1
|
Kim E, Fortoul MC, Weimer D, Meggyesy M, Demory Beckler M. Co-occurrence of glioma and multiple sclerosis: Prevailing theories and emerging therapies. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 79:105027. [PMID: 37801959 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Though the concurrence of primary brain tumors and multiple sclerosis (MS) is exceedingly rare, instances have been noted in the literature as early as 1949. Given these observations, researchers have proposed various ideas as to how these malignancies may be linked to MS. Due to insufficient data, none have gained traction or been widely accepted amongst neurologists or neuro-oncologists. What is abundantly clear, however, is the mounting uncertainty faced by clinicians when caring for these individuals. Concerns persist about the potential for disease modifying therapies (DMTs) to initiate or promote tumor growth and progression, and to date, there are no approved treatments capable of mitigating both MS disease activity and tumor growth, let alone established guidelines that clinicians may refer to. Collectively, these gaps in the literature impose limitations to optimizing the care and management of this population. As such, our hope is to stimulate further discussion of this topic and prompt future investigations to explore novel treatment options and advance our understanding of these concurrent disease processes. To this end, the chief objective of this article is to evaluate proposed ideas of how the diseases may be linked, outline emerging therapies for both MS and brain tumors, and describe evidence-based approaches to diagnosing and treating this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Kim
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States
| | - Marla C Fortoul
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States
| | - Derek Weimer
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States
| | - Michael Meggyesy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michelle Demory Beckler
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim KM, Shin EJ, Yang JH, Ki SH. Integrative roles of sphingosine kinase in liver pathophysiology. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:549-564. [PMID: 37779595 PMCID: PMC10541397 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive sphingolipids and enzymes that metabolize sphingolipid-related substances have been considered as critical messengers in various signaling pathways. One such enzyme is the crucial lipid kinase, sphingosine kinase (SphK), which mediates the conversion of sphingosine to the potent signaling substance, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Several studies have demonstrated that SphK metabolism is strictly regulated to maintain the homeostatic balance of cells. Here, we summarize the role of SphK in the course of liver disease and illustrate its effects on both physiological and pathological conditions of the liver. SphK has been implicated in a variety of liver diseases, such as steatosis, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatic failure. This study may advance the understanding of the cellular and molecular foundations of liver disease and establish therapeutic approaches via SphK modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam-Do 58245 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-Daero, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 61452 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bergkamp ND, van Senten JR, Brink HJ, Bebelman MP, van den Bor J, Çobanoğlu TS, Dinkla K, Köster J, Klau G, Siderius M, Smit MJ. A virally encoded GPCR drives glioblastoma through feed-forward activation of the SK1-S1P 1 signaling axis. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eade6737. [PMID: 37582160 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.ade6737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) US28 encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is associated with accelerated progression of glioblastomas, aggressive brain tumors with a generally poor prognosis. Here, we showed that US28 increased the malignancy of U251 glioblastoma cells by enhancing signaling mediated by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid that stimulates oncogenic pathways in glioblastoma. US28 expression increased the abundance of the key components of the S1P signaling axis, including an enzyme that generates S1P [sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1)], an S1P receptor [S1P receptor 1 (S1P1)], and S1P itself. Enhanced S1P signaling promoted glioblastoma cell proliferation and survival by activating the kinases AKT and CHK1 and the transcriptional regulators cMYC and STAT3 and by increasing the abundance of cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), driving several feed-forward signaling loops. Inhibition of S1P signaling abrogated the proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of US28. US28 also activated the S1P signaling axis in HCMV-infected cells. This study uncovers central roles for S1P and CIP2A in feed-forward signaling that contributes to the US28-mediated exacerbation of glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick D Bergkamp
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J Brink
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten P Bebelman
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jelle van den Bor
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tuğçe S Çobanoğlu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes Köster
- Algorithms for Reproducible Bioinformatics, Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gunnar Klau
- Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Department of Computer Science, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arseni L, Sharma R, Mack N, Nagalla D, Ohl S, Hielscher T, Singhal M, Pilz R, Augustin H, Sandhoff R, Herold-Mende C, Tews B, Lichter P, Seiffert M. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Recruits Macrophages and Microglia and Induces a Pro-Tumorigenic Phenotype That Favors Glioma Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020479. [PMID: 36672428 PMCID: PMC9856301 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor in adults. Treatment failure is predominantly caused by its high invasiveness and its ability to induce a supportive microenvironment. As part of this, a major role for tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) in glioblastoma development was recognized. Phospholipids are important players in various fundamental biological processes, including tumor-stroma crosstalk, and the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has been linked to glioblastoma cell proliferation, invasion, and survival. Despite the urgent need for better therapeutic approaches, novel strategies targeting sphingolipids in glioblastoma are still poorly explored. Here, we showed that higher amounts of S1P secreted by glioma cells are responsible for an active recruitment of TAMs, mediated by S1P receptor (S1PR) signaling through the modulation of Rac1/RhoA. This resulted in increased infiltration of TAMs in the tumor, which, in turn, triggered their pro-tumorigenic phenotype through the inhibition of NFkB-mediated inflammation. Gene set enrichment analyses showed that such an anti-inflammatory microenvironment correlated with shorter survival of glioblastoma patients. Inhibition of S1P restored a pro-inflammatory phenotype in TAMs and resulted in increased survival of tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, our results establish a crucial role for S1P in fine-tuning the crosstalk between glioma and infiltrating TAMs, thus pointing to the S1P-S1PR axis as an attractive target for glioma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Arseni
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Invasion, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norman Mack
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deepthi Nagalla
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Invasion, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Ohl
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahak Singhal
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Pilz
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hellmut Augustin
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Björn Tews
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Invasion, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Iglesia RP, Prado MB, Alves RN, Escobar MIM, Fernandes CFDL, Fortes ACDS, Souza MCDS, Boccacino JM, Cangiano G, Soares SR, de Araújo JPA, Tiek DM, Goenka A, Song X, Keady JR, Hu B, Cheng SY, Lopes MH. Unconventional Protein Secretion in Brain Tumors Biology: Enlightening the Mechanisms for Tumor Survival and Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:907423. [PMID: 35784465 PMCID: PMC9242006 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.907423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-canonical secretion pathways, collectively known as unconventional protein secretion (UPS), are alternative secretory mechanisms usually associated with stress-inducing conditions. UPS allows proteins that lack a signal peptide to be secreted, avoiding the conventional endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex secretory pathway. Molecules that generally rely on the canonical pathway to be secreted may also use the Golgi bypass, one of the unconventional routes, to reach the extracellular space. UPS studies have been increasingly growing in the literature, including its implication in the biology of several diseases. Intercellular communication between brain tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment is orchestrated by various molecules, including canonical and non-canonical secreted proteins that modulate tumor growth, proliferation, and invasion. Adult brain tumors such as gliomas, which are aggressive and fatal cancers with a dismal prognosis, could exploit UPS mechanisms to communicate with their microenvironment. Herein, we provide functional insights into the UPS machinery in the context of tumor biology, with a particular focus on the secreted proteins by alternative routes as key regulators in the maintenance of brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Piatniczka Iglesia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mariana Brandão Prado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes Alves
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Melo Escobar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Felix de Lima Fernandes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ailine Cibele dos Santos Fortes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara da Silva Souza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Marcia Boccacino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Cangiano
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Ribeiro Soares
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Alves de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deanna Marie Tiek
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anshika Goenka
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiao Song
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jack Ryan Keady
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bo Hu
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shi Yuan Cheng
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Marilene Hohmuth Lopes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Marilene Hohmuth Lopes,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grochans S, Cybulska AM, Simińska D, Korbecki J, Kojder K, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme-Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2412. [PMID: 35626018 PMCID: PMC9139611 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with a median overall survival of approximately 15 months. In this review, we analyze the pathogenesis of GBM, as well as epidemiological data, by age, gender, and tumor location. The data indicate that GBM is the higher-grade primary brain tumor and is significantly more common in men. The risk of being diagnosed with glioma increases with age, and median survival remains low, despite medical advances. In addition, it is difficult to determine clearly how GBM is influenced by stimulants, certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs), cell phone use, and exposure to heavy metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Grochans
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Anna Maria Cybulska
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48 St., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1 St., 71-281 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Suppresses the Proinflammatory Cytokines in Human Glioblastoma Cells through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling Pathway In Vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2108289. [PMID: 35368876 PMCID: PMC8975692 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), extracted from cruciferous vegetables, showed anticancer activity in many human cancer cells. Our previous studies disclosed the anticancer activity of PEITC in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) 8401 cells, including suppressing the cell proliferation, inducing apoptotic cell death, and suppressing cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, PEITC also inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors of human glioblastoma cells. We are the first to investigate PEITC effects on the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway and the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on glioblastoma. The cell viability was analyzed by flow cytometric assay. The protein levels and mRNA expressions of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, respectively. Furthermore, nuclear factor-kappa B- (NF-κB-) associated proteins were evaluated by western blotting. NF-κB expression and nuclear translocation were confirmed by confocal laser microscopy. NF-κB binding to the DNA was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Our results indicated that PEITC decreased the cell viability and inhibited the protein levels and expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α genes at the transcriptional level in GBM 8401 cells. PEITC inhibited the binding of NF-κB on promoter site of DNA in GBM 8401 cells. PEITC also altered the protein expressions of protein kinase B (Akt), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and NF-κB signaling pathways. The inflammatory responses in human glioblastoma cells may be suppressed by PEITC through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, PEITC may have the potential to be an anti-inflammatory agent for human glioblastoma in the future.
Collapse
|
8
|
Inhibitory Effect of Resveratrol on LPS-induced Glomerular Mesangial Cells Proliferation and TGF-β1 Expression via Sphingosine Kinase 1 Pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 29:500-507. [PMID: 35258781 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the renoprotective effect of resveratrol (RSV) on sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) signaling pathway and expression of its downstream molecules including activator protein 1 (AP-1) and transformation growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs). METHODS The rat GMCs line (HBZY-1) were cultured and randomly divided into 5 groups, including control, LPS (100 ng/mL), and 5, 10, 20 µmol/L RSV-treated groups. In addition, SphK1 inhibitor (SK-II) was used as positive control. GMCs were pretreated with RSV for 2 h and treated with LPS for another 24 h. GMCs proliferation was determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The proteins expression of SphK1, p-c-Jun and TGF-β1 in GMCs were detected by Western blot, and DNA-binding activity of AP-1 was performed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The binding activity between RSV and SphK1 protein was detected by AutoDock Vina and visualized by Discovery Studio 2016. RESULTS LPS could obviously stimulate GMCs proliferation, elevate SphK1, p-c-Jun and TGF-β1 expression levels and increase the DNA-binding activity of AP-1 (P<0.05 or P<0.01), whereas these effects were significantly blocked by RSV pretreatment. It was also suggested that the effect of RSV was similar to SK-II (P>0.05). Moreover, RSV exhibited good binding affinity towards SphK1, with docking scores of -8.1 kcal/moL and formed hydrogen bonds with ASP-178 and LEU-268 in SphK1. CONCLUSION RSV inhibited LPS-induced GMCs proliferation and TGF-β1 expression, which may be independent of its hypoglycemic effect on preventing the development of mesangial cell fibrosis and closely related to the direct inhibition of SphK1 pathway.
Collapse
|
9
|
Multiple Faces of the Glioblastoma Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020595. [PMID: 35054779 PMCID: PMC8775531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a highly dynamic accumulation of resident and infiltrating tumor cells, responsible for growth and invasion. The authors focused on the leading-edge concepts regarding the glioblastoma microenvironment. Due to the fact that the modern trend in the research and treatment of glioblastoma is represented by multiple approaches that target not only the primary tumor but also the neighboring tissue, the study of the microenvironment in the peritumoral tissue is an appealing direction for current and future therapies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gutner UA, Shupik MA. The Role of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Neurodegenerative Diseases. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Liu K, Sun T, Luan Y, Chen Y, Song J, Ling L, Yuan P, Li R, Cui K, Ruan Y, Lan R, Wang T, Wang S, Liu J, Rao K. Berberine ameliorates erectile dysfunction in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus through the attenuation of apoptosis by inhibiting the SPHK1/S1P/S1PR2 and MAPK pathways. Andrology 2021; 10:404-418. [PMID: 34674380 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The population with diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction is increasing rapidly, but current drugs are not effective in treating erectile dysfunction. Studies of the traditional Chinese medicine extract berberine on diabetes and its complications provide us with new ideas. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of berberine on the erectile function of diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly grouped, and 42 rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin to establish a diabetes model. Erectile dysfunction rats were screened out through the apomorphine test and randomly divided into the diabetes mellitus and berberine groups, and these animals were administered berberine (200 mg/kg/day) and normal saline by gavage for 4 weeks. Primary corpus cavernous smooth muscle cells from healthy rats were cultured and treated with berberine. RESULTS Fasting blood glucose in the diabetes mellitus group was significantly increased, while berberine showed no significant effect on glucose. Erectile function was obviously impaired in the diabetes mellitus group, and berberine administration partially rescued this impairment. The expression of sphingosine kinase 1, S1PR2, and sphingosine-1-phosphate in the diabetes mellitus group was increased. Berberine partially inhibited the expression of sphingosine kinase 1 and S1PR2, but the decrease in sphingosine-1-phosphate was not significant. Moreover, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway factor expression was upregulated and eNOS activity was decreased in the diabetes mellitus group. Berberine treatment could partially reverse these alterations. Severe fibrosis and apoptosis were detected in diabetic rats, accompanied by higher expression of TGFβ1, collagen I/IV, Bax/Bcl-2, and caspase 3 than in the other groups. However, supplementation with berberine inhibited the expression of these proteins and attenuated fibrosis and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Berberine ameliorated erectile dysfunction in rats with diabetes mellitus, possibly by improving endothelial function and inhibiting apoptosis and fibrosis by suppressing the sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine-1-phosphate/S1PR2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Taotao Sun
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Luan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yinwei Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyu Song
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Le Ling
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Penghui Yuan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yajun Ruan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruzhu Lan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Rao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gowda D, Ohno M, B Gowda SG, Chiba H, Shingai M, Kida H, Hui SP. Defining the kinetic effects of infection with influenza virus A/PR8/34 (H1N1) on sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in mice by targeted LC/MS. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20161. [PMID: 34635791 PMCID: PMC8505484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains a world-wide health concern, causing 290,000-600,000 deaths and up to 5 million cases of severe illnesses annually. Noticing the host factors that control biological responses, such as inflammatory cytokine secretion, to influenza virus infection is important for the development of novel drugs. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite and has essential biological functions in inflammation. However, the kinetic effects of influenza virus infection on physiological S1P levels and their signaling in multiple tissues remain unknown. In this study, we utilized a mouse model intranasally infected with 50 or 500 plaque forming units (PFU) of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1; PR8) virus to investigate how S1P levels and expression of its regulating factors are affected by influenza virus infection by the liquid-chromatography/mass spectrometry and real-time PCR, respectively. The S1P level was significantly high in the plasma of mice infected with 500 PFU of the virus than that in control mice at 6 day-post-infection (dpi). Elevated gene expression of sphingosine kinase-1 (Sphk1), an S1P synthase, was observed in the liver, lung, white adipose tissue, heart, and aorta of infected mice. This could be responsible for the increased plasma S1P levels as well as the decrease in the hepatic S1P lyase (Sgpl1) gene in the infected mice. These results indicate modulation of S1P-signaling by influenza virus infection. Since S1P regulates inflammation and leukocyte migration, it must be worth trying to target this signaling to control influenza-associated symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divyavani Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Marumi Ohno
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma Nishi-4-3-1-15, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo, 007-0894, Japan
| | - Masashi Shingai
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Venkatraman G, Tang X, Du G, Parisentti AM, Hemmings DG, Brindley DN. Lysophosphatidate Promotes Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Metabolism and Signaling: Implications for Breast Cancer and Doxorubicin Resistance. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:531-545. [PMID: 34415509 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidate (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) promote vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and wound healing by activating a plethora of overlapping signaling pathways that stimulate mitogenesis, cell survival, and migration. As such, maladaptive signaling by LPA and S1P have major effects in increasing tumor progression and producing poor patient outcomes after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Many signaling actions of S1P and LPA are not redundant; each are vital in normal physiology and their metabolisms differ. In the present work, we studied how LPA signaling impacts S1P metabolism and signaling in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. LPA increased sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1) synthesis and rapidly activated cytosolic SphK1 through association with membranes. Blocking phospholipase D activity attenuated the LPA-induced activation of SphK1 and the synthesis of ABCC1 and ABCG2 transporters that secrete S1P from cells. This effect was magnified in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 cells. LPA also facilitated S1P signaling by increasing mRNA expression for S1P1 receptors. Doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 cells had increased S1P2 and S1P3 receptor expression and show increased LPA-induced SphK1 activation, increased expression of ABCC1, ABCG2 and greater S1P secretion. Thus, LPA itself and LPA-induced S1P signaling counteract doxorubicin-induced death of MCF-7 cells. We conclude from the present and previous studies that LPA promotes S1P metabolism and signaling to coordinately increase tumor growth and metastasis and decrease the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for breast cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amadeo M Parisentti
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2H2, Canada
| | - Denise G Hemmings
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mohan AA, Tomaszewski WH, Haskell-Mendoza AP, Hotchkiss KM, Singh K, Reedy JL, Fecci PE, Sampson JH, Khasraw M. Targeting Immunometabolism in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:696402. [PMID: 34222022 PMCID: PMC8242259 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.696402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have only recently begun to understand how cancer metabolism affects antitumor responses and immunotherapy outcomes. Certain immunometabolic targets have been actively pursued in other tumor types, however, glioblastoma research has been slow to exploit the therapeutic vulnerabilities of immunometabolism. In this review, we highlight the pathways that are most relevant to glioblastoma and focus on how these immunometabolic pathways influence tumor growth and immune suppression. We discuss hypoxia, glycolysis, tryptophan metabolism, arginine metabolism, 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG) metabolism, adenosine metabolism, and altered phospholipid metabolism, in order to provide an analysis and overview of the field of glioblastoma immunometabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gupta P, Taiyab A, Hussain A, Alajmi MF, Islam A, Hassan MI. Targeting the Sphingosine Kinase/Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling Axis in Drug Discovery for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1898. [PMID: 33920887 PMCID: PMC8071327 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolites have emerged as critical players in the regulation of various physiological processes. Ceramide and sphingosine induce cell growth arrest and apoptosis, whereas sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) promotes cell proliferation and survival. Here, we present an overview of sphingolipid metabolism and the compartmentalization of various sphingolipid metabolites. In addition, the sphingolipid rheostat, a fine metabolic balance between ceramide and S1P, is discussed. Sphingosine kinase (SphK) catalyzes the synthesis of S1P from sphingosine and modulates several cellular processes and is found to be essentially involved in various pathophysiological conditions. The regulation and biological functions of SphK isoforms are discussed. The functions of S1P, along with its receptors, are further highlighted. The up-regulation of SphK is observed in various cancer types and is also linked to radio- and chemoresistance and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Implications of the SphK/S1P signaling axis in human pathologies and its inhibition are discussed in detail. Overall, this review highlights current findings on the SphK/S1P signaling axis from multiple angles, including their functional role, mechanism of activation, involvement in various human malignancies, and inhibitor molecules that may be used in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gupta
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (P.G.); (A.T.); (A.I.)
| | - Aaliya Taiyab
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (P.G.); (A.T.); (A.I.)
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (P.G.); (A.T.); (A.I.)
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (P.G.); (A.T.); (A.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Iyoda T, Fujita M, Fukai F. Biologically Active TNIIIA2 Region in Tenascin-C Molecule: A Major Contributor to Elicit Aggressive Malignant Phenotypes From Tumors/Tumor Stroma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610096. [PMID: 33362799 PMCID: PMC7755593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin (TN)-C is highly expressed specifically in the lesions of inflammation-related diseases, including tumors. The expression level of TN-C in tumors and the tumor stroma is positively correlated with poor prognosis. However, no drugs targeting TN-C are currently clinically available, partly because the role of TN-C in tumor progression remains controversial. TN-C harbors an alternative splicing site in its fibronectin type III repeat domain, and its splicing variants including the type III-A2 domain are frequently detected in malignant tumors. We previously identified a biologically active region termed TNIIIA2 in the fibronectin type III-A2 domain of TN-C molecule and showed that this region is involved in promoting firm and persistent cell adhesion to fibronectin. In the past decade, through the exposure of various cell lines to peptides containing the TNIIIA2 region, we have published reports demonstrating the ability of the TNIIIA2 region to modulate distinct cellular activities, including survival/growth, migration, and invasion. Recently, we reported that the signals derived from TNIIIA2-mediated β1 integrin activation might play a crucial role for inducing malignant behavior of glioblastoma (GBM). GBM cells exposed to the TNIIIA2 region showed not only exacerbation of PDGF-dependent proliferation, but also acceleration of disseminative migration. On the other hand, we also found that the pro-inflammatory phenotypic changes were promoted when macrophages are stimulated with TNIIIA2 region in relatively low concentration and resulting MMP-9 upregulation is needed to release of the TNIIIA2 region from TN-C molecule. With the contribution of TNIIIA2-stimulated macrophages, the positive feedback spiral loop, which consists of the expression of TN-C, PDGF, and β1 integrin, and TNIIIA2 release, seemed to be activated in GBM with aggressive malignancy. Actually, the growth of transplanted GBM grafts in mice was significantly suppressed via the attenuation of β1 integrin activation. In this review, we thus introduce that the TNIIIA2 region has a significant impact on malignant progression of tumors by regulating cell adhesion. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that the TNIIIA2 region exerts unique biological functions through the extremely strong activation of β1-integrins and their long-lasting duration. These findings prompt us to develop new therapeutic agents targeting the TNIIIA2 region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Iyoda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Japan
| | - Motomichi Fujita
- Department of Molecular Patho-Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Fumio Fukai
- Department of Molecular Patho-Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Transcriptional Regulation of Sphingosine Kinase 1. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112437. [PMID: 33171624 PMCID: PMC7695205 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Once thought to be primarily structural in nature, sphingolipids have become increasingly appreciated as second messengers in a wide array of signaling pathways. Sphingosine kinase 1, or SK1, is one of two sphingosine kinases that phosphorylate sphingosine into sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is generally pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, immunomodulatory, and pro-survival; therefore, high SK1 expression and activity have been associated with certain inflammatory diseases and cancer. It is thus important to develop an understanding of the regulation of SK1 expression and activity. In this review, we explore the current literature on SK1 transcriptional regulation, illustrating a complex system of transcription factors, cytokines, and even micro-RNAs (miRNAs) on the post transcriptional level.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gaire BP, Choi JW. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors in Cerebral Ischemia. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:211-223. [PMID: 32914259 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is an important lipid biomolecule that exerts pleiotropic cellular actions as it binds to and activates its five G-protein-coupled receptors, S1P1-5. Through these receptors, S1P can mediate diverse biological activities in both healthy and diseased conditions. S1P is produced by S1P-producing enzymes, sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2), and is abundantly present in different organs, including the brain. The medically important roles of receptor-mediated S1P signaling are well characterized in multiple sclerosis because FTY720 (Gilenya™, Novartis), a non-selective S1P receptor modulator, is currently used as a treatment for this disease. In cerebral ischemia, its role is also notable because of FTY720's efficacy in both rodent models and human patients with cerebral ischemia. In particular, some of the S1P receptors, including S1P1, S1P2, and S1P3, have been identified as pathogenic players in cerebral ischemia. Other than these receptors, S1P itself and S1P-producing enzymes have been shown to play certain roles in cerebral ischemia. This review aims to compile the current updates and overviews about the roles of S1P signaling, along with a focus on S1P receptors in cerebral ischemia, based on recent studies that used in vivo rodent models of cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Inchon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Inchon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mencke P, Hanss Z, Boussaad I, Sugier PE, Elbaz A, Krüger R. Bidirectional Relation Between Parkinson's Disease and Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Neurol 2020; 11:898. [PMID: 32973662 PMCID: PMC7468383 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer and Parkinson's disease (PD) define two disease entities that include opposite concepts. Indeed, the involved mechanisms are at different ends of a spectrum related to cell survival - one due to enhanced cellular proliferation and the other due to premature cell death. There is increasing evidence indicating that patients with neurodegenerative diseases like PD have a reduced incidence for most cancers. In support, epidemiological studies demonstrate an inverse association between PD and cancer. Both conditions apparently can involve the same set of genes, however, in affected tissues the expression was inversely regulated: genes that are down-regulated in PD were found to be up-regulated in cancer and vice versa, for example p53 or PARK7. When comparing glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a malignant brain tumor with poor overall survival, with PD, astrocytes are dysregulated in both diseases in opposite ways. In addition, common genes, that are involved in both diseases and share common key pathways of cell proliferation and metabolism, were shown to be oppositely deregulated in PD and GBM. Here, we provide an overview of the involvement of PD- and GBM-associated genes in common pathways that are dysregulated in both conditions. Moreover, we illustrate why the simultaneous study of PD and GBM regarding the role of common pathways may lead to a deeper understanding of these still incurable conditions. Eventually, considering the inverse regulation of certain genes in PD and GBM will help to understand their mechanistic basis, and thus to define novel target-based strategies for causative treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Mencke
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Zoé Hanss
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ibrahim Boussaad
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Alexis Elbaz
- Institut de Statistique de l'Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fiorica F, Colella M, Taibi R, Bonetti A, Giuliani J, Perrone MS, Missiroli S, Giorgi C. Glioblastoma: Prognostic Factors and Predictive Response to Radio and Chemotherapy. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2814-2825. [PMID: 32003678 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200131095256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by poor prognosis despite an aggressive therapeutic strategy. In recent years, many advances have been achieved in the field of glioblastoma biology. Here we try to summarize the main clinical and biological factors impacting clinical prognostication and therapy of GBM patients. From that standpoint, hopefully, in the near future, personalized therapies will be available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fiorica
- Department of Radiation Oncology, AULSS 9 Scaligera, Verona, Italy.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Colella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosaria Taibi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Andrea Bonetti
- Department of Oncology, AULSS 9 Scaligera, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Maria Sole Perrone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sonia Missiroli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Blank-Giwojna A, Postepska-Igielska A, Grummt I. lncRNA KHPS1 Activates a Poised Enhancer by Triplex-Dependent Recruitment of Epigenomic Regulators. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2904-2915.e4. [PMID: 30865882 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the proto-oncogene SPHK1 is regulated by KHPS1, an antisense RNA that activates SPHK1 expression by forming a triple-helical RNA-DNA-DNA structure at the SPHK1 enhancer. Triplex-mediated tethering of KHPS1 to its target gene is required for recruitment of E2F1 and p300 and transcription of the RNA derived from the SPHK1 enhancer (eRNA-Sphk1). eRNA-Sphk1 evicts CTCF, which insulates the enhancer from the SPHK1 promoter, thus facilitating SPHK1 expression. Genomic deletion of the triplex-forming sequence attenuates SPHK1 expression, leading to decreased cell migration and invasion. Replacement of the triplex-forming region (TFR) of KHPS1 by the TFR of the lncRNA MEG3 tethers KHPS1 to the MEG3 target gene TGFBR1, underscoring the interchangeability and anchoring function of sequences involved in triplex formation. Altogether, the results reveal a triplex-driven feedforward mechanism involving lncRNA-dependent induction of eRNA, which enhances expression of specific target genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Blank-Giwojna
- Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Postepska-Igielska
- Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Grummt
- Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang Y, Zhou J, Zhao J, Hou D, Zhang H, Li L, Zou D, Hu J, Zhang Y, Jing Z. MiR-18a-downregulated RORA inhibits the proliferation and tumorigenesis of glioma using the TNF-α-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. EBioMedicine 2020; 52:102651. [PMID: 32062354 PMCID: PMC7016377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma has a poor prognosis, and is the most common primary and lethal primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor A (RORA) is a member of the ROR subfamily of orphan receptors and plays an anti-tumor role in several cancers. METHODS A cell viability assay, the Edu assay, neurosphere formation assay, and xenograft experiments were used to detect the proliferative abilities of glioma cell line, glioma stem cells (GSCs). Western blotting, ELISAs, and luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the presence of possible microRNAs. FINDINGS Our study found for the first time that RORA was expressed at low levels in gliomas, and was associated with a good prognosis. RORA overexpression inhibited the proliferation and tumorigenesis of glioma cell lines and GSCs via inhibiting the TNF-α mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, microRNA-18a had a promoting effect on gliomas, and was the possible reason for low RORA expression in gliomas. INTERPRETATION RORA may be a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Junshuang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Dianqi Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- International Education College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, No. 79 Chongshan East Road, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Dan Zou
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiangfeng Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhitao Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Riboni L, Abdel Hadi L, Navone SE, Guarnaccia L, Campanella R, Marfia G. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in the Tumor Microenvironment: A Signaling Hub Regulating Cancer Hallmarks. Cells 2020; 9:E337. [PMID: 32024090 PMCID: PMC7072483 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a key hub of malignant properties, the cancer microenvironment plays a crucial role intimately connected to tumor properties. Accumulating evidence supports that the lysophospholipid sphingosine-1-phosphate acts as a key signal in the cancer extracellular milieu. In this review, we have a particular focus on glioblastoma, representative of a highly aggressive and deleterious neoplasm in humans. First, we highlight recent advances and emerging concepts for how tumor cells and different recruited normal cells contribute to the sphingosine-1-phosphate enrichment in the cancer microenvironment. Then, we describe and discuss how sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling contributes to favor cancer hallmarks including enhancement of proliferation, stemness, invasion, death resistance, angiogenesis, immune evasion and, possibly, aberrant metabolism. We also discuss the potential of how sphingosine-1-phosphate control mechanisms are coordinated across distinct cancer microenvironments. Further progress in understanding the role of S1P signaling in cancer will depend crucially on increasing knowledge of its participation in the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riboni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate, University of Milan, via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Loubna Abdel Hadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate, University of Milan, via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Elena Navone
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy (L.G.)
| | - Laura Guarnaccia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy (L.G.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Rolando Campanella
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy (L.G.)
| | - Giovanni Marfia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy (L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Grassi S, Mauri L, Prioni S, Cabitta L, Sonnino S, Prinetti A, Giussani P. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors and Metabolic Enzymes as Druggable Targets for Brain Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:807. [PMID: 31427962 PMCID: PMC6689979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is characterized by a high content of sphingolipids and by a high diversity in terms of different structures. Stage- and cell-specific sphingolipid metabolism and expression are crucial for brain development and maintenance toward adult age. On the other hand, deep dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism, leading to altered sphingolipid pattern, is associated with the majority of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, even those totally lacking a common etiological background. Thus, sphingolipid metabolism has always been regarded as a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of brain disorders. However, any therapeutic hypothesis applied to complex amphipathic sphingolipids, components of cellular membranes, has so far failed probably because of the high regional complexity and specificity of the different biological roles of these structures. Simpler sphingosine-based lipids, including ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate, are important regulators of brain homeostasis, and, thanks to the relative simplicity of their metabolic network, they seem a feasible druggable target for the treatment of brain diseases. The enzymes involved in the control of the levels of bioactive sphingoids, as well as the receptors engaged by these molecules, have increasingly allured pharmacologists and clinicians, and eventually fingolimod, a functional antagonist of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors with immunomodulatory properties, was approved for the therapy of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Considering the importance of neuroinflammation in many other brain diseases, we would expect an extension of the use of such analogs for the treatment of other ailments in the future. Nevertheless, many aspects other than neuroinflammation are regulated by bioactive sphingoids in healthy brain and dysregulated in brain disease. In this review, we are addressing the multifaceted possibility to address the metabolism and biology of bioactive sphingosine 1-phosphate as novel targets for the development of therapeutic paradigms and the discovery of new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Prioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Cabitta
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Giussani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Simón MV, Prado Spalm FH, Vera MS, Rotstein NP. Sphingolipids as Emerging Mediators in Retina Degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:246. [PMID: 31244608 PMCID: PMC6581011 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipids ceramide (Cer), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), sphingosine (Sph), and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) are key signaling molecules that regulate major cellular functions. Their roles in the retina have gained increasing attention during the last decade since they emerge as mediators of proliferation, survival, migration, neovascularization, inflammation and death in retina cells. As exacerbation of these processes is central to retina degenerative diseases, they appear as crucial players in their progression. This review analyzes the functions of these sphingolipids in retina cell types and their possible pathological roles. Cer appears as a key arbitrator in diverse retinal pathologies; it promotes inflammation in endothelial and retina pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and its increase is a common feature in photoreceptor death in vitro and in animal models of retina degeneration; noteworthy, inhibiting Cer synthesis preserves photoreceptor viability and functionality. In turn, S1P acts as a double edge sword in the retina. It is essential for retina development, promoting the survival of photoreceptors and ganglion cells and regulating proliferation and differentiation of photoreceptor progenitors. However, S1P has also deleterious effects, stimulating migration of Müller glial cells, angiogenesis and fibrosis, contributing to the inflammatory scenario of proliferative retinopathies and age related macular degeneration (AMD). C1P, as S1P, promotes photoreceptor survival and differentiation. Collectively, the expanding role for these sphingolipids in the regulation of critical processes in retina cell types and in their dysregulation in retina degenerations makes them attractive targets for treating these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Simón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Facundo H Prado Spalm
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marcela S Vera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Deng Y, Gong W, Li Q, Wu X, Wu L, Zheng X, Chen W, Huang H. Resveratrol inhibits high glucose-induced activation of AP-1 and NF-κB via SphK1/S1P2 pathway to attenuate mesangial cells proliferation and inflammation. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
27
|
Nejatian N, Trautmann S, Thomas D, Pfeilschifter J, Badenhoop K, Koch A, Penna-Martinez M. Vitamin D effects on sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling and metabolism in monocytes from type 2 diabetes patients and controls. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:130-135. [PMID: 30336275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elevated sphingosine 1-phopshate (S1P) concentration was observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). On the other side, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) can influence the formation of sphingosine 1-phopshate (S1P) and the expression of S1P receptors, which are known to be involved in T2D. In order to evaluate mechanisms for the antiinflammatory potential of 1,25(OH)2D3, we investigated whether 1,25(OH)2D3 alters S1P signaling and metabolism in human CD14+ monocytes. Primary monocytes isolated from healthy controls (HC) and T2D patients were treated for 24 h with 10 nM 1,25(OH)2D3 in the absence or presence of 500 IU/ml interleukin-(IL)-1β. Thereafter, sphingosine kinase (SPHK)1, SPHK2 and S1P receptor 1-5 (S1P1-5) mRNA expression levels were measured by TaqMan™ analyses. Sphingolipid levels in cell supernatant were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment downregulated S1P1 and S1P2 mRNA expression compared to untreated monocytes of HC and T2D patients. In contrast, SPHK1, S1P3 and S1P4 mRNA expression levels were upregulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment compared to the respective controls. Furthermore, reduced S1P2 and increased S1P3 and S1P4 mRNA expression levels upon treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 occurred in the presence of IL-1β. Additionally, S1P levels in cell supernatants were decreased in monocytes from HC and T2D patients by 1,25(OH)2D3 with or without IL-1β costimulation. The levels of sphingosine in cell supernatants were not influenced by 1,25(OH)2D3. Overall, our results demonstrate for the first time that 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment can influence S1P receptor and SPHK expression and S1P levels in primary monocytes of both HC and subjects with T2D. These findings justify further investigations into the sphingolipid metabolism and potential benefits of vitamin D treatment in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nojan Nejatian
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Badenhoop
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marissa Penna-Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang G, Bieberich E. Sphingolipids in neurodegeneration (with focus on ceramide and S1P). Adv Biol Regul 2018; 70:51-64. [PMID: 30287225 PMCID: PMC6251739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
For many decades, research on sphingolipids associated with neurodegenerative disease focused on alterations in glycosphingolipids, particularly glycosylceramides (cerebrosides), sulfatides, and gangliosides. This seemed quite natural since many of these glycolipids are constituents of myelin and accumulated in lipid storage diseases (sphingolipidoses) resulting from enzyme deficiencies in glycolipid metabolism. With the advent of recognizing ceramide and its derivative, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), as key players in lipid cell signaling and regulation of cell death and survival, research focus shifted toward these two sphingolipids. Ceramide and S1P are invoked in a plethora of cell biological processes participating in neurodegeneration such as ER stress, autophagy, dysregulation of protein and lipid transport, exosome secretion and neurotoxic protein spreading, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, it is timely to discuss various functions of ceramide and S1P in neurodegenerative disease and to define sphingolipid metabolism and cell signaling pathways as potential targets for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghu Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jiang Y, Zhou J, Luo P, Gao H, Ma Y, Chen YS, Li L, Zou D, Zhang Y, Jing Z. Prosaposin promotes the proliferation and tumorigenesis of glioma through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:78-90. [PMID: 30385233 PMCID: PMC6286187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a neurotrophic factor, prosaposin (PSAP) can exert neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects. It is involved in the occurrence and development of prostate and breast cancer. However, there is no research about the role of PSAP in glioma. Methods The PSAP overexpressed or silenced glioma cells or glioma stem cells were established based on Lentiviral vector transfection. Cell viability assay, Edu assay, neurosphere formation assay and xenograft experiments were used to detect the proliferative ability. Western blot, Elisa and luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the possible mechanism. Findings Our study firstly found that PSAP was highly expressed and secreted in clinical glioma specimens, glioma stem cells, and glioma cell lines. It was associated with poor prognosis. We found that PSAP significantly promoted the proliferation of glioma stem cells and cell lines. Moreover, PSAP promoted tumorigenesis in subcutaneous and orthotopic models of this disease. Furthermore, GSEA and KEGG analysis predicted that PSAP acts through the TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathways, which was confirmed by western blot, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and use of the TLR4-specific inhibitor TAK-242. Interpretation The findings of this study suggest that PSAP can promote glioma cell proliferation via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and may be an important target for glioma treatment. Fund This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81101917, 81270036, 81201802, 81673025), Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in University (No. LR2014023), and Liaoning Province Natural Science Foundation (Nos. 20170541022, 20172250290). The funders did not play a role in manuscript design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation nor writing of the manuscript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, NO.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, NO.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, NO.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanju Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Yin-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, NO.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, China
| | - Dan Zou
- The First laboratory of cancer institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, NO.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- The First laboratory of cancer institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, NO.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, China.
| | - Zhitao Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, NO.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Korbecki J, Gutowska I, Kojder I, Jeżewski D, Goschorska M, Łukomska A, Lubkowska A, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. New extracellular factors in glioblastoma multiforme development: neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15, sphingosine-1-phosphate and cytomegalovirus infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7219-7270. [PMID: 29467963 PMCID: PMC5805549 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of cancer. For example, more significance is now assigned to the tumor microenvironment, especially with regard to intercellular signaling in the tumor niche which depends on many factors secreted by tumor cells. In addition, great progress has been made in understanding the influence of factors such as neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) on the 'hallmarks of cancer' in glioblastoma multiforme. Therefore, in the present work we describe the influence of these factors on the proliferation and apoptosis of neoplastic cells, cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, migration and invasion, and cancer immune evasion in a glioblastoma multiforme tumor. In particular, we discuss the effect of neurotensin, GDF-15, S1P (including the drug FTY720), and infection with CMV on tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), microglial cells, neutrophil and regulatory T cells (Treg), on the tumor microenvironment. In order to better understand the role of the aforementioned factors in tumoral processes, we outline the latest models of intratumoral heterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme. Based on the most recent reports, we discuss the problems of multi-drug therapy in treating glioblastoma multiforme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biała, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kojder
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jeżewski
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huang J, Li J, Chen Z, Li J, Chen Q, Gong W, Liu P, Huang H. Sphingosine kinase 1 mediates diabetic renal fibrosis via NF-κB signaling pathway: involvement of CK2α. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88988-89004. [PMID: 29179493 PMCID: PMC5687663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) plays a pivotal role in regulating diabetic renal fibrotic factors such as fibronectin (FN) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Especially, activation of SphK1 is closely linked to the body inflammatory reaction. Casein kinase 2α subunit (CK2α), a protein kinase related to inflammatory reaction, influences diabetic renal fibrosis and expressions of FN and ICAM-1 via NF-κB pathway. However, the mechanism by which SphK1 mediates diabetic renal fibrosis has not yet fully elucidated. The current study is aimed to investigate if SphK1 mediates diabetic renal fibrotic pathological process via inflammatory pathway and activation of CK2α. The following findings were observed: (1) Expressions of SphK1 were upregulated in kidneys of diabetic mice and rats; (2) Knockdown of SphK1 expression suppressed high glucose (HG)-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation and expressions of FN and ICAM-1; (3) Compared with C57 diabetic mice, SphK1-/- diabetic mice exhibited less renal fibrotic lesions, FN accumulation and NF-κB nuclear accumulation in glomeruli of kidneys; (4) SphK1 mediated phosphorylation of CK2α, while CK2α knockdown depressed SphK1-induced activation of NF-κB pathway. This study indicates the essential role of SphK1 in regulating activation of CK2α and diabetic renal fibrotic pathological process via NF-κB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junying Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- College of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiquan Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenyan Gong
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou 51000, China
| | - Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou 51000, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dusaban SS, Chun J, Rosen H, Purcell NH, Brown JH. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 and RhoA signaling mediate inflammatory gene expression in astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:111. [PMID: 28577576 PMCID: PMC5455202 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signals through G protein-coupled receptors to elicit a wide range of cellular responses. In CNS injury and disease, the blood-brain barrier is compromised, causing leakage of S1P from blood into the brain. S1P can also be locally generated through the enzyme sphingosine kinase-1 (Sphk1). Our previous studies demonstrated that S1P activates inflammation in murine astrocytes. The S1P1 receptor subtype has been most associated with CNS disease, particularly multiple sclerosis. S1P3 is most highly expressed and upregulated on astrocytes, however, thus we explored the involvement of this receptor in inflammatory astrocytic responses. Methods Astrocytes isolated from wild-type (WT) or S1P3 knockout (KO) mice were treated with S1P3 selective drugs or transfected with short interfering RNA to determine which receptor subtypes mediate S1P-stimulated inflammatory responses. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFa) messenger RNA (mRNA) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein were assessed by q-PCR and Western blotting. Activation of RhoA was measured using SRE.L luciferase and RhoA implicated in S1P signaling by knockdown of Gα12/13 proteins or by inhibiting RhoA activation with C3 exoenzyme. Inflammation was simulated by in vitro scratch injury of cultured astrocytes. Results S1P3 was highly expressed in astrocytes and further upregulated in response to simulated inflammation. Studies using S1P3 knockdown and S1P3 KO astrocytes demonstrated that S1P3 mediates activation of RhoA and induction of COX-2, IL-6, and VEGFa mRNA, with some contribution from S1P2. S1P induces expression of all of these genes through coupling to the Gα12/13 proteins which activate RhoA. Studies using S1P3 selective agonists/antagonists as well as Fingolimod (FTY720) confirmed that stimulation of S1P3 induces COX-2 expression in astrocytes. Simulated inflammation increased expression of Sphk1 and consequently activated S1P3, demonstrating an autocrine pathway through which S1P is formed and released from astrocytes to regulate COX-2 expression. Conclusions S1P3, through its ability to activate RhoA and its upregulation in astrocytes, plays a unique role in inducing inflammatory responses and should be considered as a potentially important therapeutic target for CNS disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Dusaban
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building Room 3024, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0636, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicole H Purcell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building Room 3024, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0636, USA.
| | - Joan Heller Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building Room 3024, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0636, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hatoum D, Haddadi N, Lin Y, Nassif NT, McGowan EM. Mammalian sphingosine kinase (SphK) isoenzymes and isoform expression: challenges for SphK as an oncotarget. Oncotarget 2017; 8:36898-36929. [PMID: 28415564 PMCID: PMC5482707 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The various sphingosine kinase (SphK) isoenzymes (isozymes) and isoforms, key players in normal cellular physiology, are strongly implicated in cancer and other diseases. Mutations in SphKs, that may justify abnormal physiological function, have not been recorded. Nonetheless, there is a large and growing body of evidence demonstrating the contribution of gain or loss of function and the imbalance in the SphK/S1P rheostat to a plethora of pathological conditions including cancer, diabetes and inflammatory diseases. SphK is expressed as two isozymes SphK1 and SphK2, transcribed from genes located on different chromosomes and both isozymes catalyze the phosphorylation of sphingosine to S1P. Expression of each SphK isozyme produces alternately spliced isoforms. In recent years the importance of the contribution of SpK1 expression to treatment resistance in cancer has been highlighted and, additionally, differences in treatment outcome appear to also be dependent upon SphK isoform expression. This review focuses on an exciting emerging area of research involving SphKs functions, expression and subcellular localization, highlighting the complexity of targeting SphK in cancer and also comorbid diseases. This review also covers the SphK isoenzymes and isoforms from a historical perspective, from their first discovery in murine species and then in humans, their role(s) in normal cellular function and in disease processes, to advancement of SphK as an oncotarget.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hatoum
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nahal Haddadi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yiguang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Najah T. Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Eileen M. McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Process and Regulatory Components of Inflammation in Brain Oncogenesis. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7020034. [PMID: 28346397 PMCID: PMC5485723 DOI: 10.3390/biom7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system tumors comprising the primary cancers and brain metastases remain the most lethal neoplasms and challenging to treat. Substantial evidence points to a paramount role for inflammation in the pathology leading to gliomagenesis, malignant progression and tumor aggressiveness in the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment. This review summarizes the salient contributions of oxidative stress, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), cyclooxygenases, and transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and the associated cross-talks to the inflammatory signaling in CNS cancers. The roles of reactive astrocytes, tumor associated microglia and macrophages, metabolic alterations, microsatellite instability, O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) DNA repair and epigenetic alterations mediated by the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations have been discussed. The inflammatory pathways with relevance to the brain cancer treatments have been highlighted.
Collapse
|
35
|
Karunakaran I, van Echten-Deckert G. Sphingosine 1-phosphate - A double edged sword in the brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1573-1582. [PMID: 28315304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The physiological functions of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its pathological roles in various diseases are increasingly being elucidated. Particularly, a growing body of literature has implicated S1P in the pathogenesis of brain related disorders. With the deciphering of more intricate aspects of S1P signalling, there is also a need to reconsider the notion of S1P only as a determinant of cell survival and proliferation. Further the concept of 'S1P-ceramide' balance as the controlling switch of cellular fate and functions needs to be refined. In this review, we focus on the brain related functions of S1P with special focus on its role in synaptic transmission, neuronal autophagy and neuroinflammation. The review also attempts to bring out the multi-faceted nature of S1P signalling aspects that makes it a 'double edged sword'. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indulekha Karunakaran
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor therapies: Advances in clinical trials for CNS-related diseases. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:597-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
37
|
Sangpairoj K, Vivithanaporn P, Apisawetakan S, Chongthammakun S, Sobhon P, Chaithirayanon K. RUNX1 Regulates Migration, Invasion, and Angiogenesis via p38 MAPK Pathway in Human Glioblastoma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:1243-1255. [PMID: 28012022 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is essential for the establishment of fetal and adult hematopoiesis and neuronal development. Aberrant expression of RUNX1 led to proliferation and metastasis of several cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of RUNX1 in migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of human glioblastoma using IL-1β-treated U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells as a model. IL-1β at 10 ng/ml stimulated translocation of RUNX1 into the nucleus with increased expressions of RUNX1, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-19, and VEGFA in U-87 MG cells. In addition, silencing of RUNX1 gene significantly suppressed U-87 MG cell migration and invasion abilities. Moreover, knockdown of RUNX1 mRNA in U-87 MG cells reduced the tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Further investigation revealed that IL-1β-induced RUNX1 expression might be mediated via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecule for the expression of these invasion- and angiogenic-related molecules. Together with an inhibitor of p38 MAPK (SB203580) could decrease RUNX1 mRNA expression. Thus, RUNX1 may be one of the putative molecular targeted therapies against glioma metastasis and angiogenesis through the activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kant Sangpairoj
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpun Vivithanaporn
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Somjai Apisawetakan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Wattana, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Sukumal Chongthammakun
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang District, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Kulathida Chaithirayanon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Desmarais G, Charest G, Therriault H, Shi M, Fortin D, Bujold R, Mathieu D, Paquette B. Infiltration of F98 glioma cells in Fischer rat brain is temporary stimulated by radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:444-50. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1175682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Desmarais
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Charest
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Hélène Therriault
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Minghan Shi
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - David Fortin
- Department of Surgery, Service of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Rachel Bujold
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Service of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - David Mathieu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Benoit Paquette
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yester JW, Bryan L, Waters MR, Mierzenski B, Biswas DD, Gupta AS, Bhardwaj R, Surace MJ, Eltit JM, Milstien S, Spiegel S, Kordula T. Sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibits IL-1-induced expression of C-C motif ligand 5 via c-Fos-dependent suppression of IFN-β amplification loop. FASEB J 2015; 29:4853-65. [PMID: 26246404 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neuroinflammation associated with multiple sclerosis involves activation of astrocytes that secrete and respond to inflammatory mediators such as IL-1. IL-1 stimulates expression of many chemokines, including C-C motif ligand (CCL) 5, that recruit immune cells, but it also stimulates sphingosine kinase-1, an enzyme that generates sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid mediator essential for inflammation. We found that whereas S1P promotes IL-1-induced expression of IL-6, it inhibits IL-1-induced CCL5 expression in astrocytes. This inhibition is mediated by the S1P receptor (S1PR)-2 via an inhibitory G-dependent mechanism. Consistent with this surprising finding, infiltration of macrophages into sites of inflammation increased significantly in S1PR2(-/-) animals. However, activation of NF-κB, IFN regulatory factor-1, and MAPKs, all of which regulate CCL5 expression in response to IL-1, was not diminished by the S1P in astrocytes. Instead, S1PR2 stimulated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Ca(++) release and Elk-1 phosphorylation and enhanced c-Fos expression. In our study, IL-1 induced the IFNβ production that supports CCL5 expression. An intriguing finding was that S1P induced c-Fos-inhibited CCL5 directly and also indirectly through inhibition of the IFN-β amplification loop. We propose that in addition to S1PR1, which promotes inflammation, S1PR2 mediates opposing inhibitory functions that limit CCL5 expression and diminish the recruitment of immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie W Yester
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Bryan
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael R Waters
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bartosz Mierzenski
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Debolina D Biswas
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Angela S Gupta
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Reetika Bhardwaj
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J Surace
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jose M Eltit
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sheldon Milstien
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Tomasz Kordula
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bernhart E, Damm S, Wintersperger A, Nusshold C, Brunner AM, Plastira I, Rechberger G, Reicher H, Wadsack C, Zimmer A, Malle E, Sattler W. Interference with distinct steps of sphingolipid synthesis and signaling attenuates proliferation of U87MG glioma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 96:119-30. [PMID: 26002572 PMCID: PMC4490581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor, which, despite combined radio- and chemotherapy, recurs and is invariably fatal for affected patients. Members of the sphingolipid (SL) family are potent effectors of glioma cell proliferation. In particular sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and the corresponding G protein-coupled S1P receptors transmit proliferative signals to glioma cells. To investigate the contribution to glioma cell proliferation we inhibited the first step of de novo SL synthesis in p53wt and p53mut glioma cells, and interfered with S1P signaling specifically in p53wt U87MG cells. Subunit silencing (RNAi) or pharmacological antagonism (using myriocin) of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT; catalyzing the first committed step of SL biosynthesis) reduced proliferation of p53wt but not p53mut GBM cells. In U87MG cells these observations were accompanied by decreased ceramide, sphingomyelin, and S1P content. Inhibition of SPT upregulated p53 and p21 expression and induced an increase in early and late apoptotic U87MG cells. Exogenously added S1P (complexed to physiological carriers) increased U87MG proliferation. In line, silencing of individual members of the S1P receptor family decreased U87MG proliferation. Silencing and pharmacological inhibition of the ATP-dependent cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) that facilitates S1P efflux in astrocytes attenuated U87MG growth. Glyburide-mediated inhibition of ABCA1 resulted in intracellular accumulation of S1P raising the possibility that ABCA1 promotes S1P efflux in U87MG glioma cells thereby contributing to inside-out signaling. Our findings indicate that de novo SL synthesis, S1P receptor-mediated signaling, and ABCA1-mediated S1P efflux could provide pharmacological targets to interfere with glioma cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Damm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Wintersperger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Martina Brunner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bhardwaj R, Yester JW, Singh SK, Biswas DD, Surace MJ, Waters MR, Hauser KF, Yao Z, Boyce BF, Kordula T. RelB/p50 complexes regulate cytokine-induced YKL-40 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2862-70. [PMID: 25681350 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The secreted protein, YKL-40, has been proposed as a biomarker of a variety of human diseases characterized by ongoing inflammation, including chronic neurologic pathologies such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. However, inflammatory mediators and the molecular mechanism responsible for enhanced expression of YKL-40 remained elusive. Using several mouse models of inflammation, we now show that YKL-40 expression correlated with increased expression of both IL-1 and IL-6. Furthermore, IL-1 together with IL-6 or the IL-6 family cytokine, oncostatin M, synergistically upregulated YKL-40 expression in both primary human and mouse astrocytes in vitro. The robust cytokine-driven expression of YKL-40 in astrocytes required both STAT3 and NF-κB binding elements of the YKL-40 promoter. In addition, YKL-40 expression was enhanced by constitutively active STAT3 and inhibited by dominant-negative IκBα. Surprisingly, cytokine-driven expression of YKL-40 in astrocytes was independent of the p65 subunit of NF-κB and instead required subunits RelB and p50. Mechanistically, we show that IL-1-induced RelB/p50 complex formation was further promoted by oncostatin M and that these complexes directly bound to the YKL-40 promoter. Moreover, we found that expression of RelB was strongly upregulated during inflammation in vivo and by IL-1 in astrocytes in vitro. We propose that IL-1 and the IL-6 family of cytokines regulate YKL-40 expression during sterile inflammation via both STAT3 and RelB/p50 complexes. These results suggest that IL-1 may regulate the expression of specific anti-inflammatory genes in nonlymphoid tissues via the canonical activation of the RelB/p50 complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jessie W Yester
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Sandeep K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Debolina D Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Michael J Surace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Michael R Waters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Zhenqiang Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dick TE, Hengst JA, Fox TE, Colledge AL, Kale VP, Sung SS, Sharma A, Amin S, Loughran TP, Kester M, Wang HG, Yun JK. The apoptotic mechanism of action of the sphingosine kinase 1 selective inhibitor SKI-178 in human acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 352:494-508. [PMID: 25563902 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.219659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed SKI-178 (N'-[(1E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylidene]-3-(4-methoxxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carbohydrazide) as a novel sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1) selective inhibitor and, herein, sought to determine the mechanism-of-action of SKI-178-induced cell death. Using human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines as a model, we present evidence that SKI-178 induces prolonged mitosis followed by apoptotic cell death through the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Further examination of the mechanism of action of SKI-178 implicated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDK1) as critical factors required for SKI-178-induced apoptosis. In cell cycle synchronized human AML cell lines, we demonstrate that entry into mitosis is required for apoptotic induction by SKI-178 and that CDK1, not JNK, is required for SKI-178-induced apoptosis. We further demonstrate that the sustained activation of CDK1 during prolonged mitosis, mediated by SKI-178, leads to the simultaneous phosphorylation of the prosurvival Bcl-2 family members, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, as well as the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of Mcl-1. Moreover, multidrug resistance mediated by multidrug-resistant protein1 and/or prosurvival Bcl-2 family member overexpression did not affect the sensitivity of AML cells to SKI-178. Taken together, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of SKI-178 targeting SphK1 as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of AML, including multidrug-resistant/recurrent AML subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Dick
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jeremy A Hengst
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Todd E Fox
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ashley L Colledge
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Vijay P Kale
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Shen-Shu Sung
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Arun Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Thomas P Loughran
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mark Kester
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jong K Yun
- Department of Pharmacology (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., S.-S.S., A.S., S.A., H.-G.W., J.K.Y.) and The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research (T.E.D., J.A.H., A.L.C., V.P.K., J.K.Y.), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pharmacology (T.E.F., M.K.), and University of Virginia Cancer Center (T.P.L.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chen J, Tang H, Sysol JR, Moreno-Vinasco L, Shioura KM, Chen T, Gorshkova I, Wang L, Huang LS, Usatyuk PV, Sammani S, Zhou G, Raj JU, Garcia JGN, Berdyshev E, Yuan JXJ, Natarajan V, Machado RF. The sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:1032-43. [PMID: 25180446 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201401-0121oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Sphingosine kinases (SphKs) 1 and 2 regulate the synthesis of the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an important lipid mediator that promotes cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine whether SphKs and their product, S1P, play a role in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS SphK1(-/-), SphK2(-/-), and S1P lyase heterozygous (Sgpl1(+/-)) mice, a pharmacologic SphK inhibitor (SKI2), and a S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) antagonist (JTE013) were used in rodent models of hypoxia-mediated pulmonary hypertension (HPH). S1P levels in lung tissues from patients with PAH and pulmonary arteries (PAs) from rodent models of HPH were measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS mRNA and protein levels of SphK1, but not SphK2, were significantly increased in the lungs and isolated PA smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from patients with PAH, and in lungs of experimental rodent models of HPH. S1P levels were increased in lungs of patients with PAH and PAs from rodent models of HPH. Unlike SphK2(-/-) mice, SphK1(-/-) mice were protected against HPH, whereas Sgpl1(+/-) mice were more susceptible to HPH. Pharmacologic SphK1 and S1PR2 inhibition prevented the development of HPH in rodent models of HPH. Overexpression of SphK1 and stimulation with S1P potentially via ligation of S1PR2 promoted PASMC proliferation in vitro, whereas SphK1 deficiency inhibited PASMC proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The SphK1/S1P axis is a novel pathway in PAH that promotes PASMC proliferation, a major contributor to pulmonary vascular remodeling. Our results suggest that this pathway is a potential therapeutic target in PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwang Chen
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Snider AJ, Ali WH, Sticca JA, Coant N, Ghaleb AM, Kawamori T, Yang VW, Hannun YA, Obeid LM. Distinct roles for hematopoietic and extra-hematopoietic sphingosine kinase-1 in inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113998. [PMID: 25460165 PMCID: PMC4252067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), one of two SK enzymes, is highly regulated and has been shown to act as a focal point for the action of many growth factors and cytokines. SK1 leads to generation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and potentially the activation of S1P receptors to mediate biologic effects. Our previous studies implicated SK1/S1P in the regulation of inflammatory processes, specifically in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These studies were conducted using a total body knockout mouse for SK1 and were unable to determine the source of SK1/S1P (hematopoietic or extra-hematopoietic) involved in the inflammatory responses. Therefore, bone marrow transplants were performed with wild-type (WT) and SK1-/- mice and colitis induced with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Irrespective of the source of SK1/S1P, bone marrow or tissue, DSS induced colitis in all mice; however, mice lacking SK1 in both hematopoietic and extra-hematopoietic compartments exhibited decreased crypt damage. Systemic inflammation was assessed, and mice with WT bone marrow demonstrated significant neutrophilia in response to DSS. In the local inflammatory response, mice lacking SK1/S1P in either bone marrow or tissue exhibited decreased induction of cytokines and less activation of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). Interestingly, we determined that extra-hematopoietic SK1 is necessary for the induction of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in colon epithelium in response to DSS-induced colitis. Taken together our data suggest that hematopoietic-derived SK1/S1P regulates specific aspects of the systemic inflammatory response, while extra-hematopoietic SK1 in the colon epithelium is necessary for the autocrine induction of COX2 in DSS-induced colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J. Snider
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wahida H. Ali
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Sticca
- University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Coant
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Amr M. Ghaleb
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Toshihiko Kawamori
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Lina M. Obeid
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yu H, Lee H, Herrmann A, Buettner R, Jove R. Revisiting STAT3 signalling in cancer: new and unexpected biological functions. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:736-46. [PMID: 25342631 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1529] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins, particularly STAT3, are among the most promising new targets for cancer therapy. In addition to interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its family members, multiple pathways, including G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and microRNAs were recently identified to regulate JAK-STAT signalling in cancer. Well known for its role in tumour cell proliferation, survival, invasion and immunosuppression, JAK-STAT3 signalling also promotes cancer through inflammation, obesity, stem cells and the pre-metastatic niche. In addition to its established role as a transcription factor in cancer, STAT3 regulates mitochondrion functions, as well as gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Newly identified regulators and functions of JAK-STAT3 in tumours are important targets for potential therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Heehyoung Lee
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Ralf Buettner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Richard Jove
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fathima Hurmath K, Ramaswamy P, Nandakumar DN. IL-1β microenvironment promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of human glioma cells. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:1415-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Fathima Hurmath
- Department of Neurochemistry; National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS); Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Palaniswamy Ramaswamy
- Department of Neurochemistry; National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS); Bengaluru 560029 India
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stierle AA, Stierle DB. Bioactive secondary metabolites from acid mine waste extremophiles. Nat Prod Commun 2014; 9:1037-1044. [PMID: 25230522 PMCID: PMC5156321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The extremophilic microbes of the Berkeley Pit Lake are a valuable source of new and interesting secondary metabolites. It is of particular interest that these acidophilic microbes produce small molecule inhibitors of pathways associated with low pH and high Eh. These same small molecules also inhibit molecular pathways induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation in mammalian cells. Low pH is a hallmark of inflammation and high Eh is one of ROS, so the suitability of this collection as a source of bioactive metabolites is actually quite biorational. Compound isolation was guided by inhibition of caspase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-3, and active compounds were sent to the National Cancer Institute-Developmental Therapeutics Program and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer center for evaluation as either antiproliferative or cytotoxic agents.
Collapse
|
48
|
Stierle AA, Stierle DB. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Acid Mine Waste Extremophiles. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extremophilic microbes of the Berkeley Pit Lake are a valuable source of new and interesting secondary metabolites. It is of particular interest that these acidophilic microbes produce small molecule inhibitors of pathways associated with low pH and high Eh. These same small molecules also inhibit molecular pathways induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation in mammalian cells. Low pH is a hallmark of inflammation and high Eh is one of ROS, so the suitability of this collection as a source of bioactive metabolites is actually quite biorational. Compound isolation was guided by inhibition of caspase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-3, and active compounds were sent to the National Cancer Institute-Developmental Therapeutics Program and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer center for evaluation as either antiproliferative or cytotoxic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A. Stierle
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
| | - Donald B. Stierle
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Degagné E, Saba JD. S1pping fire: Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling as an emerging target in inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2014; 7:205-14. [PMID: 25061328 PMCID: PMC4085325 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s43453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex disease that involves unpredictable and destructive inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms, infection, and tissue destruction, and which can be associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. The underlying cause of IBD involves disruption of the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that maintain homeostasis between the gut mucosa and its environment. Elucidating how the homeostatic mechanisms controlling gut mucosal immunity and inflammation are disrupted in IBD represents the first steps to identifying novel therapeutic targets. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that is enriched in the blood and lymph, and functions in innate and adaptive immunity. S1P signaling regulates inflammation via its impact on the trafficking, differentiation, and effector functions of bone marrow-derived immune cells. S1P also activates nuclear factor kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inflammatory pathways. S1P is generated by the ubiquitously expressed lipid kinase, sphingosine kinase (SphK)1 and its tissue-restricted homolog, SphK2. S1P is irreversibly degraded by S1P lyase, which is highly expressed in enterocytes. Recent studies targeting S1P metabolism and signaling have shown promise in preclinical models of IBD and have shed light on the mechanisms by which S1P signaling impacts IBD. The evidence suggests that targeting S1P signaling and metabolism may represent a novel strategy in treating IBD and it may reduce colon cancer risk by interrupting the progression from inflammation to carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Degagné
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Julie D Saba
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Don AS, Lim XY, Couttas TA. Re-configuration of sphingolipid metabolism by oncogenic transformation. Biomolecules 2014; 4:315-53. [PMID: 24970218 PMCID: PMC4030989 DOI: 10.3390/biom4010315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipids are one of the major lipid families in eukaryotes, incorporating a diverse array of structural variants that exert a powerful influence over cell fate and physiology. Increased expression of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), which catalyses the synthesis of the pro-survival, pro-angiogenic metabolite sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), is well established as a hallmark of multiple cancers. Metabolic alterations that reduce levels of the pro-apoptotic lipid ceramide, particularly its glucosylation by glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), have frequently been associated with cancer drug resistance. However, the simple notion that the balance between ceramide and S1P, often referred to as the sphingolipid rheostat, dictates cell survival contrasts with recent studies showing that highly potent and selective SPHK1 inhibitors do not affect cancer cell proliferation or survival, and studies demonstrating higher ceramide levels in some metastatic cancers. Recent reports have implicated other sphingolipid metabolic enzymes such as acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) more strongly in cancer pathogenesis, and highlight lysosomal sphingolipid metabolism as a possible weak point for therapeutic targeting in cancer. This review describes the evidence implicating different sphingolipid metabolic enzymes and their products in cancer pathogenesis, and suggests how newer systems-level approaches may improve our overall understanding of how oncogenic transformation reconfigures sphingolipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Don
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Xin Y Lim
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Timothy A Couttas
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|