and sigma-1 receptor signaling, thereby providing novel insight into the potential use of sigma-1 receptor/endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for silicosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouli Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Qingling Xiao
- Third Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoniu Dai
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Zewei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Yusi Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Xiyue Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Huifang Guo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Zhaoqing Xi
- Third Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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21
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Donnier-Maréchal M, Carato P, Larchanché PE, Ravez S, Boulahjar R, Barczyk A, Oxombre B, Vermersch P, Melnyk P. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of benzamide derivatives as potent and selective sigma-1 protein ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:964-978. [PMID: 28756263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel benzamide-derived compounds was designed, synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated. Among all 37 synthesized compounds, two series were developed with the modulation of the nature, the position of atoms or groups on the benzamide scaffold, but also the nature of the amine group separated from the benzamide with 2, 3 or 4 methylene groups. In vitro competition binding assays against sigma proteins (sigma-1 S1R and sigma-2 S2R) revealed that most of them conferred S2R/S1R selectivity toward without cytotoxic effects on SY5Y cells, especially with the first series with compounds 7a-z. Some selected compounds were also evaluated for their agonist and antagonist activities on a panel of 40 receptors. Results showed the importance of the nature and the position with halogeno atom on the benzamide scaffold, the length chain but also the contribution of the hydrophobic part on the amine group. Among them, compounds 7i, w, y with Cl, CN or NO2 groups at the 4-position of the benzamide scaffold showed excellent affinity for S1R (Ki = 1.2-3.6 nM), selectivity for S2R (Ki up to 1400 nM) and high selectivity index (IC50(SY5Y)/Ki(S1R) ratio from 28 000 to 83 000). Futhermore, these compounds presented an excellent safety profile over 40 other receptors. These derivatives will be selected for further biological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Donnier-Maréchal
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Pascal Carato
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Paul-Emmanuel Larchanché
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Séverine Ravez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rajaa Boulahjar
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Amélie Barczyk
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Bénédicte Oxombre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Patrick Vermersch
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.
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22
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Gueguinou M, Crottès D, Chantôme A, Rapetti-Mauss R, Potier-Cartereau M, Clarysse L, Girault A, Fourbon Y, Jézéquel P, Guérin-Charbonnel C, Fromont G, Martin P, Pellissier B, Schiappa R, Chamorey E, Mignen O, Uguen A, Borgese F, Vandier C, Soriani O. The SigmaR1 chaperone drives breast and colorectal cancer cell migration by tuning SK3-dependent Ca 2+ homeostasis. Oncogene 2017; 36:3640-3647. [PMID: 28114279 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The remodeling of calcium homeostasis contributes to the cancer hallmarks and the molecular mechanisms involved in calcium channel regulation in tumors remain to be characterized. Here, we report that SigmaR1, a stress-activated chaperone, is required to increase calcium influx by triggering the coupling between SK3, a Ca2+-activated K+ channel (KCNN3) and the voltage-independent calcium channel Orai1. We show that SigmaR1 physically binds SK3 in BC cells. Inhibition of SigmaR1 activity, either by molecular silencing or by the use of sigma ligand (igmesine), decreased SK3 current and Ca2+ entry in breast cancer (BC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Interestingly, SigmaR1 inhibition diminished SK3 and/or Orai1 levels in lipid nanodomains isolated from BC cells. Analyses of tissue microarray from CRC patients showed higher SigmaR1 expression levels in cancer samples and a correlation with tumor grade. Moreover, the exploration of a cohort of 4937 BC patients indicated that high expression of SigmaR1 and Orai1 channels was significantly correlated to a lower overall survival. As the SK3/Orai1 tandem drives invasive process in CRC and bone metastasis progression in BC, our results may inaugurate innovative therapeutic approaches targeting SigmaR1 to control the remodeling of Ca2+ homeostasis in epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gueguinou
- Inserm-University U1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - D Crottès
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - A Chantôme
- Inserm-University U1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | | | | | - L Clarysse
- Inserm-University U1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - A Girault
- Inserm-University U1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - Y Fourbon
- Inserm-University U1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - P Jézéquel
- Unité de Bioinfomique, Institut de Cancérologie de L'Ouest - René Gauducheau, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, UMR-INSERM 892, St Herblain, France
| | - C Guérin-Charbonnel
- Unité de Bioinfomique, Institut de Cancérologie de L'Ouest - René Gauducheau, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, UMR-INSERM 892, St Herblain, France
| | - G Fromont
- Inserm-University U1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hopital Bretonneau, CHRU Tours, Tours, France
| | - P Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - B Pellissier
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - R Schiappa
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Biostatistiques (UEB), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - E Chamorey
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Biostatistiques (UEB), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - O Mignen
- Department of Pathology, Inserm U1078, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - A Uguen
- Department of Pathology, Inserm U1078, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - F Borgese
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - C Vandier
- Inserm-University U1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - O Soriani
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
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23
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Zhang K, Zhao Z, Lan L, Wei X, Wang L, Liu X, Yan H, Zheng J. Sigma-1 Receptor Plays a Negative Modulation on N-type Calcium Channel. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:302. [PMID: 28603497 PMCID: PMC5445107 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor is a 223 amino acids molecular chaperone with a single transmembrane domain. It is resident to eukaryotic mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes. By chaperone-mediated interactions with ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors and cell-signaling molecules, the sigma-1 receptor performs broad physiological and pharmacological functions. Despite sigma-1 receptors have been confirmed to regulate various types of ion channels, the relationship between the sigma-1 receptor and N-type Ca2+ channel is still unclear. Considering both sigma-1 receptors and N-type Ca2+ channels are involved in intracellular calcium homeostasis and neurotransmission, we undertake studies to explore the possible interaction between these two proteins. In the experiment, we confirmed the expression of the sigma-1 receptors and the N-type calcium channels in the cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in rat striatum by using single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (scRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. N-type Ca2+ currents recorded from ChIs in the brain slice of rat striatum was depressed when sigma-1 receptor agonists (SKF-10047 and Pre-084) were administrated. The inhibition was completely abolished by sigma-1 receptor antagonist (BD-1063). Co-expression of the sigma-1 receptors and the N-type calcium channels in Xenopus oocytes presented a decrease of N-type Ca2+ current amplitude with an increase of sigma-1 receptor expression. SKF-10047 could further depress N-type Ca2+ currents recorded from oocytes. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) demonstrated that sigma-1 receptors and N-type Ca2+ channels formed a protein complex when they were co-expressed in HEK-293T (Human Embryonic Kidney -293T) cells. Our results revealed that the sigma-1 receptors played a negative modulation on N-type Ca2+ channels. The mechanism for the inhibition of sigma-1 receptors on N-type Ca2+ channels probably involved a chaperone-mediated direct interaction and agonist-induced conformational changes in the receptor-channel complexes on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Liting Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing, China
| | - Haitao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing, China
| | - Jianquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing, China
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Collina S, Bignardi E, Rui M, Rossi D, Gaggeri R, Zamagni A, Cortesi M, Tesei A. Are sigma modulators an effective opportunity for cancer treatment? A patent overview (1996-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:565-578. [PMID: 28051882 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1276569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although several molecular targets against cancer have been identified, there is a continuous need for new therapeutic strategies. Sigma Receptors (SRs) overexpression has been recently associated with different cancer conditions. Therefore, novel anticancer agents targeting SRs may increase the specificity of therapies, overcoming some of the common drawbacks of conventional chemotherapy. Areas covered: The present review focuses on patent documents disclosing SR modulators with possible application in cancer therapy and diagnosis. The analysis reviews patents of the last two decades (1996-2016); patents were grouped according to target subtypes (S1R, S2R, pan-SRs) and relevant Applicants. The literature was searched through Espacenet, ISI Web, PatentScope and PubMed databases. Expert opinion: The number of patents related to SRs and cancer has increased in the last twenty years, confirming the importance of this receptor family as valuable target against neoplasias. Despite their short history in the cancer scenario, many SR modulators are at pre-clinical stage and one is undergoing a phase II clinical trial. SRs ligands may represent a powerful source of innovative antitumor therapeutics. Further investigation is needed for validating SR modulators as anti-cancer drugs. We strongly hope that this review could stimulate the interest of both Academia and pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Collina
- a Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Emanuele Bignardi
- a Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Marta Rui
- a Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- a Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Raffaella Gaggeri
- b Pharmacy Unit , Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS , Meldola , Italy
| | - Alice Zamagni
- c Biosciences Laboratory , Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS , Meldola , Italy
| | - Michela Cortesi
- c Biosciences Laboratory , Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS , Meldola , Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- d MBiochem, Biosciences Laboratory , Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS , Meldola , Italy
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Abstract
Sigma1 (also known as sigma-1 receptor, Sig1R, σ1 receptor) is a unique pharmacologically regulated integral membrane chaperone or scaffolding protein. The majority of publications on the subject have focused on the neuropharmacology of Sigma1. However, a number of publications have also suggested a role for Sigma1 in cancer. Although there is currently no clinically used anti-cancer drug that targets Sigma1, a growing body of evidence supports the potential of Sigma1 ligands as therapeutic agents to treat cancer. In preclinical models, compounds with affinity for Sigma1 have been reported to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and survival, cell adhesion and migration, tumor growth, to alleviate cancer-associated pain, and to have immunomodulatory properties. This review will highlight that although the literature supports a role for Sigma1 in cancer, several fundamental questions regarding drug mechanism of action and the physiological relevance of aberrant SIGMAR1 transcript and Sigma1 protein expression in certain cancers remain unanswered or only partially answered. However, emerging lines of evidence suggest that Sigma1 is a component of the cancer cell support machinery, that it facilitates protein interaction networks, that it allosterically modulates the activity of its associated proteins, and that Sigma1 is a selectively multifunctional drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Christina M Maher
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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26
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Soriani O, Rapetti-Mauss R. Sigma 1 Receptor and Ion Channel Dynamics in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 964:63-77. [PMID: 28315265 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50174-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SigmaR1 is a multitasking chaperone protein which has mainly been studied in CNS physiological and pathophysiological processes such as pain, memory, neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, retinal neurodegeneration ), stroke and addiction . Strikingly, G-protein and ion channels are the main client protein fami lies of this atypical chaperone and the recent advances that have been performed for the last 10 years demonstrate that SigmaR1 is principally activated following tissue injury and disease development to promote cell survival. In this chapter, we synthesize the data enhancing our comprehension of the interaction between SigmaR1 and ion channels and the unexpected consequences of such functional coupling in cancer development. We also describe a model in which the pro-survival functions of SigmaR1 observed in CNS pathologies are hijacked by cancer cells to shape their electrical signature and behavior in response to the tumor microenvironment .
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Soriani
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108, Nice, France.
- Bâtiment Sciences Naturelles; UFR Sciences, 06108, Nice, France.
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27
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Politis M, Pagano G, Niccolini F. Imaging in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 132:233-274. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Ion channels have emerged as regulators of developmental processes. In model organisms and in people with mutations in ion channels, disruption of ion channel function can affect cell proliferation, cell migration, and craniofacial and limb patterning. Alterations of ion channel function affect morphogenesis in fish, frogs, mammals, and flies, demonstrating that ion channels have conserved roles in developmental processes. One model suggests that ion channels affect proliferation and migration through changes in cell volume. However, ion channels have not explicitly been placed in canonical developmental signaling cascades until recently. This review gives examples of ion channels that influence developmental processes, offers a potential underlying molecular mechanism involving bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, and finally explores exciting possibilities for manipulating ion channels to influence cell fate for regenerative medicine and to impact disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045;
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29
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Crottès D, Rapetti-Mauss R, Alcaraz-Perez F, Tichet M, Gariano G, Martial S, Guizouarn H, Pellissier B, Loubat A, Popa A, Paquet A, Presta M, Tartare-Deckert S, Cayuela ML, Martin P, Borgese F, Soriani O. SIGMAR1 Regulates Membrane Electrical Activity in Response to Extracellular Matrix Stimulation to Drive Cancer Cell Invasiveness. Cancer Res 2016; 76:607-18. [PMID: 26645564 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The sigma 1 receptor (Sig1R) is a stress-activated chaperone that regulates ion channels and is associated with pathologic conditions, such as stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and addiction. Aberrant expression levels of ion channels and Sig1R have been detected in tumors and cancer cells, such as myeloid leukemia and colorectal cancer, but the link between ion channel regulation and Sig1R overexpression during malignancy has not been established. In this study, we found that Sig1R dynamically controls the membrane expression of the human voltage-dependent K(+) channel human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) in myeloid leukemia and colorectal cancer cell lines. Sig1R promoted the formation of hERG/β1-integrin signaling complexes upon extracellular matrix stimulation, triggering the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Consequently, the presence of Sig1R in cancer cells increased motility and VEGF secretion. In vivo, Sig1R expression enhanced the aggressiveness of tumor cells by potentiating invasion and angiogenesis, leading to poor survival. Collectively, our findings highlight a novel function for Sig1R in mediating cross-talk between cancer cells and their microenvironment, thus driving oncogenesis by shaping cellular electrical activity in response to extracellular signals. Given the involvement of ion channels in promoting several hallmarks of cancer, our study also offers a potential strategy to therapeutically target ion channel function through Sig1R inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crottès
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, Nice, France. CNRS, iBV, UMR7277, Nice, France. INSERM U1091, Nice, France. Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Raphael Rapetti-Mauss
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, Nice, France. CNRS, iBV, UMR7277, Nice, France. INSERM U1091, Nice, France
| | - Francisca Alcaraz-Perez
- Telomerase, Aging and Cancer Group, Research Unit, Department of Surgery, CIBERehd, University Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", Murcia, Spain. Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Mélanie Tichet
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, C3M, Inserm U1065, Nice, France
| | - Giuseppina Gariano
- Unit of Oncology and Experimental Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sonia Martial
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, Nice, France. CNRS, iBV, UMR7277, Nice, France. INSERM U1091, Nice, France
| | - Hélène Guizouarn
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, Nice, France. CNRS, iBV, UMR7277, Nice, France. INSERM U1091, Nice, France
| | - Bernard Pellissier
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, Nice, France. CNRS, iBV, UMR7277, Nice, France. INSERM U1091, Nice, France
| | - Agnès Loubat
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, Nice, France. CNRS, iBV, UMR7277, Nice, France. INSERM U1091, Nice, France
| | - Alexandra Popa
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, IPMC, CNRS UMR7275, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Agnès Paquet
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, IPMC, CNRS UMR7275, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marco Presta
- Unit of Oncology and Experimental Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Maria Luisa Cayuela
- Telomerase, Aging and Cancer Group, Research Unit, Department of Surgery, CIBERehd, University Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", Murcia, Spain. Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Patrick Martin
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, Nice, France. CNRS, iBV, UMR7277, Nice, France. INSERM U1091, Nice, France
| | - Franck Borgese
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, Nice, France. CNRS, iBV, UMR7277, Nice, France. INSERM U1091, Nice, France
| | - Olivier Soriani
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, Nice, France. CNRS, iBV, UMR7277, Nice, France. INSERM U1091, Nice, France.
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30
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Martial S. Involvement of ion channels and transporters in carcinoma angiogenesis and metastasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C710-27. [PMID: 26791487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00218.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a finely tuned process, which is the result of the equilibrium between pro- and antiangiogenic factors. In solid tumor angiogenesis, the balance is highly in favor of the production of new, but poorly functional blood vessels, initially intended to provide growing tumors with nutrients and oxygen. Among the numerous proteins involved in tumor development, several types of ion channels are overexpressed in tumor cells, as well as in stromal and endothelial cells. Ion channels thus actively participate in the different hallmarks of cancer, especially in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Indeed, from their strategic localization in the plasma membrane, ion channels are key operators of cell signaling, as they sense and respond to environmental changes. This review aims to decipher how ion channels of different families are intricately involved in the fundamental angiogenesis and metastasis hallmarks, which lead from a nascent tumor to systemic dissemination. An overview of the possible use of ion channels as therapeutic targets will also be given, showing that ion channel inhibitors or specific antibodies may provide effective tools, in the near future, in the treatment of carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martial
- Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U1081, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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31
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Chu UB, Ruoho AE. Biochemical Pharmacology of the Sigma-1 Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:142-53. [PMID: 26560551 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is a 223 amino acid two transmembrane (TM) pass protein. It is a non-ATP-binding nonglycosylated ligand-regulated molecular chaperone of unknown three-dimensional structure. The S1R is resident to eukaryotic mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes with broad functions that regulate cellular calcium homeostasis and reduce oxidative stress. Several multitasking functions of the S1R are underwritten by chaperone-mediated direct (and indirect) interactions with ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors and cell-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of cell growth. The S1R is a promising drug target for the treatment of several neurodegenerative diseases related to cellular stress. In vitro and in vivo functional and molecular characteristics of the S1R and its interactions with endogenous and synthetic small molecules have been discovered by the use of pharmacologic, biochemical, biophysical, and molecular biology approaches. The S1R exists in monomer, dimer, tetramer, hexamer/octamer, and higher oligomeric forms that may be important determinants in defining the pharmacology and mechanism(s) of action of the S1R. A canonical GXXXG in putative TM2 is important for S1R oligomerization. The ligand-binding regions of S1R have been identified and include portions of TM2 and the TM proximal regions of the C terminus. Some client protein chaperone functions and interactions with the cochaperone 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (binding immunoglobulin protein) involve the C terminus. Based on its biochemical features and mechanisms of chaperone action the possibility that the S1R is a member of the small heat shock protein family is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen B Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Arnold E Ruoho
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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32
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van Waarde A, Rybczynska AA, Ramakrishnan NK, Ishiwata K, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RAJO. Potential applications for sigma receptor ligands in cancer diagnosis and therapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1848:2703-14. [PMID: 25173780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sigma receptors (sigma-1 and sigma-2) represent two independent classes of proteins. Their endogenous ligands may include the hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and sphingolipid-derived amines which interact with sigma-1 receptors, besides steroid hormones (e.g., progesterone) which bind to both sigma receptor subpopulations. The sigma-1 receptor is a ligand-regulated molecular chaperone with various ion channels and G-protein-coupled membrane receptors as clients. The sigma-2 receptor was identified as the progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1). Although sigma receptors are over-expressed in tumors and up-regulated in rapidly dividing normal tissue, their ligands induce significant cell death only in tumor tissue. Sigma ligands may therefore be used to selectively eradicate tumors. Multiple mechanisms appear to underlie cell killing after administration of sigma ligands, and the signaling pathways are dependent both on the type of ligand and the type of tumor cell. Recent evidence suggests that the sigma-2 receptor is a potential tumor and serum biomarker for human lung cancer and an important target for inhibiting tumor invasion and cancer progression. Current radiochemical efforts are focused on the development of subtype-selective radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Right now, the mostpromising tracers are [18F]fluspidine and [18F]FTC-146 for sigma-1 receptors and [11C]RHM-1 and [18F]ISO-1 for the sigma-2 subtype. Nanoparticles coupled to sigma ligands have shown considerable potential for targeted delivery of antitumor drugs in animal models of cancer, but clinical studies exploring this strategy in cancer patients have not yet been reported. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aren van Waarde
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna A Rybczynska
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nisha K Ramakrishnan
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Research Team for Neuroimaging, 35-2 Sakae-Cho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Ghent, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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33
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Abstract
This review compares the biological and physiological function of Sigma receptors [σRs] and their potential therapeutic roles. Sigma receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and across multiple peripheral tissues. σRs consist of sigma receptor one (σ1R) and sigma receptor two (σ2R) and are expressed in numerous regions of the brain. The sigma receptor was originally proposed as a subtype of opioid receptors and was suggested to contribute to the delusions and psychoses induced by benzomorphans such as SKF-10047 and pentazocine. Later studies confirmed that σRs are non-opioid receptors (not an µ opioid receptor) and play a more diverse role in intracellular signaling, apoptosis and metabolic regulation. σ1Rs are intracellular receptors acting as chaperone proteins that modulate Ca2+ signaling through the IP3 receptor. They dynamically translocate inside cells, hence are transmembrane proteins. The σ1R receptor, at the mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane, is responsible for mitochondrial metabolic regulation and promotes mitochondrial energy depletion and apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that they play a role as a modulator of ion channels (K+ channels; N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors [NMDAR]; inositol 1,3,5 triphosphate receptors) and regulate lipid transport and metabolism, neuritogenesis, cellular differentiation and myelination in the brain. σ1R modulation of Ca2+ release, modulation of cardiac myocyte contractility and may have links to G-proteins. It has been proposed that σ1Rs are intracellular signal transduction amplifiers. This review of the literature examines the mechanism of action of the σRs, their interaction with neurotransmitters, pharmacology, location and adverse effects mediated through them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Rousseaux
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada and
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34
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Fytas C, Zoidis G, Tsotinis A, Fytas G, Khan MA, Akhtar S, Rahman KM, Thurston DE. Novel 1-(2-aryl-2-adamantyl)piperazine derivatives with antiproliferative activity. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:281-90. [PMID: 25703296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1-(2-aryl-2-adamantyl)piperazine derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antitumor properties against HeLa cervical carcinoma, MDA MB 231 breast cancer, MIA PaCa2 pancreatic cancer, and NCI H1975 non-small cell lung cancer. The parent piperazine 6 was found to exhibit a reasonable activity toward the HeLa and MDA MB 231 tumor cell lines (IC50= 9.2 and 8.4 μΜ, respectively). Concurrent benzene ring C4-fluorination and piperidine acetylation of the piperazino NH of compound 6 resulted in the most active compound 13 of the series in both of the above cell lines (IC50=8.4 and 6.8 μΜ, respectively). Noticeably, compounds 6 and 13 exhibited a significantly low cytotoxicity level over the normal human cells HUVEC (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells) and NHDF (Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Fytas
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Andrew Tsotinis
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - George Fytas
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, GR-15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Mohsin A Khan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Samar Akhtar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Khondaker M Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - David E Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
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35
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Manohar M, Banister SD, Beinat C, O'Brien-Brown J, Kassiou M. Recent Advances in the Development of Sigma-1 Receptor Ligands. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The existence of two distinct sigma (σ) receptor subtypes was established in the early 1990s. Sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors (S1Rs and S2Rs, respectively) were shown to possess distinct molecular size, anatomical distribution, and ligand discrimination. S2R is overexpressed in numerous human cancers, and has therapeutic potential for the imaging and treatment of certain tumours. In contrast, S1R is more broadly involved in a wide variety of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including motor disorders, memory deficits, depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, pain, drug addiction, and many more. Since the human S1R was cloned in 1996, numerous high affinity ligands with excellent selectivity for S1R have been developed. This review focuses on recent developments in the generation of structurally diverse S1R-selective ligands and novel therapeutic candidates targeting S1Rs.
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36
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Xu D, Yi W, Chen Y, Ma L, Wang J, Yu G. Overexpression of Sig1R is closely associated with tumor progression and poor outcome in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Med Oncol 2014; 31:261. [PMID: 25344871 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonopioid Sigma1 receptor (Sig1R), which regulates various metabolism functions, has been implicated in cancers; yet, its role in hilar cholangiocarcinoma remains unclear. In the present study, we examined Sig1R expression in hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) tissues and explored its possible clinical values. Tissue microarray blocks containing 92 HC tissues and matched non-cancerous bile duct tissues were examined immunohistochemically for expression of Sig1R protein. Overexpression of Sig1R was found in 43 (46.7%) of the 92 primary tumor tissues. Overexpression of Sig1R was significantly associated with poor/undifferentiation (P = 0.011), tumor invasion (P = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.047), and advanced disease stage (P = 0.024) of HC patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients overexpressing Sig1R had an earlier recurrence and worse overall survival than those not overexpressing Sig1R. Cox regression analysis revealed that Sig1R was an independent factor to predict HC recurrence and prognosis of HC patients. Our results suggest that Sig1R is frequently activated in human HC tissue and overexpression of Sig1R might serve as a predictor for tumor recurrence and a prognostic biomarker for HC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200070, China,
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37
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Balasuriya D, D'Sa L, Talker R, Dupuis E, Maurin F, Martin P, Borgese F, Soriani O, Edwardson JM. A direct interaction between the sigma-1 receptor and the hERG voltage-gated K+ channel revealed by atomic force microscopy and homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF®). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32353-32363. [PMID: 25266722 PMCID: PMC4231707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.603506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein, widely expressed in central and peripheral tissues, which can translocate to the plasma membrane and modulate the function of various ion channels. The human ether-à-go-go-related gene encodes hERG, a cardiac voltage-gated K(+) channel that is abnormally expressed in many human cancers and is known to interact functionally with the sigma-1 receptor. Our aim was to investigate the nature of the interaction between the sigma-1 receptor and hERG. We show that the two proteins can be co-isolated from a detergent extract of stably transfected HEK-293 cells, consistent with a direct interaction between them. Atomic force microscopy imaging of the isolated protein confirmed the direct binding of the sigma-1 receptor to hERG monomers, dimers, and tetramers. hERG dimers and tetramers became both singly and doubly decorated by sigma-1 receptors; however, hERG monomers were only singly decorated. The distribution of angles between pairs of sigma-1 receptors bound to hERG tetramers had two peaks, at ∼90 and ∼180° in a ratio of ∼2:1, indicating that the sigma-1 receptor interacts with hERG with 4-fold symmetry. Homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF®) allowed the detection of the interaction between the sigma-1 receptor and hERG within the plane of the plasma membrane. This interaction was resistant to sigma ligands, but was decreased in response to cholesterol depletion of the membrane. We suggest that the sigma-1 receptor may bind to hERG in the endoplasmic reticulum, aiding its assembly and trafficking to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshan Balasuriya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren D'Sa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Ronel Talker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Elodie Dupuis
- CisBio Bioassays, Parc Marcel Boiteux BP 84175, 30200 Codolet, France, and
| | - Fabrice Maurin
- CisBio Bioassays, Parc Marcel Boiteux BP 84175, 30200 Codolet, France, and
| | - Patrick Martin
- Institut de Biologie de Valrose (iBV), CNRS UMR 7277, INSERM U1091 UNS, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Franck Borgese
- Institut de Biologie de Valrose (iBV), CNRS UMR 7277, INSERM U1091 UNS, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Soriani
- Institut de Biologie de Valrose (iBV), CNRS UMR 7277, INSERM U1091 UNS, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
| | - J Michael Edwardson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom,.
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Banister SD, Manoli M, Kassiou M. The development of radiotracers for imaging sigma (σ) receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) using positron emission tomography (PET). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 56:215-24. [PMID: 24285328 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sigma (σ) receptors are unique mammalian proteins, distributed in the central nervous system and elsewhere, which are increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of virtually all major central nervous system disorders. The heterogeneous but wide distribution of σ1 in the brain has prompted the development of selective radiotracers for imaging these sites using positron emission tomography (PET). To date, some 50 carbon-11-labelled and fluorine-18-labelled candidate PET radioligands targeting σ receptors have been reported. The historical development of selective σ1 receptor ligands as potential PET imaging agents, as well as the radiochemistry and application of the most recently developed examples, is described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Banister
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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39
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Miki Y, Mori F, Kon T, Tanji K, Toyoshima Y, Yoshida M, Sasaki H, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Wakabayashi K. Accumulation of the sigma-1 receptor is common to neuronal nuclear inclusions in various neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropathology 2014; 34:148-58. [PMID: 24313828 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor (SIGMAR1) is now known to be one of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, which participate in the degradation of misfolded proteins in cells via the ER-related degradation machinery linked to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Mutations of the SIGMAR1 gene are implicated in the pathogenesis of familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration and motor neuron disease. Involvement of ER dysfunction in the formation of inclusion bodies in various neurodegenerative diseases has also become evident. We performed immunohistochemical staining to clarify the localization of SIGMAR1 in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative disorders, including trans-activation response DNA protein 43 (TDP-43) proteinopathy, tauopathy, α-synucleinopathy, polyglutamine disease and intranuclear inclusion body disease (INIBD). Double-immunocytofluorescence and Western blot analyses of cultured cells were also performed to investigate the role of SIGMAR1 using a specific exportin 1 inhibitor, leptomycin B and an ER stress inducer, thapsigargin. SIGMAR1 was consistently shown to be co-localized with neuronal nuclear inclusions in TDP-43 proteinopathy, five polyglutamine diseases and INIBD, as well as in intranuclear Marinesco bodies in aged normal controls. Cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons and glial cells were unreactive for SIGMAR1. In cultured cells, immunocytofluorescent study showed that leptomycin B and thapsigargin were shown to sequester SIGMAR1 within the nucleus, acting together with p62. This finding was also supported by immunoblot analysis. These results indicate that SIGMAR1 might shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Neurodegenerative diseases characterized by neuronal nuclear inclusions might utilize the ER-related degradation machinery as a common pathway for the degradation of aberrant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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40
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Comprehensively review the evidence regarding the use of ayahuasca, an Amerindian medicine traditionally used to treat many different illnesses and diseases, to treat some types of cancer. METHODS An in-depth review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, books, institutional magazines, conferences and online texts in nonprofessional sources regarding the biomedical knowledge about ayahuasca in general with a specific focus in its possible relations to the treatment of cancer. RESULTS At least nine case reports regarding the use of ayahuasca in the treatment of prostate, brain, ovarian, uterine, stomach, breast, and colon cancers were found. Several of these were considered improvements, one case was considered worse, and one case was rated as difficult to evaluate. A theoretical model is presented which explains these effects at the cellular, molecular, and psychosocial levels. Particular attention is given to ayahuasca's pharmacological effects through the activity of N,N-dimethyltryptamine at intracellular sigma-1 receptors. The effects of other components of ayahuasca, such as harmine, tetrahydroharmine, and harmaline, are also considered. CONCLUSION The proposed model, based on the molecular and cellular biology of ayahuasca's known active components and the available clinical reports, suggests that these accounts may have consistent biological underpinnings. Further study of ayahuasca's possible antitumor effects is important because cancer patients continue to seek out this traditional medicine. Consequently, based on the social and anthropological observations of the use of this brew, suggestions are provided for further research into the safety and efficacy of ayahuasca as a possible medicinal aid in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo E Schenberg
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Plantando Consciencia, São Paulo, Brazil
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41
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Skrzycki M, Czeczot H. Altered expression level of Sigma1 receptor gene in human colorectal cancer. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:313-8. [PMID: 23906352 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.822891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonopioid Sigma1 receptor (Sig1R) influences numerous metabolism functions including regulation of ion channels, reaction on stress and response to growth signals. Due to this influence, Sigma1 receptor ligands show anti-proliferative and cytotoxic action on tumor cells. Additionally its increased level is observed in some types of tumors. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and its clinical development is well described. The aim of the study was evaluation of Sigma1 receptor mRNA expression level in human colorectal cancer and colorectal cancer liver metastases at different stages of tumor development. The mRNA was isolated from 30 patients: 18 with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 12 with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM). The cDNA of Sig1R gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. The level of Sig1R mRNA expression was determined by measurement of optical density. Sig1R expression level was increased in CRC and CRCLM. The highest level of Sig1R mRNA was observed in UICC stage III. We also showed significant interactions of UICC stage and tumor localization with Sig1R expression level. There were no interactions between UICC stage and age of patients, although we observed significantly decreased level of Sig1R mRNA in older patients. Clinical advancement stage, localization of tumor and age of patients seems to be an important factors influencing Sigma1 receptor expression level. It is probably due to double nature of Sig1R action - in certain conditions it could act pro- or antiapoptotic. This action might depend on Sig1R activity resulting from its expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Skrzycki
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw Medical University , Warsaw , Poland
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42
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Crottès D, Guizouarn H, Martin P, Borgese F, Soriani O. The sigma-1 receptor: a regulator of cancer cell electrical plasticity? Front Physiol 2013; 4:175. [PMID: 23882221 PMCID: PMC3712323 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally mistaken as an opioid receptor, the sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) is a ubiquitous membrane protein that has been involved in many cellular processes. While the precise function of Sig1R has long remained mysterious, recent studies have shed light on its role and the molecular mechanisms triggered. Sig1R is in fact a stress-activated chaperone mainly associated with the ER-mitochondria interface that can regulate cell survival through the control of calcium homeostasis. Sig1R functionally regulates ion channels belonging to various molecular families and it has thus been involved in neuronal plasticity and central nervous system diseases. Interestingly, Sig1R is frequently expressed in tumors but its function in cancer has not been yet clarified. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of Sig1R. We suggest herein that Sig1R shapes cancer cell electrical signature upon environmental conditions. Thus, Sig1R may be used as a novel therapeutic target to specifically abrogate pro-invasive functions of ion channels in cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crottès
- Université de Nice, UMR 7277 Nice, France ; Institut de Biologie de Valrose, CNRS UMR 7277, INSERM U1091, Université de Nice Nice, France
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Mavlyutov TA, Epstein ML, Verbny YI, Huerta MS, Zaitoun I, Ziskind-Conhaim L, Ruoho AE. Lack of sigma-1 receptor exacerbates ALS progression in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 240:129-34. [PMID: 23458708 PMCID: PMC3665351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The function of the sigma-1 receptor (S1R) has been implicated in modulating the activity of various ion channels. In the CNS S1R is enriched in cholinergic postsynaptic densities in spinal cord motoneurons (MNs). Mutations in S1R have been found in familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this study we show that a knockout of S1R in the SOD1*G93A mouse model of ALS significantly reduces longevity (end stage). Electrophysiological experiments demonstrate that MN of mice lacking S1R exhibit increased excitability. Taken together the data suggest the S1R acts as a brake on excitability, an effect that might enhance longevity in an ALS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Mavlyutov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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44
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Chu UB, Ramachandran S, Hajipour AR, Ruoho AE. Photoaffinity labeling of the sigma-1 receptor with N-[3-(4-nitrophenyl)propyl]-N-dodecylamine: evidence of receptor dimers. Biochemistry 2013; 52:859-68. [PMID: 23324054 PMCID: PMC3581363 DOI: 10.1021/bi301517u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor is a ligand-regulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident chaperone involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Coupling of the sigma-1 receptor with various ER and/or plasma membrane ion channels is associated with its ability to regulate the locomotor activity and cellular proliferation produced in response to sigma-1 receptor ligands. A number of endogenous small molecules bind to the sigma-1 receptor and have been shown to regulate its activity; these include progesterone, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, d-erythro-sphingosine, and/or other endogenous lipids. We previously reported the synthesis of long chain N-alkylamine derivatives and the characterization of the structure-activity relationship between the chain length of N-alkylamine and affinities at the sigma-1 receptor. Here, we present data demonstrating the photoincorporation of one of these N-alkylamine derivatives, N-[3-(4-nitrophenyl)propyl]-N-dodecylamine (4-NPPC12), to the sigma-1 receptor. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight and tandem mass spectrometry showed that 4-NPPC12 photoinserted at histidine 154 of the derivatized population of the sigma-1 receptor. Interestingly, light-dependent photoinsertion of 4-NPPC12 resulted in an enhanced electrophoretic mobility of only 50% of the derivatized receptor molecules as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proposed binding and reactivity of 4-NPPC12 evoke a ligand binding model for the sigma-1 receptor that likely involves a receptor dimer and/or oligomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen B. Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Subramaniam Ramachandran
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Abdol R. Hajipour
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156, IR Iran
| | - Arnold E. Ruoho
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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45
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Riganas S, Papanastasiou I, Foscolos GB, Tsotinis A, Serin G, Mirjolet JF, Dimas K, Kourafalos VN, Eleutheriades A, Moutsos VI, Khan H, Georgakopoulou S, Zaniou A, Prassa M, Theodoropoulou M, Mantelas A, Pondiki S, Vamvakides A. New Adamantane Phenylalkylamines with σ-Receptor Binding Affinity and Anticancer Activity, Associated with Putative Antagonism of Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10241-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3013008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Riganas
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15771
Athens, Greece
- Anavex Life Sciences, 27 Marathonos Avenue,
15351 Pallini, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papanastasiou
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15771
Athens, Greece
| | - George B. Foscolos
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15771
Athens, Greece
| | - Andrew Tsotinis
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15771
Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Kostas Dimas
- Division of Pharmacology, Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens (FBRAA), 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Humaira Khan
- Anavex Life Sciences, 27 Marathonos Avenue,
15351 Pallini, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Angeliki Zaniou
- Anavex Life Sciences, 27 Marathonos Avenue,
15351 Pallini, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Prassa
- Anavex Life Sciences, 27 Marathonos Avenue,
15351 Pallini, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Stavroula Pondiki
- Anavex Life Sciences, 27 Marathonos Avenue,
15351 Pallini, Athens, Greece
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46
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Balasuriya D, Stewart AP, Crottès D, Borgese F, Soriani O, Edwardson JM. The sigma-1 receptor binds to the Nav1.5 voltage-gated Na+ channel with 4-fold symmetry. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37021-9. [PMID: 22952230 PMCID: PMC3481303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.382077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) is up-regulated in many human tumors and plays a role in the control of cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. At the molecular level, the Sig1R modulates the activity of various ion channels, apparently through a direct interaction. We have previously shown using atomic force microscopy imaging that the Sig1R binds to the trimeric acid-sensing ion channel 1A with 3-fold symmetry. Here, we investigated the interaction between the Sig1R and the Nav1.5 voltage-gated Na(+) channel, which has also been implicated in promoting the invasiveness of cancer cells. We show that the Sig1R and Nav1.5 can be co-isolated from co-transfected cells, consistent with an intimate association between the two proteins. Atomic force microscopy imaging of the co-isolated proteins revealed complexes in which Nav1.5 was decorated by Sig1Rs. Frequency distributions of angles between pairs of bound Sig1Rs had two peaks, at ∼90° and ∼180°, and the 90° peak was about twice the size of the 180° peak. These results demonstrate that the Sig1R binds to Nav1.5 with 4-fold symmetry. Hence, each set of six transmembrane regions in Nav1.5 likely constitutes a Sig1R binding site, suggesting that the Sig1R interacts with the transmembrane regions of its partners. Interestingly, two known Sig1R ligands, haloperidol and (+)-pentazocine, disrupted the Nav1.5/Sig1R interaction both in vitro and in living cells. Finally, we show that endogenously expressed Sig1R and Nav1.5 also functionally interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshan Balasuriya
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom and
| | - Andrew P. Stewart
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom and
| | - David Crottès
- Institut de Biologie de Valrose, CNRS UMR 7277, INSERM U1091 UNS, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Franck Borgese
- Institut de Biologie de Valrose, CNRS UMR 7277, INSERM U1091 UNS, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Soriani
- Institut de Biologie de Valrose, CNRS UMR 7277, INSERM U1091 UNS, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - J. Michael Edwardson
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom and
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47
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He YL, Zhang CL, Gao XF, Yao JJ, Hu CL, Mei YA. Cyproheptadine enhances the I(K) of mouse cortical neurons through sigma-1 receptor-mediated intracellular signal pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41303. [PMID: 22844454 PMCID: PMC3402501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyproheptadine (CPH) is a histamine- and serotonin-receptor antagonist, and its effects are observed recently in the modulation of multiple intracellular signals. In this study, we used cortical neurons and HEK-293 cells transfected with Kv2.1 α-subunit to address whether CPH modify neural voltage-gated K(+) channels by a mechanism independent of its serotonergic and histaminergic properties. Our results demonstrate that intracellularly delivered CPH increased the I(K) by reducing the activity of protein kinas A (PKA). Inhibition of G(i) eliminated the CPH-induced effect on both the I(K) and PKA. Blocking of 5-HT-, M-, D(2)-, H(1)- or H(2)-type GPCR receptors with relevant antagonists did not eliminate the CPH-induced effect on the I(K). Antagonists of the sigma-1 receptor, however, blocked the effect of CPH. Moreover, the inhibition of sigma-1 by siRNA knockdown significantly reduced the CPH-induced effect on the I(K). On the contrary, sigma-1 receptor agonist mimicked the effects of CPH on the induction of I(K). A ligand-receptor binding assay indicated that CPH bound to the sigma-1 receptor. Similar effect of CPH were obtained from HEK-293 cells transfected with the α-subunit of Kv2.1. In overall, we reveal for the first time that CPH enhances the I(K) by modulating activity of PKA, and that the associated activation of the sigma-1 receptor/G(i)-protein pathway might be involved. Our findings illustrate an uncharacterized effect of CPH on neuron excitability through the I(K), which is independent of histamine H(1) and serotonin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin He
- Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Jing Yao
- Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Long Hu
- Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Ai Mei
- Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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48
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Mavlyutov TA, Epstein ML, Liu P, Verbny YI, Ziskind-Conhaim L, Ruoho AE. Development of the sigma-1 receptor in C-terminals of motoneurons and colocalization with the N,N'-dimethyltryptamine forming enzyme, indole-N-methyl transferase. Neuroscience 2012; 206:60-8. [PMID: 22265729 PMCID: PMC3321351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The function of the sigma-1 receptor (S1R) has been linked to modulating the activities of ion channels and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). In the CNS, the S1R is expressed ubiquitously but is enriched in mouse motoneurons (MN), where it is localized to subsurface cisternae of cholinergic postsynaptic densities, also known as C-terminals. We found that S1R is enriched in mouse spinal MN at late stages of embryonic development when it is first visualized in the endoplasmic reticulum. S1Rs appear to concentrate at C-terminals of mouse MN only on the second week of postnatal development. We found that indole-N-methyl transferase (INMT), an enzyme that converts tryptamine into the sigma-1 ligand dimethyltryptamine (DMT), is also localized to postsynaptic sites of C-terminals in close proximity to the S1R. This close association of INMT and S1Rs suggest that DMT is synthesized locally to effectively activate S1R in MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Mavlyutov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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49
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Riganas S, Papanastasiou I, Foscolos GB, Tsotinis A, Bourguignon JJ, Serin G, Mirjolet JF, Dimas K, Kourafalos VN, Eleutheriades A, Moutsos VI, Khan H, Georgakopoulou S, Zaniou A, Prassa M, Theodoropoulou M, Pondiki S, Vamvakides A. Synthesis, σ₁, σ₂-receptors binding affinity and antiproliferative action of new C1-substituted adamantanes. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3323-31. [PMID: 22512908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of N-{4-[a-(1-adamantyl)benzyl]phenyl}piperazines 2a-e is described. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of most compounds against main cancer cell lines is significant. The σ(1), σ(2)-receptors and sodium channels binding affinity of compounds 2 were investigated. One of the most active analogs, 2a, had an interesting in vivo anticancer profile against the BxPC-3 and Mia-Paca-2 pancreas cancer cell lines with caspase-3 activation, which was associated with an anagelsic activity against the neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Riganas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
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50
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Chu UB, Hajipour AR, Ramachandran S, Ruoho AE. Characterization of interactions of 4-nitrophenylpropyl-N-alkylamine with ς receptors. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7568-78. [PMID: 21790129 PMCID: PMC3234165 DOI: 10.1021/bi2004872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sigma receptors are small membrane proteins implicated in a number of pathophysiological conditions, including drug addiction, psychosis, and cancer; thus, small molecule inhibitors of sigma receptors have been proposed as potential pharmacotherapeutics for these diseases. We previously discovered that endogenous monochain N-alkyl sphingolipids, including d-erythro-sphingosine, sphinganine, and N,N-dimethylsphingosine, bind to the sigma-1 receptor at physiologically relevant concentrations [Ramachandran, S., et al. (2009) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 609, 19-26]. Here, we investigated several N-alkylamines of varying chain lengths as sigma receptor ligands. Although the K(I) values for N-alkylamines were found to be in the micromolar range, when N-3-phenylpropyl and N-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propyl derivatives of butylamine (1a and 1b, respectively), heptylamine (2a and 2b, respectively), dodecylamine (3a and 3b, respectively), and octadecylamine (4a and 4b, respectively) were evaluated as sigma receptor ligands, we found that these compounds exhibited nanomolar affinities with both sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors. A screen of high-affinity ligands 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b against a variety of other receptors and/or transporters confirmed these four compounds to be highly selective mixed sigma-1 and sigma-2 ligands. Additionally, in HEK-293 cells reconstituted with K(v)1.4 potassium channel and the sigma-1 receptor, these derivatives were able to inhibit the outward current from the channel, consistent with sigma receptor modulation. Finally, cytotoxicity assays showed that 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b were highly potent against a number of cancer cell lines, demonstrating their potential utility as mixed sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptor anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen B. Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Abdol R. Hajipour
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156, Iran
| | - Subramaniam Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Arnold E. Ruoho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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