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Liu SS, Bai TT, Que TL, Luo A, Liang YX, Song YX, Liu TY, Chen JW, Li J, Li N, Zhang ZC, Chen NN, Liu Y, Zhang ZC, Zhou YL, Wang X, Zhu ZB. PI3K/AKT mediated De novo fatty acid synthesis regulates RIG-1/MDA-5-dependent type I IFN responses in BVDV-infected CD8 +T cells. Vet Microbiol 2024; 291:110034. [PMID: 38432076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has caused massive economic losses in the cattle business worldwide. Fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key enzyme of the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway, has been shown to support virus replication. To investigate the role of fatty acids (FAs) in BVDV infection, we infected CD8+T lymphocytes obtained from healthy cattle with BVDV in vitro. During early cytopathic (CP) and noncytopathic (NCP) BVDV infection in CD8+ T cells, there is an increase in de novo lipid biosynthesis, resulting in elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides (TG). BVDV infection promotes de novo lipid biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with the FASN inhibitor C75 significantly reduces the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT in BVDV-infected CD8+ T cells, while inhibition of PI3K with LY294002 decreases FASN expression. Both CP and NCP BVDV strains promote de novo fatty acid synthesis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Further investigation shows that pharmacological inhibitors targeting FASN and PI3K concurrently reduce FFAs, TG levels, and ATP production, effectively inhibiting BVDV replication. Conversely, the in vitro supplementation of oleic acid (OA) to replace fatty acids successfully restored BVDV replication, underscoring the impact of abnormal de novo fatty acid metabolism on BVDV replication. Intriguingly, during BVDV infection of CD8+T cells, the use of FASN inhibitors prompted the production of IFN-α and IFN-β, as well as the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Moreover, FASN inhibitors induce TBK-1 phosphorylation through the activation of RIG-1 and MDA-5, subsequently activating IRF-3 and ultimately enhancing the IFN-1 response. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that BVDV infection activates the PI3K/AKT pathway to boost de novo fatty acid synthesis, and inhibition of FASN suppresses BVDV replication by activating the RIG-1/MDA-5-dependent IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Tong-Tong Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Tao-Lin Que
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - An Luo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yu-Xin Liang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yu-Xin Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Tian-Yi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jin-Wei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Nan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ze-Chen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Nan-Nan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ze-Cai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yu-Long Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zhan-Bo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China; Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China.
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2
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Qu Y, Wang W, Xiao MZX, Zheng Y, Liang Q. The interplay between lipid droplets and virus infection. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28967. [PMID: 37496184 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
As an intracellular parasite, the virus usurps cellular machinery and modulates cellular metabolism pathways to replicate itself in cells. Lipid droplets (LDs) are universally conserved energy storage organelles that not only play vital roles in maintaining lipid homeostasis but are also involved in viral replication. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that viruses take advantage of cellular lipid metabolism by targeting the biogenesis, hydrolysis, and lipophagy of LD during viral infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the modulation of cellular LD by different viruses, with a special emphasis on the Hepatitis C virus, Dengue virus, and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Qu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Maggie Z X Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuejuan Zheng
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiming Liang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Gong Z, Yan Z, Liu W, Luo B. Oncogenic viruses and host lipid metabolism: a new perspective. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37279154 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As noncellular organisms, viruses do not have their own metabolism and rely on the metabolism of host cells to provide energy and metabolic substances for their life cycles. Increasing evidence suggests that host cells infected with oncogenic viruses have dramatically altered metabolic requirements and that oncogenic viruses produce substances used for viral replication and virion production by altering host cell metabolism. We focused on the processes by which oncogenic viruses manipulate host lipid metabolism and the lipid metabolism disorders that occur in oncogenic virus-associated diseases. A deeper understanding of viral infections that cause changes in host lipid metabolism could help with the development of new antiviral agents as well as potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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4
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Zou C, Tan H, Zeng J, Liu M, Zhang G, Zheng Y, Zhang Z. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 4B induces lipogenesis via the Hippo pathway. Arch Virol 2023; 168:113. [PMID: 36920600 PMCID: PMC10017664 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes abnormal lipid metabolism in hepatocytes, which leads to hepatic steatosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B) has been reported to induce lipogenesis, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, western blots were performed to investigate the effect of NS4B protein levels on key effectors of the Hippo and AKT signaling pathways. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and moesin-ezrin-radixin-like protein (Merlin) are effectors of the Hippo pathway. NS4B downregulated Merlin and phosphorylated YAP (p-YAP) protein expression while increasing the expression of the key AKT pathway proteins p-AKT and NF-κB. By observing the levels of AKT pathway proteins when Merlin was overexpressed or silenced, it was determined that Merlin mediates the AKT pathway. We suggest that HCV NS4B may mediate the AKT signaling pathway by inhibiting the Hippo pathway. Lipid droplets were observed in Huh7.5 cells overexpressing NS4B, and they increased significantly in number when Merlin was silenced. Overexpression of NS4B and Merlin silencing enhanced the expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), which have been demonstrated to be key regulatory factors controlling fatty acid synthesis. NS4B and Merlin silencing also enhanced the in vitro proliferative capacity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In conclusion, NS4B induces lipogenesis via the effect of the Hippo-YAP pathway on the AKT signaling pathway and thereby plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HCV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Center for Medical Experiments, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518016, China.
| | - Hongxi Tan
- Center for Medical Experiments, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518016, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Center for Medical Experiments, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518016, China
| | - Minqi Liu
- Center for Medical Experiments, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518016, China
| | - Guangping Zhang
- Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510600, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Center for Medical Experiments, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518016, China
| | - Zhanfeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Science, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510600, China.
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5
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Dias SSG, Cunha-Fernandes T, Souza-Moreira L, Soares VC, Lima GB, Azevedo-Quintanilha IG, Santos J, Pereira-Dutra F, Freitas C, Reis PA, Rehen SK, Bozza FA, Souza TML, de Almeida CJG, Bozza PT. Metabolic reprogramming and lipid droplets are involved in Zika virus replication in neural cells. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:61. [PMID: 36882750 PMCID: PMC9992922 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a global public health concern linked to adult neurological disorders and congenital diseases in newborns. Host lipid metabolism, including lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis, has been associated with viral replication and pathogenesis of different viruses. However, the mechanisms of LD formation and their roles in ZIKV infection in neural cells are still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that ZIKV regulates the expression of pathways associated with lipid metabolism, including the upregulation and activation of lipogenesis-associated transcription factors and decreased expression of lipolysis-associated proteins, leading to significant LD accumulation in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in neural stem cells (NSCs). Pharmacological inhibition of DGAT-1 decreased LD accumulation and ZIKV replication in vitro in human cells and in an in vivo mouse model of infection. In accordance with the role of LDs in the regulation of inflammation and innate immunity, we show that blocking LD formation has major roles in inflammatory cytokine production in the brain. Moreover, we observed that inhibition of DGAT-1 inhibited the weight loss and mortality induced by ZIKV infection in vivo. Our results reveal that LD biogenesis triggered by ZIKV infection is a crucial step for ZIKV replication and pathogenesis in neural cells. Therefore, targeting lipid metabolism and LD biogenesis may represent potential strategies for anti-ZIKV treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Silva Gomes Dias
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tamires Cunha-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Souza-Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Cardoso Soares
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Imunologia e Inflamação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giselle Barbosa Lima
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Julia Santos
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Pereira-Dutra
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Freitas
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Reis
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens Kastrup Rehen
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Lopes Souza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas (INCT/IDPN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, (CDTS), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia J G de Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Sularea VM, Sugrue JA, O'Farrelly C. Innate antiviral immunity and immunometabolism in hepatocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 80:102267. [PMID: 36462263 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The human liver mediates whole-body metabolism, systemic inflammation and responses to hepatotropic pathogens. Hepatocytes, the most abundant cell type of the liver, have critical roles in each of these activities. The regulation of metabolic pathways, such as glucose metabolism, lipid biosynthesis and oxidation, influences whole-organism functionality. However, the immune potential of the liver in general and hepatocytes in particular is also determined by metabolic ability. The major shifts in cellular metabolism required to drive activity in immune cells are now well-described. Given the unique functions of hepatocytes in systemic metabolism and inflammation, and their ability to mediate local antiviral innate immunity, the metabolic shifts required to facilitate these activities are likely to be complex and challenging to define. In this review, we explore what is known about the complex metabolic rewiring required for hepatocytes to respond appropriately to viral infection. We also discuss how viruses can manipulate hepatocyte metabolism to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile Mihai Sularea
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie A Sugrue
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Awadh AA. The Role of Cytosolic Lipid Droplets in Hepatitis C Virus Replication, Assembly, and Release. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:5156601. [PMID: 37090186 PMCID: PMC10121354 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5156601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic hepatitis by establishing a persistent infection. Patients with chronic hepatitis frequently develop hepatic cirrhosis, which can lead to liver cancer-the progressive liver damage results from the host's immune response to the unresolved infection. The HCV replication process, including the entry, replication, assembly, and release stages, while the virus circulates in the bloodstream, it is intricately linked to the host's lipid metabolism, including the dynamic of the cytosolic lipid droplets (cLDs). This review article depicts how this interaction regulates viral cell tropism and aids immune evasion by coining viral particle characteristics. cLDs are intracellular organelles that store most of the cytoplasmic components of neutral lipids and are assumed to play an increasingly important role in the pathophysiology of lipid metabolism and host-virus interactions. cLDs are involved in the replication of several clinically significant viruses, where viruses alter the lipidomic profiles of host cells to improve viral life cycles. cLDs are involved in almost every phase of the HCV life cycle. Indeed, pharmacological modulators of cholesterol synthesis and intracellular trafficking, lipoprotein maturation, and lipid signaling molecules inhibit the assembly of HCV virions. Likewise, small-molecule inhibitors of cLD-regulating proteins inhibit HCV replication. Thus, addressing the molecular architecture of HCV replication will aid in elucidating its pathogenesis and devising preventive interventions that impede persistent infection and prevent disease progression. This is possible via repurposing the available therapeutic agents that alter cLDs metabolism. This review highlights the role of cLD in HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Awadh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Augmentation of 3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ24 Reductase (DHCR24) Expression Induced by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection Facilitates Viral Replication via Promoting Cholesterol Synthesis. J Virol 2022; 96:e0149222. [PMID: 36468862 PMCID: PMC9769396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01492-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the etiologic agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease, one of the most important viral diseases of cattle, leading to numerous losses to the cattle rearing industry worldwide. The pathogenicity of BVDV is extremely complex, and many underlying mechanisms involved in BVDV-host interactions are poorly understood, especially how BVDV utilizes host metabolism pathway for efficient viral replication and spread. In our previous study, using an integrative analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics, we found that DHCR24 (3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ24 reductase), a key enzyme in regulating cholesterol synthesis, was significantly upregulated at both gene and protein levels in the BVDV-infected bovine cells, indicating that cholesterol is important for BVDV replication. In the present study, the effects of DHCR24-mediated cholesterol synthesis on BVDV replication was explored. Our results showed that overexpression of the DHCR24 effectively promoted cholesterol synthesis, as well as BVDV replication, while acute cholesterol depletion in the bovine cells by treating cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) obviously inhibited BVDV replication. In addition, knockdown of DHCR24 (gene silencing with siRNA targeting DHCR24, siDHCR24) or chemical inhibition (treating bovine cells with U18666A, an inhibitor of DHCR24 activity and cholesterol synthesis) significantly suppressed BVDV replication, whereas supplementation with exogenous cholesterol to the siDHCR24-transfected or U18666A-treated bovine cells remarkably restored viral replication. We further confirmed that BVDV nonstructural protein NS5A contributed to the augmentation of DHCR24 expression. Conclusively, augmentation of the DHCR24 induced by BVDV infection plays an important role in BVDV replication via promoting cholesterol production. IMPORTANCE Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), an important pathogen of cattle, is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease, which causes extensive economic losses in both cow- and beef-rearing industry worldwide. The molecular interactions between BVDV and its host are extremely complex. In our previous study, we found that an essential host factor 3β-hydroxysteroid-δ24 reductase (DHCR24), a key enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, was significantly upregulated at both gene and protein levels in BVDV-infected bovine cells. Here, we experimentally explored the function of the DHCR24-mediated cholesterol synthesis in regulating BVDV replication. We elucidated that the augmentation of the DHCR24 induced by BVDV infection played a significant role in viral replication via promoting cholesterol synthesis. Our data provide evidence that BVDV utilizes a host metabolism pathway to facilitate its replication and spread.
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9
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Casorla-Perez LA, Guennoun R, Cubillas C, Peng B, Kornfeld K, Wang D. Orsay Virus Infection of Caenorhabditis elegans Is Modulated by Zinc and Dependent on Lipids. J Virol 2022; 96:e0121122. [PMID: 36342299 PMCID: PMC9682997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01211-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses utilize host lipids to promote the viral life cycle, but much remains unknown as to how this is regulated. Zinc is a critical element for life, and few studies have linked zinc to lipid homeostasis. We demonstrated that Caenorhabditis elegans infection by Orsay virus is dependent upon lipids and that mutation of the master regulator of lipid biosynthesis, sbp-1, reduced Orsay virus RNA levels by ~236-fold. Virus infection could be rescued by dietary supplementation with lipids downstream of fat-6/fat-7. Mutation of a zinc transporter encoded by sur-7, which suppresses the lipid defect of sbp-1, also rescued Orsay virus infection. Furthermore, reducing zinc levels by chemical chelation in the sbp-1 mutant also increased lipids and rescued Orsay virus RNA levels. Finally, increasing zinc levels by dietary supplementation led to an ~1,620-fold reduction in viral RNA. These findings provide insights into the critical interactions between zinc and host lipids necessary for virus infection. IMPORTANCE Orsay virus is the only known natural virus pathogen of Caenorhabditis elegans, which shares many evolutionarily conserved pathways with humans. We leveraged the powerful genetic tractability of C. elegans to characterize a novel interaction between zinc, lipids, and virus infection. Inhibition of the Orsay virus replication in the sbp-1 mutant animals, explained by the lipid depletion, can be rescued by a genetic and pharmacological approach that reduces the zinc accumulation and rescues the lipid levels in this mutant animal. Interestingly, the human ortholog of sbp-1, srebp-1, has been reported to play a role for virus infection, and zinc has been shown to inhibit the virus replication of multiple viruses. However, the mechanism through which zinc is acting is not well understood. These results suggest that the lipid regulation mediated by zinc may play a relevant role during mammalian virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranya Guennoun
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ciro Cubillas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kerry Kornfeld
- Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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10
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Zou X, Yang Y, Lin F, Chen J, Zhang H, Li L, Ouyang H, Pang D, Ren L, Tang X. Lactate facilitates classical swine fever virus replication by enhancing cholesterol biosynthesis. iScience 2022; 25:105353. [PMID: 36339254 PMCID: PMC9626675 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging topic in virology is that viral replication is closely linked with the metabolic reprogramming of host cells. Understanding the effects of reprogramming host cell metabolism due to classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection and the underling mechanisms would facilitate controlling the spread of classical swine fever (CSF). In the current study, we found that CSFV infection enhanced aerobic glycolysis in PK-15 cells. Blocking glycolysis with 2-deoxy-d-glycose or disrupting the enzymes PFKL and LDHA decreased CSFV replication. Lactate was identified as an important molecule in CSFV replication, independent of the pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Further analysis demonstrated that the accumulated lactate in cells promoted cholesterol biosynthesis, which facilitated CSFV replication and disrupted the type I interferon response during CSFV replication, and the disruption of cholesterol synthesis abolished the lactate effects on CSFV replication. The results provided more insights into the complex pathological mechanisms of CSFV. Aerobic glycolysis plays an important role in CSFV replication Intracellular lactate maintains CSFV replication as an effector of glycolysis Lactate promotes cholesterol biosynthesis to maintain CSFV replication Enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis inhibited the response of IFNs during CSFV replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linquan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Jilin University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Jilin University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Corresponding author
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11
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Lai M, De Carli A, Filipponi C, Iacono E, La Rocca V, Lottini G, Piazza CR, Quaranta P, Sidoti M, Pistello M, Freer G. Lipid balance remodelling by human positive-strand RNA viruses and the contribution of lysosomes. Antiviral Res 2022; 206:105398. [PMID: 35985406 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A marked reorganization of internal membranes occurs in the cytoplasm of cells infected by single stranded positive-sense RNA viruses. Most cell compartments change their asset to provide lipids for membrane rearrangement into replication organelles, where to concentrate viral proteins and enzymes while hiding from pathogen pattern recognition molecules. Because the endoplasmic reticulum is a central hub for lipid metabolism, when viruses hijack the organelle to form their replication organelles, a cascade of events change the intracellular environment. This results in a marked increase in lipid consumption, both by lipolysis and lipophagy of lipid droplets. In addition, lipids are used to produce energy for viral replication. At the same time, inflammation is started by signalling lipids, where lysosomal processing plays a relevant role. This review is aimed at providing an overview on what takes place after human class IV viruses have released their genome into the host cell and the consequences on lipid metabolism, including lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lai
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
| | - Alessandro De Carli
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Carolina Filipponi
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
| | - Elena Iacono
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
| | - Veronica La Rocca
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy; Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giulia Lottini
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Carmen Rita Piazza
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Paola Quaranta
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
| | - Maria Sidoti
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
| | - Giulia Freer
- Centro Retrovirus, Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale, Strada Statale del Brennero 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
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12
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Naveed A, Naveed MA, Akram L, Sharif M, Kang MI, Park SI. Rotavirus exploits SREBP pathway for hyper lipid biogenesis during replication. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35594141 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species A rotavirus (RVA) is one of the pathogens causing severe acute gastroenteritis in young children and animals worldwide. RVA replicates and assembles its immature particle within electron dense compartments known as viroplasm. Despite the importance of lipid droplet (LD) formation in the RVA viroplasm, the upstream molecules modulating LD formation have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that RVA infection reprogrammes sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs)-dependent lipogenic pathways in virus-infected cells. Interestingly, silencing of SREBPs significantly reduced RVA protein synthesis, genome replication and progeny virus production. Moreover, knockout of SREBP-1c gene conferred resistance to RVA-induced diarrhoea, reduction of RVA replication, and mitigation of small intestinal pathology in mice. This study identifies SREBPs-mediated lipogenic reprogramming in RVA-infected host cells for facilitating virus replication and SREBPs as a potential target for developing therapeutics against RVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Naveed
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Lubna Akram
- District Headquarter Hospital, Pakpattan Sharif 57400, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sharif
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Il Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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13
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Jennelle LT, Magoro T, Angelucci AR, Dandekar A, Hahn YS. Hepatitis C Virus Alters Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism Through Interaction with Scavenger Receptors. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:223-235. [PMID: 35467430 PMCID: PMC9063163 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation and inflammation act together to induce, sustain, and further development of chronic liver disease. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces metabolic and immune changes in liver macrophages, promoting lipid accumulation and inflammation that synergize and culminate in the development of steatohepatitis and fibrogenesis. Chronic HCV patients have increased liver macrophages with disruptions in cholesterol metabolism and alterations in inflammatory mediators. While HCV-induced changes in inflammatory mediators are well documented, how HCV triggers metabolic change in macrophages is unknown. In this report, we examined the mechanism of macrophage sensing of HCV to cause metabolic impairment and subsequent immune dysfunction. We demonstrate that HCV protein and RNA kinetics in macrophages are distinct from hepatocytes. In macrophages, HCV RNAs and protein accumulate rapidly after exposure but internalized RNAs quickly decline to a low-level set point. Notably, exposure of macrophages to HCV resulted in increased lipids and cholesterol and activation of cholesterol-sensing, immunomodulatory liver X receptors (LXRs). Furthermore, we provide evidence that HCV RNA accumulation in macrophages occurs through scavenging receptors. These results suggest that HCV released from infected hepatocytes stimulates accumulation of lipids and activation of LXR in macrophages contributing to metabolic changes involved in HCV-induced chronic liver disease. Our results provide novel insight into mechanisms through which impaired lipid metabolism in macrophages associated with HCV infection promotes development of liver steatohepatitis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T. Jennelle
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tshifhiwa Magoro
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Angelina R. Angelucci
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Aditya Dandekar
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Young S. Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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14
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Bulankina AV, Richter RM, Welsch C. Regulatory Role of Phospholipids in Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Protein Function. Pathogens 2022; 11:102. [PMID: 35056049 PMCID: PMC8779051 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) hijack key factors of lipid metabolism of infected cells and extensively modify intracellular membranes to support the viral lifecycle. While lipid metabolism plays key roles in viral particle assembly and maturation, viral RNA synthesis is closely linked to the remodeling of intracellular membranes. The formation of viral replication factories requires a number of interactions between virus proteins and host factors including lipids. The structure-function relationship of those proteins is influenced by their lipid environments and lipids that selectively modulate protein function. Here, we review our current understanding on the roles of phospholipids in HCV replication and of lipid-protein interactions in the structure-function relationship of the NS5A protein. NS5A is a key factor in membrane remodeling in HCV-infected cells and is known to recruit phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III alpha to generate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate at the sites of replication. The dynamic interplay between lipids and viral proteins within intracellular membranes is likely key towards understanding basic mechanisms in the pathobiology of virus diseases, the mode of action of specific antiviral agents and related drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Bulankina
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.V.B.); (R.M.R.)
- Research Group “Molecular Evolution & Adaptation”, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebecca M. Richter
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.V.B.); (R.M.R.)
- Research Group “Molecular Evolution & Adaptation”, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.V.B.); (R.M.R.)
- Research Group “Molecular Evolution & Adaptation”, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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15
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Kellermann M, Scharte F, Hensel M. Manipulation of Host Cell Organelles by Intracellular Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126484. [PMID: 34204285 PMCID: PMC8235465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic intracellular bacteria, parasites and viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate mammalian host cells to serve as niches for persistence and proliferation. The intracellular lifestyles of pathogens involve the manipulation of membrane-bound organellar compartments of host cells. In this review, we described how normal structural organization and cellular functions of endosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, or lipid droplets are targeted by microbial virulence mechanisms. We focus on the specific interactions of Salmonella, Legionella pneumophila, Rickettsia rickettsii, Chlamydia spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis representing intracellular bacterial pathogens, and of Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii representing intracellular parasites. The replication strategies of various viruses, i.e., Influenza A virus, Poliovirus, Brome mosaic virus, Epstein-Barr Virus, Hepatitis C virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS), Dengue virus, Zika virus, and others are presented with focus on the specific manipulation of the organelle compartments. We compare the specific features of intracellular lifestyle and replication cycles, and highlight the communalities in mechanisms of manipulation deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Kellermann
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Barbarastr 11, Universität Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.)
| | - Felix Scharte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Barbarastr 11, Universität Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.)
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Barbarastr 11, Universität Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.)
- CellNanOs–Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-541-969-3940
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16
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Cano I, Santos EM, Moore K, Farbos A, van Aerle R. Evidence of Transcriptional Shutoff by Pathogenic Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus in Rainbow Trout. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061129. [PMID: 34208332 PMCID: PMC8231187 DOI: 10.3390/v13061129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basis of pathogenicity of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was analysed in the transcriptome of a rainbow trout cell line inoculated with pathogenic and non-pathogenic VHSV isolates. Although both VHSV isolates showed similar viral replication patterns, the number of differentially expressed genes was 42-fold higher in cells inoculated with the non-pathogenic VHSV at 3 h post inoculation (hpi). Infection with the non-pathogenic isolate resulted in Gene Ontologies (GO) enrichment of terms such as immune response, cytokine-mediated signalling pathway, regulation of translational initiation, unfolded protein binding, and protein folding, and induced an over-representation of the p53, PPAR, and TGF-β signalling pathways. Inoculation with the pathogenic isolate resulted in the GO enrichment of terms related to lipid metabolism and the salmonella infection KEGG pathway involved in the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Antiviral response was evident at 12hpi in cells infected with the pathogenic isolate. Overall, the data showed a delay in the response of genes involved in immune responses and viral sensing in cells inoculated with the pathogenic isolate and suggest transcriptional shutoff and immune avoidance as a critical mechanism of pathogenicity in VHSV. These pathways offer opportunities to further understand and manage VHSV pathogenicity in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth DT4 8UB, Dorset, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduarda M. Santos
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK;
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Karen Moore
- Exeter Sequencing Service, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK; (K.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Audrey Farbos
- Exeter Sequencing Service, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK; (K.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth DT4 8UB, Dorset, UK;
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
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17
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Péneau C, Zucman-Rossi J, Nault JC. Genomics of Viral Hepatitis-Associated Liver Tumors. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1827. [PMID: 33922394 PMCID: PMC8122827 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-related liver carcinogenesis is one of the main contributors of cancer-related death worldwide mainly due to the impact of chronic hepatitis B and C infections. Three mechanisms have been proposed to explain the oncogenic properties of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: induction of chronic inflammation and cirrhosis, expression of HBV oncogenic proteins, and insertional mutagenesis into the genome of infected hepatocytes. Hepatitis B insertional mutagenesis modifies the function of cancer driver genes and could promote chromosomal instability. In contrast, hepatitis C virus promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence mainly through cirrhosis development whereas the direct oncogenic role of the virus in human remains debated. Finally, adeno associated virus type 2 (AAV2), a defective DNA virus, has been associated with occurrence of HCC harboring insertional mutagenesis of the virus. Since these tumors developed in a non-cirrhotic context and in the absence of a known etiological factor, AAV2 appears to be the direct cause of tumor development in these patients via a mechanism of insertional mutagenesis altering similar oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes targeted by HBV. A better understanding of virus-related oncogenesis will be helpful to develop new preventive strategies and therapies directed against specific alterations observed in virus-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Péneau
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.P.); (J.Z.-R.)
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Labex OncoImmunology, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.P.); (J.Z.-R.)
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Labex OncoImmunology, F-75006 Paris, France
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.P.); (J.Z.-R.)
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Labex OncoImmunology, F-75006 Paris, France
- Service d’hépatologie, Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, F-93000 Bobigny, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris Nord, F-93000 Bobigny, France
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18
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Li HC, Yang CH, Lo SY. Hepatitis C Viral Replication Complex. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030520. [PMID: 33809897 PMCID: PMC8004249 DOI: 10.3390/v13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be divided into several stages, including viral entry, protein translation, RNA replication, viral assembly, and release. HCV genomic RNA replication occurs in the replication organelles (RO) and is tightly linked to ER membrane alterations containing replication complexes (proteins NS3 to NS5B). The amplification of HCV genomic RNA could be regulated by the RO biogenesis, the viral RNA structure (i.e., cis-acting replication elements), and both viral and cellular proteins. Studies on HCV replication have led to the development of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting the replication complex. This review article summarizes the viral and cellular factors involved in regulating HCV genomic RNA replication and the DAAs that inhibit HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Chee-Hing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Yen Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-8565301 (ext. 2322)
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19
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Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 Induces Hepatic Steatosis via Activation of Liver X Receptor-α. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01938-20. [PMID: 33361420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01938-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is a hepatotropic virus that causes severe hepatic damage characterized by basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies, vacuolar degeneration, and multifocal necrosis in hepatocytes. Many aspects of FAdV-4 infection and pathogenesis, however, remain unknown. Here, we found that FAdV-4-induced hepatic injury is accompanied by the accumulation of oil droplets (triglycerides) in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, a typical indicator of steatosis, in FAdV-4-infected chickens. Significant upregulation of adipose synthesis-related genes, such as liver X receptor-α (LXR-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), and significant downregulation of low-density lipoprotein secretion-related genes and lipid oxidation- and lipid decomposition-related genes were observed in the infected chickens. FAdV-4 infection in cultured leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells caused similar signs of steatosis, with alterations in various lipogenesis-related genes. We eliminated the effect of LXR-α activation on FAdV-4-induced steatosis and found that treatment with an LXR-α antagonist (SR9243) and RNA interference (small interfering RNA targeting LXR-α [Si-LXR-α]) decreased the number of oil droplets and the accumulation of lipogenic genes, but treatment with an LXR-α agonist (T0901317) increased the number of oil droplets and the accumulation of lipogenic genes in the cells. Additionally, SR9243 treatment or Si-LXR-α transfection led to significant reductions in viral DNA level, protein expression, and virus production, whereas T0901317 treatment caused significant increases in viral DNA level, protein expression, and virus production. However, inhibition of SREBP-1c activity had no significant effect on virus production. Collectively, these results indicated that FAdV-4-induced steatosis involves activation of the LXR-α signaling pathway, which might be a molecular mechanism underlying the hepatic injury associated with FAdV-4 infection.IMPORTANCE Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is an important hepatotropic adenovirus in chicken, but the underlying mechanism of FAdV-4-induced hepatic injury remains unclear. We report here that infection with FAdV-4 induced the accumulation of oil droplets (triglycerides) in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, a typical indicator of steatosis, in the livers of chickens. FAdV-4-induced steatosis might be caused by a disrupted balance of fat metabolism, as evidenced by differential regulation of various lipase genes. The significant upregulation of liver X receptor-α (LXR-α) prompted us to investigate the interplay between LXR-α activation and FAdV-4-induced steatosis. Treatment with an agonist, an antagonist, or RNA interference targeting LXR-α in cultured leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells indicated that FAdV-4-induced steatosis was dependent upon LXR-α activation, which contributed to virus replication. These results provide important mechanistic insights, revealing that FAdV-4 induces hepatic steatosis by activating the LXR-α signaling pathway and highlighting the therapeutic potential of strategies targeting the LXR-α pathway for the treatment of FAdV-4 infection.
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20
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Wu Z, Li X, Guo D, Li P, Zhang Y, Zou D, Wang X, Xu J, Wu X, Shen Y, Li Y, Yao L, Li L, Xiao L, Song B, Ma J, Liu X, Xu S, Xu X, Zhang H, Zheng L, Cao H. Lipid raft-associated PI3K/Akt/SREBP1 signaling regulates coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) replication. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108921. [PMID: 33191001 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) is one of predominant Enterovirus that possesses high pathogenicity. Lipid rafts, as cholesterol - and sphingolipid - enriched membrane nanodomains, are involved into many aspects of the virus life cycle. Our previous study found that lipid rafts integrity was essential for CA16 replication, but how lipid rafts regulate CA16 replication through activating downstream signaling remains largely unknown. Thus, in this study, we revealed that lipid rafts were required for activation of PI3K/Akt signaling at early stage of CA16 infection. Treatment with wortmannin significantly reduced the expression of virus protein, indicating PI3K/Akt signaling was beneficial for early stage of virus infection. In addition, lipid rafts integrity was also indispensable for PI3K/Akt activation during the late stage of CA16 infection, which played critical functions in mediating sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 (SREBP1) maturation. Whereas, over-expression of SREBP1 exhibited inhibition on virus replication, suggesting that PI3K/Akt signaling and SREBP1 might positively and negatively influence virus replication in two different stages of infection, respectively. Taken together, our study demonstrates an important role of the lipid raft-associated PI3K/Akt/SREBP1 signaling in modulating CA16 replication, which will deepen our understanding mechanism of CA16 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xingzhi Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Dexuan Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Dehua Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xianhe Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xuening Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yujiang Shen
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yuchang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lili Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Liyang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lijie Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuyan Xu
- College of Science, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of HeiLongJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161005, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Liang Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
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21
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Cloherty AP, Olmstead AD, Ribeiro CM, Jean F. Hijacking of Lipid Droplets by Hepatitis C, Dengue and Zika Viruses-From Viral Protein Moonlighting to Extracellular Release. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7901. [PMID: 33114346 PMCID: PMC7662613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hijacking and manipulation of host cell biosynthetic pathways by human enveloped viruses are essential for the viral lifecycle. Flaviviridae members, including hepatitis C, dengue and Zika viruses, extensively manipulate host lipid metabolism, underlining the importance of lipid droplets (LDs) in viral infection. LDs are dynamic cytoplasmic organelles that can act as sequestration platforms for a unique subset of host and viral proteins. Transient recruitment and mobilization of proteins to LDs during viral infection impacts host-cell biological properties, LD functionality and canonical protein functions. Notably, recent studies identified LDs in the nucleus and also identified that LDs are transported extracellularly via an autophagy-mediated mechanism, indicating a novel role for autophagy in Flaviviridae infections. These developments underline an unsuspected diversity and localization of LDs and potential moonlighting functions of LD-associated proteins during infection. This review summarizes recent breakthroughs concerning the LD hijacking activities of hepatitis C, dengue and Zika viruses and potential roles of cytoplasmic, nuclear and extracellular LD-associated viral proteins during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra P.M. Cloherty
- Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.P.M.C.); (C.M.S.R.)
| | - Andrea D. Olmstead
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 3559–2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada;
| | - Carla M.S. Ribeiro
- Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.P.M.C.); (C.M.S.R.)
| | - François Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 3559–2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada;
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22
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Lim B, Kim S, Lim KS, Jeong CG, Kim SC, Lee SM, Park CK, Te Pas MFW, Gho H, Kim TH, Lee KT, Kim WI, Kim JM. Integrated time-serial transcriptome networks reveal common innate and tissue-specific adaptive immune responses to PRRSV infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:128. [PMID: 33050948 PMCID: PMC7552595 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection is the most important viral disease causing severe economic losses in the swine industry. However, mechanisms underlying gene expression control in immunity-responsible tissues at different time points during PRRSV infection are poorly understood. We constructed an integrated gene co-expression network and identified tissue- and time-dependent biological mechanisms of PRRSV infection through bioinformatics analysis using three tissues (lungs, bronchial lymph nodes [BLNs], and tonsils) via RNA-Seq. Three groups with specific expression patterns (i.e., the 3-dpi, lung, and BLN groups) were discovered. The 3 dpi-specific group showed antiviral and innate-immune signalling similar to the case for influenza A infection. Moreover, we observed adaptive immune responses in the lung-specific group based on various cytokines, while the BLN-specific group showed down-regulated AMPK signalling related to viral replication. Our study may provide comprehensive insights into PRRSV infection, as well as useful information for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghwi Lim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Haesu Gho
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tai Lee
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Islam MT, Bardaweel SK, Mubarak MS, Koch W, Gaweł-Beben K, Antosiewicz B, Sharifi-Rad J. Immunomodulatory Effects of Diterpenes and Their Derivatives Through NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway: A Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572136. [PMID: 33101293 PMCID: PMC7546345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein (NLRP) inflammasomes are involved in the molecular pathogenesis of many diseases and disorders. Among NLRPs, the NLRP3 (in humans encoded by the NLRP3 gene) is expressed predominantly in macrophages as a component of the inflammasome and is associated with many diseases, including gout, type 2 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, and neurological diseases and disorders. Diterpenes containing repeated isoprenoid units in their structure are a member of some essential oils that possess diverse biological activities and are becoming a landmark in the field of drug discovery and development. This review sketches a current scenario of diterpenes or their derivatives acting through NLRPs, especially NLRP3-associated pathways with anti-inflammatory effects. For this, a literature survey on the subject has been undertaken using a number of known databases with specific keywords. Findings from the aforementioned databases suggest that diterpenes and their derivatives can exert anti-inflammatory effects via NLRPs-related pathways. Andrographolide, triptolide, kaurenoic acid, carnosic acid, oridonin, teuvincenone F, and some derivatives of tanshinone IIA and phorbol have been found to act through NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. In conclusion, diterpenes and their derivatives could be one of the promising compounds for the treatment of NLRP3-mediated inflammatory diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sanaa K Bardaweel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Wojciech Koch
- Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gaweł-Beben
- Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Beata Antosiewicz
- Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
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24
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Stolz ML, McCormick C. The bZIP Proteins of Oncogenic Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070757. [PMID: 32674309 PMCID: PMC7412551 DOI: 10.3390/v12070757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) govern diverse cellular processes and cell fate decisions. The hallmark of the leucine zipper domain is the heptad repeat, with leucine residues at every seventh position in the domain. These leucine residues enable homo- and heterodimerization between ZIP domain α-helices, generating coiled-coil structures that stabilize interactions between adjacent DNA-binding domains and target DNA substrates. Several cancer-causing viruses encode viral bZIP TFs, including human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the herpesviruses Marek’s disease virus (MDV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these viral bZIP TFs and their impact on viral replication, host cell responses and cell fate.
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25
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Dong L, Jin Y, Cui H, Yu L, Luo Y, Wang S, Wang H. Effects of diet supplementation with rumen-protected betaine on carcass characteristics and fat deposition in growing lambs. Meat Sci 2020; 166:108154. [PMID: 32330830 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of dietary rumen-protected betaine (RPB) supplementation on the fat deposition of lambs. Sixty Hu sheep were randomly divided into 5 groups. The lambs were fed a control diet (CON) or diets supplemented with 1.1 g/d unprotected betaine (UPB), 1.1 g/d RPB, 2.2 g/d RPB or 3.3 g/d RPB for 70 days. Compared with UPB, the abdominal fat in 2.2 g/d RPB supplemented group was decreased (P < .05). Compared with CON and UPB, the fat contents in longissimus dorsi (LD) of RPB treatments were increased (P < .01). With increasing of RPB levels, the fat content in the LD was quadratically increased (P < .05). Compared with CON, genes expression of PI3K, mTOR and S6K1 in the LD of RPB treatments were up-regulated (P < .05). In conclusion, RPB supplementation decreased the abdominal fat in lambs but increased the fat content in lamb meat, and this effect might be regulated by mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yaqian Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huihui Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lihuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shunan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongrong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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26
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Tabata K, Neufeldt CJ, Bartenschlager R. Hepatitis C Virus Replication. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a037093. [PMID: 31570388 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Replication and amplification of the viral genome is a key process for all viruses. For hepatitis C virus (HCV), a positive-strand RNA virus, amplification of the viral genome requires the synthesis of a negative-sense RNA template, which is in turn used for the production of new genomic RNA. This process is governed by numerous proteins, both host and viral, as well as distinct lipids and specific RNA elements within the positive- and negative-strand RNAs. Moreover, this process requires specific changes to host cell ultrastructure to create microenvironments conducive to viral replication. This review will focus on describing the processes and factors involved in facilitating or regulating HCV genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Cuartas-López AM, Gallego-Gómez JC. Glycogen synthase kinase 3ß participates in late stages of Dengue virus-2 infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e190357. [PMID: 32130369 PMCID: PMC7046174 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses can modulate intracellular signalling pathways to complete their infectious cycle. Among these, the PI3K/Akt pathway allows prolonged survival of infected cells that favours viral replication. GSK3β, a protein kinase downstream of PI3K/Akt, gets inactivated upon activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, and its association with viral infections has been recently established. In this study, the role of GSK3β during Dengue virus-2 (DENV-2) infection was investigated. METHODS GSK3β participation in the DENV-2 replication process was evaluated with pharmacological and genetic inhibition during early [0-12 h post-infection (hpi)], late (12-24 hpi), and 24 hpi in Huh7 and Vero cells. We assessed the viral and cellular processes by calculating the viral titre in the supernatants, In-Cell Western, western blotting and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Phosphorylation of GSK3β-Ser9 was observed at the early stages of infection; neither did treatment with small molecule inhibitors nor pre-treatment prior to viral infection of GSK3β reduce viral titres of the supernatant at these time points. However, a decrease in viral titres was observed in cells infected and treated with the inhibitors much later during viral infection. Consistently, the infected cells at this stage displayed plasma membrane damage. Nonetheless, these effects were not elicited with the use of genetic inhibitors of GSK3β. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that GSK3β participates at the late stages of the DENV replication cycle, where viral activation may promote apoptosis and release of viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Milena Cuartas-López
- Universidad de Antioquia, Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Group of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Gallego-Gómez
- Universidad de Antioquia, Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Group of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Medellín, Colombia
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28
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Delang L, Harak C, Benkheil M, Khan H, Leyssen P, Andrews M, Lohmann V, Neyts J. PI4KIII inhibitor enviroxime impedes the replication of the hepatitis C virus by inhibiting PI3 kinases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:3375-3384. [PMID: 30219827 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Many positive-stranded RNA viruses, including HCV, drastically remodel intracellular membranes to generate specialized environments for RNA replication. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III (PI4KIII)α plays an essential role in the formation of HCV replication complexes and has therefore been explored as a potential drug target. Here, we characterized the anti-HCV activity of the PI4KIII inhibitors enviroxime and BF738735 and elucidated their mechanism of action. Methods Antiviral assays were performed using HCV subgenomic replicons and infectious HCV. Enviroxime- and BF738735-resistant HCV replicons were generated by long-term culture with increasing compound concentrations. Intracellular localization of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) lipids was analysed by confocal microscopy. Results HCV subgenomic replicons resistant to either enviroxime or BF738735 proved cross-resistant and carried mutations in the NS3, NS4B and NS5A genes. Knockdown of PI4KIIIβ by small interfering RNA (siRNA) did not affect the replication of the HCV subgenomic replicon in this study. Furthermore, the compounds did not affect PI4P lipid levels at the replication complexes nor the phosphorylation status of NS5A, activities attributed to PI4KIIIα. Interestingly, the broad-spectrum phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 proved to be 10-fold less effective against the resistant replicons. In addition, enviroxime and BF738735 inhibited several PI3Ks in enzymatic assays. Conclusions Contrary to assumptions, our data indicate that PI4KIIIα and PI4KIIIβ are not the main targets for the anti-HCV activity of enviroxime and BF738735. Instead, we demonstrated that both molecules impede HCV replication at least partially by an inhibitory effect on PI3Ks. Moreover, HCV is able to bypass PI3K inhibition by acquiring mutations in its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Delang
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Harak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Benkheil
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hayat Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Wang L, Xie W, Zhang L, Li D, Yu H, Xiong J, Peng J, Qiu J, Sheng H, He X, Zhang K. CVB3 Nonstructural 2A Protein Modulates SREBP1a Signaling via the MEK/ERK Pathway. J Virol 2018; 92:e01060-18. [PMID: 30258014 PMCID: PMC6258932 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01060-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the predominant pathogen of viral myocarditis. In our previous study, we found that CVB3 caused abnormal lipid accumulation in host cells. However, the underlying mechanisms by which CVB3 disrupts and exploits the host lipid metabolism are not well understood. Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) is the major transcriptional factor in lipogenic genes expression. In this study, we demonstrated that CVB3 infection and nonstructural 2A protein upregulated and activated SREBP1a at the transcriptional level. Deletion analysis of SREBP1a promoter revealed that two regions, -1821/-1490 and -312/+217, in this promoter were both required for its activation by 2A. These promoter regions possessed several binding motifs for transcription factor SP1. Next, we used SP1-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to confirm that SP1 might be the essential factor in SREBP1a upregulation by 2A. Furthermore, we showed that MEK/ERK pathway was involved in the activation of SREBP1a by 2A and that blocking this signaling pathway with the specific inhibitor U0126 attenuated SREBP1a activation and lipid accumulation by 2A. Finally, we showed that inhibition of SREBP1 with siRNAs attenuated lipid accumulation induced by CVB3 infection and reduced virus replication. Moreover, inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway also led to reduction of SREBP1a activation, lipid accumulation, and virus replication during CVB3 infection. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CVB3 nonstructural 2A protein activates SREBP1a at the transcription level through a mechanism involving MEK/ERK signaling pathway and SP1 transcription factor, which promotes cellular lipid accumulation and benefits virus replication.IMPORTANCE Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection is the leading cause of viral myocarditis, but effective vaccines and antiviral therapies against CVB3 infection are still lacking. It is important to understand the precise interactions between host and virus for the rational design of effective therapies. During infection, CVB3 disrupts and exploits host lipid metabolism to promote excessive lipid accumulation, which benefits virus replication. SREBP1 is the master regulator of cellular lipid metabolism. Here, we report that one of the viral nonstructural proteins, 2A, upregulates and activates SREBP1a. Furthermore, we find that inhibition of SREBP1 decreases CVB3 virus replication. These results reveal the regulation of SREBP1a expression by 2A and the roles of SREBP1 in lipid accumulation and viral replication during CVB3 infection. Our findings provide a new insight into CVB3 host interactions and inform a potential novel therapeutic target for this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junzhi Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Peng
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Halei Sheng
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei He
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kebin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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30
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Pombo JP, Sanyal S. Perturbation of Intracellular Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Homeostasis During Flavivirus Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1276. [PMID: 29915602 PMCID: PMC5994796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular lipid homeostasis is maintained through an intricately linked array of anabolic and catabolic pathways. Upon flavivirus infections, these are significantly altered: on the one hand, these viruses can co-opt lipid metabolic pathways to generate ATP to facilitate replication, or to synthesize membrane components to generate replication sites; on the other hand, more recent evidence suggests counter strategies employed by host cells, which actively modulate several of these networks in response to infection, enhancing interferon signaling by doing so, and thus creating an antiviral environment. In this review, we discuss recent data on mechanisms of alteration of lipid metabolic pathways during infection by flaviviruses, with a focus on cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis, which can be manipulated by the invading viruses to support replication, but can also be modulated by the host immune system itself, as a means to fight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Palma Pombo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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31
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Wu Q, Li Z, Liu Q. An important role of SREBP-1 in HBV and HCV co-replication inhibition by PTEN. Virology 2018; 520:94-102. [PMID: 29803738 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HBV HCV co-infection leads to more severe liver diseases including liver cancer than mono-infections. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a tumor suppressor, inhibits sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). In this study, we characterized the effect of the PTEN - SREBP-1 pathway on HBV HCV co-replication in a cellular model. We found that HBV and HCV can co-replicate in Huh-7 cells with no interference. Overexpression of PTEN inhibits, whereas PTEN knockdown enhances, HBV replication as well as HBV and HCV co-replication. Knocking down SREBP-1 decreases HBV replication in an HBx-dependent manner. SREBP-1 knockdown also decreases HCV replication. PTEN knockdown is concomitant with increased nuclear SREBP-1 levels. PTEN and SREBP-1 double knockdown results in intermediate levels of HBV and HCV replication in mono- and co-replication scenarios. Taken together, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the PTEN - SREBP-1 pathway can regulate HBV HCV co-replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Zhubing Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; School of Public Health Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Public Health Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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32
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Hickson SE, Margineantu D, Hockenbery DM, Simon JA, Geballe AP. Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication by nitazoxanide. Virology 2018; 518:398-405. [PMID: 29625403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an FDA-approved anti-protozoal drug that inhibits several bacteria and viruses as well. However, its effect on poxviruses is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the impact of NTZ on vaccinia virus (VACV). We found that NTZ inhibits VACV production with an EC50 of ~2 μM, a potency comparable to that reported for several other viruses. The inhibitory block occurs early during the viral life cycle, prior to viral DNA replication. The mechanism of viral inhibition is likely not due to activation of intracellular innate immune pathways, such as protein kinase R (PKR) or interferon signaling, contrary to what has been suggested to mediate the effects of NTZ against some other viruses. Rather, our finding that addition of exogenous palmitate partially rescues VACV production from the inhibitory effect of NTZ suggests that NTZ impedes adaptations in cellular metabolism that are needed for efficient completion of the VACV replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hickson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, United States
| | - Daciana Margineantu
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - David M Hockenbery
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, United States
| | - Julian A Simon
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Adam P Geballe
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, United States.
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33
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Scrima R, Piccoli C, Moradpour D, Capitanio N. Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum and/or Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Fluxes as Therapeutic Strategy for HCV Infection. Front Chem 2018; 6:73. [PMID: 29619366 PMCID: PMC5871704 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is characterized by metabolic disorders and by a microenvironment in the liver dominated by oxidative stress, inflammation and regeneration processes that can in the long term lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial dysfunctions play a central role in these processes. However, how these dysfunctions are induced by the virus and whether they play a role in disease progression and neoplastic transformation remains to be determined. Most in vitro studies performed so far have shown that several of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins also localize to mitochondria, but the consequences of these interactions on mitochondrial functions remain contradictory and need to be confirmed in the context of productively replicating virus and physiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo model systems. In the past decade we have been proposing a temporal sequence of events in the HCV-infected cell whereby the primary alteration is localized at the mitochondria-associated ER membranes and causes release of Ca2+ from the ER, followed by uptake into mitochondria. This ensues successive mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and a progressive metabolic adaptive response consisting in decreased oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced aerobic glycolysis and lipogenesis. Here we resume the major results provided by our group in the context of HCV-mediated alterations of the cellular inter-compartmental calcium flux homeostasis and present new evidence suggesting targeting of ER and/or mitochondrial calcium transporters as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Scrima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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34
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Li Z, Liu Q. Hepatitis C virus regulates proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 promoter activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:1229-1235. [PMID: 29397939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secretory serine protease mainly expressed in liver. Although PCSK9 has been shown to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry and replication, whether HCV regulates PCSK9 transcription has not been well studied. PCSK9 promoter activity is modulated by numerous transcription factors including sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1a, -1c, -2, hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 (HNF-1), and forkhead box O3 (FoxO3). Since they are differently regulated by HCV, we studied the effects of these transcription factors on PCSK9 promoter activity in the context of HCV infection and replication. We demonstrated that PCSK9 promoter activity was up-regulated after HCV infection and in HCV genomic replicon cells. We also studied the effects of HCV proteins on the PCSK9 promoter activity. While HCV structural proteins core, E1, and E2 had no effect, NS2, NS3, NS3-4A, NS5A and NS5B enhanced, and p7 and NS4B decreased PCSK9 promoter activity. Furthermore, we showed that transcription factors SREBP-1c, HNF-1α and specificity protein 1 increased PCSK9 promoter activity in HCV replicon cells, whereas SREBP-1a, HNF-1β and FoxO3 had an inhibitory effect. These results demonstrated the molecular mechanisms of how HCV modulates PCSK9 promoter activity and advanced our understanding on the mutual interactions between HCV and PCSK9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubing Li
- VIDO-InterVac, Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- VIDO-InterVac, Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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35
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Zhang J, Lan Y, Sanyal S. Modulation of Lipid Droplet Metabolism-A Potential Target for Therapeutic Intervention in Flaviviridae Infections. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2286. [PMID: 29234310 PMCID: PMC5712332 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related dynamic organelles that store and regulate fatty acids and neutral lipids. They play a central role in cellular energy storage, lipid metabolism and cellular homeostasis. It has become evident that viruses have co-evolved in order to exploit host lipid metabolic pathways. This is especially characteristic of the Flaviviridae family, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) and several flaviviruses. Devoid of an appropriate lipid biosynthetic machinery of their own, these single-strand positive-sense RNA viruses can induce dramatic changes in host metabolic pathways to establish a favorable environment for viral multiplication and acquire essential components to facilitate their assembly and traffic. Here we have reviewed the current knowledge on the intracellular life cycle of those from the Flaviviridae family, with particular emphasis on HCV and dengue virus (DENV), and their association with the biosynthesis and metabolism of LDs, with the aim to identify potential antiviral targets for development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Zhang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Lan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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36
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to severe liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a tumour suppressor, is frequently mutated or deleted in HCC tumors. PTEN has previously been demonstrated to inhibit HCV secretion. In this study, we determined the effects of PTEN on the other steps in HCV life cycle, including entry, translation, and replication. We showed that PTEN inhibits HCV entry through its lipid phosphatase activity. PTEN has no effect on HCV RNA translation. PTEN decreases HCV replication and the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN is essential for this function. PTEN interacts with the HCV core protein and requires R50 in domain I of HCV core and PTEN residues 1–185 for this interaction. This interaction is required for PTEN-mediated inhibition of HCV replication. This gives rise to a reduction in PTEN levels and intracellular lipid abundance, which may in turn regulate HCV replication. HCV core domain I protein increases the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN in an in vitro assay, suggesting that HCV infection can also regulate PTEN. Taken together, our results demonstrated an important regulatory role of PTEN in the HCV life cycle.
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37
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Kim JH, Sung PS, Lee EB, Hur W, Park DJ, Shin EC, Windisch MP, Yoon SK. GRIM-19 Restricts HCV Replication by Attenuating Intracellular Lipid Accumulation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:576. [PMID: 28443075 PMCID: PMC5387058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-associated with retinoid-interferon-induced mortality 19 (GRIM-19) targets multiple signaling pathways involved in cell death and growth. However, the role of GRIM-19 in the pathogenesis of hepatitis virus infections remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the restrictive effects of GRIM-19 on the replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV). We found that GRIM-19 protein levels were reduced in HCV-infected Huh7 cells and Huh7 cells harboring HCV replicons. Moreover, ectopically expressed GRIM-19 caused a reduction in both intracellular viral RNA levels and secreted viruses in HCVcc-infected cell cultures. The restrictive effect on HCV replication was restored by treatment with siRNA against GRIM-19. Interestingly, GRIM-19 overexpression did not alter the level of phosphorylated STAT3 or its subcellular distribution. Strikingly, forced expression of GRIM-19 attenuated an increase in intracellular lipid droplets after oleic acid (OA) treatment or HCVcc infection. GRIM-19 overexpression abrogated fatty acid-induced upregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1 (SREBP-1c), resulting in attenuated expression of its target genes such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). Treatment with OA or overexpression of SREBP-1c in GRIM-19-expressing, HCVcc-infected cells restored HCV replication. Our results suggest that GRIM-19 interferes with HCV replication by attenuating intracellular lipid accumulation and therefore is an anti-viral host factor that could be a promising target for HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Kim
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, South Korea
| | - Pil S Sung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun B Lee
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, South Korea
| | - Wonhee Hur
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, South Korea
| | - Dong J Park
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, South Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Marc P Windisch
- Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-siGyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seung K Yoon
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, South Korea
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38
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Awad A, Gassama-Diagne A. PI3K/SHIP2/PTEN pathway in cell polarity and hepatitis C virus pathogenesis. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:18-29. [PMID: 28105255 PMCID: PMC5220268 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects hepatocytes, polarized cells in the liver. Chronic HCV infection often leads to steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and it has been identified as the leading cause of liver transplantation worldwide. The HCV replication cycle is dependent on lipid metabolism and particularly an accumulation of lipid droplets in host cells. Phosphoinositides (PIs) are minor phospholipids enriched in different membranes and their levels are tightly regulated by specific PI kinases and phosphatases. PIs are implicated in a vast array of cellular responses that are central to morphogenesis, such as cytoskeletal changes, cytokinesis and the recruitment of downstream effectors to govern mechanisms involved in polarization and lumen formation. Important reviews of the literature identified phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-kinases, and their lipid products PtdIns(4)P, as critical regulators of the HCV life cycle. SH2-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (SHIP2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and their lipid products PtdIns(3,4)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, respectively, play an important role in the cell membrane and are key to the establishment of apicobasal polarity and lumen formation. In this review, we will focus on these new functions of PI3K and SHIP2, and their deregulation by HCV, causing a disruption of apicobasal polarity, actin organization and extracellular matrix assembly. Finally we will highlight the involvement of this pathway in the event of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease related to HCV infection.
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39
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Fritsch SD, Weichhart T. Effects of Interferons and Viruses on Metabolism. Front Immunol 2016; 7:630. [PMID: 28066439 PMCID: PMC5174094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are potent pleiotropic cytokines that broadly alter cellular functions in response to viral and other infections. These alterations include changes in protein synthesis, proliferation, membrane composition, and the nutritional microenvironment. Recent evidence suggests that antiviral responses are supported by an IFN-induced rewiring of the cellular metabolism. In this review, we discuss the roles of type I and type II IFNs in regulating the cellular metabolism and biosynthetic reactions. Furthermore, we give an overview of how viruses themselves affect these metabolic activities to promote their replication. In addition, we focus on the lipid as well as amino acid metabolisms, through which IFNs exert potent antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Conversely, the expression of IFNs is controlled by the nutrient sensor mammalian target of rapamycin or by direct reprograming of lipid metabolic pathways. These findings establish a mutual relationship between IFN production and metabolic core processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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40
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Medvedev R, Hildt E, Ploen D. Look who's talking-the crosstalk between oxidative stress and autophagy supports exosomal-dependent release of HCV particles. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:211-231. [PMID: 27987184 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated intracellular lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for cell survival. Dysregulation has been linked to the development of various human diseases, including neurodegeneration and tumorigenesis, infection, and aging. Besides, many viruses hijack the autophagosomal pathway to support their life cycle. The hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide, has been described to induce autophagy. The autophagosomal pathway can be further activated in response to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). HCV impairs the Nrf2/ARE-dependent induction of ROS-detoxifying enzymes by a so far unprecedented mechanism. In line with this, this review aims to discuss the relevance of HCV-dependent elevated ROS levels for the induction of autophagy as a result of the impaired Nrf2 signaling and the described crosstalk between p62 and the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Moreover, autophagy is functionally connected to the endocytic pathway as components of the endosomal trafficking are involved in the maturation of autophagosomes. The release of HCV particles is still not fully understood. Recent studies suggest an involvement of exosomes that originate from the endosomal pathway in viral release. In line with this, it is tempting to speculate whether HCV-dependent elevated ROS levels induce autophagy to support exosome-mediated release of viral particles. Based on recent findings, in this review, we will further highlight the impact of HCV-induced autophagy and its interplay with the endosomal pathway as a novel mechanism for the release of HCV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Medvedev
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Gießen, Marburg, Langen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ploen
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
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41
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Miyamura T, Lemon SM, Walker CM, Wakita T. The HCV Replicase Complex and Viral RNA Synthesis. HEPATITIS C VIRUS I 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122888 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56098-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is tightly linked to membrane alterations designated the membranous web, harboring the viral replicase complex. In this chapter we describe the morphology and 3D architecture of the HCV-induced replication organelles, mainly consisting of double membrane vesicles, which are generated by a concerted action of the nonstructural proteins NS3 to NS5B. Recent studies have furthermore identified a number of host cell proteins and lipids contributing to the biogenesis of the membranous web, which are discussed in this chapter. Viral RNA synthesis is tightly associated with these membrane alterations and mainly driven by the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. We summarize our current knowledge of the structure and function of NS5B, the role of cis-acting replication elements at the termini of the genome in regulating RNA synthesis and the contribution of additional viral and host factors to viral RNA synthesis, which is still ill defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamura
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology , The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | - Christopher M. Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
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42
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Abstract
Replication of positive-strand RNA viruses occurs in tight association with reorganized host cell membranes. In a concerted fashion, viral and cellular factors generate distinct organelle-like structures, designated viral replication factories. These virus-induced compartments promote highly efficient genome replication, allow spatiotemporal coordination of the different steps of the viral replication cycle, and protect viral RNA from the hostile cytoplasmic environment. The combined use of ultrastructural and functional studies has greatly increased our understanding of the architecture and biogenesis of viral replication factories. Here, we review common concepts and distinct differences in replication organelle morphology and biogenesis within the Flaviviridae family, exemplified by dengue virus and hepatitis C virus. We discuss recent progress made in our understanding of the complex interplay between viral determinants and subverted cellular membrane homeostasis in biogenesis and maintenance of replication factories of this virus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Paul
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; ,
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , .,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Lim YS, Ngo HTT, Lee J, Son K, Park EM, Hwang SB. ADP-ribosylation Factor-related Protein 1 Interacts with NS5A and Regulates Hepatitis C Virus Propagation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31211. [PMID: 27550144 PMCID: PMC4994002 DOI: 10.1038/srep31211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is tightly coupled to the lipid metabolism of host cells. In order to identify host factors involved in HCV propagation, we have previously screened a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library targeting host genes that control lipid metabolism and lipid droplet (LD) formation using cell culture-grown HCV (HCVcc)-infected cells. In this study, we selected and characterized the gene encoding ADP-ribosylation factor-related protein 1 (ARFRP1). ARFRP1 is essential for LD growth and is involved in the regulation of lipolysis. siRNA-mediated knockdown of ARFRP1 significantly inhibited HCV replication in both subgenomic replicon cells and HCVcc-infected cells. ARFRP1 interacted with NS5A and NS5A partially colocalized with LD. Silencing of ARFRP1 abrogated HCV-induced LD growth and viral protein expressions. Moreover, ARFRP1 recruited synaptosomal-associated protein 23 (SNAP23) to sites in close proximity to LDs in HCV-infected cells. Silencing of ARFRP1 ablated relocalization of SNAP23 to LD. These data indicate that HCV regulates ARFRP1 for LD growth to facilitate viral propagation and thus ARFRP1 may be a potential target for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sook Lim
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus and Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Huong T T Ngo
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus and Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus and Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Kidong Son
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus and Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mee Park
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus and Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea.,Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, South Korea
| | - Soon B Hwang
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus and Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
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44
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Narayanan S, Nieh AH, Kenwood BM, Davis CA, Tosello-Trampont AC, Elich TD, Breazeale SD, Ward E, Anderson RJ, Caldwell SH, Hoehn KL, Hahn YS. Distinct Roles for Intracellular and Extracellular Lipids in Hepatitis C Virus Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156996. [PMID: 27280294 PMCID: PMC4900644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a chronic liver disease that contributes to progressive metabolic dysfunction. Infection of hepatocytes by hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in reprogramming of hepatic and serum lipids. However, the specific contribution of these distinct pools of lipids to HCV infection remains ill defined. In this study, we investigated the role of hepatic lipogenesis in HCV infection by targeting the rate-limiting step in this pathway, which is catalyzed by the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzymes. Using two structurally unrelated ACC inhibitors, we determined that blockade of lipogenesis resulted in reduced viral replication, assembly, and release. Supplementing exogenous lipids to cells treated with ACC inhibitors rescued HCV assembly with no effect on viral replication and release. Intriguingly, loss of viral RNA was not recapitulated at the protein level and addition of 2-bromopalmitate, a competitive inhibitor of protein palmitoylation, mirrored the effects of ACC inhibitors on reduced viral RNA without a concurrent loss in protein expression. These correlative results suggest that newly synthesized lipids may have a role in protein palmitoylation during HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Narayanan
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Albert H. Nieh
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Kenwood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, United States of America
| | | | - Tedd D. Elich
- Cropsolution Inc., Morrisville, United States of America
| | | | - Eric Ward
- Cropsolution Inc., Morrisville, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen H. Caldwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Kyle L. Hoehn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Young S. Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
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McRae S, Iqbal J, Sarkar-Dutta M, Lane S, Nagaraj A, Ali N, Waris G. The Hepatitis C Virus-induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activates the Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein (SREBP) and Regulates Lipid Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:3254-67. [PMID: 26698881 PMCID: PMC4751372 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) relies on host lipids and lipid droplets for replication and morphogenesis. The accumulation of lipid droplets in infected hepatocytes manifests as hepatosteatosis, a common pathology observed in chronic hepatitis C patients. One way by which HCV promotes the accumulation of intracellular lipids is through enhancing de novo lipogenesis by activating the sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). In general, activation of SREBPs occurs during cholesterol depletion. Interestingly, during HCV infection, the activation of SREBPs occurs under normal cholesterol levels, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Our previous study has demonstrated the activation of the inflammasome complex in HCV-infected human hepatoma cells. In this study, we elucidate the potential link between chronic hepatitis C-associated inflammation and alteration of lipid homeostasis in infected cells. Our results reveal that the HCV-activated NLRP3 inflammasome is required for the up-regulation of lipogenic genes such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Using pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA against the inflammasome components (NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, and caspase-1), we further show that the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in lipid droplet formation. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HCV-infected cells enables caspase-1-mediated degradation of insulin-induced gene proteins. This subsequently leads to the transport of the SREBP cleavage-activating protein·SREBP complex from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, followed by proteolytic activation of SREBPs by S1P and S2P in the Golgi. Typically, inflammasome activation leads to viral clearance. Paradoxically, here we demonstrate how HCV exploits the NLRP3 inflammasome to activate SREBPs and host lipid metabolism, leading to liver disease pathogenesis associated with chronic HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven McRae
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Mehuli Sarkar-Dutta
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Samantha Lane
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Abhiram Nagaraj
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Naushad Ali
- the Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Gulam Waris
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
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Shi Q, Hoffman B, Liu Q. PI3K-Akt signaling pathway upregulates hepatitis C virus RNA translation through the activation of SREBPs. Virology 2016; 490:99-108. [PMID: 26855332 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) activates PI3K-Akt signaling to enhance entry and replication. Here, we found that this pathway also increased HCV translation. Knocking down the three Akt isoforms significantly decreased, whereas ectopic expression increased HCV translation. HCV translation upregulation by Akt required their kinase activities because Akt kinase-dead mutants downregulated HCV translation; and was dependent on PI3K activity since it was sensitive to PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. The viral 3'UTR was not involved in translation upregulation by Akt. HCV NS5A increased Akt phosphorylation/activity and HCV translation in the absence of the viral 3'UTR. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) were the downstream effectors of the PI3K-Akt pathway in regulating HCV translation because Akt1 and Akt2 activated both SREBP-1 and SREBP-2, whereas Akt3 upregulated SREBP-1. Knocking down SREBPs significantly decreased, while ectopic expression of SREBPs increased HCV translation. Taken together, we showed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway positively regulates HCV translation through SREBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett Hoffman
- VIDO-InterVac, Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- VIDO-InterVac, Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Mesquita I, Moreira D, Sampaio-Marques B, Laforge M, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Ludovico P, Estaquier J, Silvestre R. AMPK in Pathogens. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2016; 107:287-323. [PMID: 27812985 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43589-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During host-pathogen interactions, a complex web of events is crucial for the outcome of infection. Pathogen recognition triggers powerful cellular signaling events that is translated into the induction and maintenance of innate and adaptive host immunity against infection. In opposition, pathogens employ active mechanisms to manipulate host cell regulatory pathways toward their proliferation and survival. Among these, subversion of host cell energy metabolism by pathogens is currently recognized to play an important role in microbial growth and persistence. Extensive studies have documented the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, a central cellular hub involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, in host-pathogen interactions. Here, we highlight the most recent advances detailing how pathogens hijack cellular metabolism by suppressing or increasing the activity of the host energy sensor AMPK. We also address the role of lower eukaryote AMPK orthologues in the adaptive process to the host microenvironment and their contribution for pathogen survival, differentiation, and growth. Finally, we review the effects of pharmacological or genetic AMPK modulation on pathogen growth and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Belém Sampaio-Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal.
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48
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Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Estep M, Negro F, Clark PJ, Hunt S, Song Q, Paulson M, Stamm LM, Brainard DM, Subramanian GM, McHutchison JG, Patel K. Dysregulation of distal cholesterol biosynthesis in association with relapse and advanced disease in CHC genotype 2 and 3 treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin. J Hepatol 2016; 64:29-36. [PMID: 26341824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) modulates host lipid metabolism for its replication and lifecycle. Our aims were to assess changes in the serum lipid and distal (post-squalene) cholesterol biosynthesis metabolite profile of HCV genotypes (GT) 2 and 3 patients treated with sofosbuvir+ribavirin. METHODS Serum samples [baseline, treatment week 12, 4weeks post-treatment] were analyzed for apolipoproteins B and E (apoB/E), total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and 11 post-squalene sterol metabolites using a GC/MS platform. RESULTS We selected 127 patients (GT2 n=50, GT3 n=77), 50% cirrhotic patients, and 42% who experienced a virological relapse. At baseline, GT3 patients had lower level of serum lipids, apoB/E, 7-dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol, lathosterol, compared to GT2 (p<0.006). Baseline lathosterol was lower in relapsers with cirrhosis compared to cirrhotic patients with SVR (p=0.003). From baseline to treatment week 12, serum lipids, apoB/E, and key sterol pathway metabolites (7-dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol, lathosterol, lanosterol) increased in GT3. In contrast, in GT2 patients, apoB/E and dihydrolanosterol decreased with viral suppression (p<0.025). At follow-up week 4, cirrhotic SVR patients showed substantially greater increases in apoB and total sterols compared to cirrhotic relapsers regardless of HCV genotype. After adjustment for genotype and gender, baseline lathosterol was independently associated with virologic response (p=0.04). CONCLUSION HCV GT3 is associated with reduced circulation of lipids involved in the distal cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, resulting in relative hypocholesterolemia. HCV suppression during sofosbuvir+ribavirin restores distal sterol metabolites indicating viral interference with de novo lipogenesis or selective retention by hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M Younossi
- Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, United States; Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States.
| | - Maria Stepanova
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Michael Estep
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Sharon Hunt
- Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, United States; Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keyur Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Ploen D, Hildt E. Hepatitis C virus comes for dinner: How the hepatitis C virus interferes with autophagy. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:8492-8507. [PMID: 26229393 PMCID: PMC4515832 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i28.8492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly-regulated, conserved cellular process for the degradation of intracellular components in lysosomes to maintain the energetic balance of the cell. It is a pro-survival mechanism that plays an important role during development, differentiation, apoptosis, ageing and innate and adaptive immune response. Besides, autophagy has been described to be involved in the development of various human diseases, e.g., chronic liver diseases and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver diseases. It has recently been described that HCV, like other RNA viruses, hijacks the autophagic machinery to improve its replication. However, the mechanisms underlying its activation are conflicting. HCV replication and assembly occurs at the so-called membranous web that consists of lipid droplets and rearranged endoplasmic reticulum-derived membranes including single-, double- and multi-membrane vesicles. The double-membrane vesicles have been identified to contain NS3, NS5A, viral RNA and the autophagosomal marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, corroborating the involvement of the autophagic pathway in the HCV life-cycle. In this review, we will highlight the crosstalk of the autophagosomal compartment with different steps of the HCV life-cycle and address its implications on favoring the survival of infected hepatocytes.
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50
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Park EM, Lim YS, Ahn BY, Hwang SB. AAM-B Interacts with Nonstructural 4B and Regulates Hepatitis C Virus Propagation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132839. [PMID: 26185986 PMCID: PMC4505943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) usurps host cellular lipid metabolism for production of infectious virus particles. Recently, we have screened a siRNA library targeting host factors that control lipid metabolism and lipid droplet (LD) formation in cell culture grown HCV (HCVcc)-infected cells. Of 10 final candidates, we selected the gene encoding AAM-B for further characterization. We showed that siRNA-mediated knockdown of AAM-B impaired HCV propagation in Jc1-infected cells. More precisely, knockdown of AAM-B abrogated production of infectious HCV particles in both Jc1 RNA electroporated cells and Jc1-infected cells. It is worth noting that knockdown of AAM-B exerted no effect on lipid droplet formation. Moreover, AAM-B interacted with nonstructural 4B (NS4B) through the C-terminal region of NS4B. Protein interplay between AAM-B and NS4B was verified in the context of HCV replication. Using either transient or stable expression of AAM-B, we verified that AAM-B colocalized with NS4B in the cytoplasm. Immunofluorescence data further showed that AAM-B might be involved in recruitment of NS4B to sites in close proximity to LDs to facilitate HCV propagation. Collectively, this study provides new insight into how HCV utilizes cellular AAM-B to facilitate viral propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mee Park
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus and Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Yun-Sook Lim
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus and Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Byung-Yoon Ahn
- School of Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon B. Hwang
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus and Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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