1
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Bodmer NK, Knutsen RH, Roth RA, Castile RM, Brodt MD, Gierasch CM, Broekelmann TJ, Gibson MA, Haspel JA, Lake SP, Brody SL, Silva MJ, Mecham RP, Ornitz DM. Multi-organ phenotypes in mice lacking latent TGFβ binding protein 2 (LTBP2). Dev Dyn 2024; 253:233-254. [PMID: 37688792 PMCID: PMC10842386 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latent TGFβ binding protein-2 (LTBP2) is a fibrillin 1 binding component of the microfibril. LTBP2 is the only LTBP protein that does not bind any isoforms of TGFβ, although it may interfere with the function of other LTBPs or interact with other signaling pathways. RESULTS Here, we investigate mice lacking Ltbp2 (Ltbp2-/- ) and identify multiple phenotypes that impact bodyweight and fat mass, and affect bone and skin development. The alterations in skin and bone development are particularly noteworthy since the strength of these tissues is differentially affected by loss of Ltbp2. Interestingly, some tissues that express high levels of Ltbp2, such as the aorta and lung, do not have a developmental or homeostatic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of these mice show that LTBP2 has complex effects on development through direct effects on the extracellular matrix (ECM) or on signaling pathways that are known to regulate the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K. Bodmer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Russell H. Knutsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Robyn A. Roth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Ryan M. Castile
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University School of Engineering
| | - Michael D. Brodt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carrie M. Gierasch
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - Mark A. Gibson
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Haspel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Spencer P. Lake
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University School of Engineering
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
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2
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Li L, Huang J, Liu Y. The extracellular matrix glycoprotein fibrillin-1 in health and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1302285. [PMID: 38269088 PMCID: PMC10806136 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1302285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrillin-1 (FBN1) is a large, cysteine-rich, calcium binding extracellular matrix glycoprotein encoded by FBN1 gene. It serves as a structural component of microfibrils and provides force-bearing mechanical support in elastic and nonelastic connective tissue. As such, mutations in the FBN1 gene can cause a wide variety of genetic diseases such as Marfan syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by ocular, skeletal and cardiovascular abnormalities. FBN1 also interacts with numerous microfibril-associated proteins, growth factors and cell membrane receptors, thereby mediating a wide range of biological processes such as cell survival, proliferation, migration and differentiation. Dysregulation of FBN1 is involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, such as cancers, cardiovascular disorders and kidney diseases. Paradoxically, both depletion and overexpression of FBN1 upregulate the bioavailability and signal transduction of TGF-β via distinct mechanisms in different settings. In this review, we summarize the structure and expression of FBN1 and present our current understanding of the functional role of FBN1 in various human diseases. This knowledge will allow to develop better strategies for therapeutic intervention of FBN1 related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Sun Y, Chen X, Chen L, Bao B, Li C, Zhou Y. MFAP2 promotes HSCs activation through FBN1/TGF-β/Smad3 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3235-3246. [PMID: 37635348 PMCID: PMC10623529 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a chronic inflammatory process characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), which contributes to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Increasing evidence suggests that the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) under an inflammatory state leads to the secretion of collagens, which can cause cirrhosis. In this study, we analysed data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between quiescent and fibrotic HSCs. We found that Microfibril Associated Protein 2 (MFAP2) was elevated in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β1)-activated HSCs. Knockdown of MFAP2 inhibited HSC proliferation and partially attenuated TGF-β-stimulated fibrogenesis markers. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that Fibrillin-1 (FBN1) was correlated with MFAP2, and the expression of FBN1 was significantly upregulated after MFAP2 overexpression. Silencing MFAP2 partially attenuated the activation of HSCs by inhibiting HSC proliferation and decreasing collagen deposits. In vitro results showed that the inhibition of MFAP2 alleviated hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the activation and inducing the apoptosis of active HSCs in a CCl4-induced mouse model. In conclusion, our results suggest that MFAP2 is a potential target for the clinical treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Sun
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Department of PediatricsGansu Province People's HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of PediatricsGansu Province People's HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lili Chen
- The First School of Clinical MedicineGansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Baixin Bao
- The First School of Clinical MedicineGansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Li
- Department of ObstetricsGansu Province People's HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Zhou
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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4
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Louie JD, Bromberg BH, Zunitch MJ, Schwob JE. Horizontal basal cells self-govern their neurogenic potential during injury-induced regeneration of the olfactory epithelium. Development 2023; 150:dev201552. [PMID: 37260223 PMCID: PMC10323233 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal basal cells (HBCs) residing within severely damaged olfactory epithelium (OE) mediate OE regeneration by differentiating into odorant-detecting olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and other tissue supporting non-neuronal cell types. Depending on both tissue type and integrity, the Notch signaling pathway can either positively or negatively regulate resident stem cell activity. Although Notch1 specifies HBC dormancy in the uninjured OE, little is known about how HBCs are influenced by the Notch pathway following OE injury. Here, we show that HBCs depend on a functional inversion of the Notch pathway to appropriately mediate OE regeneration. At 24 h post-injury, HBCs enhance Notch1-mediated signaling. Moreover, at 3 days post-injury when the regenerating OE is composed of multiple cell layers, HBCs enrich both Notch1 and the Notch ligand, Dll1. Notably, HBC-specific Notch1 knockout increases HBC quiescence and impairs HBC differentiation into neuronal progenitors and OSNs. Interestingly, complete HBC knockout of Dll1 only decreases differentiation of HBC-derived OSNs. These data underscore the context-dependent nature of Notch signaling. Furthermore, they reveal that HBCs regulate their own neurogenic potential after OE injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Louie
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Bromberg
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Matthew J. Zunitch
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - James E. Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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5
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Fibrillin-1 Regulates Arteriole Integrity in the Retina. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101330. [PMID: 36291539 PMCID: PMC9599515 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillin-1 is an extracellular matrix protein that assembles into microfibrils that provide critical functions in large blood vessels and other tissues. Mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene are associated with cardiovascular, ocular, and skeletal abnormalities in Marfan syndrome. Fibrillin-1 is a component of the wall of large arteries but has been poorly described in other vessels. We examined the microvasculature in the retina using wild type mice and two models of Marfan syndrome, Fbn1C1041G/+ and Fbn1mgR/mgR. In the mouse retina, fibrillin-1 was detected around arterioles, in close contact with the basement membrane, where it colocalized with MAGP1. Both a mutation in fibrillin-1 or fibrillin-1 underexpression characteristically altered the microvasculature. In Fbn1C1041G/+ and Fbn1mgR/mgR mice, arterioles were enlarged with reduced MAGP1 deposition and focal loss of smooth muscle cell coverage. Losartan, which prevents aortic enlargement in Fbn1C1041G/+ mice, prevented smooth muscle cell loss and vessel leakiness when administrated in a preventive mode. Moreover, losartan also partially rescued the defects in a curative mode. Thus, fibrillin-1/MAGP1 performs essential functions in arteriolar integrity and mutant fibrillin-1-induced defects can be prevented or partially rescued pharmacologically. These new findings could have implications for people with Marfan syndrome.
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6
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Mohammadi A, Sorensen GL, Pilecki B. MFAP4-Mediated Effects in Elastic Fiber Homeostasis, Integrin Signaling and Cancer, and Its Role in Teleost Fish. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132115. [PMID: 35805199 PMCID: PMC9265350 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein belonging to the fibrinogen-related domain superfamily. MFAP4 is highly expressed in elastin-rich tissues such as lung, blood vessels and skin. MFAP4 is involved in organization of the ECM, regulating proper elastic fiber assembly. On the other hand, during pathology MFAP4 actively contributes to disease development and progression due to its interactions with RGD-dependent integrin receptors. Both tissue expression and circulating MFAP4 levels are associated with various disorders, including liver fibrosis and cancer. In other experimental models, such as teleost fish, MFAP4 appears to participate in host defense as a macrophage-specific innate immune molecule. The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulating evidence that indicates the importance of MFAP4 in homeostasis as well as pathological conditions, discuss its known biological functions with special focus on elastic fiber assembly, integrin signaling and cancer, as well as describe the reported functions of non-mammalian MFAP4 in fish. Overall, our work provides a comprehensive overview on the role of MFAP4 in health and disease.
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7
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Muthu ML, Tiedemann K, Fradette J, Komarova S, Reinhardt DP. Fibrillin-1 regulates white adipose tissue development, homeostasis, and function. Matrix Biol 2022; 110:106-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Rodriguez J, Reilly M, Mecham RP, Bassnett S. Biological Preparation and Mechanical Technique for Determining Viscoelastic Properties of Zonular Fibers. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/63171. [PMID: 34978291 PMCID: PMC9331697 DOI: 10.3791/63171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elasticity is essential to the function of tissues such as blood vessels, muscles, and lungs. This property is derived mostly from the extracellular matrix (ECM), the protein meshwork that binds cells and tissues together. How the elastic properties of an ECM network relate to its composition, and whether the relaxation properties of the ECM play a physiological role, are questions that have yet to be fully addressed. Part of the challenge lies in the complex architecture of most ECM systems and the difficulty in isolating ECM components without compromising their structure. One exception is the zonule, an ECM system found in the eye of vertebrates. The zonule comprises fibers hundreds to thousands of micrometers in length that span the cell-free space between the lens and the eyewall. In this report, we describe a mechanical technique that takes advantage of the highly organized structure of the zonule to quantify its viscoelastic properties and to determine the contribution of individual protein components. The method involves dissection of a fixed eye to expose the lens and the zonule and employs a pull-up technique that stretches the zonular fibers equally while their tension is monitored. The technique is relatively inexpensive yet sensitive enough to detect alterations in viscoelastic properties of zonular fibers in mice lacking specific zonular proteins or with aging. Although the method presented here is designed primarily for studying ocular development and disease, it could also serve as an experimental model for exploring broader questions regarding the viscoelastic properties of elastic ECM's and the role of external factors such as ionic concentration, temperature, and interactions with signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodriguez
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine;
| | - Matthew Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Steven Bassnett
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
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9
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Controlling BMP growth factor bioavailability: The extracellular matrix as multi skilled platform. Cell Signal 2021; 85:110071. [PMID: 34217834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily of signaling ligands which comprise a family of pluripotent cytokines regulating a multitude of cellular events. Although BMPs were originally discovered as potent factors extractable from bone matrix that are capable to induce ectopic bone formation in soft tissues, their mode of action has been mostly studied as soluble ligands in absence of the physiologically relevant cellular microenvironment. This micro milieu is defined by supramolecular networks of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that specifically target BMP ligands, present them to their cellular receptors, and allow their controlled release. Here we focus on functional interactions and mechanisms that were described to control BMP bioavailability in a spatio-temporal manner within the respective tissue context. Structural disturbance of the ECM architecture due to mutations in ECM proteins leads to dysregulated BMP signaling as underlying cause for connective tissue disease pathways. We will provide an overview about current mechanistic concepts of how aberrant BMP signaling drives connective tissue destruction in inherited and chronic diseases.
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10
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Ong SLM, de Vos IJHM, Meroshini M, Poobalan Y, Dunn NR. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 (Mfap4) regulates haematopoiesis in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11801. [PMID: 32678226 PMCID: PMC7366704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 (MFAP4) is an extracellular matrix protein belonging to the fibrinogen-related protein superfamily. MFAP4 is produced by vascular smooth muscle cells and is highly enriched in the blood vessels of the heart and lung, where it is thought to contribute to the structure and function of elastic fibers. Genetic studies in humans have implicated MFAP4 in the pathogenesis of Smith-Magenis syndrome, in which patients present with multiple congenital abnormalities and mental retardation, as well as in the severe cardiac malformation left-sided congenital heart disease. Comprehensive genetic analysis of the role of MFAP4 orthologues in model organisms during development and tissue homeostasis is however lacking. Here, we demonstrate that zebrafish mfap4 transcripts are detected embryonically, resolving to the macrophage lineage by 24 h post fertilization. mfap4 null mutant zebrafish are unexpectedly viable and fertile, without ostensible phenotypes. However, tail fin amputation assays reveal that mfap4 mutants have reduced numbers of macrophages, with a concomitant increase in neutrophilic granulocytes, although recruitment of both cell types to the site of injury was unaffected. Molecular analyses suggest that loss of Mfap4 alters the balance between myeloid and lymphoid lineages during both primitive and definitive haematopoiesis, which could significantly impact the downstream function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena L M Ong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo J H M de Vos
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, #17-01, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Meroshini
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Yogavalli Poobalan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.,Engine Biosciences, 160 Robinson Road, 23-20 SBF Center, Singapore, 068914, Singapore
| | - N Ray Dunn
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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11
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Systems Genetics in Human Endothelial Cells Identifies Non-coding Variants Modifying Enhancers, Expression, and Complex Disease Traits. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:748-763. [PMID: 32442411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of causal variants and mechanisms underlying complex disease traits in humans is important for the progress of human disease genetics; this requires finding strategies to detect functional regulatory variants in disease-relevant cell types. To achieve this, we collected genetic and transcriptomic data from the aortic endothelial cells of up to 157 donors and four epigenomic phenotypes in up to 44 human donors representing individuals of both sexes and three major ancestries. We found thousands of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) at all ranges of effect sizes not detected by the Gene-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) in human tissues, showing that novel biological relationships unique to endothelial cells (ECs) are enriched in this dataset. Epigenetic profiling enabled discovery of over 3,000 regulatory elements whose activity is modulated by genetic variants that most frequently mutated ETS, AP-1, and NF-kB binding motifs, implicating these motifs as governors of EC regulation. Using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), allele-specific reporter assays, and chromatin conformation capture, we validated candidate enhancer variants located up to 750 kb from their target genes, VEGFC, FGD6, and KIF26B. Regulatory SNPs identified were enriched in coronary artery disease (CAD) loci, and this result has specific implications for PECAM-1, FES, and AXL. We also found significant roles for EC regulatory variants in modifying the traits pulse pressure, blood protein levels, and monocyte count. Lastly, we present two unlinked SNPs in the promoter of MFAP2 that exhibit pleiotropic effects on human disease traits. Together, this supports the possibility that genetic predisposition for complex disease is manifested through the endothelium.
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12
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Fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-1-derived asprosin in adipose tissue function and metabolic disorders. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:159-173. [PMID: 32279186 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix microenvironment of adipose tissue is of critical importance for the differentiation, remodeling and function of adipocytes. Fibrillin-1 is one of the main components of microfibrils and a key player in this process. Furin processing of profibrillin-1 results in mature fibrillin-1 and releases the C-terminal propeptide as a circulating hunger hormone, asprosin. Mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene lead to adipose tissue dysfunction and causes Marfan syndrome, marfanoid progeroid lipodystrophy syndrome, and neonatal progeroid syndrome. Increased TGF-β signaling, altered mechanical properties and impaired adipogenesis are potential causes of adipose tissue dysfunction, mediated through deficient microfibrils. Circulating asprosin on the other hand is secreted primarily by white adipose tissue under fasting conditions and in obesity. It increases hepatic glucose production and drives insulin secretion and appetite stimulation through inter-organ cross talk. This review discusses the metabolic consequences of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-1-derived asprosin in pathological conditions. Understanding the dynamic role of fibrillin-1 in the adipose tissue milieu and of circulating asprosin in the body can provide novel mechanistic insights into how fibrillin-1 may contribute to metabolic syndrome. This could lead to new management regimens of patients with metabolic disease.
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13
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Broekelmann TJ, Bodmer NK, Mecham RP. Identification of the growth factor-binding sequence in the extracellular matrix protein MAGP-1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2687-2697. [PMID: 31988245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP-1) is a component of vertebrate extracellular matrix (ECM) microfibrils that, together with the fibrillins, contributes to microfibril function. Many of the phenotypes associated with MAGP-1 gene inactivation are consistent with dysregulation of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling system. We have previously shown that full-length MAGP-1 binds active TGFβ-1 and some BMPs. The work presented here further defines the growth factor-binding domain of MAGP-1. Using recombinant domains and synthetic peptides, along with surface plasmon resonance analysis to measure the kinetics of the MAGP-1-TGFβ-1 interaction, we localized the TGFβ- and BMP-binding site in MAGP-1 to a 19-amino acid-long, highly acidic sequence near the N terminus. This domain was specific for binding active, but not latent, TGFβ-1. Growth factor activity experiments revealed that TGFβ-1 retains signaling activity when complexed with MAGP-1. Furthermore, when bound to fibrillin, MAGP-1 retained the ability to interact with TGFβ-1, and active TGFβ-1 did not bind fibrillin in the absence of MAGP-1. The absence of MAGP was sufficient to raise the amount of total TGFβ stored in the ECM of cultured cells, suggesting that the MAGPs compete with the TGFβ large latent complex for binding to microfibrils. Together, these results indicate that MAGP-1 plays an active role in TGFβ signaling in the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Broekelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Nicholas K Bodmer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
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14
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Wu M, Ding Y, Jiang X, Chen Y, Wu N, Li L, Wang H, Huang Y, Xu N, Teng L. Overexpressed MAGP1 Is Associated With a Poor Prognosis and Promotes Cell Migration and Invasion in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1544. [PMID: 32010630 PMCID: PMC6978879 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a frequently occurring malignancy with high mortality rates. However, the underlying mechanism of GC progression is not very clear. The aim of this study is to reveal the inherent molecular mechanism and develop potential therapeutic targets for advanced GC. The microfibril-associated glycoprotein 1 (MAGP1), identified as a potential oncogene, was found upregulated in GC tissues and high MAGP1 expression was associated with aggressive clinicopathological features. Furthermore, the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high MAGP1 expression was an independent predictor of poor prognosis (HR = 2.37, 1.07-5.24; P = 0.033). Mechanistically, MAGP1 promoted the migration and invasiveness of GC cells. In addition, the genes co-expressed with MAGP1 were primarily enriched in focal adhesion and PI3K-Akt pathways. MAGP1 overexpression enhanced the phosphorylation of FAK, AKT, and mTOR, whereas its knockdown also inactivated these factors. Furthermore, the AKT inhibitor suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT, FAK, and mTOR in recMAGP1-treated AGS cells, as well as their migration and invasion capacities. Finally, correlation analysis indicated that MAGP1 is involved in AKT signaling in GC, and is clinically relevant. Taken together, MAGP1 is a promising prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target for advanced GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Ding
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linrong Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nong Xu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Hubmacher D. Cell-Based Interaction Analysis of ADAMTS Proteases and ADAMTS-Like Proteins with Fibrillin Microfibrils. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2043:195-206. [PMID: 31463913 PMCID: PMC6910243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9698-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a composite biomaterial that serves as an anchor for cells and provides guidance cues for cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. However, many details of the hierarchical ECM assembly process and the role of individual protein-protein interactions are not well understood. Here, I describe a cell-culture-based method that allows for determination of the ECM localization of recombinant ADAMTS proteases and ADAMTS-like (L) proteins in relationship to fibrillin microfibrils deposited by human dermal fibroblasts. The method can be readily adapted to study the localization of ECM components other than ADAMTS and ADAMTSL proteins to fibrillin microfibrils and other ECM networks.
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16
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Gabriela Espinosa M, Catalin Staiculescu M, Kim J, Marin E, Wagenseil JE. Elastic Fibers and Large Artery Mechanics in Animal Models of Development and Disease. J Biomech Eng 2019; 140:2666245. [PMID: 29222533 DOI: 10.1115/1.4038704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of a closed circulatory system requires that large arteries adapt to the mechanical demands of high, pulsatile pressure. Elastin and collagen uniquely address these design criteria in the low and high stress regimes, resulting in a nonlinear mechanical response. Elastin is the core component of elastic fibers, which provide the artery wall with energy storage and recoil. The integrity of the elastic fiber network is affected by component insufficiency or disorganization, leading to an array of vascular pathologies and compromised mechanical behavior. In this review, we discuss how elastic fibers are formed and how they adapt in development and disease. We discuss elastic fiber contributions to arterial mechanical behavior and remodeling. We primarily present data from mouse models with elastic fiber deficiencies, but suggest that alternate small animal models may have unique experimental advantages and the potential to provide new insights. Advanced ultrastructural and biomechanical data are constantly being used to update computational models of arterial mechanics. We discuss the progression from early phenomenological models to microstructurally motivated strain energy functions for both collagen and elastic fiber networks. Although many current models individually account for arterial adaptation, complex geometries, and fluid-solid interactions (FSIs), future models will need to include an even greater number of factors and interactions in the complex system. Among these factors, we identify the need to revisit the role of time dependence and axial growth and remodeling in large artery mechanics, especially in cardiovascular diseases that affect the mechanical integrity of the elastic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jungsil Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Eric Marin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - Jessica E Wagenseil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, , St. Louis, MO 63130 e-mail:
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17
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Nemtsova MV, Zaletaev DV, Bure IV, Mikhaylenko DS, Kuznetsova EB, Alekseeva EA, Beloukhova MI, Deviatkin AA, Lukashev AN, Zamyatnin AA. Epigenetic Changes in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Genet 2019; 10:570. [PMID: 31258550 PMCID: PMC6587113 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects about 1% of the world’s population. The etiology of RA remains unknown. It is considered to occur in the presence of genetic and environmental factors. An increasing body of evidence pinpoints that epigenetic modifications play an important role in the regulation of RA pathogenesis. Epigenetics causes heritable phenotype changes that are not determined by changes in the DNA sequence. The major epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone proteins modifications and changes in gene expression caused by microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs. These modifications are reversible and could be modulated by diet, drugs, and other environmental factors. Specific changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and abnormal expression of non-coding RNAs associated with RA have already been identified. This review focuses on the role of these multiple epigenetic factors in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease, not only in synovial fibroblasts, immune cells, but also in the peripheral blood of patients with RA, which clearly shows their high diagnostic potential and promising targets for therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Nemtsova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Zaletaev
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Bure
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Mikhaylenko
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina B Kuznetsova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Alekseeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina I Beloukhova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei A Deviatkin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Chiarini A, Onorati F, Marconi M, Pasquali A, Patuzzo C, Malashicheva A, Irtyega O, Faggian G, Pignatti PF, Trabetti E, Armato U, Dal Pra I. Studies on sporadic non-syndromic thoracic aortic aneurysms: II. Alterations of extra-cellular matrix components and focal adhesion proteins. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 25:51-58. [PMID: 29708036 DOI: 10.1177/2047487318759120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Sporadic non-syndromic thoracic aortic aneurysms (SNSTAAs) are less well understood than familial non-syndromic or syndromic ones. Here, we focused on morphologic and molecular changes of the extracellular matrix of the tunica media of SNSTAAs. Design Single centre design. Methods Surgical media samples from seven SNSTAAs and seven controls underwent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, proteomics-bioinformatics, immunoblotting, histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results A down-regulation of Decorin mRNA with unchanged protein levels associated with a remarkable increase of collagen fibres. A reduced and distorted network of elastic fibres partnered with an attenuated expression of microfibril-associated glycoprotein1 despite the rise of MFAP2 gene-encoded mRNA levels. An increasingly proteolysed paxillin (55 kDa PXN), a focal adhesion protein, combined with an upregulated 62 kDa PXN holoprotein, without changes in amount and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK). The upregulation of SPOCK2-encoded Testican2 proteoglycan and of ectodysplasin (EDA) protein was coupled with a down-regulation of EDA2 receptor (EDA2R). Conclusions Several tunica media extracellular matrix-related changes favour SNSTAA development. A steady level of decorin and a microfibril-associated glycoprotein1 protein shortage cause the assembly of structurally defective collagen and elastic fibres. Up-regulation of PXN holoproteins perturbs PXN/pp125FAK interaction and focal adhesion functioning. Testican2 up-regulation suppresses the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase inhibiting activities of other SPOCK family members thus enhancing extracellular matrix proteolysis. Finally, the altered EDA•EDA2R signalling would impact on the remodelling of SNSTAA tunica media. Altogether, our results pave the way to a deeper molecular understanding of SNSTAAs necessary to identify their early diagnostic biochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- 1 Histology and Embryology Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | - Francesco Onorati
- 2 Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | - Maddalena Marconi
- 1 Histology and Embryology Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Patuzzo
- 3 Biology and Genetics Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | | | - Olga Irtyega
- 4 Federal Almazov Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Giuseppe Faggian
- 2 Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | - Pier F Pignatti
- 3 Biology and Genetics Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | | | - Ubaldo Armato
- 1 Histology and Embryology Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | - Ilaria Dal Pra
- 1 Histology and Embryology Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
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19
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Ramaswamy AK, Vorp DA, Weinbaum JS. Functional Vascular Tissue Engineering Inspired by Matricellular Proteins. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:74. [PMID: 31214600 PMCID: PMC6554335 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering specifically, has benefited from a greater appreciation of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibronectin, collagen, and elastin have entered the tissue engineer's toolkit; however, as fully decellularized biomaterials have come to the forefront in vascular engineering it has become apparent that the ECM is comprised of more than just fibronectin, collagen, and elastin, and that cell-instructive molecules known as matricellular proteins are critical for desired outcomes. In brief, matricellular proteins are ECM constituents that contrast with the canonical structural proteins of the ECM in that their primary role is to interact with the cell. Of late, matricellular genes have been linked to diseases including connective tissue disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Despite the range of biological activities, this class of biomolecules has not been actively used in the field of regenerative medicine. The intent of this review is to bring matricellular proteins into wider use in the context of vascular tissue engineering. Matricellular proteins orchestrate the formation of new collagen and elastin fibers that have proper mechanical properties-these will be essential components for a fully biological small diameter tissue engineered vascular graft (TEVG). Matricellular proteins also regulate the initiation of thrombosis via fibrin deposition and platelet activation, and the clearance of thrombus when it is no longer needed-proper regulation of thrombosis will be critical for maintaining patency of a TEVG after implantation. Matricellular proteins regulate the adhesion, migration, and proliferation of endothelial cells-all are biological functions that will be critical for formation of a thrombus-resistant endothelium within a TEVG. Lastly, matricellular proteins regulate the adhesion, migration, proliferation, and activation of smooth muscle cells-proper control of these biological activities will be critical for a TEVG that recellularizes and resists neointimal formation/stenosis. We review all of these functions for matricellular proteins here, in addition to reviewing the few studies that have been performed at the intersection of matricellular protein biology and vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh K Ramaswamy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David A Vorp
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Justin S Weinbaum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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20
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Hubmacher D, Taye N, Balic Z, Thacker S, Adams SM, Birk DE, Schweitzer R, Apte SS. Limb- and tendon-specific Adamtsl2 deletion identifies a role for ADAMTSL2 in tendon growth in a mouse model for geleophysic dysplasia. Matrix Biol 2019; 82:38-53. [PMID: 30738849 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Geleophysic dysplasia is a rare, frequently lethal condition characterized by severe short stature with progressive joint contractures, cardiac, pulmonary, and skin anomalies. Geleophysic dysplasia results from dominant fibrillin-1 (FBN1) or recessive ADAMTSL2 mutations, suggesting a functional link between ADAMTSL2 and fibrillin microfibrils. Mice lacking ADAMTSL2 die at birth, which has precluded analysis of postnatal limb development and mechanisms underlying the skeletal anomalies of geleophysic dysplasia. Here, detailed expression analysis of Adamtsl2 using an intragenic lacZ reporter shows strong Adamtsl2 expression in limb tendons. Expression in developing and growing bones is present in regions that are destined to become articular cartilage but is absent in growth plate cartilage. Consistent with strong tendon expression, Adamtsl2 conditional deletion in limb mesenchyme using Prx1-Cre led to tendon anomalies, albeit with normal collagen fibrils, and distal limb shortening, providing a mouse model for geleophysic dysplasia. Unexpectedly, conditional Adamtsl2 deletion using Scx-Cre, a tendon-specific Cre-deleter strain, which does not delete in cartilage, also impaired skeletal growth. Recombinant ADAMTSL2 is shown here to colocalize with fibrillin microfibrils in vitro, and enhanced staining of fibrillin-1 microfibrils was observed in Prx1-Cre Adamtsl2 tendons. The findings show that ADAMTSL2 specifically regulates microfibril assembly in tendons and that proper microfibril composition in tendons is necessary for tendon growth. We speculate that reduced bone growth in geleophysic dysplasia may result from external tethering by short tendons rather than intrinsic growth plate anomalies. Taken together with previous work, we suggest that GD results from abnormal microfibril assembly in tissues, and that ADAMTSL2 may limit the assembly of fibrillin microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hubmacher
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Nandaraj Taye
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Zerina Balic
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Stetson Thacker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44120, USA.
| | - Sheila M Adams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA.
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44120, USA.
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21
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Villain G, Lelievre E, Broekelmann T, Gayet O, Havet C, Werkmeister E, Mecham R, Dusetti N, Soncin F, Mattot V. MAGP
‐1 and fibronectin control
EGFL
7 functions by driving its deposition into distinct endothelial extracellular matrix locations. FEBS J 2018; 285:4394-4412. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Villain
- CNRS Institut Pasteur de Lille UMR 8161 – M3T – Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies Univ. Lille France
| | - Etienne Lelievre
- CNRS Institut Pasteur de Lille UMR 8161 – M3T – Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies Univ. Lille France
| | - Tom Broekelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Odile Gayet
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM) INSERM U1068 CNRS UMR 7258 Aix‐Marseille Université and Institut Paoli‐Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy France
| | - Chantal Havet
- CNRS Institut Pasteur de Lille UMR 8161 – M3T – Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies Univ. Lille France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- Cellular Microbiology and Physics of Infection Group – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille CNRS UMR8204 Inserm U1019 CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille Univ. Lille. France
| | - Robert Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM) INSERM U1068 CNRS UMR 7258 Aix‐Marseille Université and Institut Paoli‐Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy France
| | - Fabrice Soncin
- CNRS Institut Pasteur de Lille UMR 8161 – M3T – Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies Univ. Lille France
| | - Virginie Mattot
- CNRS Institut Pasteur de Lille UMR 8161 – M3T – Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies Univ. Lille France
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22
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Fibrillin microfibrils and elastic fibre proteins: Functional interactions and extracellular regulation of growth factors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:109-117. [PMID: 30016650 PMCID: PMC6461133 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillin microfibrils are extensible polymers that endow connective tissues with long-range elasticity and have widespread distributions in both elastic and non-elastic tissues. They act as a template for elastin deposition during elastic fibre formation and are essential for maintaining the integrity of tissues such as blood vessels, lung, skin and ocular ligaments. A reduction in fibrillin is seen in tissues in vascular ageing, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, skin ageing and UV induced skin damage, and age-related vision deterioration. Most mutations in fibrillin cause Marfan syndrome, a genetic disease characterised by overgrowth of the long bones and other skeletal abnormalities with cardiovascular and eye defects. However, mutations in fibrillin and fibrillin-binding proteins can also cause short-stature pathologies. All of these diseases have been linked to dysregulated growth factor signalling which forms a major functional role for fibrillin.
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23
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Karouzakis E, Raza K, Kolling C, Buckley CD, Gay S, Filer A, Ospelt C. Analysis of early changes in DNA methylation in synovial fibroblasts of RA patients before diagnosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7370. [PMID: 29743579 PMCID: PMC5943364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that is known to be altered in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASF). Here, we compared the status of promoter DNA methylation of SF from patients with very early RA with SF from patients with resolving arthritis, fully established RA and from non-arthritic patients. DNA was hybridized to Infinium Human methylation 450k and 850k arrays and differential methylated genes and pathways were identified. We could identify a significant number of CpG sites that differed between the SF of different disease stages, showing that epigenetic changes in SF occur early in RA development. Principal component analysis confirmed that the different groups of SF were separated according to their DNA methylation state. Furthermore, pathway analysis showed that important functional pathways were altered in both very early and late RASF. By focusing our analysis on CpG sites in CpG islands within promoters, we identified genes that have significant hypermethylated promoters in very early RASF. Our data show that changes in DNA methylation differ in RASF compared to other forms of arthritis and occur at a very early, clinically yet unspecific stage of disease. The identified differential methylated genes might become valuable prognostic biomarkers for RA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Karouzakis
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8952, Switzerland.
| | - Karim Raza
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.,Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, West Bromwich, B71 4HJ, UK
| | | | - Christopher D Buckley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Steffen Gay
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8952, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Filer
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2 GW, UK
| | - Caroline Ospelt
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8952, Switzerland
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24
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Turecamo SE, Walji TA, Broekelmann TJ, Williams JW, Ivanov S, Wee NK, Procknow JD, McManus MR, Randolph GJ, Scheller EL, Mecham RP, Craft CS. Contribution of metabolic disease to bone fragility in MAGP1-deficient mice. Matrix Biol 2018; 67:1-14. [PMID: 29519758 PMCID: PMC6077988 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1) is an extracellular matrix protein that interacts with fibrillin and is involved in regulating the bioavailability of signaling molecules such as TGFβ. Mice with germline MAGP1 deficiency (Mfap2-/-) develop increased adiposity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, bone marrow adipose tissue expansion, reduced cancellous bone mass, cortical bone thinning and bone fragility. The goal of this study was to assess whether the Mfap2-/- bone phenotypes were due to loss of MAGP1 locally or secondary to a change in whole body physiology (metabolic dysfunction). To do this, mice with conditional deletion of MAGP1 in the limb skeleton were generated by crossing MAGP1-flox mice (Mfap2lox/lox) with Prx1-Cre mice. Mfap2Prx-/- mice did not show any changes in peripheral adiposity, hyperglycemia or insulin sensitivity, but did have increased bone length and cancellous bone loss that was comparable to the germline Mfap2-/- knockout. Unlike the germline knockout, marrow adiposity, cortical bone thickness and bone strength in Mfap2Prx-/- mice were normal. These findings implicate systemic metabolic dysfunction in the development of bone fragility in germline Mfap2-/- mice. An unexpected finding of this study was the detection of MAGP1 protein in the Mfap2Prx-/- hematopoietic bone marrow, despite the absence of MAGP1 protein in osseous bone matrix and absent Mfap2 transcript expression at both sites. This suggests MAGP1 from a secondary site may accumulate in the bone marrow, but not be incorporated into the bone matrix, during times of regional MAGP1 depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Turecamo
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - T A Walji
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - T J Broekelmann
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - J W Williams
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - S Ivanov
- INSERM U1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France.
| | - N K Wee
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - J D Procknow
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - M R McManus
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - G J Randolph
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - E L Scheller
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - R P Mecham
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - C S Craft
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoproteins 1 and 2 (MAGP-1, MAGP-2) are protein components of extracellular matrix microfibrils. These proteins interact with fibrillin, the core component of microfibrils, and impart unique biological properties that influence microfibril function in vertebrates. MAGPs bind active forms of TGFβ and BMPs and are capable of modulating Notch signaling. Mutations in MAGP-1 or MAGP-2 have been linked to thoracic aneurysms and metabolic disease in humans. MAGP-2 has also been shown to be an important biomarker in several human cancers. Mice lacking MAGP-1 or MAGP-2 have defects in multiple organ systems, which reflects the widespread distribution of microfibrils in vertebrate tissues. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of the MAGPs and their relationship to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa S Craft
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Thomas J Broekelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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26
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Eckersley A, Mellody KT, Pilkington S, Griffiths CEM, Watson REB, O'Cualain R, Baldock C, Knight D, Sherratt MJ. Structural and compositional diversity of fibrillin microfibrils in human tissues. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5117-5133. [PMID: 29453284 PMCID: PMC5892578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic fibers comprising fibrillin microfibrils and elastin are present in many tissues, including the skin, lungs, and arteries, where they confer elasticity and resilience. Although fibrillin microfibrils play distinct and tissue-specific functional roles, it is unclear whether their ultrastructure and composition differ between elastin-rich (skin) and elastin-poor (ciliary body and zonule) organs or after in vitro synthesis by cultured cells. Here, we used atomic force microscopy, which revealed that the bead morphology of fibrillin microfibrils isolated from the human eye differs from those isolated from the skin. Using newly developed pre-MS preparation methods and LC-MS/MS, we detected tissue-specific regions of the fibrillin-1 primary structure that were differentially susceptible to proteolytic extraction. Comparing tissue- and culture-derived microfibrils, we found that dermis- and dermal fibroblast–derived fibrillin microfibrils differ in both bead morphology and periodicity and also exhibit regional differences in fibrillin-1 proteolytic susceptibility. In contrast, collagen VI microfibrils from the same dermal or fibroblast samples were invariant in ultrastructure (periodicity) and protease susceptibility. Finally, we observed that skin- and eye-derived microfibril suspensions were enriched in elastic fiber– and basement membrane–associated proteins, respectively. LC-MS/MS also identified proteins (such as calreticulin and protein-disulfide isomerase) that are potentially fundamental to fibrillin microfibril biology, regardless of their tissue source. Fibrillin microfibrils synthesized in cell culture lacked some of these key proteins (MFAP2 and -4 and fibrillin-2). These results showcase the structural diversity of these key extracellular matrix assemblies, which may relate to their distinct roles in the tissues where they reside.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kieran T Mellody
- From the Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Christopher E M Griffiths
- the Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences.,the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E B Watson
- the Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences.,the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clair Baldock
- From the Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom and
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Pervin S, Singh V, Tucker A, Collazo J, Singh R. Modulation of transforming growth factor-β/follistatin signaling and white adipose browning: therapeutic implications for obesity related disorders. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0036/hmbci-2017-0036.xml. [PMID: 28888087 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease and other related metabolic conditions. Obesity develops from perturbations in overall cellular bioenergetics when energy intake chronically exceeds total energy expenditure. Lifestyle interventions based on reducing total energy uptake and increasing activities including exercise have proved ineffective in the prevention and treatment of obesity because of poor adherence to such interventions for an extended period of time. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has an extraordinary metabolic capacity to burn excess stored energy and holds great promise in combating obesity and related diseases. This unique ability to nullify the effects of extra energy intake of these specialized tissues has provided attractive perspectives for the therapeutic potential of BAT in humans. Browning of white adipose tissue by promoting the expression and activity of key mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) represents an exciting new strategy to combat obesity via enhanced energy dissipation. Members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily including myostatin and follistatin have recently been demonstrated to play a key role in regulating white adipose browning both in in-vitro and in-vivo animal models and thereby present attractive avenues for exploring the therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Elçin AE, Parmaksiz M, Dogan A, Seker S, Durkut S, Dalva K, Elçin YM. Differential gene expression profiling of human adipose stem cells differentiating into smooth muscle-like cells by TGFβ1/BMP4. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:207-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Unusual life cycle and impact on microfibril assembly of ADAMTS17, a secreted metalloprotease mutated in genetic eye disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41871. [PMID: 28176809 PMCID: PMC5296908 DOI: 10.1038/srep41871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted metalloproteases have diverse roles in the formation, remodeling, and the destruction of extracellular matrix. Recessive mutations in the secreted metalloprotease ADAMTS17 cause ectopia lentis and short stature in humans with Weill-Marchesani-like syndrome and primary open angle glaucoma and ectopia lentis in dogs. Little is known about this protease or its connection to fibrillin microfibrils, whose major component, fibrillin-1, is genetically associated with ectopia lentis and alterations in height. Fibrillin microfibrils form the ocular zonule and are present in the drainage apparatus of the eye. We show that recombinant ADAMTS17 has unique characteristics and an unusual life cycle. It undergoes rapid autocatalytic processing in trans after its secretion from cells. Secretion of ADAMTS17 requires O-fucosylation and its autocatalytic activity does not depend on propeptide processing by furin. ADAMTS17 binds recombinant fibrillin-2 but not fibrillin-1 and does not cleave either. It colocalizes to fibrillin-1 containing microfibrils in cultured fibroblasts and suppresses fibrillin-2 (FBN2) incorporation in microfibrils, in part by transcriptional downregulation of Fbn2 mRNA expression. RNA in situ hybridization detected Adamts17 expression in specific structures in the eye, skeleton and other organs, where it may regulate the fibrillin isoform composition of microfibrils.
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Abstract
A characteristic feature of liver cirrhosis is the accumulation of large amounts of connective tissue with the prevailing content of type I collagen. Elastin is a minor connective tissue component in normal liver but it is actively synthesized by hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts in diseased liver. The accumulation of elastic fibers in later stages of liver fibrosis may contribute to the decreasing reversibility of the disease with advancing time. Elastin is formed by polymerization of tropoelastin monomers. It is an amorphous protein highly resistant to the action of proteases that forms the core of elastic fibers. Microfibrils surrounding the core are composed of fibrillins that bind a number of proteins involved in fiber formation. They include microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs), microfibrillar-associated proteins (MFAPs) and fibulins. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like proteins (LOXLs) are responsible for tropoelastin cross-linking and polymerization. TGF-β complexes attached to microfibrils release this cytokine and influence the behavior of the cells in the neighborhood. The role of TGF-β as the main profibrotic cytokine in the liver is well-known and the release of the cytokines of TGF-β superfamily from their storage in elastic fibers may affect the course of fibrosis. Elastic fibers are often studied in the tissues where they provide elasticity and resilience but their role is no longer viewed as purely mechanical. Tropoelastin, elastin polymer and elastin peptides resulting from partial elastin degradation influence fibroblastic and inflammatory cells as well as angiogenesis. A similar role may be performed by elastin in the liver. This article reviews the results of the research of liver elastic fibers on the background of the present knowledge of elastin biochemistry and physiology. The regulation of liver elastin synthesis and degradation may be important for the outcome of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kanta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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Walji TA, Turecamo SE, DeMarsilis AJ, Sakai LY, Mecham RP, Craft CS. Characterization of metabolic health in mouse models of fibrillin-1 perturbation. Matrix Biol 2016; 55:63-76. [PMID: 26902431 PMCID: PMC4992667 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the microfibrillar protein fibrillin-1 or the absence of its binding partner microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP1) lead to increased TGFβ signaling due to an inability to sequester latent or active forms of TGFβ, respectively. Mouse models of excess TGFβ signaling display increased adiposity and predisposition to type-2 diabetes. It is therefore interesting that individuals with Marfan syndrome, a disease in which fibrillin-1 mutation leads to aberrant TGFβ signaling, typically present with extreme fat hypoplasia. The goal of this project was to characterize multiple fibrillin-1 mutant mouse strains to understand how fibrillin-1 contributes to metabolic health. The results of this study demonstrate that fibrillin-1 contributes little to lipid storage and metabolic homeostasis, which is in contrast to the obesity and metabolic changes associated with MAGP1 deficiency. MAGP1 but not fibrillin-1 mutant mice had elevated TGFβ signaling in their adipose tissue, which is consistent with the difference in obesity phenotypes. However, fibrillin-1 mutant strains and MAGP1-deficient mice all exhibit increased bone length and reduced bone mineralization which are characteristic of Marfan syndrome. Our findings suggest that Marfan-associated adipocyte hypoplasia is likely not due to microfibril-associated changes in adipose tissue, and provide evidence that MAGP1 may function independently of fibrillin in some tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezin A Walji
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah E Turecamo
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Antea J DeMarsilis
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lynn Y Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Clarissa S Craft
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Hoekstra AS, van den Ende B, Julià XP, van Breemen L, Scheurwater K, Tops CM, Malinoc A, Devilee P, Neumann HPH, Bayley JP. Simple and rapid characterization of novel large germline deletions in SDHB, SDHC and SDHD-related paraganglioma. Clin Genet 2016; 91:536-544. [PMID: 27485256 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in genes encoding subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) are associated with hereditary paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma. Although most mutations in SDHB, SDHC and SDHD are intraexonic variants, large germline deletions may represent up to 10% of all variants but are rarely characterized at the DNA sequence level. Additional phenotypic effects resulting from deletions that affect neighboring genes are also not understood. We performed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, followed by a simple long-range PCR 'chromosome walking' protocol to characterize breakpoints in 20 SDHx-linked paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma patients. Breakpoints were confirmed by conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing. Heterozygous germline deletions of up to 104 kb in size were identified in SDHB, SDHC, SDHD and flanking genes in 20 paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma patients. The exact breakpoint could be determined in 16 paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma patients of which 15 were novel deletions. In six patients proximal genes were also deleted, including PADI2, MFAP2, ATP13A2 (PARK9), CFAP126, TIMM8B and C11orf57. These genes were either partially or completely deleted, but did not modify the phenotype. This study increases the number of known SDHx deletions by over 50% and demonstrates that a significant proportion of large gene deletions can be resolved at the nucleotide level using a simple and rapid method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Hoekstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B van den Ende
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - X P Julià
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L van Breemen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K Scheurwater
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C M Tops
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Malinoc
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H P H Neumann
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J-P Bayley
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Walji TA, Turecamo SE, Sanchez AC, Anthony BA, Abou-Ezzi G, Scheller EL, Link DC, Mecham RP, Craft CS. Marrow Adipose Tissue Expansion Coincides with Insulin Resistance in MAGP1-Deficient Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:87. [PMID: 27445989 PMCID: PMC4928449 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is an endocrine organ with the potential to influence skeletal remodeling and hematopoiesis. Pathologic MAT expansion has been studied in the context of severe metabolic challenge, including caloric restriction, high fat diet feeding, and leptin deficiency. However, the rapid change in peripheral fat and glucose metabolism associated with these models impedes our ability to examine which metabolic parameters precede or coincide with MAT expansion. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1) is a matricellular protein that influences cellular processes by tethering signaling molecules to extracellular matrix structures. MAGP1-deficient (Mfap2 (-/-)) mice display a progressive excess adiposity phenotype, which precedes insulin resistance and occurs without changes in caloric intake or ambulation. Mfap2 (-/-) mice were, therefore, used as a model to associate parameters of metabolic disease, bone remodeling, and hematopoiesis with MAT expansion. Marrow adiposity was normal in Mfap2 (-/-) mice until 6 months of age; however, by 10 months, marrow fat volume had increased fivefold relative to wild-type control at the same age. Increased gonadal fat pad mass and hyperglycemia were detectable in Mfap2 (-/-) mice by 2 months, but peaked by 6 months. The development of insulin resistance coincided with MAT expansion. Longitudinal characterization of bone mass demonstrated a disconnection in MAT volume and bone volume. Specifically, Mfap2 (-/-) mice had reduced trabecular bone volume by 2 months, but this phenotype did not progress with age or MAT expansion. Interestingly, MAT expansion in the 10-month-old Mfap2 (-/-) mice was associated with modest alterations in basal hematopoiesis, including a shift from granulopoiesis to B lymphopoiesis. Together, these findings indicate MAT expansion is coincident with insulin resistance, but not excess peripheral adiposity or hyperglycemia in Mfap2 (-/-) mice; and substantial MAT accumulation does not necessitate a proportional decrease in either bone mass or bone marrow cellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezin A. Walji
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah E. Turecamo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alejandro Coca Sanchez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bryan A. Anthony
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Grazia Abou-Ezzi
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erica L. Scheller
- Department of Medicine, Bone and Mineral Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel C. Link
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Clarissa S. Craft
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Bone and Mineral Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Clarissa S. Craft,
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Vassequi-Silva T, Pereira DS, Nery Diez ACC, Braga GG, Godoy JA, Mendes CB, Dos Santos L, Krieger JE, Antunes E, Costa FTM, Vicente CP, Werneck CC. Losartan and captopril treatment rescue normal thrombus formation in microfibril associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1) deficient mice. Thromb Res 2015; 138:7-15. [PMID: 26826502 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MAGP1 is a glycoprotein present in the elastic fibers and is a part of the microfibrils components. MAGP1 interacts with von Willebrand factor and the active form of TGF-β and BMP. In mice lacking MAGP1, thrombus formation is delayed, increasing the occlusion time of carotid artery despite presenting normal blood coagulation in vitro. MAGP1-containing microfibrils may play a role in hemostasis and thrombosis. In this work, we evaluated the function of MAGP1 and its relation to TGF-β in the arterial thrombosis process. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed thrombus formation time in wild type and MAGP1-deficient mice comparing Rose Bengal and Ferric Chloride induced arterial lesion. The potential participation of TGF-β in this process was accessed when we treated both wild type and MAGP1-deficient mice with losartan (an antihypertensive drug that decreases TGF-β activity) or captopril (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor that was used as a control antihypertensive drug). Besides, we evaluated thrombus embolization and the gelatinolytic activity in the arterial walls in vitro and ex vivo. Losartan and captopril were able to recover the thrombus formation time without changing blood pressure, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), PT (prothrombin time), platelet aggregation and adhesion, but decreased gelatinase activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that both treatments are effective in the prevention of the sub-endothelial ECM degradation, allowing the recovery of normal thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guilherme G Braga
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Godoy
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila B Mendes
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, ES, Brazil
| | - José E Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Cardiology, InCor-HC/FMUSP, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio T M Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Bioagents, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina P Vicente
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio C Werneck
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Collin GB, Hubmacher D, Charette JR, Hicks WL, Stone L, Yu M, Naggert JK, Krebs MP, Peachey NS, Apte SS, Nishina PM. Disruption of murine Adamtsl4 results in zonular fiber detachment from the lens and in retinal pigment epithelium dedifferentiation. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6958-74. [PMID: 26405179 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gene mutations have revealed that a significant number of ADAMTS (a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motifs) proteins are necessary for normal ocular development and eye function. Mutations in human ADAMTSL4, encoding an ADAMTS-like protein which has been implicated in fibrillin microfibril biogenesis, cause ectopia lentis (EL) and EL et pupillae. Here, we report the first ADAMTSL4 mouse model, tvrm267, bearing a nonsense mutation in Adamtsl4. Homozygous Adamtsl4(tvrm267) mice recapitulate the EL phenotype observed in humans, and our analysis strongly suggests that ADAMTSL4 is required for stable anchorage of zonule fibers to the lens capsule. Unexpectedly, homozygous Adamtsl4(tvrm267) mice exhibit focal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) defects primarily in the inferior eye. RPE dedifferentiation was indicated by reduced pigmentation, altered cellular morphology and a reduction in RPE-specific transcripts. Finally, as with a subset of patients with ADAMTSL4 mutations, increased axial length, relative to age-matched controls, was observed and was associated with the severity of the RPE phenotype. In summary, the Adamtsl4(tvrm267) model provides a valuable tool to further elucidate the molecular basis of zonule formation, the pathophysiology of EL and ADAMTSL4 function in the maintenance of the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Hubmacher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Stone
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Minzhong Yu
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA, Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and
| | | | | | - Neal S Peachey
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA, Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
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The fibrillin microfibril scaffold: A niche for growth factors and mechanosensation? Matrix Biol 2015; 47:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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LTBP-2 Has a Single High-Affinity Binding Site for FGF-2 and Blocks FGF-2-Induced Cell Proliferation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135577. [PMID: 26263555 PMCID: PMC4532469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent transforming growth factor-beta-1 binding protein-2 (LTBP-2) belongs to the fibrillin-LTBP superfamily of extracellular matrix proteins. LTBPs and fibrillins are involved in the sequestration and storage of latent growth factors, particularly transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), in tissues. Unlike other LTBPs, LTBP-2 does not covalently bind TGF-β, and its molecular functions remain unclear. We are screening LTBP-2 for binding to other growth factors and have found very strong saturable binding to fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) (Kd = 1.1 nM). Using a series of recombinant LTBP-2 fragments a single binding site for FGF-2 was identified in a central region of LTBP-2 consisting of six tandem epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) motifs (EGFs 9–14). This region was also shown to contain a heparin/heparan sulphate-binding site. FGF-2 stimulation of fibroblast proliferation was completely negated by the addition of 5-fold molar excess of LTBP-2 to the assay. Confocal microscopy showed strong co-localisation of LTBP-2 and FGF-2 in fibrotic keloid tissue suggesting that the two proteins may interact in vivo. Overall the study indicates that LTBP-2 is a potent inhibitor of FGF-2 that may influence FGF-2 bioactivity during wound repair particularly in fibrotic tissues.
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Mecham RP, Gibson MA. The microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs) and the microfibrillar niche. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:13-33. [PMID: 25963142 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The microfibril-associated glycoproteins MAGP-1 and MAGP-2 are extracellular matrix proteins that interact with fibrillin to influence microfibril function. The two proteins are related through a 60 amino acid matrix-binding domain but their sequences differ outside of this region. A distinguishing feature of both proteins is their ability to interact with TGFβ family growth factors, Notch and Notch ligands, and multiple elastic fiber proteins. MAGP-2 can also interact with αvβ3 integrins via a RGD sequence that is not found in MAGP-1. Morpholino knockdown of MAGP-1 expression in zebrafish resulted in abnormal vessel wall architecture and altered vascular network formation. In the mouse, MAGP-1 deficiency had little effect on elastic fibers in blood vessels and lung but resulted in numerous unexpected phenotypes including bone abnormalities, hematopoietic changes, increased fat deposition, diabetes, impaired wound repair, and a bleeding diathesis. Inactivation of the gene for MAGP-2 in mice produced a neutropenia yet had minimal effects on bone or adipose homeostasis. Double knockouts had phenotypes characteristic of each individual knockout as well as several additional traits only seen when both genes are inactivated. A common mechanism underlying all of the traits associated with the knockout phenotypes is altered TGFβ signaling. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of the MAGPs and discusses ideas related to their role in growth factor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Mark A Gibson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Hubmacher D, Wang LW, Mecham RP, Reinhardt DP, Apte SS. Adamtsl2 deletion results in bronchial fibrillin microfibril accumulation and bronchial epithelial dysplasia--a novel mouse model providing insights into geleophysic dysplasia. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:487-99. [PMID: 25762570 PMCID: PMC4415891 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the secreted glycoprotein ADAMTSL2 cause recessive geleophysic dysplasia (GD) in humans and Musladin–Lueke syndrome (MLS) in dogs. GD is a severe, often lethal, condition presenting with short stature, brachydactyly, stiff skin, joint contractures, tracheal-bronchial stenosis and cardiac valve anomalies, whereas MLS is non-lethal and characterized by short stature and severe skin fibrosis. Although most mutations in fibrillin-1 (FBN1) cause Marfan syndrome (MFS), a microfibril disorder leading to transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) dysregulation, domain-specific FBN1 mutations result in dominant GD. ADAMTSL2 has been previously shown to bind FBN1 and latent TGFβ-binding protein-1 (LTBP1). Here, we investigated mice with targeted Adamtsl2 inactivation as a new model for GD (Adamtsl2−/− mice). An intragenic lacZ reporter in these mice showed that ADAMTSL2 was produced exclusively by bronchial smooth muscle cells during embryonic lung development. Adamtsl2−/− mice, which died at birth, had severe bronchial epithelial dysplasia with abnormal glycogen-rich inclusions in bronchial epithelium resembling the cellular anomalies described previously in GD. An increase in microfibrils in the bronchial wall was associated with increased FBN2 and microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1) staining, whereas LTBP1 staining was increased in bronchial epithelium. ADAMTSL2 was shown to bind directly to FBN2 with an affinity comparable to FBN1. The observed extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations were associated with increased bronchial epithelial TGFβ signaling at 17.5 days of gestation; however, treatment with TGFβ-neutralizing antibody did not correct the epithelial dysplasia. These investigations reveal a new function of ADAMTSL2 in modulating microfibril formation, and a previously unsuspected association with FBN2. Our studies suggest that the bronchial epithelial dysplasia accompanying microfibril dysregulation in Adamtsl2−/− mice cannot be reversed by TGFβ neutralization, and thus might be mediated by other mechanisms. Summary: The extracellular protein ADAMTSL2 is a crucial regulator of microfibril composition in the extracellular matrix of bronchial smooth muscle cells and influences bronchial epithelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hubmacher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lauren W Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dieter P Reinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0C7
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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EMILIN2 regulates platelet activation, thrombus formation, and clot retraction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115284. [PMID: 25658937 PMCID: PMC4319747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis, like other cardiovascular diseases, has a strong genetic component, with largely unknown determinants. EMILIN2, Elastin Microfibril Interface Located Protein2, was identified as a candidate gene for thrombosis in mouse and human quantitative trait loci studies. EMILIN2 is expressed during cardiovascular development, on cardiac stem cells, and in heart tissue in animal models of heart disease. In humans, the EMILIN2 gene is located on the short arm of Chromosome 18, and patients with partial and complete deletion of this chromosome region have cardiac malformations. To understand the basis for the thrombotic risk associated with EMILIN2, EMILIN2 deficient mice were generated. The findings of this study indicate that EMILIN2 influences platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and thrombin with both EMILIN2-deficient platelets and EMILIN2-deficient plasma contributing to the impaired aggregation response. Purified EMILIN2 added to platelets accelerated platelet aggregation and reduced clotting time when added to EMILIN2-deficient mouse and human plasma. Carotid occlusion time was 2-fold longer in mice with platelet-specific EMILIN2 deficiency, but stability of the clot was reduced in mice with both global EMILIN2 deficiency and with platelet-specific EMILIN2 deficiency. In vitro clot retraction was markedly decreased in EMILIN2 deficient mice, indicating that platelet outside-in signaling was dependent on EMILIN2. EMILIN1 deficient mice and EMILIN2:EMILIN1 double deficient mice had suppressed platelet aggregation and delayed clot retraction similar to EMILIN2 mice, but EMILIN2 and EMILIN1 had opposing affects on clot retraction, suggesting that EMILIN1 may attenuate the effects of EMILIN2 on platelet aggregation and thrombosis. In conclusion, these studies identify multiple influences of EMILIN2 in pathophysiology and suggest that its role as a prothrombotic risk factor may arise from its effects on platelet aggregation and platelet mediated clot retraction.
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Craft CS. MAGP1, the extracellular matrix, and metabolism. Adipocyte 2015; 4:60-4. [PMID: 26167404 DOI: 10.4161/adip.32209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue and the extracellular matrix were once considered passive players in regulating physiological processes. Now, both entities are acknowledged for their capacity to engage signal transduction pathways, and for their involvement in maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. We recently published a series of studies that identified a novel mechanism whereby an extracellular matrix molecule, MAGP1 (microfibril associated glycoprotein 1), can regulate energy metabolism in adipose tissue. MAGP1 is a component of extracellular microfibrils and plays a supportive role in maintaining thermoregulation by indirectly regulating expression of the thermogenic uncoupling proteins (UCPs). The focus of this commentary is to draw attention to the role of the extracellular matrix in regulating the bioavailability of signaling molecules, like transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and exemplify that a better understanding of the extracellular matrix's biological properties could unveil a new source of therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases.
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Hubmacher D, Reinhardt DP, Plesec T, Schenke-Layland K, Apte SS. Human eye development is characterized by coordinated expression of fibrillin isoforms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:7934-44. [PMID: 25406291 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in human fibrillin-1 and -2, which are major constituents of tissue microfibrils, can affect multiple ocular components, including the ciliary zonule, lens, drainage apparatus, cornea, and retina. However, the expression pattern of the three human fibrillins and an integral microfibrillar component, MAGP1, during human eye development is not known. METHODS We analyzed sections from human eyes at gestational weeks (GWs) 6, 8, and 11 and at 1 and 3 years of age with antibodies specific for each human fibrillin isoform or MAGP1, using immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS During embryonic development, each fibrillin isoform was detected in vascular structures bridging the ciliary body and the developing lens, hyaloid vasculature, and retina. In addition, they were present in the developing corneal basement membranes and lens capsule. MAGP1 codistributed with the fibrillin isoforms. In contrast, the juvenile zonule was composed of fibrillin-1 microfibrils containing MAGP1, but fibrillin-2 was absent and fibrillin-3 was only sparsely detected. CONCLUSIONS Fibrillin-1, -2, and, unique to humans, fibrillin-3 are found in various ocular structures during human embryonic eye development, whereas fibrillin-1 dominates the postnatal zonule. We speculate that vasculature spanning the ciliary body and lens, which elaborates fibrillin-2 and -3, may provide an initial scaffold for fibrillin assembly and zonule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hubmacher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Dieter P Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Plesec
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, University Women's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Levin MC, Borén J. The extracellular matrix protein MAGP1 is a key regulator of adipose tissue remodeling during obesity. Diabetes 2014; 63:1858-9. [PMID: 24853903 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malin C Levin
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Craft CS, Pietka TA, Schappe T, Coleman T, Combs MD, Klein S, Abumrad NA, Mecham RP. The extracellular matrix protein MAGP1 supports thermogenesis and protects against obesity and diabetes through regulation of TGF-β. Diabetes 2014; 63:1920-32. [PMID: 24458361 PMCID: PMC4030109 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 1 (MAGP1) is a component of extracellular matrix microfibrils. Here we show that MAGP1 expression is significantly altered in obese humans, and inactivation of the MAGP1 gene (Mfap2(-/-)) in mice results in adipocyte hypertrophy and predisposition to metabolic dysfunction. Impaired thermoregulation was evident in Mfap2(-/-) mice prior to changes in adiposity, suggesting a causative role for MAGP1 in the increased adiposity and predisposition to diabetes. By 5 weeks of age, Mfap2(-/-) mice were maladaptive to cold challenge, uncoupling protein-1 expression was attenuated in the brown adipose tissue, and there was reduced browning of the subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activity were elevated in Mfap2(-/-) adipose tissue, and the treatment of Mfap2(-/-) mice with a TGF-β-neutralizing antibody improved their body temperature and prevented the increased adiposity phenotype. Together, these findings indicate that the regulation of TGF-β by MAGP1 is protective against the effects of metabolic stress, and its absence predisposes individuals to metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa S Craft
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Terri A Pietka
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Timothy Schappe
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Trey Coleman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michelle D Combs
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samuel Klein
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MODepartment of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MODepartment of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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The function of elastic fibers in the arteries: beyond elasticity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 62:79-83. [PMID: 24679588 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The main components of elastic fibers, elastin and fibrillin-containing microfibrils play a structural and mechanical role in the arteries and their essential function is to provide elasticity and resilience to the tissues. However, through control of the quiescent contractile phenotype of arterial smooth muscle cells, elastin also acts as an autocrine factor and, via the binding of 'latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-β binding protein (LTBP) - latency-associated peptide (LAP) - TGF-β' complexes, fibrillins regulate the activation and availability of TGF-βs. These recent discoveries are detailed in this review.
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46
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Thun GA, Imboden M, Künzli N, Rochat T, Keidel D, Haun M, Schindler C, Kronenberg F, Probst-Hensch NM. Follow-up on genome-wide main effects: do polymorphisms modify the air pollution effect on lung function decline in adults? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 64:110-115. [PMID: 24388947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Improved air quality has been found associated with attenuated age-related decline in lung function. But whether genetic polymorphisms strongly associated with lung function play a modifying role in this attenuation process has so far not been investigated. We selected ten single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from the largest genome-wide association studies on lung function and examined whether they modified the association between the change in exposure to particulate matter ≤10μm (ΔPM10) and lung function decline. 4310 participants from the SAPALDIA cohort provided valid spirometry measurements, a detailed pulmonary health questionnaire both at baseline and 11years later as well as blood samples for genetic testing. Spatially and temporally resolved air pollution exposures were assigned on an individual level based on participants' residences. Statistically significant interactions of moderate strength with ΔPM10 were detected for rs2284746. Individuals with the CC genotype had a 21ml slower annual decline of the mid expiratory flow per 10μg/m(3) PM10 reduction over an 10-year period, while the benefits of CG and GG carriers were smaller (14 and 7ml per year, respectively; Pinteraction=0.04). The attenuated annual decline in the percentage of the forced expiratory volume in one second relative to the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) was also increased with the presence of each C-allele (Pinteraction=0.009). We observed further suggestive interactions of similar magnitude in never-smokers, but none of the results would remain statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. We could not find strong evidence that lung function benefits from improved air quality are modified by polymorphisms associated with lung function level in large meta-analyzed genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Andri Thun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Medea Imboden
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nino Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Thierry Rochat
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Dirk Keidel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Margot Haun
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian Schindler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Nicole M Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Fujita T, Tsuruga E, Yamanouchi K, Sawa Y, Ishikawa H. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 controls human ciliary zonule development in vitro. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:11-7. [PMID: 24761045 PMCID: PMC3972425 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ciliary zonule in the eye, also known as Zinn’s zonule, is composed of oxytalan fibers, which are bundles of microfibrils consisting mainly of fibrillin-1. However, it is still unclear which of the microfibril-associated molecules present in the ciliary zonule controls oxytalan fibers. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP-1) is the only microfibril-associated molecule identified in the human ciliary zonule. In the present study, we used siRNA against MAGP-1 in cultures of human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells to examine the extracellular deposition and appearance of fibrillin-1 employing Western blotting and immunofluorescence. MAGP-1 suppression led to a reduction of fibrillin-1 deposition. Immunofluorescence also confirmed that RNAi-mediated down-regulation of MAGP-1 led to suppression of fiber development. These results suggest that MAGP-1 plays a crucial role in the extracellular deposition of fibrillin-1 during formation of the human ciliary zonule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fujita
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth & Development, Division of Clinical Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Eichi Tsuruga
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Kaori Yamanouchi
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth & Development, Division of Clinical Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Yoshihiko Sawa
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Hiroyuki Ishikawa
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth & Development, Division of Clinical Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College
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Bae CJ, Park BY, Lee YH, Tobias JW, Hong CS, Saint-Jeannet JP. Identification of Pax3 and Zic1 targets in the developing neural crest. Dev Biol 2013; 386:473-83. [PMID: 24360908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent population of migratory cells unique to the vertebrate embryo, contributing to the development of multiple organ systems. Transcription factors pax3 and zic1 are among the earliest genes activated in NC progenitors, and they are both necessary and sufficient to promote NC fate. In order to further characterize the function of these transcription factors during NC development we have used hormone inducible fusion proteins in a Xenopus animal cap assay, and DNA microarray to identify downstream targets of Pax3 and Zic1. Here we present the results of this screen and the initial validation of these targets using quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and morpholinos-mediated knockdown. Among the targets identified we found several well-characterized NC-specific genes, including snail2, foxd3, gbx2, twist, sox8 and sox9, which validate our approach. We also obtained several factors with no known function in Xenopus NC, which represent novel regulators of NC fate. The comprehensive characterization of Pax3 and Zic1 targets function in the NC gene regulatory network, are essential to understanding the mechanisms regulating the emergence of this important cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Joon Bae
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Byung-Yong Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry & Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - John W Tobias
- Bioinformatics Group, Molecular Profiling Facility, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chang-Soo Hong
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA; Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Shi Y, Tu Y, Mecham RP, Bassnett S. Ocular phenotype of Fbn2-null mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:7163-73. [PMID: 24130178 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibrillin-2 (Fbn2) is the dominant fibrillin isoform expressed during development of the mouse eye. To test its role in morphogenesis, we examined the ocular phenotype of Fbn2(-/-) mice. METHODS Ocular morphology was assessed by confocal microscopy using antibodies against microfibril components. RESULTS Fbn2(-/-) mice had a high incidence of anterior segment dysgenesis. The iris was the most commonly affected tissue. Complete iridal coloboma was present in 37% of eyes. Dyscoria, corectopia and pseudopolycoria were also common (43% combined incidence). In wild-type (WT) mice, fibrillin-2-rich microfibrils are prominent in the pupillary membrane (PM) during development. In Fbn2-null mice, the absence of Fbn2 was partially compensated for by increased expression of fibrillin-1, although the resulting PM microfibrils were disorganized, compared with WTs. In colobomatous adult Fbn2(-/-) eyes, the PM failed to regress normally, especially beneath the notched region of the iris. Segments of the ciliary body were hypoplastic, and zonular fibers, although relatively plentiful, were unevenly distributed around the lens equator. In regions where the zonular fibers were particularly disturbed, the synchronous differentiation of the underlying lens fiber cells was affected. CONCLUSIONS Fbn2 has an indispensable role in ocular morphogenesis in mice. The high incidence of iris coloboma in Fbn2-null animals implies a previously unsuspected role in optic fissure closure. The observation that fiber cell differentiation was disturbed in Fbn2(-/-) mice raises the possibility that the attachment of zonular fibers to the lens surface may help specify the equatorial margin of the lens epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Genetic dissection of quantitative trait Loci for hemostasis and thrombosis on mouse chromosomes 11 and 5 using congenic and subcongenic strains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77539. [PMID: 24147020 PMCID: PMC3798288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to thrombosis varies in human populations as well as many inbred mouse strains. Only a small portion of this variation has been identified, suggesting that there are unknown modifier genes. The objective of this study was to narrow the quantitative trait locus (QTL) intervals previously identified for hemostasis and thrombosis on mouse distal chromosome 11 (Hmtb6) and on chromosome 5 (Hmtb4 and Hmtb5). In a tail bleeding/rebleeding assay, a reporter assay for hemostasis and thrombosis, subcongenic strain (6A-2) had longer clot stability time than did C57BL/6J (B6) mice but a similar time to the B6-Chr11A/J consomic mice, confirming the Hmtb6 phenotype. Six congenic and subcongenic strains were constructed for chromosome 5, and the congenic strain, 2A-1, containing the shortest A/J interval (16.6 cM, 26.6 Mbp) in the Hmtb4 region, had prolonged clot stability time compared to B6 mice. In the 3A-2 and CSS-5 mice bleeding time was shorter than for B6, mice confirming the Hmtb5 QTL. An increase in bleeding time was identified in another congenic strain (3A-1) with A/J interval (24.8 cM, 32.9 Mbp) in the proximal region of chromosome 5, confirming a QTL for bleeding previously mapped to that region and designated as Hmtb10. The subcongenic strain 4A-2 with the A/J fragment in the proximal region had a long occlusion time of the carotid artery after ferric chloride injury and reduced dilation after injury to the abdominal aorta compared to B6 mice, suggesting an additional locus in the proximal region, which was designated Hmtb11 (5 cM, 21.4 Mbp). CSS-17 mice crossed with congenic strains, 3A-1 and 3A-2, modified tail bleeding. Using congenic and subcongenic analysis, candidate genes previously identified and novel genes were identified as modifiers of hemostasis and thrombosis in each of the loci Hmtb6, Hmtb4, Hmtb10, and Hmtb11.
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