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Yao P, Liu X, Miao Q, Li C, Zhou H, Li H, Mao X, Fang X, Li N. Expression mapping of GREM1 and functional contribution of its secreting cells in the brain using transgenic mouse models. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114649. [PMID: 38072150 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
GREMLIN1 (GREM1) is a secreted protein that antagonizes bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). While abnormal GREM1 expression has been reported to cause behavioral defects in postpartum mice, the spatial and cellular distribution of GREM1 in the brain and the influence of the GREM1-secreting cells on brain function and behavior remain unclear. To address this, we designed a genetic cassette incorporating a 3×Flag-TeV-HA-T2A-tdTomato sequence, resulting in the creation of a novel Grem1Tag mouse model, expressing an epitope tag (3×Flag-TeV-HA-T2A) followed by a fluorescent reporter (tdTomato) under the control of the endogenous Grem1 promoter. This design facilitated precise tracking of the cell origin and distribution of GREM1 in the brain using tdTomato and Flag (or HA) markers, respectively. We confirmed that the Grem1Tag mouse exhibited normal motor, cognitive, and social behaviors at postnatal 60 days (P60), compared with C57BL/6J controls. Through immunofluorescence staining, we comprehensively mapped the distribution of GREM1-secreting cells across the central nervous system. Pervasive GREM1 expression was observed in the cerebral cortex (Cx), medulla, pons, and cerebellum, with the highest levels in the Cx region. Notably, within the Cx, GREM1 was predominantly secreted by excitatory neurons, particularly those expressing calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (Camk2a), while inhibitory neurons (parvalbumin-positive, PV+) and glial cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia) showed little or no GREM1 expression. To delineate the functional significance of GREM1-secreting cells, a selective ablation at P42 using a diphtheria toxin A (DTA) system resulted in increased anxiety-like behavior and impaired memory in mice. Altogether, our study harnessing the Grem1Tag mouse model reveals the spatial and cellular localization of GREM1 in the mouse brain, shedding light on the involvement of GREM1-secreting cells in modulating brain function and behavior. Our Grem1Tag mouse serves as a valuable tool for further exploring the precise role of GREM1 in brain development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijia Yao
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xueli Liu
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; Department of Neonatology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qiang Miao
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Changxue Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Huaixiang Zhou
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; China-UK Institute for Frontier Science, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Perfect Life and Health Institute, Zhongshan, 528454, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyi Fang
- Department of Neonatology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; China-UK Institute for Frontier Science, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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Wu M, Wu S, Chen W, Li YP. The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease. Cell Res 2024; 34:101-123. [PMID: 38267638 PMCID: PMC10837209 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte lineage commitment and differentiation, skeletal development, and homeostasis. TGF-βs and BMPs transduce signals through SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways; specifically, they recruit different receptor heterotetramers and R-Smad complexes, resulting in unique biological readouts. BMPs promote osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and chondrogenesis at all differentiation stages, while TGF-βs play different roles in a stage-dependent manner. BMPs and TGF-β have opposite functions in articular cartilage homeostasis. Moreover, TGF-β has a specific role in maintaining the osteocyte network. The precise activation of BMP and TGF-β signaling requires regulatory machinery at multiple levels, including latency control in the matrix, extracellular antagonists, ubiquitination and phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, nucleus-cytoplasm transportation, and transcriptional co-regulation in the nuclei. This review weaves the background information with the latest advances in the signaling facilitated by TGF-βs and BMPs, and the advanced understanding of their diverse physiological functions and regulations. This review also summarizes the human diseases and mouse models associated with disordered TGF-β and BMP signaling. A more precise understanding of the BMP and TGF-β signaling could facilitate the development of bona fide clinical applications in treating bone and cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrui Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shali Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Alregaiey KA, Alfadda AA, Alsaber NS, Bedaiwi AM, Almubarak FR, Bin Muammar AF, Alfaifi RA, Alquwayfili MN, Alyami RM, Iqbal M. Analysis of Gremlin 1 Levels Following Sleeve Gastrectomy. Cureus 2023; 15:e48738. [PMID: 37965235 PMCID: PMC10642626 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current study, we aimed to assess the levels of Gremlin 1, an adipokine with a rich repertoire of metabolic effects, in association with the glycemic and lipid parameters after sleeve gastrectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted on 31 males with obesity aged 25 to 50 years who underwent sleeve gastrectomy. Plasma Gremlin 1 levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at baseline and 6-12 months after the operation, along with body mass index, insulin, glucose, and lipid profile. RESULTS Plasma Gremlin 1 levels were elevated (148.19±17.43 vs. 193.29±19.82 ng/mL, p < 0.05) after sleeve gastrectomy. This was accompanied by a decrease in body mass index (from 51.47±1.71 to 39.23±1.56 kg/m2, p < 0.05). Insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) also exhibited a significant decrease (19.69±1.81 vs. 8.98±1.09 mIU/L and 6.52±0.98 vs. 2.57±0.036 p < 0.05, respectively) in the postoperative period. Total cholesterol levels were significantly increased after surgery (4.29±0.16 to 5.10±0.16, p < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that Gremlin 1 was positively correlated with insulin before surgery, but there was no significant correlation after surgery. CONCLUSION The circulating Gremlin 1 levels were elevated postoperatively among our participants. The improvement in insulin sensitivity appears to be independent of the reported antagonistic effects of Gremlin 1.
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Gao Z, Houthuijzen JM, Ten Dijke P, Brazil DP. GREM1 signaling in cancer: tumor promotor and suppressor? J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00777-4. [PMID: 37615860 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
GREMLIN1 (GREM1) is member of a family of structurally and functionally related secreted cysteine knot proteins, which act to sequester and inhibit the action of multifunctional bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). GREM1 binds directly to BMP dimers, thereby preventing BMP-mediated activation of BMP type I and type II receptors. Multiple reports identify the overexpression of GREM1 as a contributing factor in a broad range of cancers. Additionally, the GREM1 gene is amplified in a rare autosomal dominant inherited form of colorectal cancer. The inhibitory effects of GREM1 on BMP signaling have been linked to these tumor-promoting effects, including facilitating cancer cell stemness and the activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Moreover, GREM1 has been described to bind and signal to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and stimulate angiogenesis, as well as epidermal and fibroblast growth factor receptor (EGFR and FGFR) to elicit tumor-promoting effects in breast and prostate cancer, respectively. In contrast, a 2022 report revealed that GREM1 can promote an epithelial state in pancreatic cancers, thereby inhibiting pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis. In this commentary, we will review these disparate findings and attempt to provide clarity around the role of GREM1 signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Gao
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Julia M Houthuijzen
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Oncode Institute, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Derek P Brazil
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK.
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Jiang PC, Xu LZ, Ning JZ, Cheng F. GREM1 is a potential biomarker for the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:255. [PMID: 37605239 PMCID: PMC10463405 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gremlin-1 (GREM1) is a protein closely related to tumor growth, although its function in bladder cancer (BCa) is currently unknown. Our first objective was to study the GREM1 treatment potential in BCa. METHODS BCa tissue samples were collected for the detection of GREM1 expression using Western blot analysis and Immunofluorescence staining. Association of GREM1 expression with clinicopathology and prognosis as detected by TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database. The functional investigation was tested by qRT-PCR, western blot analysis, CCK-8, cell apoptosis, wound healing, and transwell assays. The interaction between GREM1 and the downstream PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was assessed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS GREM1 exhibited high expression in BCa tissues and was linked to poor prognosis. Stable knockdown of GREM1 significantly inhibited BCa cell (T24 and 5637) proliferation, apoptosis, migratory, invasive, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) abilities. GREM1 promotes the progression in BCa via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Findings demonstrate that the progression-promoting effect of GREM1 in BCa, providing a novel biomarker for BCa-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhe Xu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Zhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Xu ZH, Xiong CW, Miao KS, Yu ZT, Zhang JJ, Yu CL, Huang Y, Zhou XD. Adipokines regulate mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:502-513. [PMID: 37424950 PMCID: PMC10324509 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i6.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into various tissue cell types including bone, adipose, cartilage, and muscle. Among those, osteogenic differentiation of MSCs has been widely explored in many bone tissue engineering studies. Moreover, the conditions and methods of inducing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs are continuously advancing. Recently, with the gradual recognition of adipokines, the research on their involvement in different pathophysiological processes of the body is also deepening including lipid metabolism, inflammation, immune regulation, energy disorders, and bone homeostasis. At the same time, the role of adipokines in the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs has been gradually described more completely. Therefore, this paper reviewed the evidence of the role of adipokines in the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, emphasizing bone formation and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213200, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen-Wei Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai-Song Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-Tang Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chang-Lin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin-Die Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Gonghe County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 811800, Qinghai Province, China
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Wang YW, Lin WY, Wu FJ, Luo CW. Unveiling the transcriptomic landscape and the potential antagonist feedback mechanisms of TGF-β superfamily signaling module in bone and osteoporosis. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:190. [PMID: 36443839 PMCID: PMC9703672 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TGF-β superfamily signaling is indispensable for bone homeostasis. However, the global expression profiles of all the genes that make up this signaling module in bone and bone-related diseases have not yet been well characterized. METHODS Transcriptomic datasets from human bone marrows, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSCs of primary osteoporotic patients were used for expression profile analyses. Protein treatments, gene quantification, reporter assay and signaling dissection in MSC lines were used to clarify the interactive regulations and feedback mechanisms between TGF-β superfamily ligands and antagonists. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used for network construction. RESULTS We identified TGFB1 in the ligand group that carries out SMAD2/3 signaling and BMP8A, BMP8B and BMP2 in the ligand group that conducts SMAD1/5/8 signaling have relatively high expression levels in normal bone marrows and MSCs. Among 16 antagonist genes, the dominantly expressed TGF-β superfamily ligands induced only NOG, GREM1 and GREM2 via different SMAD pathways in MSCs. These induced antagonist proteins further showed distinct antagonisms to the treated ligands and thus would make up complicated negative feedback networks in bone. We further identified TGF-β superfamily signaling is enriched in MSCs of primary osteoporosis. Enhanced expression of the genes mediating TGF-β-mediated SMAD3 signaling and the genes encoding TGF-β superfamily antagonists served as significant features to osteoporosis. CONCLUSION Our data for the first time unveiled the transcription landscape of all the genes that make up TGF-β superfamily signaling module in bone. The feedback mechanisms and regulatory network prediction of antagonists provided novel hints to treat osteoporosis. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Wang
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Beitou, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Lin
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Beitou, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ju Wu
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Beitou, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Luo
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Beitou, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
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Effect and Related Mechanism of Platelet-Rich Plasma on the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1256002. [PMID: 35978628 PMCID: PMC9377928 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1256002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) are ideal seed cells for the regeneration of alveolar bone defects. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which is rich in growth factors, promotes tissue repair. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether PRP promotes the osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs and to perform high-throughput sequencing to explore the possible mechanism. Methods hADSCs were divided into the three following groups: CON group, OM group, and PRP group. Osteogenesis was detected by Alizarin Red staining on day 14. Total RNA was extracted from the OM and PRP groups for high-throughput sequencing. The target genes of the differentially expressed osteogenic-related miRNAs were predicted, and combined miRNA/mRNA analysis was then performed. The mRNA and protein expression levels of hsa-miR-212-5p, type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CNR1), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Runx2, osteocalcin (OCN), and collagen 1 A1 (COL1A1) in the OM and PRP groups were detected by qRT–PCR and Western blot analyses. The binding between hsa-miR-212-5p and CNR1 was detected by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results Both the OM and PRP groups exhibited enhanced proliferation of hADSCs, and the differences at 48 h and 72 h were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The PRP group had significantly more calcium nodules than the CON group (P < 0.05). Through high-throughput sequencing analysis, differential miRNA and mRNA expression profiles were obtained. During hADSC osteogenesis, the expression of hsa-miR-212-5p was downregulated, and the expression of CNR1 was upregulated. hsa-miR-212-5p was found to bind directly to the 3′ UTR of CNR1. Conclusions The present findings indicated that downregulation of hsa-miR-212-5p and upregulation of CNR1 may be involved in the process by which PRP promotes the osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs.
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Gremlin-1 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Cell Metastasis by Activating ATF6 and Inhibiting ATF4 Pathways. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142136. [PMID: 35883579 PMCID: PMC9324664 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell survival, function and fate strongly depend on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis. Although previous studies have implicated the ER stress signaling network in all stages of cancer development, its role in cancer metastasis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of Gremlin-1 (GREM1), a secreted protein, in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, public datasets showed a positive correlation between high expression of GREM1 and a poor prognosis for CRC. Secondly, GREM1 enhanced motility and invasion of CRC cells by epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Thirdly, GREM1 upregulated expression of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and downregulated that of ATF4, and modulation of the two key players of the unfolded protein response (UPR) was possibly through activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and antagonization of BMP2 signaling pathways, respectively. Taken together, our results demonstrate that GREM1 is an invasion-promoting factor via regulation of ATF6 and ATF4 expression in CRC cells, suggesting GREM1 may be a potential pharmacological target for colorectal cancer treatment.
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GREM1 is required to maintain cellular heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer. Nature 2022; 607:163-168. [PMID: 35768509 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) shows pronounced epithelial and mesenchymal cancer cell populations1-4. Cellular heterogeneity in PDAC is an important feature in disease subtype specification3-5, but how distinct PDAC subpopulations interact, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie PDAC cell fate decisions, are incompletely understood. Here we identify the BMP inhibitor GREM16,7 as a key regulator of cellular heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer in human and mouse. Grem1 inactivation in established PDAC in mice resulted in a direct conversion of epithelial into mesenchymal PDAC cells within days, suggesting that persistent GREM1 activity is required to maintain the epithelial PDAC subpopulations. By contrast, Grem1 overexpression caused an almost complete 'epithelialization' of highly mesenchymal PDAC, indicating that high GREM1 activity is sufficient to revert the mesenchymal fate of PDAC cells. Mechanistically, Grem1 was highly expressed in mesenchymal PDAC cells and inhibited the expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factors Snai1 (also known as Snail) and Snai2 (also known as Slug) in the epithelial cell compartment, therefore restricting epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity. Thus, constant suppression of BMP activity is essential to maintain epithelial PDAC cells, indicating that the maintenance of the cellular heterogeneity of pancreatic cancer requires continuous paracrine signalling elicited by a single soluble factor.
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Schang G, Ongaro L, Brûlé E, Zhou X, Wang Y, Boehm U, Ruf-Zamojski F, Zamojski M, Mendelev N, Seenarine N, Amper MA, Nair V, Ge Y, Sealfon SC, Bernard DJ. Transcription factor GATA2 may potentiate follicle-stimulating hormone production in mice via induction of the BMP antagonist gremlin in gonadotrope cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102072. [PMID: 35643321 PMCID: PMC9251782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian reproduction depends on the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone, which are secreted by pituitary gonadotrope cells. The zinc-finger transcription factor GATA2 was previously implicated in FSH production in male mice; however, its mechanisms of action and role in females were not determined. To directly address GATA2 function in gonadotropes, we generated and analyzed gonadotrope-specific Gata2 KO mice using the Cre-lox system. We found that while conditional KO (cKO) males exhibited ∼50% reductions in serum FSH levels and pituitary FSHβ subunit (Fshb) expression relative to controls, FSH production was apparently normal in cKO females. In addition, RNA-seq analysis of purified gonadotropes from control and cKO males revealed a profound decrease in expression of gremlin (Grem1), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist. We show Grem1 was expressed in gonadotropes, but not other cell lineages, in the adult male mouse pituitary. Furthermore, Gata2, Grem1, and Fshb mRNA levels were significantly higher in the pituitaries of WT males relative to females but decreased in males treated with estradiol and increased following ovariectomy in control but not cKO females. Finally, we found that recombinant gremlin stimulated Fshb expression in pituitary cultures from WT mice. Collectively, the data suggest that GATA2 promotes Grem1 expression in gonadotropes and that the gremlin protein potentiates FSH production. The mechanisms of gremlin action have not yet been established but may involve attenuation of BMP binding to activin type II receptors in gonadotropes, facilitating induction of Fshb transcription by activins or related ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Schang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Emilie Brûlé
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frederique Ruf-Zamojski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michel Zamojski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natalia Mendelev
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nitish Seenarine
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary Anne Amper
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Venugopalan Nair
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Grem1 accelerates nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis and intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting TGF-β-mediated Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:518-530. [PMID: 35440754 PMCID: PMC9076866 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a main cause of low back pain, and inflammatory factors play key roles in its pathogenesis. Gremlin-1 (Grem1) was reported to induce an inflammatory response in other fields. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of Grem1 in the degenerative process of intervertebral discs. Dysregulated genes were determined by analyzing microarray profiles. The expression of Grem1 in 17 human disc samples (male:female = 9:8) and rat models (n = 5 each group) was measured by western blotting (WB), real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The regulatory effects of Grem1 on apoptosis were examined using siRNAs, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence (IF), and WB. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by locally injecting specific Grem1 siRNA into IVDD rats. The expression of Grem1 was significantly increased in human degenerative intervertebral discs; furthermore, the expression of Grem1 positively correlated with the level of intervertebral disc degeneration. Grem1 was significantly overexpressed in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced degenerative NP cells. Apoptosis in degenerative NP cells transfected with siRNA targeting Grem1 was significantly lower than that in the control group. Specific Grem1 siRNA markedly repressed the development of IVDD in surgery-induced IVDD rats. These results indicated that the expression of Grem1 was positively correlated with the severity of intervertebral disc degeneration, and Grem1 siRNA could inhibit Grem1-induced apoptosis and extracellular matrix alterations by mediating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. This study may provide a therapeutic strategy for alleviating inflammation-induced apoptosis associated with intervertebral disc degeneration.
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13
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Ichinose M, Suzuki N, Wang T, Kobayashi H, Vrbanac L, Ng JQ, Wright JA, Lannagan TRM, Gieniec KA, Lewis M, Ando R, Enomoto A, Koblar S, Thomas P, Worthley DL, Woods SL. The BMP antagonist gremlin 1 contributes to the development of cortical excitatory neurons, motor balance and fear responses. Development 2021; 148:269258. [PMID: 34184027 PMCID: PMC8313862 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is required for early forebrain development and cortical formation. How the endogenous modulators of BMP signaling regulate the structural and functional maturation of the developing brain remains unclear. Here, we show that expression of the BMP antagonist Grem1 marks committed layer V and VI glutamatergic neurons in the embryonic mouse brain. Lineage tracing of Grem1-expressing cells in the embryonic brain was examined by administration of tamoxifen to pregnant Grem1creERT; Rosa26LSLTdtomato mice at 13.5 days post coitum (dpc), followed by collection of embryos later in gestation. In addition, at 14.5 dpc, bulk mRNA-seq analysis of differentially expressed transcripts between FACS-sorted Grem1-positive and -negative cells was performed. We also generated Emx1-cre-mediated Grem1 conditional knockout mice (Emx1-Cre;Grem1flox/flox) in which the Grem1 gene was deleted specifically in the dorsal telencephalon. Grem1Emx1cKO animals had reduced cortical thickness, especially layers V and VI, and impaired motor balance and fear sensitivity compared with littermate controls. This study has revealed new roles for Grem1 in the structural and functional maturation of the developing cortex. Summary: The BMP antagonist Grem1 is expressed by committed deep-layer glutamatergic neurons in the embryonic mouse cortex. Grem1 conditional knockout mice display cortical and behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ichinose
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tongtong Wang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jia Q Ng
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Krystyna A Gieniec
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Martin Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5001, Australia.,Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Ryota Ando
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Simon Koblar
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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14
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Koppens MAJ, Davis H, Valbuena GN, Mulholland EJ, Nasreddin N, Colombe M, Antanaviciute A, Biswas S, Friedrich M, Lee L, Wang LM, Koelzer VH, East JE, Simmons A, Winton DJ, Leedham SJ. Bone Morphogenetic Protein Pathway Antagonism by Grem1 Regulates Epithelial Cell Fate in Intestinal Regeneration. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:239-254.e9. [PMID: 33819486 PMCID: PMC7613733 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In homeostasis, intestinal cell fate is controlled by balanced gradients of morphogen signaling. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway has a physiological, prodifferentiation role, predominantly inferred through previous experimental pathway inactivation. Intestinal regeneration is underpinned by dedifferentiation and cell plasticity, but the signaling pathways that regulate this adaptive reprogramming are not well understood. We assessed the BMP signaling landscape and investigated the impact and therapeutic potential of pathway manipulation in homeostasis and regeneration. METHODS A novel mouse model was generated to assess the effect of the autocrine Bmp4 ligand on individual secretory cell fate. We spatiotemporally mapped BMP signaling in mouse and human regenerating intestine. Transgenic models were used to explore the functional impact of pathway manipulation on stem cell fate and intestinal regeneration. RESULTS In homeostasis, ligand exposure reduced proliferation, expedited terminal differentiation, abrogated secretory cell survival, and prevented dedifferentiation. After ulceration, physiological attenuation of BMP signaling arose through upregulation of the secreted antagonist Grem1 from topographically distinct populations of fibroblasts. Concomitant expression supported functional compensation after Grem1 deletion from tissue-resident cells. BMP pathway manipulation showed that antagonist-mediated BMP attenuation was obligatory but functionally submaximal, because regeneration was impaired or enhanced by epithelial overexpression of Bmp4 or Grem1, respectively. Mechanistically, Bmp4 abrogated regenerative stem cell reprogramming despite a convergent impact of YAP/TAZ on cell fate in remodeled wounds. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling prevents epithelial dedifferentiation, and pathway attenuation through stromal Grem1 upregulation was required for adaptive reprogramming in intestinal regeneration. This intercompartmental antagonism was functionally submaximal, raising the possibility of therapeutic pathway manipulation in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A J Koppens
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Davis
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel N Valbuena
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eoghan J Mulholland
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Nasreddin
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilde Colombe
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sujata Biswas
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Friedrich
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lennard Lee
- Cancer Genetics and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, SingHealth, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Viktor H Koelzer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Oncology and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James E East
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, and Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Simmons
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, and Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas J Winton
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Leedham
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, and Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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15
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Ledesma-Colunga MG, Weidner H, Vujic Spasic M, Hofbauer LC, Baschant U, Rauner M. Shaping the bone through iron and iron-related proteins. Semin Hematol 2021; 58:188-200. [PMID: 34389111 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Well-controlled iron levels are indispensable for health. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia, whereas iron overload, either hereditary or secondary due to disorders of ineffective erythropoiesis, causes widespread organ failure. Bone is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in systemic iron levels as both iron deficiency and overload are associated with low bone mineral density and fragility. Recent studies have shown that not only iron itself, but also iron-regulatory proteins that are mutated in hereditary hemochromatosis can control bone mass. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the effects of iron on bone homeostasis and bone cell activities, and on the role of proteins that regulate iron homeostasis, i.e. hemochromatosis proteins and proteins of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway, on bone remodeling. As disorders of iron homeostasis are closely linked to bone fragility, deeper insights into common regulatory mechanisms may provide new opportunities to concurrently treat disorders affecting iron homeostasis and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Ledesma-Colunga
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Molecular Bone Biology, Department of Medicine III & University Center for Healty Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heike Weidner
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Molecular Bone Biology, Department of Medicine III & University Center for Healty Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maja Vujic Spasic
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Molecular Bone Biology, Department of Medicine III & University Center for Healty Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Molecular Bone Biology, Department of Medicine III & University Center for Healty Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Molecular Bone Biology, Department of Medicine III & University Center for Healty Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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16
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Joosten SC, Odeh SNO, Koch A, Buekers N, Aarts MJB, Baldewijns MMLL, Van Neste L, van Kuijk S, Schouten LJ, van den Brandt PA, Tjan-Heijnen VC, van Engeland M, Smits KM. Development of a prognostic risk model for clear cell renal cell carcinoma by systematic evaluation of DNA methylation markers. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:103. [PMID: 33947447 PMCID: PMC8094610 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current risk models for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) based on clinicopathological factors are sub-optimal in accurately identifying high-risk patients. Here, we perform a head-to-head comparison of previously published DNA methylation markers and propose a potential prognostic model for clear cell RCC (ccRCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Promoter methylation of PCDH8, BNC1, SCUBE3, GREM1, LAD1, NEFH, RASSF1A, GATA5, SFRP1, CDO1, and NEURL was determined by nested methylation-specific PCR. To identify clinically relevant methylated regions, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to guide primer design. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 336 non-metastatic ccRCC patients from the prospective Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS) were used to develop a Cox proportional hazards model using stepwise backward elimination and bootstrapping to correct for optimism. For validation purposes, FFPE ccRCC tissue of 64 patients from the University Hospitals Leuven and a series of 232 cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used. RESULTS Methylation of GREM1, GATA5, LAD1, NEFH, NEURL, and SFRP1 was associated with poor ccRCC-specific survival, independent of age, sex, tumor size, TNM stage or tumor grade. Moreover, the association between GREM1, NEFH, and NEURL methylation and outcome was shown to be dependent on the genomic region. A prognostic biomarker model containing GREM1, GATA5, LAD1, NEFH and NEURL methylation in combination with clinicopathological characteristics, performed better compared to the model with clinicopathological characteristics only (clinical model), in both the NLCS and the validation population with a c-statistic of 0.71 versus 0.65 and a c-statistic of 0.95 versus 0.86 consecutively. However, the biomarker model had limited added prognostic value in the TCGA series with a c-statistic of 0.76 versus 0.75 for the clinical model. CONCLUSION In this study we performed a head-to-head comparison of potential prognostic methylation markers for ccRCC using a novel approach to guide primers design which utilizes the optimal location for measuring DNA methylation. Using this approach, we identified five methylation markers that potentially show prognostic value in addition to currently known clinicopathological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Joosten
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S N O Odeh
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Koch
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N Buekers
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M J B Aarts
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - L Van Neste
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S van Kuijk
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L J Schouten
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P A van den Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - V C Tjan-Heijnen
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M van Engeland
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K M Smits
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Liu H, Han X, Yang H, Cao Y, Zhang C, Du J, Diao S, Fan Z. GREM1 inhibits osteogenic differentiation, senescence and BMP transcription of adipose-derived stem cells. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:325-336. [PMID: 32151168 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1736054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are ideal for cell-based therapies to support bone regeneration. It is vital to understand the critical genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the functional regulation of ADSCs for enhancing bone regeneration. In the present study, we investigated the Gremlin 1 (GREM1) effect on ADSCs osteogenic differentiation and senescence.Materials and methods: The in vitro ADSCs osteogenic differentiation potential was evaluated by determining alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization ability, and the expression of osteogenic markers. Cell senescence is determined by SA-β-gal staining, telomerase assay, and the expression of aging markers.Results: GREM1 overexpression in ADSCs reduced ALP activity and mineralization, inhibited the expression of osteogenic related genes OCN, OPN, DSPP, DMP1, and BSP, and key transcription factors, RUNX2 and OSX. GREM1 knockdown in ADSCs enhanced ALP activity and mineralization, promoted the expression of OCN, OPN, DSPP, DMP1, BSP, RUNX2, and OSX. GREM1 overexpression in ADSCs reduced the percent SA-β-Gal positive cells, P16 and P53 expressions, and increased telomerase activity. GREM1 knockdown in ADSCs increased the percentage of SA-β-Gal positive cells, P16 and P53 expressions, and reduced telomerase activity. Furthermore, GREM1 reduced the mRNA expression levels of BMP2, BMP6, and BMP7.Conclusions: In summary, our findings suggested that GREM1 inhibited ADSCs senescence and osteogenic differentiation and antagonized BMP transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Diao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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18
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DHA inhibits Gremlin-1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via ERK suppression in human breast cancer cells. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222308. [PMID: 32141512 PMCID: PMC7087330 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid abundant in fish oils. It is known to have an inhibitory effect on various diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that epithelial cells gain migratory property to become mesenchymal cells involved in wound healing, organ fibrosis, and cancer progression. Gremlin-1 (GREM1) is a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist known to play a role in EMT. However, the role of GREM1 in the induction of EMT in human breast cancer cells and the effect of DHA on GREM1-induced EMT remain unclear. Establishment of GREM1 knockdown cell lines was performed using lentiviral shRNAs. Expression of EMT markers was determined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Effect of GREM1 and/or DHA on cell migration was investigated using wound healing assay. The level of GREM1 expression in human breast cancer tissues was determined by Oncomine database mining. GREM1 induced the expression of genes including N-cadherin, vimentin, and Slug. GREM1 promoted the migration of human breast cancer cells. GREM1 enhanced the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and the ERK activation was involved in EMT. Interestingly, DHA reduced the expression of GREM1. DHA also inhibited the expression of mesenchymal cell-associated genes and cell migration induced by GREM1. Furthermore, DHA suppressed the expression of p-ERK induced by GREM1. These results indicate that GREM1–ERK axis plays a role in EMT in human breast cancer cells and DHA is a putative compound that can inhibit EMT by inhibiting GREM1 signal transduction.
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19
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Dynamic proteomic profiling of human periodontal ligament stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:98. [PMID: 33536073 PMCID: PMC7860046 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) are ideal seed cells for periodontal regeneration. A greater understanding of the dynamic protein profiles during osteogenic differentiation contributed to the improvement of periodontal regeneration tissue engineering. Methods Tandem Mass Tag quantitative proteomics was utilized to reveal the temporal protein expression pattern during osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs on days 0, 3, 7 and 14. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were clustered and functional annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, followed by the predicted activation using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Interaction networks of redox-sensitive signalling pathways and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were conducted and the hub protein SOD2 was validated with western blotting. Results A total of 1024 DEPs were identified and clustered in 5 distinctive clusters representing dynamic tendencies. The GO enrichment results indicated that proteins with different tendencies show different functions. Pathway enrichment analysis found that OXPHOS was significantly involved, which further predicted continuous activation. Redox-sensitive signalling pathways with dynamic activation status showed associations with OXPHOS to various degrees, especially the sirtuin signalling pathway. SOD2, an important component of the sirtuin pathway, displays a persistent increase during osteogenesis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD020908. Conclusion This is the first in-depth dynamic proteomic analysis of osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. It demonstrated a dynamic regulatory mechanism of hPDLSC osteogenesis and might provide a new perspective for research on periodontal regeneration. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-02123-6.
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20
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Sung NJ, Kim NH, Surh YJ, Park SA. Gremlin-1 Promotes Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells by Activating STAT3-MMP13 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239227. [PMID: 33287358 PMCID: PMC7730512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gremlin-1 (GREM1), one of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists, can directly bind to BMPs. GREM1 is involved in organogenesis, tissue differentiation, and organ fibrosis. Recently, numerous studies have reported the oncogenic role of GREM1 in cancer. However, the role of GREM1 in metastasis of breast cancer cells and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The role of GREM1 in breast cancer progression was assessed by measuring growth, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. An orthotopic breast cancer mouse model was used to investigate the role of GREM1 in lung metastasis of breast cancer cells. GREM1 knockdown suppressed the proliferation of breast cancer cells, while its overexpression increased their growth, migration, and invasion. Cells with Grem1-knockdown showed much lower tumor growth rates and lung metastasis than control cells. GREM1 enhanced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13). A positive correlation between GREM1 and MMP13 expression was observed in breast cancer patients. GREM1 activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) transcription factor involved in the expression of MMP13. Our study suggests that GREM1 can promote lung metastasis of breast cancer cells through the STAT3-MMP13 pathway. In addition, GREM1 might be a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ji Sung
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea; (N.J.S.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Na Hui Kim
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea; (N.J.S.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Sin-Aye Park
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea; (N.J.S.); (N.H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-530-4990
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Zou W, Rohatgi N, Brestoff JR, Li Y, Barve RA, Tycksen E, Kim Y, Silva MJ, Teitelbaum SL. Ablation of Fat Cells in Adult Mice Induces Massive Bone Gain. Cell Metab 2020; 32:801-813.e6. [PMID: 33027637 PMCID: PMC7642038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes control bone mass, but the mechanism is unclear. To explore the effect of postnatal adipocyte elimination on bone cells, we mated mice expressing an inducible primate diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) to those bearing adiponectin (ADQ)-Cre. DTR activation eliminates peripheral and marrow adipocytes in these DTRADQ mice. Within 4 days of DTR activation, the systemic bone mass of DTRADQ mice began to increase due to stimulated osteogenesis, with a 1,000% expansion by 10-14 days post-DTR treatment. This adipocyte ablation-mediated enhancement of skeletal mass reflected bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor activation following the elimination of its inhibitors, associated with simultaneous epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling. DTRADQ-induced osteosclerosis is not due to ablation of peripheral adipocytes but likely reflects the elimination of marrow ADQ-expressing cells. Thus, anabolic drugs targeting BMP receptor inhibitors with short-term EGF receptor activation may be a means of profoundly increasing skeletal mass to prevent or reverse pathological bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nidhi Rohatgi
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan R Brestoff
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yongjia Li
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ruteja A Barve
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yung Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven L Teitelbaum
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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22
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Park SA, Sung NJ, Choi BJ, Kim W, Kim SH, Surh YJ. Gremlin-1 augments the oestrogen-related receptor α signalling through EGFR activation: implications for the progression of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:988-999. [PMID: 32572171 PMCID: PMC7493948 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gremlin-1 (GREM1), one of the bone morphogenetic protein antagonists, is involved in organogenesis, tissue differentiation and kidney development. However, the role of GREM1 in cancer progression and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS The role of GREM1 in breast cancer progression was assessed by measuring cell viability, colony formation, 3D tumour spheroid formation/invasion and xenograft tumour formation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, a luciferase reporter assay and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the molecular events in which GREM1 is involved. RESULTS GREM1 expression was elevated in breast cancer cells and tissues obtained from breast cancer patients. Its overexpression was associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, especially those with oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumours. GREM1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells and xenograft mammary tumour growth, while its overexpression enhanced their viability, growth and invasiveness. Oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), an orphan nuclear hormone receptor, directly interacted with the GREM1 promoter and increased the expression of GREM1. GREM1 also enhanced the promoter activity of ESRRA encoding ERRα, comprising a positive feedback loop. Notably, GREM1 bound to and activated EGFR, a well-known upstream regulator of ERRα. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the GREM1-ERRα axis can serve as a potential therapeutic target in the management of cancer, especially ER-negative tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Aye Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, South Korea
| | - Nam Ji Sung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, South Korea
| | - Bae-Jung Choi
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Wonki Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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23
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Huycke TR, Miller BM, Gill HK, Nerurkar NL, Sprinzak D, Mahadevan L, Tabin CJ. Genetic and Mechanical Regulation of Intestinal Smooth Muscle Development. Cell 2020; 179:90-105.e21. [PMID: 31539501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is enveloped by concentric and orthogonally aligned layers of smooth muscle; however, an understanding of the mechanisms by which these muscles become patterned and aligned in the embryo has been lacking. We find that Hedgehog acts through Bmp to delineate the position of the circumferentially oriented inner muscle layer, whereas localized Bmp inhibition is critical for allowing formation of the later-forming, longitudinally oriented outer layer. Because the layers form at different developmental stages, the muscle cells are exposed to unique mechanical stimuli that direct their alignments. Differential growth within the early gut tube generates residual strains that orient the first layer circumferentially, and when formed, the spontaneous contractions of this layer align the second layer longitudinally. Our data link morphogen-based patterning to mechanically controlled smooth muscle cell alignment and provide a mechanistic context for potentially understanding smooth muscle organization in a wide variety of tubular organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bess M Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hasreet K Gill
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nandan L Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David Sprinzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Rowan SC, Jahns H, Mthunzi L, Piouceau L, Cornwell J, Doody R, Frohlich S, Callanan JJ, McLoughlin P. Gremlin 1 depletion in vivo causes severe enteropathy and bone marrow failure. J Pathol 2020; 251:117-122. [PMID: 32297672 PMCID: PMC7384058 DOI: 10.1002/path.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is perpetually renewed from a stem cell niche in the base of crypts to maintain a healthy bowel mucosa. Exit from this niche and maturation of epithelial cells requires tightly controlled gradients in BMP signalling, progressing from low BMP signalling at the crypt base to high signalling at the luminal surface. The BMP antagonist gremlin 1 (Grem1) is highly expressed by subepithelial myofibroblasts adjacent to the intestinal crypts but its role in regulating the stem cell niche and epithelial renewal in vivo has not been explored. To explore the effects of Grem1 loss in adulthood following normal growth and development, we bred mice (ROSA26CreER‐Grem1flx/flx) in which Grem1 could be deleted by tamoxifen administration. While Grem1 remained intact, these mice were healthy, grew normally, and reproduced successfully. Following Grem1 depletion, the mice became unwell and were euthanised (at 7–13 days). Post‐mortem examination revealed extensive mucosal abnormalities throughout the small and large intestines with failure of epithelial cell replication and maturation, villous atrophy, and features of malabsorption. Bone marrow hypoplasia was also observed with associated early haematopoietic failure. These results demonstrate an essential homeostatic role for gremlin 1 in maintaining normal bowel epithelial function in adulthood, suggesting that abnormalities in gremlin 1 expression can contribute to enteropathies. We also identified a previously unsuspected requirement for gremlin 1 in normal haematopoiesis. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Rowan
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hanne Jahns
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liberty Mthunzi
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucie Piouceau
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Cornwell
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Róisín Doody
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - John J Callanan
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul McLoughlin
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Hong F, Wu S, Zhang C, Li L, Chen J, Fu Y, Wang J. TRPM7 Upregulate the Activity of SMAD1 through PLC Signaling Way to Promote Osteogenesis of hBMSCs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9458983. [PMID: 32596398 PMCID: PMC7294393 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9458983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TRPM7 is a member of the transient receptor potential cation channel (TRP channel) subfamily M and possesses both an ion channel domain and a functional serine/threonine α-kinase domain. It has been proven to play an essential role in the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). However, the signaling pathway and molecular mechanism for TRPM7 in regulating osteogenic differentiation remain largely unknown. In this study, the potential role and mechanism of TRPM7 in the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs were investigated. The results showed that the expression of TRPM7 mRNA and protein increased, as did the osteogenic induction time. Upregulation or inhibition of TRPM7 could promote or inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs for 14 days. It was also found that the upregulation or inhibition of TRPM7 promoted or inhibited the activity of PLC and SMAD1, respectively, during osteogenic differentiation. PLC could promote osteogenic differentiation by upregulating the activity of SMAD1. However, inhibition of PLC alone could reduce the activity of SMAD1 but not inhibit completely the activation of SMAD1. Therefore, we inferred that it is an important signaling pathway for TRPM7 to upregulate the activity of SMAD1 through PLC and thereby promote the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs, but it is not a singular pathway. TRPM7 may also regulate the activation of SMAD1 through other ways, except for PLC, during osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Hong
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shali Wu
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jianling Chen
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of ENT, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of ENT, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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26
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Huybrechts Y, Mortier G, Boudin E, Van Hul W. WNT Signaling and Bone: Lessons From Skeletal Dysplasias and Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:165. [PMID: 32328030 PMCID: PMC7160326 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias are a diverse group of heritable diseases affecting bone and cartilage growth. Throughout the years, the molecular defect underlying many of the diseases has been identified. These identifications led to novel insights in the mechanisms regulating bone and cartilage growth and homeostasis. One of the pathways that is clearly important during skeletal development and bone homeostasis is the Wingless and int-1 (WNT) signaling pathway. So far, three different WNT signaling pathways have been described, which are all activated by binding of the WNT ligands to the Frizzled (FZD) receptors. In this review, we discuss the skeletal disorders that are included in the latest nosology of skeletal disorders and that are caused by genetic defects involving the WNT signaling pathway. The number of skeletal disorders caused by defects in WNT signaling genes and the clinical phenotype associated with these disorders illustrate the importance of the WNT signaling pathway during skeletal development as well as later on in life to maintain bone mass. The knowledge gained through the identification of the genes underlying these monogenic conditions is used for the identification of novel therapeutic targets. For example, the genes underlying disorders with altered bone mass are all involved in the canonical WNT signaling pathway. Consequently, targeting this pathway is one of the major strategies to increase bone mass in patients with osteoporosis. In addition to increasing the insights in the pathways regulating skeletal development and bone homeostasis, knowledge of rare skeletal dysplasias can also be used to predict possible adverse effects of these novel drug targets. Therefore, this review gives an overview of the skeletal and extra-skeletal phenotype of the different skeletal disorders linked to the WNT signaling pathway.
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27
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RNA-based therapy for osteogenesis. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Excessive mechanical loading promotes osteoarthritis through the gremlin-1-NF-κB pathway. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1442. [PMID: 30926814 PMCID: PMC6441020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of articular cartilage to excessive mechanical loading is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Here, we identify gremlin-1 as a mechanical loading-inducible factor in chondrocytes, detected at high levels in middle and deep layers of cartilage after cyclic strain or hydrostatic pressure loading. Gremlin-1 activates nuclear factor-κB signalling, leading to subsequent induction of catabolic enzymes. In mice intra-articular administration of gremlin-1 antibody or chondrocyte-specific deletion of Gremlin-1 decelerates osteoarthritis development, while intra-articular administration of recombinant gremlin-1 exacerbates this process. Furthermore, ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 activation induced by mechanical loading enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Amongst ROS-activating transcription factors, RelA/p65 induces Gremlin-1 transcription, which antagonizes induction of anabolic genes such as Sox9, Col2a1, and Acan by bone morphogenetic proteins. Thus, gremlin-1 plays essential roles in cartilage degeneration by excessive mechanical loading. Excessive mechanical stress promotes the development of osteoarthritis. Here Chang et al. identify gremlin-1 as a factor expressed in chondrocytes in response to mechanical stress, and contributing to osteoarthritis via activation of the NF-κB pathway.
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29
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute the largest subdivision of the transforming growth factor-β family of ligands. BMPs exhibit widespread utility and pleiotropic, context-dependent effects, and the strength and duration of BMP pathway signaling is tightly regulated at numerous levels via mechanisms operating both inside and outside the cell. Defects in the BMP pathway or its regulation underlie multiple human diseases of different organ systems. Yet much remains to be discovered about the BMP pathway in its original context, i.e., the skeleton. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the intricacies of the BMP pathway and its inhibitors in bone development, homeostasis, and disease. We frame the content of the review around major unanswered questions for which incomplete evidence is available. First, we consider the gene regulatory network downstream of BMP signaling in osteoblastogenesis. Next, we examine why some BMP ligands are more osteogenic than others and what factors limit BMP signaling during osteoblastogenesis. Then we consider whether specific BMP pathway components are required for normal skeletal development, and if the pathway exerts endogenous effects in the aging skeleton. Finally, we propose two major areas of need of future study by the field: greater resolution of the gene regulatory network downstream of BMP signaling in the skeleton, and an expanded repertoire of reagents to reliably and specifically inhibit individual BMP pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana ; and Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana ; and Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Ghuman MS, Al-Masri M, Xavier G, Cobourne MT, McKay IJ, Hughes FJ. Gingival fibroblasts prevent BMP-mediated osteoblastic differentiation. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:300-309. [PMID: 30511378 PMCID: PMC6492095 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The inhibitory action of the superficial gingival connective tissues may limit the regenerative potential of alveolar bone in periodontal therapy or dental implant applications. The aims of this study were to investigate the hypothesis that gingival fibroblasts (GF) can inhibit bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐induced osteoblastic differentiation, to determine their expression of BMP inhibitors, and finally to determine whether reduction of these inhibitors can relieve suppression of osteoblastic differentiation. Methods Gingival fibroblasts were co‐cultured either directly or indirectly with calvarial osteoblasts to assess alkaline phosphatase inhibitory activity, a marker of osteoblastic differentiation. To test total BMP‐inhibitory activity of rat GF, conditioned media (GFCM) were collected from cultures. ROS 17/2.8 osteoblastic cells were stimulated with BMP2, together with GFCM. Inhibitor expression was tested using RT‐qPCR, Western blotting and in situ hybridization. Removal of inhibitors was carried out using immunoprecipitation beads. Results Co‐culture experiments showed GF‐secreted factors that inhibit BMP‐stimulated ALP activity. 10 ng/ml BMP2 increased alkaline phosphatase expression in ROS cells by 41%. GFCM blocked BMP activity which was equivalent to the activity of 100 ng/ml Noggin, a well‐described BMP inhibitor. Cultured gingival fibroblasts constitutively expressed BMP antagonist genes from the same subfamily, Grem1, Grem2 and Nbl1 and the Wnt inhibitor Sfrp1. Gremlin1 (6.7 × reference gene expression) had highest levels of basal expression. ISH analysis showed Gremlin1 expression was restricted to the inner half of the gingival lamina propria and the PDL. Removal of Gremlin1 protein from GFCM eliminated the inhibitory effect of GFCM on ALP activity in ROS cells. Subsequent addition of recombinant Gremlin1 restored the inhibitory activity. Conclusions Factors secreted by gingival fibroblasts inhibit BMP‐induced bone formation and a range of BMP inhibitors are constitutively expressed in gingival connective tissues. These inhibitors, particularly Gremlin1, may limit coronal alveolar bone regenerative potential during oral and periodontal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S Ghuman
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Guilherme Xavier
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ian J McKay
- Department of Adult Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francis J Hughes
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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31
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Jiang WY, Xing C, Wang HW, Wang W, Chen SZ, Ning LF, Xu X, Tang QQ, Huang HY. A Lox/CHOP-10 crosstalk governs osteogenic and adipogenic cell fate by MSCs. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5097-5108. [PMID: 30044535 PMCID: PMC6156357 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated marrow adipogenesis has been associated with ageing and osteoporosis and is thought to be because of an imbalance between adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs). We have previously found that lysyl oxidase (Lox) inhibition disrupts BMP4‐induced adipocytic lineage commitment and differentiation of MSCs. In this study, we found that lox inhibition dramatically up‐regulates BMP4‐induced expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein 10 (CHOP‐10), which then promotes BMP4‐induced osteogenesis of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, Lox inhibition or CHOP‐10 up‐regulation activated Wnt/β‐catenin signalling to enhance BMP4‐induced osteogenesis, with pro‐adipogenic p38 MAPK and Smad signalling suppressed. Together, we demonstrate that Lox/CHOP‐10 crosstalk regulates BMP4‐induced osteogenic and adipogenic fate determination of MSCs, presenting a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis and other bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Biliary and Pancreatic Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Biliary and Pancreatic Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Su-Zhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu-Fang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Institute of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Huang X, Post JN, Zhong L, Leijten J, Larsson S, Karperien M, Struglics A. Dickkopf-related protein 1 and gremlin 1 show different response than frizzled-related protein in human synovial fluid following knee injury and in patients with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018. [PMID: 29526783 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.02.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the involvement of the wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), frizzled-related protein (FRZB) and gremlin 1 (GREM1) in knee injury and osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN The antagonists were immunoassayed in synovial fluid from a cross-sectional cohort of nine knee healthy reference subjects, patients with recent (0-77 days, n = 158) or old (1-37 years, n = 50) knee injuries, and OA (n = 22). Cartilage (ARGS-aggrecan, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and C2C type II collagen) and other biomarkers were assessed in synovial fluid in a subset of samples. Statistical analysis was by Kendall's tau (τ) correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, and linear regression analysis. RESULTS Compared to references, median concentration of GREM1 (but not DKK1 and FRZB) was elevated 1.5-fold immediately after injury, and FRZB was reduced 1000-folds in OA. All three antagonists decreased with increasing time after injury as well as with increasing age, but the temporal change after injury was less accentuated for FRZB (peaked 8-22 days after injury) compared to that of DKK1 and GREM1 (peaked immediately after injury). In the recent injury group, there was a correlation between GREM1 and DKK1 (τ = 0.172); FRZB concentrations correlated with concentrations of cartilage biomarkers (τ between 0.257 and 0.369), while DKK1 and GREM1 were inversely correlated (τ between -0.177 and -0.217) with these markers. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate separate roles for the antagonists, where DKK1 and GREM1 had similarities in response to injury and in OA, with a different response for FRZB.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - J N Post
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - L Zhong
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - J Leijten
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - S Larsson
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, Lund, Sweden.
| | - M Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A Struglics
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, Lund, Sweden.
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Grafe I, Alexander S, Peterson JR, Snider TN, Levi B, Lee B, Mishina Y. TGF-β Family Signaling in Mesenchymal Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a022202. [PMID: 28507020 PMCID: PMC5932590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several lineages during development and also contribute to tissue homeostasis and regeneration, although the requirements for both may be distinct. MSC lineage commitment and progression in differentiation are regulated by members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. This review focuses on the roles of TGF-β family signaling in mesenchymal lineage commitment and differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myoblasts, adipocytes, and tenocytes. We summarize the reported findings of cell culture studies, animal models, and interactions with other signaling pathways and highlight how aberrations in TGF-β family signaling can drive human disease by affecting mesenchymal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Grafe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Stefanie Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jonathan R Peterson
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Taylor Nicholas Snider
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Liu Y, Chen Z, Cheng H, Chen J, Qian J. Gremlin promotes retinal pigmentation epithelial (RPE) cell proliferation, migration and VEGF production via activating VEGFR2-Akt-mTORC2 signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:979-987. [PMID: 27894090 PMCID: PMC5352211 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is characterized by late-phase pathologic retinal vasoproliferation. Gremlin is a novel vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2) agonist and promotes angiogenic response. We demonstrated that gremlin expression was significantly increased in retinas of ROP model mice, which was correlated with VEGF upregulation. In retinal pigmentation epithelial (RPE) cells, gremlin activated VEGFR2-Akt-mTORC2 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2) signaling, and promoted cell proliferation, migration and VEGF production. VEGFR inhibition (by SU5416) or shRNA knockdown almost abolished gremlin-mediated pleiotropic functions in RPE cells. Further, pharmacological inhibition of Akt-mTOR, or shRNA knockdown of key mTORC2 component (Rictor or Sin1) also attenuated gremlin-exerted activities in RPE cells. We conclude that gremlin promotes RPE cell proliferation, migration and VEGF production possibly via activating VEGFR2-Akt-mTORC2 signaling. Gremlin could be a novel therapeutic target of ROP or other retinal vasoproliferation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixia Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Coculture of meniscus cells and mesenchymal stem cells in simulated microgravity. NPJ Microgravity 2017; 3:28. [PMID: 29147680 PMCID: PMC5681589 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-017-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simulated microgravity has been shown to enhance cartilaginous matrix formation by chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Similarly, coculture of primary chondrocytes with MSCs has been shown as a strategy to simultaneously retain the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes and enhance cartilaginous matrix formation. In this study, we investigated the effect of simulated microgravity on cocultures of primary human meniscus cells and adipose-derived MSCs. We used biochemical, qPCR, and immunofluorescence assays to conduct our investigation. Simulated microgravity significantly enhanced cartilaginous matrix formation in cocultures of primary meniscus cells and adipose-derived MSCs. The enhancement was accompanied by increased hypertrophic differentiation markers, COL10A1 and MMP-13, and suppression of hypertrophic differentiation inhibitor, gremlin 1 (GREM1). Co-culture of meniscal cartilage-forming cells with fat-derived stem cells can lead to enhanced cartilage matrix production when cultured under simulated microgravity. Adetola Adesida from the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, and colleagues cultured two types of cells found together in the knee—cartilage-forming chondrocyte cells (taken from the meniscus) and mesenchymal stem cells (isolated from the infrapatellar fat pad)—in a rotary cell culture system designed to model weightlessness on Earth. Simulated microgravity enhanced the synergistic interaction between the two types of cells in culture, resulting in more matrix production, but it also prompted the cartilage-forming cells to differentiate towards bone-forming cells, as evidenced by gene expression analysis. These findings suggest that microgravity and simulated microgravity-based culture technologies could help bioengineers grow knee replacements for people with meniscus tears, but increased bone-directed differentiation could pose a possible problem for astronauts on prolonged missions.
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Pakvasa M, Alverdy A, Mostafa S, Wang E, Fu L, Li A, Oliveira L, Athiviraham A, Lee MJ, Wolf JM, He TC, Ameer GA, Reid RR. Neural EGF-like protein 1 (NELL-1): Signaling crosstalk in mesenchymal stem cells and applications in regenerative medicine. Genes Dis 2017; 4:127-137. [PMID: 29276737 PMCID: PMC5737940 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue regeneration holds the potential to solve both osteoporosis and large skeletal defects, two problems associated with significant morbidity. The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into the osteogenic lineage requires a specific microenvironment and certain osteogenic growth factors. Neural EGF Like-Like molecule 1 (NELL-1) is a secreted glycoprotein that has proven, both in vitro and in vivo, to be a potent osteo-inductive factor. Furthermore, it has been shown to repress adipogenic differentiation and inflammation. NELL-1 can work synergistically with other osteogenic factors such as Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) -2 and -9, and has shown promise for use in tissue engineering and as a systemically administered drug for the treatment of osteoporosis. Here we provide a comprehensive up-to-date review on the molecular signaling cascade of NELL-1 in mesenchymal stem cells and potential applications in bone regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Pakvasa
- The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alex Alverdy
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Sami Mostafa
- The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lucy Fu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Leonardo Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aravind Athiviraham
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer Moriatis Wolf
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guillermo A. Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Generation and Applications of a DNA Aptamer against Gremlin-1. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050706. [PMID: 28452949 PMCID: PMC6154100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gremlin-1, a highly conserved glycosylated and phosphorylated secretory protein, plays important roles in diverse biological processes including early embryonic development, fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and renal pathophysiology. Aptamers, which are RNA or DNA single-stranded oligonucleotides capable of binding specifically to different targets ranging from small organics to whole cells, have potential applications in targeted imaging, diagnosis and therapy. In this study, we obtained a DNA aptamer against Gremlin-1 (G-ap49) using in vitro Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). Binding assay and dot-blot showed that G-ap49 had high affinity for Gremlin-1. Further experiments indicated that G-ap49 was quite stable in a cell culture system and could be used in South-Western blot analysis, enzyme-linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA), and aptamer-based cytochemistry and histochemistry staining to detect Gremlin-1. Moreover, our study demonstrated that G-ap49 is capable of revealing the subcellular localization of Gremlin-1. These data indicate that G-ap49 can be used as an alternative to antibodies in detecting Gremlin-1.
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Hu K, Sun H, Gui B, Sui C. Gremlin-1 suppression increases BMP-2-induced osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2186-2194. [PMID: 28260028 PMCID: PMC5364878 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research focusing on rodent cells and animal models has demonstrated that gremlin-1 antagonizes bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in order to suppress osteogenesis. However, the impact of gremlin-1 on osteogenesis in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to test the effects of gremlin-1 on viability and in vitro BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Gremlin-1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited gremlin-1 mRNA and protein expression in human MSCs. The mRNA expression levels of osteoblastic genes were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and calcification and enzymatic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assessed the BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs. The results indicated that gremlin-1 suppression significantly increased human MSC metabolism and DNA content. The expression levels of osteoblastic genes were also significantly increased by gremlin-1 inhibition. In the gremlin-1-inhibited group, enzymatic ALP activity was significantly increased. In addition, due to BMP-2-inducing osteoblasts, gremlin-1 inhibition increased calcium deposits. The present study indicated that gremlin-1 inhibited the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs and that the suppression of gremlin-1 expression suppressed can increase the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs induced by BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongzu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Heyan Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Binjie Gui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Cong Sui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Tatsinkam AJ, Rune N, Smith J, Norman JT, Mulloy B, Rider CC. The binding of the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin to kidney heparan sulfate: Such binding is not essential for BMP antagonism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 83:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Fazeli Z, Omrani MD, Ghaderian SMH. Down-regulation of nestin in mesenchymal stem cells derived from peripheral blood through blocking bone morphogenesis pathway. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:273-282. [PMID: 27287702 PMCID: PMC5143318 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Different signaling pathways are implicated in proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Bone Morphogenesis Pathway (BMP) signaling was known to display an important function in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In the present study, the authors investigated whether blocking BMP signaling was associated with down regulation of Nestin expression as neural stem cell marker in peripheral blood derived mesenchymal stem cells (PB-MSCs). At first, MSCs were isolated from peripheral blood by plastic adherent ability and flow cytometry analysis. After reaching the confluence, the cells were treated with medium containing Noggin as antagonist of BMP signaling upon 8 days. Real time PCR analysis indicated that the expression of Nestin was diminished in PB-MSCs by attenuating BMP signaling. The obtained results suggested that BMP signaling might have a regulatory function on the Nestin expression in mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fazeli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 23, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Amir Ebrahimi St, Pasdaran Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Ghaderian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 23, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Amir Ebrahimi St, Pasdaran Ave, Tehran, Iran.
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Khan MP, Khan K, Yadav PS, Singh AK, Nag A, Prasahar P, Mittal M, China SP, Tewari MC, Nagar GK, Tewari D, Trivedi AK, Sanyal S, Bandyopadhyay A, Chattopadhyay N. BMP signaling is required for adult skeletal homeostasis and mediates bone anabolic action of parathyroid hormone. Bone 2016; 92:132-144. [PMID: 27567726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bmp2 and Bmp4 genes were ablated in adult mice (KO) using a conditional gene knockout technology. Bones were evaluated by microcomputed tomography (μCT), bone strength tester, histomorphometry and serum biochemical markers of bone turnover. Drill-hole was made at femur metaphysis and bone regeneration in the hole site was measured by calcein binding and μCT. Mice were either sham operated (ovary intact) or ovariectomized (OVX), and treated with human parathyroid hormone (PTH), 17β-estradiol (E2) or vehicle. KO mice displayed trabecular bone loss, diminished osteoid formation and reduced biomechanical strength compared with control (expressing Bmp2 and Bmp4). Both osteoblast and osteoclast functions were impaired in KO mice. Bone histomorphomtery and serum parameters established a low turnover bone loss in KO mice. Bone regeneration at the drill-hole site in KO mice was lower than control. However, deletion of Bmp2 gene alone had no effect on skeleton, an outcome similar to that reported previously for deletion of Bmp4 gene. Both PTH and E2 resulted in skeletal preservation in control-OVX, whereas in KO-OVX, E2 but not PTH was effective which suggested that the skeletal action of PTH required Bmp ligands but E2 did not. To determine cellular effects of Bmp2 and Bmp4, we used bone marrow stromal cells in which PTH but not E2 stimulated both Bmp2 and Bmp4 synthesis leading to increased Smad1/5 phosphorylation. Taken together, we conclude that Bmp2 and Bmp4 are essential for maintaining adult skeletal homeostasis and mediating the anabolic action of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Parvez Khan
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kainat Khan
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Prem Swaroop Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Aditi Nag
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Paritosh Prasahar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Monika Mittal
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; AcSIR, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shyamsundar Pal China
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; AcSIR, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mahesh Chandra Tewari
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Geet Kumar Nagar
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Deepshikha Tewari
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Arun Kumar Trivedi
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; AcSIR, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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Abstract
The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive research that has identified a multitude of extracellular modulators of TGF-β family ligands, uncovered their functions in developmental and pathophysiological processes, defined the mechanisms of their activities, and explored potential modulator-based therapeutic applications in treating human diseases. These studies revealed a diverse repertoire of extracellular and membrane-associated molecules that are capable of modulating TGF-β family signals via control of ligand availability, processing, ligand-receptor interaction, and receptor activation. These molecules include not only soluble ligand-binding proteins that were conventionally considered as agonists and antagonists of TGF-β family of growth factors, but also extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans that can serve as "sink" and control storage and release of both the TGF-β family ligands and their regulators. This extensive network of soluble and ECM modulators helps to ensure dynamic and cell-specific control of TGF-β family signals. This article reviews our knowledge of extracellular modulation of TGF-β growth factors by diverse proteins and their molecular mechanisms to regulate TGF-β family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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Camirand A, Goltzman D, Gupta A, Kaouass M, Panda D, Karaplis A. The Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP) in Osteoblast Response to Microgravity: Mechanistic Implications for Osteoporosis Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160034. [PMID: 27463808 PMCID: PMC4963112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged skeletal unloading through bedrest results in bone loss similar to that observed in elderly osteoporotic patients, but with an accelerated timeframe. This rapid effect on weight-bearing bones is also observed in astronauts who can lose up to 2% of their bone mass per month spent in Space. Despite the important implications for Spaceflight travelers and bedridden patients, the exact mechanisms involved in disuse osteoporosis have not been elucidated. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) regulates many physiological processes including skeletal development, and has been proposed as a mechanosensor. To investigate the role of PTHrP in microgravity-induced bone loss, trabecular and calvarial osteoblasts (TOs and COs) from Pthrp+/+ and -/- mice were subjected to actual Spaceflight for 6 days (Foton M3 satellite). Pthrp+/+, +/- and -/- osteoblasts were also exposed to simulated microgravity for periods varying from 6 days to 6 weeks. While COs displayed little change in viability in 0g, viability of all TOs rapidly decreased in inverse proportion to PTHrP expression levels. Furthermore, Pthrp+/+ TOs displayed a sharp viability decline after 2 weeks at 0g. Microarray analysis of Pthrp+/+ TOs after 6 days in simulated 0g revealed expression changes in genes encoding prolactins, apoptosis/survival molecules, bone metabolism and extra-cellular matrix composition proteins, chemokines, insulin-like growth factor family members and Wnt-related signalling molecules. 88% of 0g-induced expression changes in Pthrp+/+ cells overlapped those caused by Pthrp ablation in normal gravity, and pulsatile treatment with PTHrP1-36 not only reversed a large proportion of 0g-induced effects in Pthrp+/+ TOs but maintained viability over 6-week exposure to microgravity. Our results confirm PTHrP efficacy as an anabolic agent to prevent microgravity-induced cell death in TOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Camirand
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohammadi Kaouass
- Department of Biology, Université Sainte-Anne, Pointe-de-l'Eglise, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Dibyendu Panda
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Ali IHA, Brazil DP. Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists: current and emerging clinical uses. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 171:3620-32. [PMID: 24758361 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGFβ superfamily of secreted cysteine knot proteins that includes TGFβ1, nodal, activins and inhibins. BMPs were first discovered by Urist in the 1960s when he showed that implantation of demineralized bone into intramuscular tissue of rabbits induced bone and cartilage formation. Since this seminal discovery, BMPs have also been shown to play key roles in several other biological processes, including limb, kidney, skin, hair and neuronal development, as well as maintaining vascular homeostasis. The multifunctional effects of BMPs make them attractive targets for the treatment of several pathologies, including bone disorders, kidney and lung fibrosis, and cancer. This review will summarize current knowledge on the BMP signalling pathway and critically evaluate the potential of recombinant BMPs as pharmacological agents for the treatment of bone repair and tissue fibrosis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran H A Ali
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Sarett SM, Nelson CE, Duvall CL. Technologies for controlled, local delivery of siRNA. J Control Release 2015; 218:94-113. [PMID: 26476177 PMCID: PMC4665980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of RNAi in the late 1990s unlocked a new realm of therapeutic possibilities by enabling potent and specific silencing of theoretically any desired genetic target. Better elucidation of the mechanism of action, the impact of chemical modifications that stabilize and reduce nonspecific effects of siRNA molecules, and the key design considerations for effective delivery systems has spurred progress toward developing clinically-successful siRNA therapies. A logical aim for initial siRNA translation is local therapies, as delivering siRNA directly to its site of action helps to ensure that a sufficient dose reaches the target tissue, lessens the potential for off-target side effects, and circumvents the substantial systemic delivery barriers. While locally injected or topically applied siRNA has progressed into numerous clinical trials, an enormous opportunity exists to develop sustained-release, local delivery systems that enable both spatial and temporal control of gene silencing. This review focuses on material platforms that establish both localized and controlled gene silencing, with emphasis on the systems that show most promise for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Sarett
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States
| | | | - Craig L Duvall
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States.
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Strategies of Manipulating BMP Signaling in Microgravity to Prevent Bone Loss. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 99:249-72. [PMID: 26279379 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone structure and function is shaped by gravity. Prolonged exposure to microgravity leads to 1-2% bone loss per month in crew members compared to 1% bone loss per year in postmenopausal women. Exercise countermeasures developed to date are ineffective in combating bone loss in microgravity. The search is on for alternate therapies to prevent bone loss in space. Microgravity is an ideal stimulus to understand bone interactions at different levels of organizations. Spaceflight experiments are limited by high costs and lack of opportunity. Ground-based microgravity analogs have proven to simulate biological responses in space. Mice experiments have given important signaling clues in microgravity-associated bone loss, but are restricted by numbers and human application. Cell-based systems provide initial clues to signaling changes; however, the information is simplistic and limited to the cell type. There is a need to integrate information at different levels and provide a complete picture which will help develop a unique strategy to prevent bone weakening. Limited exposure to simulated microgravity using random positioning machine induces proliferation and differentiation of bipotential murine oval liver stem cells. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the prototypal osteogenic signaling molecule with multitude of bone protective functions. In this chapter, we discuss the basic BMP structure, its significance in bone repair, and stem cell differentiation in microgravity. Based on the current information, we propose a model for BMP signaling in space. Development of new technologies may help osteoporosis patients, bedridden people, spinal injuries, or paralytic patients.
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Mapping the heparin-binding site of the BMP antagonist gremlin by site-directed mutagenesis based on predictive modelling. Biochem J 2015; 470:53-64. [PMID: 26251446 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gremlin is a member of the CAN (cerberus and DAN) family of secreted BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) antagonists and also an agonist of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) receptor-2. It is critical in limb skeleton and kidney development and is re-expressed during tissue fibrosis. Gremlin binds strongly to heparin and heparan sulfate and, in the present study, we sought to investigate its heparin-binding site. In order to explore a putative non-contiguous binding site predicted by computational molecular modelling, we substituted a total of 11 key arginines and lysines located in three basic residue sequence clusters with homologous sequences from cerberus and DAN (differential screening selected gene abberative in neuroblastoma), CAN proteins which lack basic residues in these positions. A panel of six Myc-tagged gremlin mutants, MGR-1-MGR-6 (MGR, mutant gremlin), each containing different combinations of targeted substitutions, all showed markedly reduced affinity for heparin as demonstrated by their NaCl elution on heparin affinity chromatography, thus verifying our predictions. Both MGR-5 and MGR-6 retained BMP-4-binding activity comparable to that of wild-type gremlin. Low-molecular-mass heparin neither promoted nor inhibited BMP-4 binding. Finally, glutaraldehyde cross-linking demonstrated that gremlin forms non-covalent dimers, similar behaviour to that of DAN and also PRDC (protein related to cerberus and DAN), another CAN protein. The resulting dimer would possess two heparin-binding sites, each running along an exposed surface on the second β-strand finger loop of one of the monomers.
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48
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Abstract
Due to a blood supply shortage, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-healing once damaged. Articular chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration. Significant current attention is paid to improving chondrogenic differentiation capacity; unfortunately, the potential chondrogenic hypertrophy of differentiated cells is largely overlooked. Consequently, the engineered tissue is actually a transient cartilage rather than a permanent one. The development of hypertrophic cartilage ends with the onset of endochondral bone formation which has inferior mechanical properties. In this review, current strategies for inhibition of chondrogenic hypertrophy are comprehensively summarized; the impact of cell source options is discussed; and potential mechanisms underlying these strategies are also categorized. This paper aims to provide guidelines for the prevention of hypertrophy in the regeneration of cartilage tissue. This knowledge may also facilitate the retardation of osteophytes in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ruijun Cong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 10th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - HaiShan Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Corresponding author. Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 1072; fax: +1 304 293 7070.
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49
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The effects of Gremlin1 on human umbilical cord blood hematopoietic progenitors. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2015; 54:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Davis H, Irshad S, Bansal M, Rafferty H, Boitsova T, Bardella C, Jaeger E, Lewis A, Freeman-Mills L, Giner FC, Rodenas-Cuadrado P, Mallappa S, Clark S, Thomas H, Jeffery R, Poulsom R, Rodriguez-Justo M, Novelli M, Chetty R, Silver A, Sansom OJ, Greten FR, Wang LM, East JE, Tomlinson I, Leedham SJ. Aberrant epithelial GREM1 expression initiates colonic tumorigenesis from cells outside the stem cell niche. Nat Med 2015; 21:62-70. [PMID: 25419707 PMCID: PMC4594755 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome (HMPS) is characterized by the development of mixed-morphology colorectal tumors and is caused by a 40-kb genetic duplication that results in aberrant epithelial expression of the gene encoding mesenchymal bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, GREM1. Here we use HMPS tissue and a mouse model of the disease to show that epithelial GREM1 disrupts homeostatic intestinal morphogen gradients, altering cell fate that is normally determined by position along the vertical epithelial axis. This promotes the persistence and/or reacquisition of stem cell properties in Lgr5-negative progenitor cells that have exited the stem cell niche. These cells form ectopic crypts, proliferate, accumulate somatic mutations and can initiate intestinal neoplasia, indicating that the crypt base stem cell is not the sole cell of origin of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, we show that epithelial expression of GREM1 also occurs in traditional serrated adenomas, sporadic premalignant lesions with a hitherto unknown pathogenesis, and these lesions can be considered the sporadic equivalents of HMPS polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Davis
- Gastrointestinal Stem cell Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Shazia Irshad
- Gastrointestinal Stem cell Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mukesh Bansal
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Rafferty
- Gastrointestinal Stem cell Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tatjana Boitsova
- Gastrointestinal Stem cell Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Chiara Bardella
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Emma Jaeger
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Annabelle Lewis
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Luke Freeman-Mills
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Francesc Castro Giner
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Pedro Rodenas-Cuadrado
- Gastrointestinal Stem cell Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sreelakshmi Mallappa
- Polyposis registry, St Mark’s Hospital, Northwick Park, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Susan Clark
- Polyposis registry, St Mark’s Hospital, Northwick Park, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Huw Thomas
- Polyposis registry, St Mark’s Hospital, Northwick Park, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Rosemary Jeffery
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Richard Poulsom
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Justo
- Histopathology department, University College London Hospital, Rockefeller Building, University Street, London, WC1, UK
| | - Marco Novelli
- Histopathology department, University College London Hospital, Rockefeller Building, University Street, London, WC1, UK
| | - Runjan Chetty
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Andrew Silver
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Owen James Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Florian R Greten
- Georg-Speyer-Haus Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Cellular Pathology, Level 1, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - James Edward East
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Simon John Leedham
- Gastrointestinal Stem cell Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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