1
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Olofsson S, Bally M, Trybala E, Bergström T. Structure and Role of O-Linked Glycans in Viral Envelope Proteins. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:283-304. [PMID: 37285578 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-121007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N- and O-glycans are both important constituents of viral envelope glycoproteins. O-linked glycosylation can be initiated by any of 20 different human polypeptide O-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases, resulting in an important functional O-glycan heterogeneity. O-glycans are organized as solitary glycans or in clusters of multiple glycans forming mucin-like domains. They are functional both in the viral life cycle and in viral colonization of their host. Negatively charged O-glycans are crucial for the interactions between glycosaminoglycan-binding viruses and their host. A novel mechanism, based on controlled electrostatic repulsion, explains how such viruses solve the conflict between optimized viral attachment to target cells and efficient egress of progeny virus. Conserved solitary O-glycans appear important for viral uptake in target cells by contributing to viral envelope fusion. Dual roles of viral O-glycans in the host B cell immune response, either epitope blocking or epitope promoting, may be exploitable for vaccine development. Finally, specific virus-induced O-glycans may be involved in viremic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
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2
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Li Q, Yang Z, He X, Yang X. Comprehensive analysis of PILRΑ's association with the prognosis, tumor immune infiltration, and immunotherapy in pan-cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14334. [PMID: 37652967 PMCID: PMC10471747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor alpha (PILRA) plays a vital role in regulating broad immune responses. However, the roles of PILRA in cancer immunity remain unexplored yet. In the current study, we comprehensively analyzed the oncogenic and immunologic roles of PILRA at a pan-cancer level based on the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. PILRA was significantly dysregulated and frequently mutated in pan-cancer. Its expression and mutation status significantly impacted patient prognosis in several cancers. Besides, PILRA expression was positively correlated with ESTIMATE scores and the abundances of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Concurrently, PILRA expression was significantly associated with predictive biomarkers of cancer immunotherapy, and positively correlated with the prognostic outcomes of cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. Mechanistically, enrichment analysis implied that PILRA might be involved in the regulation of immune response and metabolic process. This study uncovered the immunological roles of PILRA in cancers and its potential as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Department of Pathology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Zhirong Yang
- Department of Pathology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Department of Pathology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Surgery, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Liu G, Tao M, Ning H, Guo W, Yin G, Gao W, Feng L, Gu J, Xie Z, Huang Z. Integrated transcriptome study of the tumor microenvironment for treatment response prediction in male predominant hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1466. [PMID: 36928331 PMCID: PMC10020474 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the first-line treatment for hypopharyngeal carcinoma (HPC), a predominantly male cancer, at advanced stage is only about 50% without reliable molecular indicators for its prognosis. In this study, HPC biopsy samples collected before and after the first-line treatment are classified into different groups according to treatment responses. We analyze the changes of HPC tumor microenvironment (TME) at the single-cell level in response to the treatment and identify three gene modules associated with advanced HPC prognosis. We estimate cell constitutions based on bulk RNA-seq of our HPC samples and build a binary classifier model based on non-malignant cell subtype abundance in TME, which can be used to accurately identify treatment-resistant advanced HPC patients in time and enlarge the possibility to preserve their laryngeal function. In summary, we provide a useful approach to identify gene modules and a classifier model as reliable indicators to predict treatment responses in HPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, 100730, Beijing, China.
| | - Gan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and System Biology, Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Minzhen Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and System Biology, Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ning
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and System Biology, Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Gaofei Yin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Lifei Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and System Biology, Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and System Biology, Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, 100730, Beijing, China.
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4
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Haure-Mirande JV, Audrain M, Ehrlich ME, Gandy S. Microglial TYROBP/DAP12 in Alzheimer's disease: Transduction of physiological and pathological signals across TREM2. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:55. [PMID: 36002854 PMCID: PMC9404585 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TYROBP (also known as DAP12 or KARAP) is a transmembrane adaptor protein initially described as a receptor-activating subunit component of natural killer (NK) cells. TYROBP is expressed in numerous cell types, including peripheral blood monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts, but a key point of recent interest is related to the critical role played by TYROBP in the function of many receptors expressed on the plasma membrane of microglia. TYROBP is the downstream adaptor and putative signaling partner for several receptors implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including SIRP1β, CD33, CR3, and TREM2. TYROBP has received much of its current notoriety because of its importance in brain homeostasis by signal transduction across those receptors. In this review, we provide an overview of evidence indicating that the biology of TYROBP extends beyond its interaction with these four ligand-binding ectodomain-intramembranous domain molecules. In addition to reviewing the structure and localization of TYROBP, we discuss our recent progress using mouse models of either cerebral amyloidosis or tauopathy that were engineered to be TYROBP-deficient or TYROBP-overexpressing. Remarkably, constitutively TYROBP-deficient mice provided a model of genetic resilience to either of the defining proteinopathies of AD. Learning behavior and synaptic electrophysiological function were preserved at normal physiological levels even in the face of robust cerebral amyloidosis (in APP/PSEN1;Tyrobp-/- mice) or tauopathy (in MAPTP301S;Tyrobp-/- mice). A fundamental underpinning of the functional synaptic dysfunction associated with each proteotype was an accumulation of complement C1q. TYROBP deficiency prevented C1q accumulation associated with either proteinopathy. Based on these data, we speculate that TYROBP plays a key role in the microglial sensome and the emergence of the disease-associated microglia (DAM) phenotype. TYROBP may also play a key role in the loss of markers of synaptic integrity (e.g., synaptophysin-like immunoreactivity) that has long been held to be the feature of human AD molecular neuropathology that most closely correlates with concurrent clinical cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mickael Audrain
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and the NIA-Designated Mount Sinai Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, New York, Bronx NY 10468 USA
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5
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Miyafusa T, Watanabe H, Honda S. Local disorder of the C-terminal segment of the heavy chain as a common sign of stressed antibodies evidenced with a peptide affinity probe specific to non-native IgG. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1697-1703. [PMID: 34048835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have many biopharmaceutical applications; however, characterization of their higher-order structures is a major concern in quality control. We have developed AF.2A1, an artificial protein, that specifically recognizes non-native, structured IgGs. We performed binding assays using various types of IgGs and fragments to investigate the mechanisms by which AF.2A1 interacts with the non-native IgG. AF.2A1 recognized the acid-stressed IgGs from human, mouse, and rat, but not rabbit. Binding assays using the human IgG1 fragments revealed that an interface emerged by deleting five C-terminal residues. We conclude that AF.2A1 recognizes an exposed hydrophobic core centered on the Trp417. Our results concur with those of the previous studies showing that C-terminal structural changes occur early during antibody denaturation and aggregation. Our findings explain the molecular rationale for using AF.2A1 in quality control of biopharmaceutical IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Miyafusa
- Biomedical Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Bioprocess Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hideki Watanabe
- Biomedical Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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6
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Yamazaki R, Furukawa A, Hirayasu K, Yumoto K, Fukuhara H, Arase H, Maenaka K. Molecular mechanism of the recognition of bacterially cleaved immunoglobulin by the immune regulatory receptor LILRA2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9531-9541. [PMID: 32424043 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs) typically regulate immune activation by binding to the human leukocyte antigen class I molecules. LILRA2, a member of the LILR family, was recently reported to bind to other unique ligands, the bacterially degraded Igs (N-truncated Igs), for the activation of immune cells. Therefore, LILRA2 is currently attracting significant attention as a novel innate immune receptor. However, the detailed recognition mechanisms required for this interaction remain unclear. In this study, using several biophysical techniques, we uncovered the molecular mechanism of N-truncated Ig recognition by LILRA2. Surface plasmon resonance analysis disclosed that LILRA2 specifically binds to N-truncated Ig with weak affinity (Kd = 4.8 μm) and fast kinetics. However, immobilized LILRA2 exhibited a significantly enhanced interaction with N-truncated Ig due to avidity effects. This suggests that cell surface-bound LILRA2 rapidly monitors and identifies bi- or multivalent abnormal N-truncated Igs through specific cross-linking to induce immune activation. Van't Hoff analysis revealed that this interaction is enthalpy-driven, with a small entropy loss, and results from differential scanning calorimetry indicated the instability of the putative LILRA2-binding site, the Fab region of the N-truncated Ig. Atomic force microscopy revealed that N truncation does not cause significant structural changes in Ig. Furthermore, mutagenesis analysis identified the hydrophobic region of LILRA2 domain 2 as the N-truncated Ig-binding site, representing a novel ligand-binding site for the LILR family. These results provide detailed insights into the molecular regulation of LILR-mediated immune responses targeting ligands that have been modified by bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kouyuki Hirayasu
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kohei Yumoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan .,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Center for Life Innovation, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Li YT, Goswami D, Follmer M, Artz A, Pacheco-Blanco M, Vestweber D. Blood flow guides sequential support of neutrophil arrest and diapedesis by PILR-β1 and PILR-α. eLife 2019; 8:47642. [PMID: 31385804 PMCID: PMC6699825 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrest of rapidly flowing neutrophils in venules relies on capturing through selectins and chemokine-induced integrin activation. Despite a long-established concept, we show here that gene inactivation of activating paired immunoglobulin-like receptor (PILR)-β1 nearly halved the efficiency of neutrophil arrest in venules of the mouse cremaster muscle. We found that this receptor binds to CD99, an interaction which relies on flow-induced shear forces and boosts chemokine-induced β2-integrin-activation, leading to neutrophil attachment to endothelium. Upon arrest, binding of PILR-β1 to CD99 ceases, shifting the signaling balance towards inhibitory PILR-α. This enables integrin deactivation and supports cell migration. Thus, flow-driven shear forces guide sequential signaling of first activating PILR-β1 followed by inhibitory PILR-α to prompt neutrophil arrest and then transmigration. This doubles the efficiency of selectin-chemokine driven neutrophil arrest by PILR-β1 and then supports transition to migration by PILR-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tung Li
- Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Debashree Goswami
- Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Melissa Follmer
- Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Annette Artz
- Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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8
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Rathore N, Ramani SR, Pantua H, Payandeh J, Bhangale T, Wuster A, Kapoor M, Sun Y, Kapadia SB, Gonzalez L, Zarrin AA, Goate A, Hansen DV, Behrens TW, Graham RR. Paired Immunoglobulin-like Type 2 Receptor Alpha G78R variant alters ligand binding and confers protection to Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007427. [PMID: 30388101 PMCID: PMC6235402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired Immunoglobulin-like Type 2 Receptor Alpha (PILRA) is a cell surface inhibitory receptor that recognizes specific O-glycosylated proteins and is expressed on various innate immune cell types including microglia. We show here that a common missense variant (G78R, rs1859788) of PILRA is the likely causal allele for the confirmed Alzheimer’s disease risk locus at 7q21 (rs1476679). The G78R variant alters the interaction of residues essential for sialic acid engagement, resulting in >50% reduced binding for several PILRA ligands including a novel ligand, complement component 4A, and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B. PILRA is an entry receptor for HSV-1 via glycoprotein B, and macrophages derived from R78 homozygous donors showed significantly decreased levels of HSV-1 infection at several multiplicities of infection compared to homozygous G78 macrophages. We propose that PILRA G78R protects individuals from Alzheimer’s disease risk via reduced inhibitory signaling in microglia and reduced microglial infection during HSV-1 recurrence. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder resulting from a complex interaction of environmental and genetic risk factors. Despite considerable progress in defining the genetic component of AD risk, understanding the biology of common variant associations is a challenge. We find that PILRA G78R (rs1859788) is the likely AD risk variant from the 7q21 locus (rs1476679) and PILRA G78R reduces PILRA endogenous and exogenous ligand binding. Our study highlights a new immune signaling axis in AD and suggests a role for exogenous ligands (HSV-1). Further, we have identified that reduced function of a negative regulator of microglia and neutrophils is protective from AD risk, providing a new candidate therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Rathore
- Department of OMNI Human Genetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sree Ranjani Ramani
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Homer Pantua
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tushar Bhangale
- Department of OMNI Human Genetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur Wuster
- Department of OMNI Human Genetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharookh B Kapadia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lino Gonzalez
- Department of Proteomics & Biological Resources, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - David V Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy W Behrens
- Department of OMNI Human Genetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert R Graham
- Department of OMNI Human Genetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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9
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Furukawa A, Kakita K, Yamada T, Ishizuka M, Sakamoto J, Hatori N, Maeda N, Ohsaka F, Saitoh T, Nomura T, Kuroki K, Nambu H, Arase H, Matsunaga S, Anada M, Ose T, Hashimoto S, Maenaka K. Structural and thermodynamic analyses reveal critical features of glycopeptide recognition by the human PILRα immune cell receptor. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21128-21136. [PMID: 29046357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Before entering host cells, herpes simplex virus-1 uses its envelope glycoprotein B to bind paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor α (PILRα) on immune cells. PILRα belongs to the Siglec (sialic acid (SA)-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin)-like family, members of which bind SA. PILRα is the only Siglec member to recognize not only the sialylated O-linked sugar T antigen (sTn) but also its attached peptide region. We previously determined the crystal structure of PILRα complexed with the sTn-linked glycopeptide of glycoprotein B, revealing the simultaneous recognition of sTn and peptide by the receptor. However, the contribution of each glycopeptide component to PILRα binding was largely unclear. Here, we chemically synthesized glycopeptide derivatives and determined the thermodynamic parameters of their interaction with PILRα. We show that glycopeptides with different sugar units linking SA and peptides (i.e. "GlcNAc-type" and "deoxy-GlcNAc-type" glycopeptides) have lower affinity and more enthalpy-driven binding than the wild type (i.e. GalNAc-type glycopeptide). The crystal structures of PILRα complexed with these glycopeptides highlighted the importance of stereochemical positioning of the O4 atom of the sugar moiety. These results provide insights both for understanding the unique O-glycosylated peptide recognition by the PILRα and for the rational design of herpes simplex virus-1 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosuke Kakita
- Synthetic and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Tomoki Yamada
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | | | | | - Nanao Hatori
- Synthetic and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Naoyoshi Maeda
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Fumina Ohsaka
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Takashi Saitoh
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Takao Nomura
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | | | - Hisanori Nambu
- Synthetic and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Hisashi Arase
- World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center and.,Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Synthetic and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Masahiro Anada
- Synthetic and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Toyoyuki Ose
- From the Laboratories of Biomolecular Science and
| | - Shunichi Hashimoto
- Synthetic and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- From the Laboratories of Biomolecular Science and .,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
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10
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Lee KJ, Lim D, Yoo YH, Park EJ, Lee SH, Yadav BK, Lee YK, Park JH, Kim D, Park KH, Hahn JH. Paired Ig-Like Type 2 Receptor-Derived Agonist Ligands Ameliorate Inflammatory Reactions by Downregulating β1 Integrin Activity. Mol Cells 2016; 39:557-65. [PMID: 27306643 PMCID: PMC4959021 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor (PILR) family consists of two functionally opposite members, inhibitory PILRα and activating PILRβ receptors. PILRs are widely expressed in various immune cells and interact with their ligands, especially CD99 expressed on activated T cells, to participate in immune responses. Here we investigated whether PILR-derived agonists inhibit β1 integrin activity as ligands for CD99. PILR-derived peptides as well as PILR-Fc fusion proteins prevented cell adhesion to fibronectin through the regulation of β1 integrin activity. Especially, PILRpep3, a representative 3-mer peptide covering the conserved motifs of the PILR extracellular domain, prevented the clustering and activation of β1 integrin by dephosphorylating FAK and vinculin, which are major components of focal adhesion. In addition, PILRpep3 inhibited transendothelial migration of monocytes as well as endothelial cell tube formation. Furthermore, upon intraperitoneal injection of PILRpep3 into mice with collagen-induced arthritis, the inflammatory response of rheumatoid arthritis was strongly suppressed. Taken together, these results suggest that PILR-derived agonist ligands may prevent the inflammatory reactions of rheumatoid arthritis by activating CD99.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Dongyoung Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Yeon Ho Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Birendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Daejoong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Kyeong Han Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
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11
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van Rees DJ, Szilagyi K, Kuijpers TW, Matlung HL, van den Berg TK. Immunoreceptors on neutrophils. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:94-108. [PMID: 26976825 PMCID: PMC7129252 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil activities must be tightly controlled to maintain immune homeostasis. Activating and inhibitory receptors balance the outcome of immune cell activation. Immunoreceptors contain Ig-like extracellular domains and signal via ITAMs or ITIMs. Syk or SHP/SHIP mediate downstream signaling after immunoreceptor activation. Targeting immunoreceptors provides opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
Neutrophils play a critical role in the host defense against infection, and they are able to perform a variety of effector mechanisms for this purpose. However, there are also a number of pathological conditions, including autoimmunity and cancer, in which the activities of neutrophils can be harmful to the host. Thus the activities of neutrophils need to be tightly controlled. As in the case of other immune cells, many of the neutrophil effector functions are regulated by a series of immunoreceptors on the plasma membrane. Here, we review what is currently known about the functions of the various individual immunoreceptors and their signaling in neutrophils. While these immunoreceptors allow for the recognition of a diverse range of extracellular ligands, such as cell surface structures (like proteins, glycans and lipids) and extracellular matrix components, they commonly signal via conserved ITAM or ITIM motifs and their associated downstream pathways that depend on the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins and/or inositol lipids. This allows for a balanced homeostatic regulation of neutrophil effector functions. Given the number of available immunoreceptors and their fundamental importance for neutrophil behavior, it is perhaps not surprising that pathogens have evolved means to evade immune responses through some of these pathways. Inversely, some of these receptors evolved to specifically recognize these pathogens. Finally, some interactions mediated by immunoreceptors in neutrophils have been identified as promising targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieke J van Rees
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katka Szilagyi
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanke L Matlung
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Kohyama M, Matsuoka S, Shida K, Sugihara F, Aoshi T, Kishida K, Ishii KJ, Arase H. Monocyte infiltration into obese and fibrilized tissues is regulated by PILRα. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1214-23. [PMID: 26840635 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor α (PILRα) is an inhibitory receptor that is mainly expressed on myeloid cells, and negatively regulates neutrophil infiltration during inflammation. However, PILRα role on monocyte has not been described. Under both steady-state and inflammatory conditions, monocytes migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages in adipose and liver tissues play important roles in tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Here, we found that PILRα controls monocyte mobility through regulating integrin signaling and inhibiting CD99-CD99 binding. Moreover, we found that Pilra(-/-) mice developed obesity and hepatomegaly with fibrosis, and the numbers of macrophages in adipose and liver tissues are significantly increased in Pilra(-/-) mice. These data suggest that immune inhibitory receptor, PILRα, plays an important role in the prevention of obesity and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Kohyama
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sumiko Matsuoka
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shida
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sugihara
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiki Aoshi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kishida
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Sun Y, Caplazi P, Zhang J, Mazloom A, Kummerfeld S, Quinones G, Senger K, Lesch J, Peng I, Sebrell A, Luk W, Lu Y, Lin Z, Barck K, Young J, Del Rio M, Lehar S, Asghari V, Lin W, Mariathasan S, DeVoss J, Misaghi S, Balazs M, Sai T, Haley B, Hass PE, Xu M, Ouyang W, Martin F, Lee WP, Zarrin AA. PILRα Negatively Regulates Mouse Inflammatory Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:860-70. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Structural basis for simultaneous recognition of an O-glycan and its attached peptide of mucin family by immune receptor PILRα. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8877-82. [PMID: 24889612 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired Ig-like type 2 receptor α (PILRα) recognizes a wide range of O-glycosylated mucin and related proteins to regulate broad immune responses. However, the molecular characteristics of these recognitions are largely unknown. Here we show that sialylated O-linked sugar T antigen (sTn) and its attached peptide region are both required for ligand recognition by PILRα. Furthermore, we determined the crystal structures of PILRα and its complex with an sTn and its attached peptide region. The structures show that PILRα exhibits large conformational change to recognize simultaneously both the sTn O-glycan and the compact peptide structure constrained by proline residues. Binding and functional assays support this binding mode. These findings provide significant insight into the binding motif and molecular mechanism (which is distinct from sugar-recognition receptors) by which O-glycosylated mucin proteins with sTn modifications are recognized in the immune system as well as during viral entry.
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15
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PILRα and PILRβ have a siglec fold and provide the basis of binding to sialic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8221-6. [PMID: 24843130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320716111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor α (PILRα) and β (PILRβ) belong to the PILR family and are related to innate immune regulation in various species. Despite their high sequence identity, PILRα and PILRβ are shown to have variant sialic acid (SA) binding avidities. To explore the molecular basis of this interaction, we solved the crystal structures of PILRα and PILRβ at resolutions of 1.6 Å and 2.2 Å, respectively. Both molecules adopt a typical siglec fold but use a hydrophobic bond to substitute the siglec-specific disulfide linkage for protein stabilization. We further used HSV-1 glycoprotein B (gB) as a representative molecule to study the PILR-SA interaction. Deploying site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that three residues (Y2, R95, and W108) presented on the surface of PILRα form the SA binding site equivalent to those in siglecs but are arranged in a unique linear mode. PILRβ differs from PILRα in one of these three residues (L108), explaining its inability to engage gB. Mutation of L108 to tryptophan in PILRβ restored the gB-binding capacity. We further solved the structure of this PILRβ mutant complexed with SA, which reveals the atomic details mediating PILR/SA recognition. In comparison with the free PILR structures, amino acid Y2 oriented variantly in the complex structure, thereby disrupting the linear arrangement of PILR residues Y2, R95, and W108. In conclusion, our study provides significant implications for the PILR-SA interaction and paves the way for understanding PILR-related ligand binding.
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16
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Cohen M, Varki A. Modulation of glycan recognition by clustered saccharide patches. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:75-125. [PMID: 24411170 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
All cells in nature are covered with a dense and complex array of glycan chains. Specific recognition and binding of glycans is a critical aspect of cellular interactions, both within and between species. Glycan-protein interactions tend to be of low affinity but high specificity, typically utilizing multivalency to generate the affinity required for biologically relevant binding. This review focuses on a higher level of glycan organization, the formation of clustered saccharide patches (CSPs), which can constitute unique ligands for highly specific interactions. Due to technical challenges, this aspect of glycan recognition remains poorly understood. We present a wealth of evidence for CSPs-mediated interactions, and discuss recent advances in experimental tools that are beginning to provide new insights into the composition and organization of CSPs. The examples presented here are likely the tip of the iceberg, and much further work is needed to elucidate fully this higher level of glycan organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cohen
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA; Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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17
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Watanabe H, Yamasaki K, Honda S. Tracing primordial protein evolution through structurally guided stepwise segment elongation. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3394-404. [PMID: 24356963 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.530592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of how primordial proteins emerged has been a fundamental and longstanding issue in biology and biochemistry. For a better understanding of primordial protein evolution, we synthesized an artificial protein on the basis of an evolutionary hypothesis, segment-based elongation starting from an autonomously foldable short peptide. A 10-residue protein, chignolin, the smallest foldable polypeptide ever reported, was used as a structural support to facilitate higher structural organization and gain-of-function in the development of an artificial protein. Repetitive cycles of segment elongation and subsequent phage display selection successfully produced a 25-residue protein, termed AF.2A1, with nanomolar affinity against the Fc region of immunoglobulin G. AF.2A1 shows exquisite molecular recognition ability such that it can distinguish conformational differences of the same molecule. The structure determined by NMR measurements demonstrated that AF.2A1 forms a globular protein-like conformation with the chignolin-derived β-hairpin and a tryptophan-mediated hydrophobic core. Using sequence analysis and a mutation study, we discovered that the structural organization and gain-of-function emerged from the vicinity of the chignolin segment, revealing that the structural support served as the core in both structural and functional development. Here, we propose an evolutionary model for primordial proteins in which a foldable segment serves as the evolving core to facilitate structural and functional evolution. This study provides insights into primordial protein evolution and also presents a novel methodology for designing small sized proteins useful for industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Watanabe
- From the Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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18
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Structural analysis for glycolipid recognition by the C-type lectins Mincle and MCL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17438-43. [PMID: 24101491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312649110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mincle [macrophage inducible Ca(2+)-dependent (C-type) lectin; CLEC4E] and MCL (macrophage C-type lectin; CLEC4D) are receptors for the cord factor TDM (trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate), a unique glycolipid of mycobacterial cell-surface components, and activate immune cells to confer adjuvant activity. Although it is known that receptor-TDM interactions require both sugar and lipid moieties of TDM, the mechanisms of glycolipid recognition by Mincle and MCL remain unclear. We here report the crystal structures of Mincle, MCL, and the Mincle-citric acid complex. The structures revealed that these receptors are capable of interacting with sugar in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, as observed in other C-type lectins. However, Mincle and MCL uniquely possess shallow hydrophobic regions found adjacent to their putative sugar binding sites, which reasonably locate for recognition of fatty acid moieties of glycolipids. Functional studies using mutant receptors as well as glycolipid ligands support this deduced binding mode. These results give insight into the molecular mechanism of glycolipid recognition through C-type lectin receptors, which may provide clues to rational design for effective adjuvants.
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19
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Kuroki K, Furukawa A, Maenaka K. Molecular recognition of paired receptors in the immune system. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:429. [PMID: 23293633 PMCID: PMC3533184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors are responsible for regulating cellular function on the front line, the cell membrane. Interestingly, accumulating evidence clearly reveals that the members of cell surface receptor families have very similar extracellular ligand-binding regions but opposite signaling systems, either inhibitory or stimulatory. These receptors are designated as paired receptors. Paired receptors often recognize not only physiological ligands but also non-self ligands, such as viral and bacterial products, to fight infections. In this review, we introduce several representative examples of paired receptors, focusing on two major structural superfamilies, the immunoglobulin-like and the C-type lectin-like receptors, and explain how these receptors distinguish self and non-self ligands to maintain homeostasis in the immune system. We further discuss the evolutionary aspects of these receptors as well as the potential drug targets for regulating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Kuroki
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
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20
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Chowdhury S, Naderi M, Chouljenko VN, Walker JD, Kousoulas KG. Amino acid differences in glycoproteins B (gB), C (gC), H (gH) and L (gL) are associated with enhanced herpes simplex virus type-1 (McKrae) entry via the paired immunoglobulin-like type-2 receptor α. Virol J 2012; 9:112. [PMID: 22695228 PMCID: PMC3402990 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) enters into cells via membrane fusion of the viral envelope with plasma or endosomal membranes mediated by viral glycoproteins. HSV-1 virions attach to cell surfaces by binding of viral glycoproteins gC, gD and gB to specific cellular receptors. Here we show that the human ocular and highly neurovirulent HSV-1 strain McKrae enters substantially more efficiently into cells via the gB-specific human paired immunoglobulin-like type-2 receptor-α (hPILR-α). Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences between HSV-1(F) and McKrae strains indicates that amino acid changes within gB, gC, gH and gL may cause increased entry via the hPILR- α receptor. RESULTS HSV-1 (McKrae) entered substantially more efficiently than viral strain F in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing hPIRL-α but not within CHO-human nectin-1, -(CHO-hNectin-1), CHO-human HVEM (CHO-hHVEM) or Vero cells. The McKrae genes encoding viral glycoproteins gB, gC, gD, gH, gL, gK and the membrane protein UL20 were sequenced and their predicted amino acid (aa) sequences were compared with virulent strains F, H129, and the attenuated laboratory strain KOS. Most aa differences between McKrae and F were located at their gB amino termini known to bind with the PILRα receptor. These aa changes included a C10R change, also seen in the neurovirulent strain ANG, as well as redistribution and increase of proline residues. Comparison of gC aa sequences revealed multiple aa changes including an L132P change within the 129-247 aa region known to bind to heparan sulfate (HS) receptors. Two aa changes were located within the H1 domain of gH that binds gL. Multiple aa changes were located within the McKrae gL sequence, which were preserved in the H129 isolate, but differed for the F strain. Viral glycoproteins gD and gK and the membrane protein UL20 were conserved between McKrae and F strains. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the observed entry phenotype of the McKrae strain is most likely due to a combination of increased binding to heparan sulfate receptors and enhanced virus entry via gB-mediated fusion of the viral envelope with plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Chowdhury
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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21
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Tato CM, Joyce-Shaikh B, Banerjee A, Chen Y, Sathe M, Ewald SE, Liu MR, Gorman D, McClanahan TK, Phillips JH, Heyworth PG, Cua DJ. The myeloid receptor PILRβ mediates the balance of inflammatory responses through regulation of IL-27 production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31680. [PMID: 22479310 PMCID: PMC3313972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired immunoglobulin-like receptors beta, PILRβ, and alpha, PILRα, are related to the Siglec family of receptors and are expressed primarily on cells of the myeloid lineage. PILRβ is a DAP12 binding partner expressed on both human and mouse myeloid cells. The potential ligand, CD99, is found on many cell types, such as epithelial cells where it plays a role in migration of immune cells to sites of inflammation. Pilrb deficient mice were challenged with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii in two different models of infection induced inflammation; one involving the establishment of chronic encephalitis and a second mimicking inflammatory bowel disease in order to understand the potential role of this receptor in persistent inflammatory responses. It was found that in the absence of activating signals from PILRβ, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produced increased amounts of IL-27, p28 and promoted IL-10 production in effector T cells. The sustained production of IL-27 led ultimately to enhanced survival after challenge due to dampened immune pathology in the gut. Similar protection was also observed in the CNS during chronic T. gondii infection after i.p. challenge again providing evidence that PILRβ is important for regulating aberrant inflammatory responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Encephalitis/genetics
- Encephalitis/immunology
- Encephalitis/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/genetics
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Tato
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Antara Banerjee
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Yi Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Manjiri Sathe
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Ewald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Man-Ru Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Gorman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | | | - Joseph H. Phillips
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Heyworth
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Sun Y, Senger K, Baginski TK, Mazloom A, Chinn Y, Pantua H, Hamidzadeh K, Ramani SR, Luis E, Tom I, Sebrell A, Quinones G, Ma Y, Mukhyala K, Sai T, Ding J, Haley B, Shadnia H, Kapadia SB, Gonzalez LC, Hass PE, Zarrin AA. Evolutionarily conserved paired immunoglobulin-like receptor α (PILRα) domain mediates its interaction with diverse sialylated ligands. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15837-50. [PMID: 22396535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor (PILR) α is an inhibitory receptor that recognizes several ligands, including mouse CD99, PILR-associating neural protein, and Herpes simplex virus-1 glycoprotein B. The physiological function(s) of interactions between PILRα and its cellular ligands are not well understood, as are the molecular determinants of PILRα/ligand interactions. To address these uncertainties, we sought to identify additional PILRα ligands and further define the molecular basis for PILRα/ligand interactions. Here, we identify two novel PILRα binding partners, neuronal differentiation and proliferation factor-1 (NPDC1), and collectin-12 (COLEC12). We find that sialylated O-glycans on these novel PILRα ligands, and on known PILRα ligands, are compulsory for PILRα binding. Sialylation-dependent ligand recognition is also a property of SIGLEC1, a member of the sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins. SIGLEC1 Ig domain shares ∼22% sequence identity with PILRα, an identity that includes a conserved arginine localized to position 97 in mouse and human SIGLEC1, position 133 in mouse PILRα and position 126 in human PILRα. We observe that PILRα/ligand interactions require conserved PILRα Arg-133 (mouse) and Arg-126 (human), in correspondence with a previously reported requirement for SIGLEC1 Arg-197 in SIGLEC1/ligand interactions. Homology modeling identifies striking similarities between PILRα and SIGLEC1 ligand binding pockets as well as at least one set of distinctive interactions in the galactoxyl-binding site. Binding studies suggest that PILRα recognizes a complex ligand domain involving both sialic acid and protein motif(s). Thus, PILRα is evolved to engage multiple ligands with common molecular determinants to modulate myeloid cell functions in anatomical settings where PILRα ligands are expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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23
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Abstract
Many immunological responses are often regulated by cell surface receptors in cell-cell recognition events. Such immune receptors on the cell surface typically exhibit low-affinity and fast-kinetic ligand interactions (e.g., K (d) in the μM range, k (off) = 10(-2) to 20 s(-1)). Real-time surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection systems are generally useful for determining these binding parameters. However, several technical points should be considered because the determination of low-affinity binding and fast kinetics is often rather difficult. Here, we introduce a general procedure for SPR experiments and, moreover, show typical examples for ligand binding of immune cell surface receptors, including experimentally useful tips. We also show how to determine the thermodynamic characteristics using the nonlinear van't Hoff and Arrhenius analyses. These affinity, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters of immune-receptor binding are important for understanding immunological events as well as developing drugs and vaccines.
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24
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Kogure A, Shiratori I, Wang J, Lanier LL, Arase H. PANP is a novel O-glycosylated PILRα ligand expressed in neural tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:428-33. [PMID: 21241660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PILRα is an immune inhibitory receptor possessing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain enabling it to deliver inhibitory signals. Binding of PILRα to its ligand CD99 is involved in immune regulation; however, whether there are other PILRα ligands in addition to CD99 is not known. Here, we report that a novel molecule, PILR-associating neural protein (PANP), acts as an additional ligand for PILRα. Transcription of PANP was mainly observed in neural tissues. PILRα-Ig fusion protein bound cells transfected with PANP and the transfectants stimulated PILRα reporter cells. Specific O-glycan structures on PANP were found to be required for PILR recognition of this ligand. These results suggest that PANP is involved in immune regulation as a ligand of the PILRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amane Kogure
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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25
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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26
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Binding of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B (gB) to paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor alpha depends on specific sialylated O-linked glycans on gB. J Virol 2009; 83:13042-5. [PMID: 19812165 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00792-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor alpha (PILRalpha) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Its binding to a cellular ligand, CD99, depends on the presence of sialylated O-linked glycans on CD99. Glycoprotein B (gB) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) binds to PILRalpha, and this association is involved in HSV-1 infection. Here, we found that the presence of sialylated O-glycans on gB is required for gB to associate with PILRalpha. Furthermore, we identified two threonine residues on gB that are essential for the addition of the principal O-glycans acquired by gB and that are also essential for the binding of PILRalpha to gB.
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27
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Richens JL, Urbanowicz RA, Lunt EAM, Metcalf R, Corne J, Fairclough L, O'Shea P. Systems biology coupled with label-free high-throughput detection as a novel approach for diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2009; 10:29. [PMID: 19386108 PMCID: PMC2678087 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a treatable and preventable disease state, characterised by progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Although COPD is primarily a disease of the lungs there is now an appreciation that many of the manifestations of disease are outside the lung, leading to the notion that COPD is a systemic disease. Currently, diagnosis of COPD relies on largely descriptive measures to enable classification, such as symptoms and lung function. Here the limitations of existing diagnostic strategies of COPD are discussed and systems biology approaches to diagnosis that build upon current molecular knowledge of the disease are described. These approaches rely on new 'label-free' sensing technologies, such as high-throughput surface plasmon resonance (SPR), that we also describe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Richens
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Biology, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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28
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Abstract
The DAP10 and DAP12 signaling subunits are highly conserved in evolution and associate with a large family of receptors in hematopoietic cells, including dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, and some B and T cells. Some receptors are able to associate with either DAP10 or DAP12, which contribute unique intracellular signaling functions. Studies of humans and mice deficient in these signaling subunits have provided surprising insights into the physiological functions of DAP10 and DAP12, demonstrating that they can either activate or inhibit immune responses. DAP10- and DAP12-associated receptors have been shown to recognize both host-encoded ligands and ligands encoded by microbial pathogens, indicating that they play an important role in innate immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Carbohydrates/immunology
- Conserved Sequence/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Feedback, Physiological/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Infections/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2/immunology
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Semaphorins/immunology
- Semaphorins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Paired receptors are families of membrane proteins containing similar extracellular regions but differing in their potential for signaling with one type able to give inhibitory signals and the other activating. Inhibitory receptors could be good targets for pathogens to restrict immune responses against them. Here we suggest that activating members may have evolved to counterbalance pathogens utilizing the inhibitory pathway. Thus, if a pathogen utilizes any part of the inhibitory receptor to downregulate responses against itself, it may, because of similarities in structure, also bind the activating receptor and give an opposing signal. We evaluate recent structural data on SIRPalpha (signal regulatory protein) and LILRB1 (leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1) showing evidence of pathogen pressure in nonligand-binding regions of these receptors together with data on pathogen binding to PIRs (paired Ig-like receptors) to provide support for this theory.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Bacteria/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Ligands
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Viruses/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Neil Barclay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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