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Ivanova M, Porta FM, Giugliano F, Frascarelli C, Sajjadi E, Venetis K, Cursano G, Mazzarol G, Guerini-Rocco E, Curigliano G, Criscitiello C, Fusco N. Breast Cancer with Brain Metastasis: Molecular Insights and Clinical Management. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1160. [PMID: 37372340 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women. Brain metastases are a primary contributor to mortality, as they often go undetected until late stages due to their dormant nature. Moreover, the clinical management of brain metastases is complicated by the relevant issue of blood-brain barrier penetration. The molecular pathways involved in the formation, progression, and colonization of primary breast tumors and subsequent brain metastases are diverse, posing significant hurdles due to the heterogeneous nature of breast cancer subtypes. Despite advancements in primary breast cancer treatments, the prognosis for patients with brain metastases remains poor. In this review, we aim to highlight the biological mechanisms of breast cancer brain metastases by evaluating multi-step genetic pathways and to discuss currently available and emerging treatment strategies to propose a prospective overview of the management of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Ivanova
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Maria Porta
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- School of Pathology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Giugliano
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Frascarelli
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elham Sajjadi
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Venetis
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Cursano
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mazzarol
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Guerini-Rocco
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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2
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Chen S, Cai C, Sowalsky AG, Ye H, Ma F, Yuan X, Simon NI, Gray NS, Balk SP. BMX-Mediated Regulation of Multiple Tyrosine Kinases Contributes to Castration Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5203-5215. [PMID: 30012673 PMCID: PMC6139052 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer responds to therapies that suppress androgen receptor (AR) activity (androgen deprivation therapy, ADT) but invariably progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The Tec family nonreceptor tyrosine kinase BMX is activated downstream of PI3K and has been implicated in regulation of multiple pathways and in the development of cancers including prostate cancer. However, its precise mechanisms of action, and particularly its endogenous substrates, remain to be established. Here, we demonstrate that BMX expression in prostate cancer is suppressed directly by AR via binding to the BMX gene and that BMX expression is subsequently rapidly increased in response to ADT. BMX contributed to CRPC development in cell line and xenograft models by positively regulating the activities of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases through phosphorylation of a phosphotyrosine-tyrosine (pYY) motif in their activation loop, generating pYpY that is required for full kinase activity. To assess BMX activity in vivo, we generated a BMX substrate-specific antibody (anti-pYpY) and found that its reactivity correlated with BMX expression in clinical samples, supporting pYY as an in vivo substrate. Inhibition of BMX with ibrutinib (developed as an inhibitor of the related Tec kinase BTK) or another BMX inhibitor BMX-IN-1 markedly enhanced the response to castration in a prostate cancer xenograft model. These data indicate that increased BMX in response to ADT contributes to enhanced tyrosine kinase signaling and the subsequent emergence of CRPC, and that combination therapies targeting AR and BMX may be effective in a subset of patients.Significance: The tyrosine kinase BMX is negatively regulated by androgen and contributes to castration-resistant prostate cancer by enhancing the phosphorylation and activation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases following ADT. Cancer Res; 78(18); 5203-15. ©2018 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phosphorylation
- Piperidines
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Signal Transduction
- Tissue Array Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Changmeng Cai
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam G Sowalsky
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fen Ma
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xin Yuan
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas I Simon
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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3
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Targeting Glioma Stem Cell-Derived Pericytes Disrupts the Blood-Tumor Barrier and Improves Chemotherapeutic Efficacy. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 21:591-603.e4. [PMID: 29100012 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The blood-tumor barrier (BTB) is a major obstacle for drug delivery to malignant brain tumors such as glioblastoma (GBM). Disrupting the BTB is therefore highly desirable but complicated by the need to maintain the normal blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here we show that targeting glioma stem cell (GSC)-derived pericytes specifically disrupts the BTB and enhances drug effusion into brain tumors. We found that pericyte coverage of tumor vasculature is inversely correlated with GBM patient survival after chemotherapy. Eliminating GSC-derived pericytes in xenograft models disrupted BTB tight junctions and increased vascular permeability. We identified BMX as an essential factor for maintaining GSC-derived pericytes. Inhibiting BMX with ibrutinib selectively targeted neoplastic pericytes and disrupted the BTB, but not the BBB, thereby increasing drug effusion into established tumors and enhancing the chemotherapeutic efficacy of drugs with poor BTB penetration. These findings highlight the clinical potential of targeting neoplastic pericytes to significantly improve treatment of brain tumors.
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Li Y, Cui N, Zheng PS, Yang WT. BMX/Etk promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenicity of cervical cancer cells through PI3K/AKT/mTOR and STAT3 pathways. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49238-49252. [PMID: 28514765 PMCID: PMC5564764 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow X-linked kinase (BMX, also known as Etk) has been reported to be involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in several types of tumors, but its role in cervical carcinoma remains poorly understood. In this study, we showed that BMX expression exhibits a gradually increasing trend from normal cervical tissue to cervical cancer in situ and then to invasive cervical cancer tissue. Through BMX-IN-1, a potent and irreversible BMX kinase inhibitor, inhibited the expression of BMX, the cell proliferation was significantly decreased. Knockdown of BMX in HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines using two different silencing technologies, TALEN and shRNA, inhibited cell growth in vitro and suppressed xenograft tumor formation in vivo, whereas overexpression of BMX in the cell line C-33A significantly increased cell proliferation. Furthermore, a mechanism study showed that silencing BMX blocked cell cycle transit from G0/G1 to S or G2/M phase, and knockdown of BMX inhibited the expression of p-AKT and p-STAT3. These results suggested that BMX can promote cell proliferation through PI3K/AKT/mTOR and STAT3 signaling pathways in cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Cui
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.,Section of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ting Yang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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5
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Wang Y, Xia J, Fang Z, Li F, Li D, Wang Z, Feng Y, Zhang J, Chen H, Ji H, Liu H. A novel BMX variant promotes tumor cell growth and migration in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33405-33415. [PMID: 28422715 PMCID: PMC5464877 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-receptor tyrosine kinase BMX has been reported in several solid tumors. However, the alternative splicing of BMX and its clinical relevance in lung cancer remain to be elucidated. Exon1.0 array was used to identify a novel alternative splicing of BMX, BMXΔN, which was confirmed by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. BMXΔN, resulting from exon skipping with excluding exon 1 to exon 8 of BMX gene, was found in 12% human lung adenocarcinoma specimens. BMXΔN is not found in paired pathologically normal lungs and positively correlated with EGFR mutation in lung adenocarcinomas. Moreover, BMXΔN increases cell proliferation, neoplastic transformation, and migratory property of human non-small cell lung cancer cells. The function of BMXΔN in lung cancer might be presumably due to enhanced ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jufeng Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Duo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, China
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6
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EPHA3 regulates the multidrug resistance of small cell lung cancer via the PI3K/BMX/STAT3 signaling pathway. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11959-11971. [PMID: 27101199 PMCID: PMC5080350 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle to the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). EPHA3 has been revealed to be the most frequently mutated Eph receptor gene in lung cancer with abnormal expression. Growing evidence indicates that the signaling proteins of EPHA3 downstream, including PI3K, BMX and STAT3, play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. To explore the possible role of EPHA3 in MDR, we assessed the influence of EPHA3 on chemoresistance, cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumor growth, as well as the relationship between EPHA3 and the expression of PI3K, BMX, and STAT3 in SCLC. We observed that overexpression of EPHA3 in SCLC cells decreased chemoresistance by increasing apoptosis and inducing G0/G1 arrest, accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of PI3K/BMX/STAT3 signaling pathway. Knockdown of EPHA3 expression generated a resistant phenotype of SCLC, as a result of decreased apoptosis and induced G2/M phase arrest. And re-expression of EPHA3 in these cells reversed the resistant phenotype. Meanwhile, increased phosphorylation of PI3K/BMX/STAT3 signaling pathway was observed in these cells with EPHA3 deficiency. Notably, both PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and BMX inhibitor (LFM-A13) impaired the chemoresistance enhanced by EPHA3 deficiency in SCLC cell lines. Furthermore, EPHA3 inhibited growth of SCLC cells in vivo and was correlated with longer overall survival of SCLC patients. Thus, we first provide the evidences that EPHA3 is involved in regulating the MDR of SCLC via PI3K/BMX/STAT3 signaling and may be a new therapeutic target in SCLC.
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7
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Zhang N, Chang Y, Rios A, An Z. HER3/ErbB3, an emerging cancer therapeutic target. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:39-48. [PMID: 26496898 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
HER3 is a member of the HER (EGFR/ErbB) receptor family consisting of four closely related type 1 transmembrane receptors (EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4). HER receptors are part of a complex signaling network intertwined with the Ras/Raf/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and PKC signaling pathways. Aberrant activation of the HER receptors and downstream signaling molecules tips the balance on cellular events, leading to various types of cancers. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and small molecule inhibitors targeting EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase activities exhibit clinical benefits in the treatment of several types of cancers, but their clinical efficacy is limited by the occurrence of drug resistance. HER3 is the preferred dimerization partner of HER2 and it is well established that HER3 plays an important role in drug resistance to EGFR- and HER2-targeting therapies. Since HER3 has limited kinase activity, mAbs are being explored to target HER3 for cancer therapy. Currently, approximately a dozen of anti-HER3 mAbs are at different stages of clinical development. However, the lack of established biomarkers has made it more challenging to stratify cancer patients to whom HER3-targeting therapies can be more effective. In this review, we focus on the validation of HER3 as a cancer drug target, the recent development in biomarker discovery for anti-HER3 therapies, and the progress made in the clinical development of HER3-targeting mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Adan Rios
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Ye C, Zhao W, Li M, Zhuang J, Yan X, Lu Q, Chang C, Huang X, Zhou J, Xie B, Zhang Z, Yao X, Yan J, Guo H. δ-tocotrienol induces human bladder cancer cell growth arrest, apoptosis and chemosensitization through inhibition of STAT3 pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122712. [PMID: 25849286 PMCID: PMC4388509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E intake has been implicated in reduction of bladder cancer risk. However, the mechanisms remain elusive. Here we reported that δ-tocotrienol (δ-T3), one of vitamin E isomers, possessed the most potent cytotoxic capacity against human bladder cancer cells, compared with other Vitamin E isomers. δ-T3 inhibited cancer cell proliferation and colonogenicity through induction of G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. Western blotting assay revealed that δ-T3 increased the expression levels of cell cycle inhibitors (p21, p27), pro-apoptotic protein (Bax) and suppressed expression levels of cell cycle protein (Cyclin D1), anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1), resulting in the Caspase-3 activation and cleavage of PARP. Moreover, the δ-T3 treatment inhibited ETK phosphorylation level and induced SHP-1 expression, which was correlated with downregulation of STAT3 activation. In line with this, δ-T3 reduced the STAT3 protein level in nuclear fraction, as well as its transcription activity. Knockdown of SHP-1 partially reversed δ-T3-induced cell growth arrest. Importantly, low dose of δ-T3 sensitized Gemcitabine-induced cytotoxic effects on human bladder cancer cells. Overall, our findings demonstrated, for the first time, the cytotoxic effects of δ-T3 on bladder cancer cells and suggest that δ-T3 might be a promising chemosensitization reagent for Gemcitabine in bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxiao Ye
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Junlong Zhuang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Cunjie Chang
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The first affiliated hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Bingxian Xie
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The first affiliated hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (HG)
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
- Nanjing Urology Research Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (HG)
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9
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Fox JL, Storey A. BMX Negatively Regulates BAK Function, Thereby Increasing Apoptotic Resistance to Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1345-55. [PMID: 25649765 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability of chemotherapeutic agents to induce apoptosis, predominantly via the mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptotic pathway, is thought to be a major determinant of the sensitivity of a given cancer to treatment. Intrinsic apoptosis, regulated by the BCL2 family, integrates diverse apoptotic signals to determine cell death commitment and then activates the nodal effector protein BAK to initiate the apoptotic cascade. In this study, we identified the tyrosine kinase BMX as a direct negative regulator of BAK function. BMX associates with BAK in viable cells and is the first kinase to phosphorylate the key tyrosine residue needed to maintain BAK in an inactive conformation. Importantly, elevated BMX expression prevents BAK activation in tumor cells treated with chemotherapeutic agents and is associated with increased resistance to apoptosis and decreased patient survival. Accordingly, BMX expression was elevated in prostate, breast, and colon cancers compared with normal tissue, including in aggressive triple-negative breast cancers where BMX overexpression may be a novel biomarker. Furthermore, BMX silencing potentiated BAK activation, rendering tumor cells hypersensitive to otherwise sublethal doses of clinically relevant chemotherapeutic agents. Our finding that BMX directly inhibits a core component of the intrinsic apoptosis machinery opens opportunities to improve the efficacy of existing chemotherapy by potentiating BAK-driven cell death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Fox
- Department of Oncology, WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan Storey
- Department of Oncology, WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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10
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Inositol Polyphosphate-5-Phosphatase F (INPP5F) inhibits STAT3 activity and suppresses gliomas tumorigenicity. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7330. [PMID: 25476455 PMCID: PMC4256660 DOI: 10.1038/srep07330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common type of primary malignant brain tumors harboring a subpopulation of stem-like cells (GSCs), is a fast-growing and often fatal tumor. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is one of the major signaling pathways in GSCs maintenance but the molecular mechanisms underlying STAT3 deregulation in GSCs are poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that Inositol Polyphosphate-5-Phosphatase F (INPP5F), one of the polyphosphoinositide phosphatases, is differentially expressed in GSCs from glioma patients, and is identified as an inhibitor of STAT3 signaling via interaction with STAT3 and inhibition of its phosphorylation. Constitutively expressed INPP5F showed to suppress self-renewal and proliferation potentials of glioblastoma cells and reduced tumorigenicity of glioblastoma. In addition, loss of INPP5F gene in gliomas is significantly correlated with lower overall patient survivals. These findings suggest that INPP5F is a potential tumor suppressor in gliomas via inhibition of STAT3 pathway, and that deregulation of INPP5F may lead to contribution to gliomagenesis.
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Targeting Btk/Etk of prostate cancer cells by a novel dual inhibitor. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1409. [PMID: 25188519 PMCID: PMC4540187 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Btk and Etk/BMX are Tec-family non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Btk has previously been reported to be expressed primarily in B cells and has an important role in immune responses and B-cell malignancies. Etk has been shown previously to provide a strong survival and metastasis signal in human prostate cancer cells, and to confer androgen independence and drug resistance. While the role of Etk in prostate carcinogenesis is well established, the functions of Btk in prostate cancer have never been investigated, likely due to the perception that Btk is a hematopoietic, but not epithelial, kinase. Herein, we found that Btk is overexpressed in prostate cancer tissues and prostate cancer cells. The level of Btk in prostate cancer tissues correlates with cancer grades. Knockdown of Btk expression selectively inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells, but not that of the normal prostate epithelial cells, which express very little Btk. Dual inhibition of Btk and Etk has an additive inhibitory effect on prostate cancer cell growth. To explore Btk and Etk as targets for prostate cancer, we developed a small molecule dual inhibitor of Btk and Etk, CTN06. Treatment of PC3 and other prostate cancer cells, but not immortalized prostate epithelial cells with CTN06 resulted in effective cell killing, accompanied by the attenuation of Btk/Etk signals. The killing effect of CTN06 is more potent than that of commonly used inhibitors against Src, Raf/VEGFR and EGFR. CTN06 induces apoptosis as well as autophagy in human prostate cancer cells, and is a chemo-sensitizer for docetaxel (DTX), a standard of care for metastatic prostate cancer patients. CTN06 also impeded the migration of human prostate cancer cells based on a ‘wound healing' assay. The anti-cancer effect of CTN06 was further validated in vivo in a PC3 xenograft mouse model.
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Ibrutinib (ImbruvicaTM) potently inhibits ErbB receptor phosphorylation and cell viability of ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:1096-104. [PMID: 25081321 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ibrutinib (formerly PCI-32765) is a specific, irreversible, and potent inhibitor of Burton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) developed for the treatment of several forms of blood cancer. It is now an FDA-approved drug marketed under the name Imbruvica(TM) (Pharmacyclics, Inc.) and successfully used as an orally administered second-line drug in the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. Since BTK is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells, the sensitivity of solid tumor cells to Ibrutinib has not been analyzed. In this study, we determined the effect of Ibrutinib on breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that Ibrutinib efficiently reduces the phosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinases ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB3, thereby suppressing AKT and MAPK signaling in ErbB2-positive (ErbB2+) breast cancer cell lines. Treatment with Ibrutinib significantly reduced the viability of ErbB2+ cell lines with IC50 values at nanomolar concentrations, suggesting therapeutic potential of Ibrutinib in breast cancer. Combined treatment with Ibrutinib and the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 synergistically reduces cell viability of ErbB2+ breast cancer cells. Combination indices below 0.25 at 50% inhibition of cell viability were determined by the Chou-Talalay method. Therefore, the combination of Ibrutinib and canonical PI3K pathway inhibitors could be a new and effective approach in the treatment of breast cancer with activated ErbB receptors. Ibrutinib could thus become a valuable component of targeted therapy in aggressive ErbB2+ breast cancer.
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Ying WZ, Aaron KJ, Sanders PW. Sodium and potassium regulate endothelial phospholipase C-γ and Bmx. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F58-63. [PMID: 24785188 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00615.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of Na(+) and K(+) in the diet promotes significant changes in endothelial cell function. In the present study, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments determined the role of Na(+) and K(+) in the regulation of two pleckstrin homology domain-containing intracellular signaling molecules, phospholipase C (PLC)-γ1 and epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase/bone marrow tyrosine kinase on chromosome X (Bmx), and agonist-generated Ca(2+) signaling in the endothelium. Extracellular K(+) concentration regulated the levels of activated PLC-γ1, Bmx, and carbachol-stimulated intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human endothelial cells. Additional experiments confirmed that high-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediated these effects. The content of Na(+) and K(+) in the diet also regulated Bmx levels in endothelial cells and activated PLC-γ1 levels in rats in vivo. The effects of dietary K(+) on Bmx were more pronounced in rats fed a high-salt diet compared with rats fed a low-salt diet. These experiments elucidated an endothelial cell signaling mechanism regulated by electrolytes, further demonstrating an integral relationship between endothelial cell function and dietary Na(+) and K(+) content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhong Ying
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging, and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Kristal J Aaron
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging, and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Paul W Sanders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging, and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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Zhuang J, Tu X, Cao K, Guo S, Mao X, Pan J, Huang B, Chen X, Gao Y, Qiu S. The expression and role of tyrosine kinase ETK/BMX in renal cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:25. [PMID: 24606948 PMCID: PMC3984736 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Expression of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase ETK/BMX has been reported in several solid tumors, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and its clinical significance in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain to be elucidated. Methods ETK expression in 90 human RCC and 30 human normal renal tissue samples was examined by immunohistochemistry and compared with several clinicopathologic parameters. To further demonstrate the biological function of ETK in RCC, Western blot was used to test the expression level of ETK protein in RCC cell lines. Subsequent to the downregulation of ETK by small interfering RNA, the effects of ETK on RCC cell growth, apoptosis, migration and invasion were assessed by methyl thiazol tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry and transwell assay. And the varying expression of VEGF, STAT3 and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) in RCC were evaluated by Western blot. Results Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that ETK expression was highly increased in RCC and was positively correlated with clinical stage, grade and metastasis. Simultaneously, the overall survival time in patients with higher ETK expression was obviously shorter than that in patients with lower ETK expression. ETK was also detected in RCC cell lines. Moreover, the down-regulating ETK significantly inhibited RCC cell growth, migration, invasion and promoted apoptosis. The expression of VEGF and p-STAT3 were also decreased. Conclusions Our study suggests that the overexpression of ETK is associated with the malignancy and disease progression of RCC. Since ETK is also involved in RCC cell biological function and VEGF-ETK-STAT3 loop, ETK may be used as a potential therapeutic target for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaopeng Qiu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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15
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George AJ, Purdue BW, Gould CM, Thomas DW, Handoko Y, Qian H, Quaife-Ryan GA, Morgan KA, Simpson KJ, Thomas WG, Hannan RD. A functional siRNA screen identifies genes modulating angiotensin II-mediated EGFR transactivation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5377-90. [PMID: 24046455 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to mediate cellular growth, however, the molecular mechanisms involved have not yet been resolved. To address this, we performed a functional siRNA screen of the human kinome in human mammary epithelial cells that demonstrate a robust AT1R-EGFR transactivation. We identified a suite of genes encoding proteins that both positively and negatively regulate AT1R-EGFR transactivation. Many candidates are components of EGFR signalling networks, whereas others, including TRIO, BMX and CHKA, have not been previously linked to EGFR transactivation. Individual knockdown of TRIO, BMX or CHKA attenuated tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR by angiotensin II stimulation, but this did not occur following direct stimulation of the EGFR with EGF, indicating that these proteins function between the activated AT1R and the EGFR. Further investigation of TRIO and CHKA revealed that their activity is likely to be required for AT1R-EGFR transactivation. CHKA also mediated EGFR transactivation in response to another G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand, thrombin, indicating a pervasive role for CHKA in GPCR-EGFR crosstalk. Our study reveals the power of unbiased, functional genomic screens to identify new signalling mediators important for tissue remodelling in cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amee J George
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Eifert C, Wang X, Kokabee L, Kourtidis A, Jain R, Gerdes MJ, Conklin DS. A novel isoform of the B cell tyrosine kinase BTK protects breast cancer cells from apoptosis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:961-75. [PMID: 23913792 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases orchestrate key cellular signaling pathways and their dysregulation is often associated with cellular transformation. Several recent cases in which inhibitors of tyrosine kinases have been successfully used as anticancer agents have underscored the importance of this class of proteins in the development of targeted cancer therapies. We have carried out a large-scale loss-of-function analysis of the human tyrosine kinases using RNA interference to identify novel survival factors for breast cancer cells. In addition to kinases with known roles in breast and other cancers, we identified several kinases that were previously unknown to be required for breast cancer cell survival. The most surprising of these was the cytosolic, nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), which has been extensively studied in B cell development. Down regulation of this protein with RNAi or inhibition with pharmacological inhibitors causes apoptosis; overexpression inhibits apoptosis induced by Doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. Our results surprisingly show that BTK is expressed in several breast cancer cell lines and tumors. The predominant form of BTK found in tumor cells is transcribed from an alternative promoter and results in a protein with an amino-terminal extension. This alternate form of BTK is expressed at significantly higher levels in tumorigenic breast cells than in normal breast cells. Since this protein is a survival factor for these cells, it represents both a potential marker and novel therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Eifert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gen*NY*Sis Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY
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17
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Liu F, Zhang X, Weisberg E, Chen S, Hur W, Wu H, Zhao Z, Wang W, Mao M, Cai C, Simon NI, Sanda T, Wang J, Look AT, Griffin JD, Balk SP, Liu Q, Gray NS. Discovery of a selective irreversible BMX inhibitor for prostate cancer. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1423-8. [PMID: 23594111 DOI: 10.1021/cb4000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BMX is a member of the TEC family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. We have used structure-based drug design in conjunction with kinome profiling to develop a potent, selective, and irreversible BMX kinase inhibitor, BMX-IN-1, which covalently modifies Cys496. BMX-IN-1 inhibits the proliferation of Tel-BMX-transformed Ba/F3 cells at two digit nanomolar concentrations but requires single digit micromolar concentrations to inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines. Using a combinatorial kinase inhibitor screening strategy, we discovered that the allosteric Akt inhibitor, MK2206, is able to potentiate BMX inhibitor's antiproliferation efficacy against prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1110, Hefei,
Anhui 230031, P. R. China
- Department of Cancer Biology,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1110, Hefei,
Anhui 230031, P. R. China
- Department of Cancer Biology,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ellen Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Sen Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
02215, United States
| | - Wooyoung Hur
- Department of Cancer Biology,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hong Wu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1110, Hefei,
Anhui 230031, P. R. China
- Department of Cancer Biology,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zheng Zhao
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1110, Hefei,
Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1110, Hefei,
Anhui 230031, P. R. China
- Department of Cancer Biology,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mao Mao
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1110, Hefei,
Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| | - Changmeng Cai
- Hematology-Oncology Division,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
02215, United States
| | - Nicholas I. Simon
- Hematology-Oncology Division,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
02215, United States
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Department
of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - A. Thomas Look
- Department
of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - James D. Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Steven P. Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
02215, United States
| | - Qingsong Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1110, Hefei,
Anhui 230031, P. R. China
- Department of Cancer Biology,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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18
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Chen S, Jiang X, Gewinner CA, Asara JM, Simon NI, Cai C, Cantley LC, Balk SP. Tyrosine kinase BMX phosphorylates phosphotyrosine-primed motif mediating the activation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra40. [PMID: 23716717 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase BMX (bone marrow tyrosine kinase gene on chromosome X) is abundant in various cell types and activated downstream of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and the kinase Src, but its substrates are unknown. Positional scanning peptide library screening revealed a marked preference for a priming phosphorylated tyrosine (pY) in the -1 position, indicating that BMX substrates may include multiple tyrosine kinases that are fully activated by pYpY sites in the kinase domain. BMX phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at Tyr⁵⁷⁷ subsequent to its Src-mediated phosphorylation at Tyr⁵⁷⁶. Loss of BMX by RNA interference or by genetic deletion in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) markedly impaired FAK activity. Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in the kinase domain at Tyr¹¹⁸⁹ and Tyr¹¹⁹⁰, as well as Tyr¹¹⁸⁵, and downstream phosphorylation of the kinase AKT at Thr³⁰⁸ were similarly impaired by BMX deficiency. However, insulin-induced phosphorylation of AKT at Ser⁴⁷³ was not impaired in Bmx knockout MEFs or liver tissue from Bmx knockout mice, which also showed increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, possibly because of decreased abundance of the phosphatase PHLPP (PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase). Thus, by identifying the pYpY motif as a substrate for BMX, our findings suggest that BMX functions as a central regulator among multiple signaling pathways mediated by tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xinnong Jiang
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christina A Gewinner
- Signal Transduction Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Signal Transduction Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas I Simon
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Changmeng Cai
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Signal Transduction Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Himpe E, Abdul Rahim S, Verdood P, Mano H, Kooijman R. Tec kinase stimulates cell survival in transfected Hek293T cells and is regulated by the anti-apoptotic growth factor IGF-I in human neutrophils. Cell Signal 2013; 25:666-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Sakai I, Miyake H, Fujisawa M. Acquired resistance to sunitinib in human renal cell carcinoma cells is mediated by constitutive activation of signal transduction pathways associated with tumour cell proliferation. BJU Int 2013; 112:E211-20. [PMID: 23305097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Although there have been a few studies investigating the molecular mechanism mediating the acquisition of resistance to molecular-targeted agents, including sunitinib, by renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells, this mechanism remains largely unclear. The maintenance of protein kinase activation during sunitinib treatment may be involved in the acquisition of a phenotype resistant to sunitinib in RCC, and additional treatment with agents targeting activated protein kinases could be a promising approach for overcoming resistance to sunitinib in RCC. OBJECTIVE To characterise the mechanism involved in the acquired resistance to sunitinib, a potential inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A parental human RCC cell line, ACHN (ACHN/P), was continuously exposed to increasing doses of sunitinib, and a cell line resistant to sunitinib (ACHN/R), showing an ≈5-fold higher IC50 (concentration that reduces the effect by 50%) than that of ACHN/P, was developed. RESULTS ACHN/R appeared to acquire significant cross resistance to sorafenib; however, there were no significant differences in sensitivities to the Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, temsirolimus and everolimus, between ACHN/P and ACHN/R. After sunitinib treatment, the expression levels of phosphorylated Akt and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase in ACHN/P, but not those in ACHN/R, were significantly inhibited. RTK assay showed that treatment of ACHN/P with sunitinib resulted in the marked downregulation of several phosphorylated RTKs compared with that of ACHN/R. Additional treatment with a specific inhibitor of Akt significantly increased the sensitivity of ACHN/R to sunitinib, but not that of ACHN/P. There were no significant differences between in vivo growth patterns of ACHN/P and ACHN/R in mice before and after the administration of sunitinib; however, the proportion of cells positive for TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) staining in ACHN/P tumour was significantly greater than that in ACHN/R tumour in mice treated with sunitinib. CONCLUSION The maintenance of protein kinase activation during sunitinib treatment may be involved in the acquisition of resistant phenotype to sunitinib in RCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iori Sakai
- Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent proteomic data have uncovered an interdependence of PI3K and STAT3. In PI3K-tranformed murine cells, STAT3 is phosphorylated on Y705 and activated in a PI3K-dependent manner. Dominant negative STAT3 interferes with PI3K-induced oncogenic transformation. Phosphorylation of STAT3 in PI3K-transformed murine cells is mediated by the TEC kinase BMX. Observations on glioblastoma stem cells reveal similar critical roles for STAT3 and BMX. The new data document an important role of STAT3 in PI3K-driven oncogenic transformation and mark BMX as a promising therapeutic target that could enhance the effectiveness of PI3K inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE The PI3K–TOR and STAT3 signaling pathways represent two distinct regulatory networks. The discovery of a functional link between these pathways is significant for our understanding of PI3K- and STAT3-driven oncogenic mechanisms and identifies the TEC kinase BMX as a new cancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Vogt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Choi BK, Fan X, Deng H, Zhang N, An Z. ERBB3 (HER3) is a key sensor in the regulation of ERBB-mediated signaling in both low and high ERBB2 (HER2) expressing cancer cells. Cancer Med 2012; 1:28-38. [PMID: 23342251 PMCID: PMC3544427 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression and activation of EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2) have been successfully targeted for cancer therapeutics. Recent evidence from both basic and clinical studies suggests that ERBB3 (HER3) serves as a key activator of downstream signaling through dimerization with other ERBB proteins and plays a critical role in the widespread clinical resistance to EGFR and HER2 targeting cancer therapies. As a result, HER3 is actively pursued as an antibody therapeutic target for cancer. Ligand binding is thought to be a prerequisite for dimerization of HER3 with other ERBB proteins, which results in phosphorylation of its c-terminal tyrosine residues and activation of downstream AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. In this study, we report that an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (HER2Mab), which blocks HER2 dimerization with HER3, induces HER3 dimerization with EGFR in both low and high HER2 expressing cancer cells. Treatment of the low HER2 expressing MCF7 cancer cells with HER2Mab promoted cell proliferation and migration in the absence of HER3 ligand stimulation. Follow-up studies revealed that HER2Mab-induced HER3 signaling via EGFR/HER3 dimerization and activation of downstream AKT signaling pathways. These results suggest that equilibrium of dimerization among the ERBB proteins can be perturbed by HER2Mab and HER3 plays a key role in sensing the perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kwon Choi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, Texas, USA
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Jathal MK, Chen L, Mudryj M, Ghosh PM. Targeting ErbB3: the New RTK(id) on the Prostate Cancer Block. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 11:131-149. [PMID: 21603064 DOI: 10.2174/187152211795495643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Most prostate cancers (PCa) are critically reliant on functional androgen receptor (AR) signaling. At its onset, PCa is androgen-dependent and although temporarily halted by surgically or pharmacologically blocking the AR (androgen ablation), the disease ultimately recurs as an aggressive, fatal castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). FDA-approved treatments like docetaxel, a chemotherapeutic agent, and Provenge, a cancer vaccine, extend survival by a scant 3 and 4 months, respectively. It is clear that more effective drugs targeting CRPC are urgently needed. The ErbB family (EGFR/ErbB1, ErbB2/HER2/neu, ErbB3/HER3 and ErbB4/HER4) of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have long been implicated in PCa initiation and progression, but inhibitors of ErbB1 and ErbB2 (prototypic family members) fared poorly in PCa clinical trials. Recent research suggests that another family member ErbB3 abets emergence of the castration-resistant phenotype. Considerable efforts are being directed towards understanding ErbB3-mediated molecular mechanisms of castration resistance and searching for novel ways of inhibiting ErbB3 activity via rational drug design. Antibody-based therapy that prevents ligand binding to ErbB3 appears promising and fully-humanized antibodies that inhibit ligand-induced phosphorylation of ErbB3 are currently in early development. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors are also being vigorously pursued, as are siRNA-based approaches and combination treatment strategies- the simultaneous suppression of ErbB3 and its signaling partners or downstream effectors - with the primary purpose of undermining the resiliency of ErbB3-mediated signal transduction. This review summarizes the existing literature and reinforces the importance of ErbB3 as a therapeutic target in the clinical management of prostate cancer.
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Guryanova OA, Wu Q, Cheng L, Lathia JD, Huang Z, Yang J, MacSwords J, Eyler CE, McLendon RE, Heddleston JM, Shou W, Hambardzumyan D, Lee J, Hjelmeland AB, Sloan AE, Bredel M, Stark GR, Rich JN, Bao S. Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase BMX maintains self-renewal and tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma stem cells by activating STAT3. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:498-511. [PMID: 21481791 PMCID: PMC3076106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas display cellular hierarchies containing tumor-propagating glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). STAT3 is a critical signaling node in GSC maintenance but molecular mechanisms underlying STAT3 activation in GSCs are poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that the bone marrow X-linked (BMX) nonreceptor tyrosine kinase activates STAT3 signaling to maintain self-renewal and tumorigenic potential of GSCs. BMX is differentially expressed in GSCs relative to nonstem cancer cells and neural progenitors. BMX knockdown potently inhibited STAT3 activation, expression of GSC transcription factors, and growth of GSC-derived intracranial tumors. Constitutively active STAT3 rescued the effects of BMX downregulation, supporting that BMX signals through STAT3 in GSCs. These data demonstrate that BMX represents a GSC therapeutic target and reinforces the importance of STAT3 signaling in stem-like cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Guryanova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Experimental Center, The First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jinbo Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jennifer MacSwords
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Christine E. Eyler
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Roger E. McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John M. Heddleston
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Weinian Shou
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anita B. Hjelmeland
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andrew E. Sloan
- Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Markus Bredel
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Genetics, and Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
| | - George R. Stark
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N. Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Co-correspondence: 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE30, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Tel: +1 216 636 0790; Fax: +1 216 636 5454;
| | - Shideng Bao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Correspondence: 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE30, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Tel: +1 216 636 1009; Fax: +1 216 636 5454;
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Abstract
Tyrosine kinases play significant roles in tumor progression and therapy resistance. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinases are on the forefront of targeted therapy. For prostate cancer, tyrosine kinases play an additional role in the development of castration-resistant disease state, the most troubling aspect of prostate cancinogenesis which presently defies any effective treatment. Among the 30 or so tyrosine kinases expressed in a typical prostate cancer cell, nearly one third of them have been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis. Interestingly, most of them channel signals through a trio of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, Src/Etk/FAK, referred here as Src tyrosine kinase complex. This complex has been shown to play a significant role in the aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR) mediated by growth factors (e.g., epidermal growth factor (EGF)), cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6), chemokines (IL-8), and neurokines (gastrin-releasing peptide). These factors are induced and released from the prostate cancer to the stromal cells upon androgen withdrawal. The Src kinase complex has the ability to phosphorylate androgen receptor, resulting in the nuclear translocation and stabilization of un-liganded androgen receptor. Indeed, tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting Src can inhibit androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in preclinical xenograft model. While effective in inducing growth arrest and inhibiting metastasis of castration-resistant tumors, Src inhibitors rarely induce a significant level of apoptosis. This is also reflected by the general ineffectiveness of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as monotherapy in clinical trials. One of the underlying causes of apoptosis resistance is "autophagy," which is induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors and by androgen withdrawal. Autophagy is a self-digesting process to regenerate energy by removal of long-lived proteins and retired organelles to provide a survival mechanism to cells encountering stresses. Excessive autophagy, sometimes, could lead to type II programmed cell death. We demonstrated that autophagy blockade sensitizes prostate cancer cells toward Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Thus, a combination therapy based on Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor and autophagy modulator deserves further attention as a potential treatment for relapsed prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Jien Kung
- UC Davis Cancer Center, UCDMC, Res III, Rm. 2400, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Yang JC, Ok JH, Busby JE, Borowsky AD, Kung HJ, Evans CP. Aberrant activation of androgen receptor in a new neuropeptide-autocrine model of androgen-insensitive prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:151-60. [PMID: 19117998 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of advanced prostate cancer with androgen deprivation therapy inevitably renders the tumors castration-resistant and incurable. Under these conditions, neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer (CaP) cells is often detected and neuropeptides released by these cells may facilitate the development of androgen independence. Exemplified by gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), these neuropeptides transmit their signals through G protein-coupled receptors, which are often overexpressed in prostate cancer, and aberrantly activate androgen receptor (AR) in the absence of androgen. We developed an autocrine neuropeptide model by overexpressing GRP in LNCaP cells and the resultant cell line, LNCaP-GRP, exhibited androgen-independent growth with enhanced motility in vitro. When orthotopically implanted in castrated nude mice, LNCaP-GRP produced aggressive tumors, which express GRP, prostate-specific antigen, and nuclear-localized AR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies of LNCaP-GRP clones suggest that GRP activates and recruits AR to the cognate promoter in the absence of androgen. A Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor, AZD0530, inhibits androgen-independent growth and migration of the GRP-expressing cell lines, and blocks the nuclear translocation of AR, indicating the involvement of SFK in the aberrant activation of AR and demonstrating the potential use of SFK inhibitor in the treatment of castration-resistant CaP. In vivo studies have shown that AZD0530 profoundly inhibits tumor metastasis in severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with GRP-autocrine LNCaP cells. This xenograft model shows autocrine, neuropeptide- and Src kinase-mediated progression of androgen-independent CaP postcastration, and is potentially useful for testing novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy C Yang
- Department of Urology and Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Kaur S, Sassano A, Joseph AM, Majchrzak-Kita B, Eklund EA, Verma A, Brachmann SM, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Dual regulatory roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in IFN signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:7316-23. [PMID: 18981154 PMCID: PMC2597572 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PI3K is activated by the type I and II IFN receptors, but its precise role in the generation of IFN responses is not well understood. In the present study we used embryonic fibroblasts from mice with targeted disruption of the genes encoding for both the p85alpha and p85beta regulatory subunits of PI3'-kinase (p85alpha(-/-)beta(-/-)) to precisely define the role of PI3K in the control of IFN-induced biological responses. Our data demonstrate that PI3K plays dual regulatory roles in the induction of IFN responses by controlling both IFN-alpha- and IFN-gamma-dependent transcriptional regulation of IFN-sensitive genes and simultaneously regulating the subsequent initiation of mRNA translation for such genes. These processes include the Isg15, Cxcl10, and/or Irf7 genes, whose functions are important in the generation of the biological effects of IFNs. Consistent with this, the induction of IFN antiviral responses is defective in double p85alpha/p85beta knockout cells. Thus, integration of signals via PI3K is a critical event during engagement of the IFN receptors that complements both the transcriptional activity of Jak-STAT pathways and controls initiation of mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Kaur
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Hur W, Velentza A, Kim S, Flatauer L, Jiang X, Valente D, Mason DE, Suzuki M, Larson B, Zhang J, Zagorska A, Didonato M, Nagle A, Warmuth M, Balk SP, Peters EC, Gray NS. Clinical stage EGFR inhibitors irreversibly alkylate Bmx kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5916-9. [PMID: 18667312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible HER/erbB inhibitors selectively inhibit HER-family kinases by targeting a unique cysteine residue located within the ATP-binding pocket. Sequence alignment reveals that this rare cysteine is also present in ten other protein kinases including all five Tec-family members. We demonstrate that the Tec-family kinase Bmx is potently inhibited by irreversible modification at Cys496 by clinical stage EGFR inhibitors such as CI-1033. This cross-reactivity may have significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Hur
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sithanandam G, Anderson LM. The ERBB3 receptor in cancer and cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:413-48. [PMID: 18404164 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ERBB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is unique in that its tyrosine kinase domain is functionally defective. It is activated by neuregulins, by other ERBB and nonERBB receptors as well as by other kinases, and by novel mechanisms. Downstream it interacts prominently with the phosphoinositol 3-kinase/AKT survival/mitogenic pathway, but also with GRB, SHC, SRC, ABL, rasGAP, SYK and the transcription regulator EBP1. There are likely important but poorly understood roles for nuclear localization and for secreted isoforms. Studies of ERBB3 expression in primary cancers and of its mechanistic contributions in cultured cells have implicated it, with varying degrees of certainty, with causation or sustenance of cancers of the breast, ovary, prostate, certain brain cells, retina, melanocytes, colon, pancreas, stomach, oral cavity and lung. Recent results link high ERBB3 activity with escape from therapy targeting other ERBBs in lung and breast cancers. Thus a wide and centrally important role for ERBB3 in cancer is becoming increasingly apparent. Several approaches for targeting ERBB3 in cancers have been tested or proposed. Small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) to ERBB3 or AKT is showing promise as a therapeutic approach to treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Phylogeny of Tec Family Kinases: Identification of a Premetazoan Origin of Btk, Bmx, Itk, Tec, Txk, and the Btk Regulator SH3BP5. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2008; 64:51-80. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)00803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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