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Sawaya AP, Vecin NM, Burgess JL, Ojeh N, DiBartolomeo G, Stone RC, Pastar I, Tomic-Canic M. Calreticulin: a multifunctional protein with potential therapeutic applications for chronic wounds. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1207538. [PMID: 37692787 PMCID: PMC10484228 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1207538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is recognized as a multifunctional protein that serves an essential role in diverse biological processes that include wound healing, modification and folding of proteins, regulation of the secretory pathway, cell motility, cellular metabolism, protein synthesis, regulation of gene expression, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Although the role of calreticulin as an endoplasmic reticulum-chaperone protein has been well described, several studies have demonstrated calreticulin to be a highly versatile protein with an essential role during wound healing. These features make it an ideal molecule for treating a complex, multifactorial diseases that require fine tuning, such as chronic wounds. Indeed, topical application of recombinant calreticulin to wounds in multiple models of wound healing has demonstrated remarkable pro-healing effects. Among them include enhanced keratinocyte and fibroblast migration and proliferation, induction of extracellular matrix proteins, recruitment of macrophages along with increased granulation tissue formation, all of which are important functions in promoting wound healing that are deregulated in chronic wounds. Given the high degree of diverse functions and pro-healing effects, application of exogenous calreticulin warrants further investigation as a potential novel therapeutic option for chronic wound patients. Here, we review and highlight the significant effects of topical application of calreticulin on enhancing wound healing and its potential as a novel therapeutic option to shift chronic wounds into healing, acute-like wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nicole M. Vecin
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jamie L. Burgess
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nkemcho Ojeh
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Gabrielle DiBartolomeo
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rivka C. Stone
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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2
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wen L, Ouyang JL, Zhang W, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu Q. Neurological Sequelae of COVID-19: A Biochemical Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27812-27818. [PMID: 37576681 PMCID: PMC10413374 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous factors can induce protein expression and modify the proteome which sustains for a certain period of time. The proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are high in valine plus glycine, which possess potent affinity to divalent cations such as calcium. Calcium buildup changes the protein expression profile by enabling the efficient synthesis of proteins rich in amino acids with calcium affinity. Subsequent formation of insoluble and stiff calcium oxalate and aggregates confers cellular stress and causes cell senescence. This scenario accounts for sequelae seen in some patients following recovery from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School
of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical
Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical
University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Guangzhou
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Ling Wen
- GI
Medicine, Guangzhou Twelfth People’s
Hospital, Guangzhou 510620, Guangdong, China
| | - Jess Lan Ouyang
- School
of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School
of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- School
of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- School of
Basic Medical Sciences, North China University
of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Qiuyun Liu
- School
of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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3
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Restoration of the reduced CLSP activity alleviates memory impairment in Alzheimer disease. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:44. [PMID: 33441550 PMCID: PMC7806720 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP), a secreted peptide, inhibits neuronal death in cell-based Alzheimer's disease (AD) models and transgenic overexpression of the CLSP gene suppresses synaptic loss and memory impairment in AD model mice, APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice (APP/PS1 mice). Despite the anticipated role of CLSP as an AD-suppressing factor, it remains unanswered whether the insufficiency of the CLSP activity is linked to the AD pathogenesis. In this study, we first show that adiponectin, a CLSP potentiator/protector, dominantly determines the CLSP activity in the central nervous system where there are sufficient concentrations of CLSP, higher concentrations of CLSP inhibitors such as apolipoprotein E, and smaller concentrations of adiponectin. We next show that both the levels of brain adiponectin and the intraneuronal levels of SH3BP5, an important effector of the CLSP signal, are reduced in both AD patients and APP/PS1 mice. Finally, the restoration of the CLSP activity by subcutaneous injection of a hybrid peptide named CLSPCOL consisting of CLSP(1-61) and the collagen-homologous region of adiponectin, which has more potent neuroprotective activity than CLSP, is insensitive to the suppression by the CLSP inhibitors, and is efficiently recruited into brains, alleviates dementia and synaptic loss in the aged APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, these results suggest that the reduction in the CLSP activity, likely caused by the reduction in the levels of adiponectin, leads to the insufficient protection of neurons from neurotoxicity in the AD brains and the restoration of the CLSP activity is a promising strategy for the treatment of AD.
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4
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Molecular Mechanism of Epidermal Barrier Dysfunction as Primary Abnormalities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041194. [PMID: 32054030 PMCID: PMC7072774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal barrier integrity could be influenced by various factors involved in epidermal cell differentiation and proliferation, cell–cell adhesion, and skin lipids. Dysfunction of this barrier can cause skin disorders, including eczema. Inversely, eczema can also damage the epidermal barrier. These interactions through vicious cycles make the mechanism complicated in connection with other mechanisms, particularly immunologic responses. In this article, the molecular mechanisms concerning epidermal barrier abnormalities are reviewed in terms of the following categories: epidermal calcium gradients, filaggrin, cornified envelopes, desquamation, and skin lipids. Mechanisms linked to ichthyoses, atopic dermatitis without exacerbation or lesion, and early time of experimental irritation were included. On the other hand, the mechanism associated with epidermal barrier abnormalities resulting from preceding skin disorders was excluded. The molecular mechanism involved in epidermal barrier dysfunction has been mostly episodic. Some mechanisms have been identified in cultured cells or animal models. Nonetheless, research into the relationship between the causative molecules has been gradually increasing. Further evidence-based systematic data of target molecules and their interactions would probably be helpful for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the dysfunction of the epidermal barrier.
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5
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Takahara Y, Miyachi N, Nawa M, Matsuoka M. Calmodulin‐like skin protein suppresses the increase in senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase induced by hydrogen peroxide or ultraviolet irradiation in keratinocytes. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:835-843. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takahara
- Department of PharmacologyTokyo Medical University 6‐1‐1 Shinjuku Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8402 Japan
- Department of Dermatological NeuroscienceTokyo Medical University6‐1‐1 Shinjuku Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8402 Japan
- Groupwide Research and Development Tokyo Research Laboratory Noevir Co., Ltd., C‐333 R&D KSP 3‐2‐1 Sakado Takatsuku, Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyachi
- Department of Dermatological NeuroscienceTokyo Medical University6‐1‐1 Shinjuku Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8402 Japan
- Groupwide Research and Development Tokyo Research Laboratory Noevir Co., Ltd., C‐333 R&D KSP 3‐2‐1 Sakado Takatsuku, Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Mikiro Nawa
- Department of PharmacologyTokyo Medical University 6‐1‐1 Shinjuku Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8402 Japan
| | - Masaaki Matsuoka
- Department of PharmacologyTokyo Medical University 6‐1‐1 Shinjuku Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8402 Japan
- Department of Dermatological NeuroscienceTokyo Medical University6‐1‐1 Shinjuku Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 160‐8402 Japan
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Moehring F, Waas M, Keppel TR, Rathore D, Cowie AM, Stucky CL, Gundry RL. Quantitative Top-Down Mass Spectrometry Identifies Proteoforms Differentially Released during Mechanical Stimulation of Mouse Skin. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2635-2648. [PMID: 29925238 PMCID: PMC6195672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction refers to the processes whereby mechanical stimuli are converted into electrochemical signals that allow for the sensation of our surrounding environment through touch. Despite its fundamental role in our daily lives, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of mechanotransduction are not yet well-defined. Previous data suggest that keratinocytes may release factors that activate or modulate cutaneous sensory neuron terminals, including small molecules, lipids, peptides, proteins, and oligosaccharides. This study presents a first step toward identifying soluble mediators of keratinocyte-sensory neuron communication by evaluating the potential for top-down mass spectrometry to identify proteoforms released during 1 min of mechanical stimulation of mouse skin from naı̈ve animals. Overall, this study identified 47 proteoforms in the secretome of mouse hind paw skin, of which 14 were differentially released during mechanical stimulation, and includes proteins with known and previously unknown relevance to mechanotransduction. Finally, this study outlines a bioinformatic workflow that merges output from two complementary analysis platforms for top-down data and demonstrates the utility of this workflow for integrating quantitative and qualitative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francie Moehring
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Matthew Waas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Theodore R. Keppel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Deepali Rathore
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ashley M. Cowie
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Stucky
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rebekah L. Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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7
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Kusakari S, Nawa M, Sudo K, Matsuoka M. Calmodulin-like skin protein protects against spatial learning impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Neurochem 2017; 144:218-233. [PMID: 29164613 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Humanin and calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP) inhibits Alzheimer disease (AD)-related neuronal cell death via the heterotrimeric humanin receptor in vitro. It has been suggested that CLSP is a central agonist of the heterotrimeric humanin receptor in vivo. To investigate the role of CLSP in the AD pathogenesis in vivo, we generated mouse CLSP-1 transgenic mice, crossed them with the APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice, a model mouse of AD, and examined the effect of CLSP over-expression on the pathological phenotype of the AD mouse model. We found that over-expression of the mouse CLSP-1 gene attenuated spatial learning impairment, the loss of a presynaptic marker synaptophysin, and the inactivation of STAT3 in the APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice. On the other hand, CLSP over-expression did not affect levels of Aβ, soluble Aβ oligomers, or gliosis. These results suggest that the CLSP-mediated attenuation of memory impairment and synaptic loss occurs in an Aβ-independent manner. The results of this study may serve as a hint to the better understanding of the AD pathogenesis and the development of AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kusakari
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiro Nawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Pre-clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Matsuoka
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatological Neuroscience, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Sun BK, Boxer LD, Ransohoff JD, Siprashvili Z, Qu K, Lopez-Pajares V, Hollmig ST, Khavari PA. CALML5 is a ZNF750- and TINCR-induced protein that binds stratifin to regulate epidermal differentiation. Genes Dev 2015; 29:2225-30. [PMID: 26545810 PMCID: PMC4647556 DOI: 10.1101/gad.267708.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Outward migration of epidermal progenitors occurs with induction of hundreds of differentiation genes, but the identities of all regulators required for this process are unknown. We used laser capture microdissection followed by RNA sequencing to identify calmodulin-like 5 (CALML5) as the most enriched gene in differentiating outer epidermis. CALML5 mRNA was up-regulated by the ZNF750 transcription factor and then stabilized by the long noncoding RNA TINCR. CALML5 knockout impaired differentiation, abolished keratohyalin granules, and disrupted epidermal barrier function. Mass spectrometry identified SFN (stratifin/14-3-3σ) as a CALML5-binding protein. CALML5 interacts with SFN in suprabasal epidermis, cocontrols 13% of late differentiation genes, and modulates interaction of SFN to some of its binding partners. A ZNF750-TINCR-CALML5-SFN network is thus essential for epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K Sun
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lisa D Boxer
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Julia D Ransohoff
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zurab Siprashvili
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kun Qu
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Vanessa Lopez-Pajares
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Tyler Hollmig
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Paul A Khavari
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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9
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Racedo S, McDonald-McGinn D, Chung J, Goldmuntz E, Zackai E, Emanuel B, Zhou B, Funke B, Morrow B. Mouse and human CRKL is dosage sensitive for cardiac outflow tract formation. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:235-44. [PMID: 25658046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human chromosome 22q11.2 region is susceptible to rearrangements during meiosis leading to velo-cardio-facial/DiGeorge/22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) characterized by conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) and other congenital anomalies. The majority of individuals have a 3 Mb deletion whose proximal region contains the presumed disease-associated gene TBX1 (T-box 1). Although a small subset have proximal nested deletions including TBX1, individuals with distal deletions that exclude TBX1 have also been identified. The deletions are flanked by low-copy repeats (LCR22A, B, C, D). We describe cardiac phenotypes in 25 individuals with atypical distal nested deletions within the 3 Mb region that do not include TBX1 including 20 with LCR22B to LCR22D deletions and 5 with nested LCR22C to LCR22D deletions. Together with previous reports, 12 of 37 (32%) with LCR22B-D deletions and 5 of 34 (15%) individuals with LCR22C-D deletions had CTDs including tetralogy of Fallot. In the absence of TBX1, we hypothesized that CRKL (Crk-like), mapping to the LCR22C-D region, might contribute to the cardiac phenotype in these individuals. We created an allelic series in mice of Crkl, including a hypomorphic allele, to test for gene expression effects on phenotype. We found that the spectrum of heart defects depends on Crkl expression, occurring with analogous malformations to that in human individuals, suggesting that haploinsufficiency of CRKL could be responsible for the etiology of CTDs in individuals with nested distal deletions and might act as a genetic modifier of individuals with the typical 3 Mb deletion.
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10
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Lessard JC, Kalinin A, Bible P, Morasso MI. Calmodulin 4 is dispensable for epidermal barrier formation and wound healing in mice. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:55-7. [PMID: 25316000 PMCID: PMC4289410 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-mediated signals play important roles in epidermal barrier formation, skin homoeostasis and wound repair. Calmodulin 4 (Calm4) is a small, Ca2+ -binding protein with strong expression in suprabasal keratinocytes. In mice, Calm4 first appears in the skin at the time of barrier formation, and its expression increases in response to epidermal barrier challenges. In this study, we report the generation of Calm4 knockout mice and provide evidence that Calm4 is dispensable for epidermal barrier formation, maintenance and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane C. Lessard
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandr Kalinin
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Bible
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria I. Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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Pastar I, Stojadinovic O, Yin NC, Ramirez H, Nusbaum AG, Sawaya A, Patel SB, Khalid L, Isseroff RR, Tomic-Canic M. Epithelialization in Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:445-464. [PMID: 25032064 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Keratinocytes, a major cellular component of the epidermis, are responsible for restoring the epidermis after injury through a process termed epithelialization. This review will focus on the pivotal role of keratinocytes in epithelialization, including cellular processes and mechanisms of their regulation during re-epithelialization, and their cross talk with other cell types participating in wound healing. Recent Advances: Discoveries in epidermal stem cells, keratinocyte immune function, and the role of the epidermis as an independent neuroendocrine organ will be reviewed. Novel mechanisms of gene expression regulation important for re-epithelialization, including microRNAs and histone modifications, will also be discussed. Critical Issues: Epithelialization is an essential component of wound healing used as a defining parameter of a successful wound closure. A wound cannot be considered healed in the absence of re-epithelialization. The epithelialization process is impaired in all types of chronic wounds. Future Directions: A comprehensive understanding of the epithelialization process will ultimately lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to promote wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Natalie C. Yin
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Horacio Ramirez
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Aron G. Nusbaum
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Andrew Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Shailee B. Patel
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Laiqua Khalid
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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12
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Pan TL, Wang PW, Aljuffali IA, Leu YL, Hung YY, Fang JY. Coumarin derivatives, but not coumarin itself, cause skin irritation via topical delivery. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:173-81. [PMID: 24561300 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin and its derivatives are widely employed as a fragrance in cosmetics and skin care products. The skin absorption level and possible disruption to the skin by topical application of coumarins were evaluated in this study. Percutaneous absorption of osthole, daphnoretin, coumarin, byakangelicin, and 7-hydroxycoumarin was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Skin physiology measurements and immunoblotting were utilized as methodologies for validating toxicity. The relationship between structures and permeation/toxicity of coumarins was elucidated. Both equimolar concentration and saturated solubility in 30% ethanol were used as the applied dose. Osthole with the most lipophilic characteristic demonstrated the greatest skin accumulation, followed by coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin. Coumarin was the permeant with the highest flux across the skin. The trend of in vivo deposition was consistent with that of the in vitro profiles. Skin uptake of osthole was 8-fold higher than that of coumarin. Hair follicles played a significant role as a pathway for transport of coumarin according to the examination of follicular accumulation. Osthole and 7-hydroxycoumarin slightly, but significantly, enhanced transepidermal water loss after a consecutive 5-day administration. The immunoblotting profiling verified the role of proliferation in skin damage induced by osthole, byakangelicin, and 7-hydroxycoumarin. The proliferation-related proteins examined in this work included glucose-regulated proteins, cytokeratin, and C-myc. Daphnoretin and coumarin showed a negligible alteration on protein biomarkers. The experimental results suggested that skin irritation caused by coumarins was mainly derived from the analogs but not from coumarin itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ibrahim A Aljuffali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Natural Products Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yun Hung
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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13
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Hashimoto Y, Nawa M, Kurita M, Tokizawa M, Iwamatsu A, Matsuoka M. Secreted calmodulin-like skin protein inhibits neuronal death in cell-based Alzheimer's disease models via the heterotrimeric Humanin receptor. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e555. [PMID: 23519124 PMCID: PMC3615737 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Humanin is a secreted bioactive peptide that is protective in a variety of death models, including cell-based neuronal death models related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). To mediate the protective effect in AD-related death models, Humanin signals via a cell-surface receptor that is generally composed of three subunits: ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor α, WSX-1 and gp130 (heterotrimeric Humanin receptor; htHNR). However, the protective effect of Humanin via the htHNR is weak (EC50=1–10 μℳ); therefore, it is possible that another physiological agonist for this receptor exists in vivo. In the current study, calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP), a calmodulin relative with an undefined function, was shown to be secreted and inhibit neuronal death via the htHNR with an EC50 of 10–100 pℳ. CLSP was highly expressed in the skin, and the concentration in circulating normal human blood was ∼5 nℳ. When administered intraperitoneally in mice, recombinant CLSP was transported across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-barrier and its concentration in the CSF reaches 1/100 of its serum concentration at 1 h after injection. These findings suggest that CLSP is a physiological htHNR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Hovanessian AG, Soundaramourty C, El Khoury D, Nondier I, Svab J, Krust B. Surface expressed nucleolin is constantly induced in tumor cells to mediate calcium-dependent ligand internalization. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15787. [PMID: 21203423 PMCID: PMC3009748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleolin is one of the major proteins of the nucleolus, but it is also expressed on the cell surface where is serves as a binding protein for variety of ligands implicated in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that the cell-surface expressed nucleolin is a strategic target for an effective and nontoxic cancer therapy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By monitoring the expression of nucleolin mRNA, and by measuring the level of nucleolin protein recovered from the surface and nucleus of cells, here we show that the presence of nucleolin at the cell surface is dependent on the constant induction of nucleolin mRNA. Indeed, inhibitors of RNA transcription or translation block expression of surface nucleolin while no apparent effect is observed on the level of nucleolin in the nucleus. The estimated half-life of surface nucleolin is less than one hour, whereas that of nuclear nucleolin is more than 8 hours. Nucleolin mRNA induction is reduced markedly in normal fibroblasts that reach confluence, while it occurs continuously even in post-confluent epithelial tumor cells consistent with their capacity to proliferate without contact inhibition. Interestingly, cold and heat shock induce nucleolin mRNA concomitantly to enhanced mRNA expression of the heat shock protein 70, thus suggesting that surface nucleolin induction also occurs in response to an environmental insult. At the cell surface, one of the main functions of nucleolin is to shuttle specific extracellular ligands by an active transport mechanism, which we show here to be calcium dependent. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate that the expression of surface nucleolin is an early metabolic event coupled with tumor cell proliferation and stress response. The fact that surface nucleolin is constantly and abundantly expressed on the surface of tumor cells, makes them a preferential target for the inhibitory action of anticancer agents that target surface nucleolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara G Hovanessian
- CNRS-Université Paris Descartes, Unité Régulation de la Transcription de Maladies Génétique, Paris, France.
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15
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Losfeld ME, Khoury DE, Mariot P, Carpentier M, Krust B, Briand JP, Mazurier J, Hovanessian AG, Legrand D. The cell surface expressed nucleolin is a glycoprotein that triggers calcium entry into mammalian cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:357-69. [PMID: 19026635 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleolin is an ubiquitous nucleolar phosphoprotein involved in fundamental aspects of transcription regulation, cell proliferation and growth. It has also been described as a shuttling molecule between nucleus, cytosol and the cell surface. Several studies have demonstrated that surface nucleolin serves as a receptor for various extracellular ligands implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, mitogenesis and angiogenesis. Previously, we reported that nucleolin in the extranuclear cell compartment is a glycoprotein containing N- and O-glycans. In the present study, we show that glycosylation is an essential requirement for surface nucleolin expression, since it is prevented when cells are cultured in the presence of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-glycosylation. Accordingly, surface but not nuclear nucleolin is radioactively labeled upon metabolic labeling of cells with [(3)H]glucosamine. Besides its well-demonstrated role in the internalization of specific ligands, here we show that ligand binding to surface nucleolin could also induce Ca(2+) entry into cells. Indeed, by flow cytometry, microscopy and patch-clamp experiments, we show that the HB-19 pseudopeptide, which binds specifically surface nucleolin, triggers rapid and intense membrane Ca(2+) fluxes in various types of cells. The use of several drugs then indicated that Store-Operated Ca(2+) Entry (SOCE)-like channels are involved in the generation of these fluxes. Taken together, our findings suggest that binding of an extracellular ligand to surface nucleolin could be involved in the activation of signaling pathways by promoting Ca(2+) entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Estelle Losfeld
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche no 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
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16
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Hwang J, Mehrani T, Millar SE, Morasso MI. Dlx3 is a crucial regulator of hair follicle differentiation and cycling. Development 2008; 135:3149-59. [PMID: 18684741 DOI: 10.1242/dev.022202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dlx homeobox transcription factors regulate epidermal, neural and osteogenic cellular differentiation. Here, we demonstrate the central role of Dlx3 as a crucial transcriptional regulator of hair formation and regeneration. The selective ablation of Dlx3 in the epidermis results in complete alopecia owing to failure of the hair shaft and inner root sheath to form, which is caused by the abnormal differentiation of the cortex. Significantly, we elucidate the regulatory cascade that positions Dlx3 downstream of Wnt signaling and as an upstream regulator of other transcription factors that regulate hair follicle differentiation, such as Hoxc13 and Gata3. Colocalization of phospho-Smad1/5/8 and Dlx3 is consistent with a regulatory role for BMP signaling to Dlx3 during hair morphogenesis. Importantly, mutant catagen follicles undergo delayed regression and display persistent proliferation. Moreover, ablation of Dlx3 expression in the telogen bulge stem cells is associated with a loss of BMP signaling, precluding re-initiation of the hair follicle growth cycle. Taken together with hair follicle abnormalities in humans with Tricho-Dento-Osseous (TDO) syndrome, an autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia linked to mutations in the DLX3 gene, our results establish that Dlx3 is essential for hair morphogenesis, differentiation and cycling programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonsung Hwang
- Developmental Skin Biology Unit, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Pena-Alonso E, Rodrigo JP, Parra IC, Pedrero JMG, Meana MVG, Nieto CS, Fresno MF, Morgan RO, Fernandez MP. Annexin A2 localizes to the basal epithelial layer and is down-regulated in dysplasia and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2008; 263:89-98. [PMID: 18262347 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A2 is a highly expressed gene with important roles in cell membrane physiology and is frequently dysregulated in cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of expression and prognostic significance of annexin A2 protein in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. We assessed both quantitative changes and qualitative distribution of annexin A2 mRNA and protein expression in normal and diseased tissues by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Annexin A2 expression was confined to the basal and suprabasal cells of normal epithelium and the protein cellular location was consistently observed at the cell membrane. Expression levels correlated with histopathological grade, showing significant suppression in moderately and poorly differentiated tumours. We conclude that annexin A2 exhibits a characteristic pattern of expression, distinct from other annexins and suggestive of a cell-specific functional role. The marked reduction of annexin A2 in poorly differentiated tumours and dysplastic tissue is expected to result in a loss of function aimed at the coordination of membrane signalling enzyme complexes, actin polymerization and extracellular matrix proteolysis. The phenotypic consequences may become manifest in an alteration of epithelial tissue growth and remodelling with secondary influence on tumour development, progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pena-Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Oncologia del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
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