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Hassanzadeh K, Liu J, Maddila S, Mouradian MM. Posttranslational Modifications of α-Synuclein, Their Therapeutic Potential, and Crosstalk in Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:1254-1290. [PMID: 39164116 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites has emerged as a key pathogenetic feature in Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. Various factors, including posttranslational modifications (PTMs), can influence the propensity of α-Syn to misfold and aggregate. PTMs are biochemical modifications of a protein that occur during or after translation and are typically mediated by enzymes. PTMs modulate several characteristics of proteins including their structure, activity, localization, and stability. α-Syn undergoes various posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, glycation, O-GlcNAcylation, nitration, oxidation, polyamination, arginylation, and truncation. Different PTMs of a protein can physically interact with one another or work together to influence a particular physiological or pathological feature in a process known as PTMs crosstalk. The development of detection techniques for the cooccurrence of PTMs in recent years has uncovered previously unappreciated mechanisms of their crosstalk. This has led to the emergence of evidence supporting an association between α-Syn PTMs crosstalk and synucleinopathies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of α-Syn PTMs, their impact on misfolding and pathogenicity, the pharmacological means of targeting them, and their potential as biomarkers of disease. We also highlight the importance of the crosstalk between these PTMs in α-Syn function and aggregation. Insight into these PTMS and the complexities of their crosstalk can improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies and identify novel targets of therapeutic potential. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: α-Synuclein is a key pathogenic protein in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies, making it a leading therapeutic target for disease modification. Multiple posttranslational modifications occur at various sites in α-Synuclein and alter its biophysical and pathological properties, some interacting with one another to add to the complexity of the pathogenicity of this protein. This review details these modifications, their implications in disease, and potential therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz Hassanzadeh
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jun Liu
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Santhosh Maddila
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - M Maral Mouradian
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey
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2
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Wang Q, Gu X, Yang L, Jiang Y, Zhang J, He J. Emerging perspectives on precision therapy for Parkinson's disease: multidimensional evidence leading to a new breakthrough in personalized medicine. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1417515. [PMID: 39026991 PMCID: PMC11254646 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1417515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
PD is a prevalent and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Genes play a significant role in the onset and progression of the disease. While the complexity and pleiotropy of gene expression networks have posed challenges for gene-targeted therapies, numerous pathways of gene variant expression show promise as therapeutic targets in preclinical studies, with some already in clinical trials. With the recognition of the numerous genes and complex pathways that can influence PD, it may be possible to take a novel approach to choose a treatment for the condition. This approach would be based on the symptoms, genomics, and underlying mechanisms of the disease. We discuss the utilization of emerging genetic and pathological knowledge of PD patients to categorize the disease into subgroups. Our long-term objective is to generate new insights for the therapeutic approach to the disease, aiming to delay and treat it more effectively, and ultimately reduce the burden on individuals and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Gu
- Department of Trauma center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People’s Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Zhou Z, Arroum T, Luo X, Kang R, Lee YJ, Tang D, Hüttemann M, Song X. Diverse functions of cytochrome c in cell death and disease. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:387-404. [PMID: 38521844 PMCID: PMC11043370 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The redox-active protein cytochrome c is a highly positively charged hemoglobin that regulates cell fate decisions of life and death. Under normal physiological conditions, cytochrome c is localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, and its distribution can extend to the cytosol, nucleus, and extracellular space under specific pathological or stress-induced conditions. In the mitochondria, cytochrome c acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain, facilitating adenosine triphosphate synthesis, regulating cardiolipin peroxidation, and influencing reactive oxygen species dynamics. Upon cellular stress, it can be released into the cytosol, where it interacts with apoptotic peptidase activator 1 (APAF1) to form the apoptosome, initiating caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. Additionally, following exposure to pro-apoptotic compounds, cytochrome c contributes to the survival of drug-tolerant persister cells. When translocated to the nucleus, it can induce chromatin condensation and disrupt nucleosome assembly. Upon its release into the extracellular space, cytochrome c may act as an immune mediator during cell death processes, highlighting its multifaceted role in cellular biology. In this review, we explore the diverse structural and functional aspects of cytochrome c in physiological and pathological responses. We summarize how posttranslational modifications of cytochrome c (e.g., phosphorylation, acetylation, tyrosine nitration, and oxidation), binding proteins (e.g., HIGD1A, CHCHD2, ITPR1, and nucleophosmin), and mutations (e.g., G41S, Y48H, and A51V) affect its function. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the latest advanced technologies utilized for detecting cytochrome c, along with potential therapeutic approaches related to this protein. These strategies hold tremendous promise in personalized health care, presenting opportunities for targeted interventions in a wide range of conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Zhou
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tasnim Arroum
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yong J Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Xinxin Song
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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4
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Fuentes JM, Morcillo P. The Role of Cardiolipin in Mitochondrial Function and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:609. [PMID: 38607048 PMCID: PMC11012098 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondria-exclusive phospholipid synthesized in the inner mitochondrial membrane. CL plays a key role in mitochondrial membranes, impacting a plethora of functions this organelle performs. Consequently, it is conceivable that abnormalities in the CL content, composition, and level of oxidation may negatively impact mitochondrial function and dynamics, with important implications in a variety of diseases. This review concentrates on papers published in recent years, combined with basic and underexplored research in CL. We capture new findings on its biological functions in the mitochondria, as well as its association with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. Lastly, we explore the potential applications of CL as a biomarker and pharmacological target to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Fuentes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Patricia Morcillo
- Departmentof Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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5
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Singh SB, Carroll-Portillo A, Lin HC. Desulfovibrio in the Gut: The Enemy within? Microorganisms 2023; 11:1772. [PMID: 37512944 PMCID: PMC10383351 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Desulfovibrio (DSV) are sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) that are ubiquitously present in the environment and as resident commensal bacteria within the human gastrointestinal tract. Though they are minor residents of the healthy gut, DSV are opportunistic pathobionts that may overgrow in the setting of various intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between DSV overgrowth (bloom) and various human diseases. While the relationship between DSV bloom and disease pathology has not been clearly established, mounting evidence suggests a causal role for these bacteria in disease development. As DSV are the most predominant genera of SRB in the gut, this review summarizes current knowledge regarding the relationship between DSV and a variety of diseases. In this study, we also discuss the mechanisms by which these bacteria may contribute to disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha B Singh
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Amanda Carroll-Portillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Henry C Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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6
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Brolin E, Ingelsson M, Bergström J, Erlandsson A. Altered Distribution of SNARE Proteins in Primary Neurons Exposed to Different Alpha-Synuclein Proteoforms. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01355-3. [PMID: 37130995 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the pathological alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) starts at the synapses. Physiologic α-syn is involved in regulating neurotransmitter release by binding to the SNARE complex protein VAMP-2 on synaptic vesicles. However, in which way the SNARE complex formation is affected by α-syn pathology remains unclear. In this study, primary cortical neurons were exposed to either α-syn monomers or preformed fibrils (PFFs) for different time points and the effect on SNARE protein distribution was analyzed with a novel proximity ligation assay (PLA). Short-term exposure to monomers or PFFs for 24 h increased the co-localization of VAMP-2 and syntaxin-1, but reduced the co-localization of SNAP-25 and syntaxin-1, indicating a direct effect of the added α-syn on SNARE protein distribution. Long-term exposure to α-syn PFFs for 7 d reduced VAMP-2 and SNAP-25 co-localization, although there was only a modest induction of ser129 phosphorylated (pS129) α-syn. Similarly, exposure to extracellular vesicles collected from astrocytes treated with α-syn PFFs for 7 d influenced VAMP-2 and SNAP-25 co-localization despite only low levels of pS129 α-syn being formed. Taken together, our results demonstrate that different α-syn proteoforms have the potential to alter the distribution of SNARE proteins at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Brolin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joakim Bergström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Moradi Vastegani S, Nasrolahi A, Ghaderi S, Belali R, Rashno M, Farzaneh M, Khoshnam SE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03904-0. [PMID: 36943668 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder whose pathogenesis is not completely understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress have been considered as major causes and central events responsible for the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in PD. Therefore, investigating mitochondrial disorders plays a role in understanding the pathogenesis of PD and can be an important therapeutic target for this disease. This study discusses the effect of environmental, genetic and biological factors on mitochondrial dysfunction and also focuses on the mitochondrial molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, and its possible therapeutic targets in PD, including reactive oxygen species generation, calcium overload, inflammasome activation, apoptosis, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial dynamics. Other potential therapeutic strategies such as mitochondrial transfer/transplantation, targeting microRNAs, using stem cells, photobiomodulation, diet, and exercise were also discussed in this review, which may provide valuable insights into clinical aspects. A better understanding of the roles of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of PD may provide a rationale for designing novel therapeutic interventions in our fight against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Moradi Vastegani
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ava Nasrolahi
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahab Ghaderi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rafie Belali
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masome Rashno
- Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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8
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Sohrabi T, Mirzaei-Behbahani B, Zadali R, Pirhaghi M, Morozova-Roche LA, Meratan AA. Common Mechanisms Underlying α-Synuclein-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2023:167992. [PMID: 36736886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurological movement disorder characterized by the selective and irreversible loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta resulting in dopamine deficiency in the striatum. While most cases are sporadic or environmental, about 10% of patients have a positive family history with a genetic cause. The misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) as a casual factor in the pathogenesis of PD has been supported by a great deal of literature. Extensive studies of mechanisms underpinning degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons induced by α-syn dysfunction suggest a complex process that involves multiple pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress, impaired calcium homeostasis through membrane permeabilization, synaptic dysfunction, impairment of quality control systems, disruption of microtubule dynamics and axonal transport, endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi dysfunction, nucleus malfunction, and microglia activation leading to neuroinflammation. Among them mitochondrial dysfunction has been considered as the most primary target of α-syn-induced toxicity, leading to neuronal cell death in both sporadic and familial forms of PD. Despite reviewing many aspects of PD pathogenesis related to mitochondrial dysfunction, a systemic study on how α-syn malfunction/aggregation damages mitochondrial functionality and leads to neurodegeneration is missing in the literature. In this review, we give a detailed molecular overview of the proposed mechanisms by which α-syn, directly or indirectly, contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction. This may provide valuable insights for development of new therapeutic approaches in relation to PD. Antioxidant-based therapy as a potential strategy to protect mitochondria against oxidative damage, its challenges, and recent developments in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Sohrabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Behnaz Mirzaei-Behbahani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Ramin Zadali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mitra Pirhaghi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbar Meratan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran.
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9
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Fox CA, Ryan RO. Studies of the cardiolipin interactome. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 88:101195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Cytochrome c Interaction with Cardiolipin Plays a Key Role in Cell Apoptosis: Implications for Human Diseases. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cell cytochrome, c performs different functions depending on the environment in which it acts; therefore, it has been classified as a multifunction protein. When anchored to the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, native cytochrome c acts as a Schweitzer-StennerSchweitzer-Stenner that transfers electrons from cytochrome c reductase to cytochrome c oxidase in the respiratory chain. On the other hand, to interact with cardiolipin (one of the phospholipids making up the mitochondrial membrane) and form the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex in the apoptotic process, the protein reorganizes its structure into a non-native state characterized by different asymmetry. The formation of the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex is a fundamental step of the apoptotic pathway, since the structural rearrangement induces peroxidase activity in cytochrome c, the subsequent permeabilization of the membrane, and the release of the free protein into the cytoplasm, where cytochrome c activates the apoptotic process. Apoptosis is closely related to the pathogenesis of neoplastic, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases; in this contest, the biosynthesis and remodeling of cardiolipin are crucial for the regulation of the apoptotic process. Since the role of cytochrome c as a promoter of apoptosis strictly depends on the non-native conformation(s) that the protein acquires when bound to the cardiolipin and such event leads to cytochrome c traslocation into the cytosol, the structural and functional properties of the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex in cell fate will be the focus of the present review.
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11
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Murros KE. Hydrogen Sulfide Produced by Gut Bacteria May Induce Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:978. [PMID: 35326429 PMCID: PMC8946538 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacterial species can generate hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Study evidence favors the view that the microbiome of the colon harbors increased amounts of H2S producing bacteria in Parkinson's disease. Additionally, H2S can easily penetrate cell membranes and enter the cell interior. In the cells, excessive amounts of H2S can potentially release cytochrome c protein from the mitochondria, increase the iron content of the cytosolic iron pool, and increase the amount of reactive oxygen species. These events can lead to the formation of alpha-synuclein oligomers and fibrils in cells containing the alpha-synuclein protein. In addition, bacterially produced H2S can interfere with the body urate metabolism and affect the blood erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Gut bacteria responsible for increased H2S production, especially the mucus-associated species of the bacterial genera belonging to the Desulfovibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families, are likely play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Special attention should be devoted to changes not only in the colonic but also in the duodenal microbiome composition with regard to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Influenza infections may increase the risk of Parkinson's disease by causing the overgrowth of H2S-producing bacteria both in the colon and duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Erik Murros
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Serratos IN, Hernández-Pérez E, Campos C, Aschner M, Santamaría A. An Update on the Critical Role of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease and Other Synucleinopathies: from Tissue to Cellular and Molecular Levels. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:620-642. [PMID: 34750787 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) plays a critical role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. α-Syn, which is encoded by the SNCA gene, is a lysine-rich soluble amphipathic protein normally expressed in neurons. Located in the cytosolic domain, this protein has the ability to remodel itself in plasma membranes, where it assumes an alpha-helix conformation. However, the protein can also adopt another conformation rich in cross-beta sheets, undergoing mutations and post-translational modifications, then leading the protein to an unusual aggregation in the form of Lewy bodies (LB), which are cytoplasmic inclusions constituted predominantly by α-Syn. Pathogenic mechanisms affecting the structural and functional stability of α-Syn - such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, Golgi complex fragmentation, disfunctional protein degradation systems, aberrant interactions with mitochondrial membranes and nuclear DNA, altered cytoskeleton dynamics, disrupted neuronal plasmatic membrane, dysfunctional vesicular transport, and formation of extracellular toxic aggregates - contribute all to the pathogenic progression of PD and synucleinopathies. In this review, we describe the collective knowledge on this topic and provide an update on the critical role of α-Syn aggregates, both at the cellular and molecular levels, in the deregulation of organelles affecting the cellular homeostasis and leading to neuronal cell death in PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Serratos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Hernández-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Campos
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, SSA, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Lizama BN, Chu CT. Neuronal autophagy and mitophagy in Parkinson's disease. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100972. [PMID: 34130867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process by which cells can selectively or non-selectively remove damaged proteins and organelles. As the cell's main means of sequestering damaged mitochondria for removal, mitophagy is central to cellular function and survival. Research on autophagy and mitochondrial quality control has increased exponentially in relation to the pathogenesis of numerous disease conditions, from cancer and immune diseases to chronic neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD). Understanding how components of the autophagic/mitophagic machinery are affected during disease, as well as the contextual relationship of autophagy with determining neuronal health and function, is essential to the goal of designing therapies for human disease. In this review, we will summarize key signaling molecules that consign damaged mitochondria for autophagic degradation, describe the relationship of genes linked to PD to autophagy/mitophagy dysfunction, and discuss additional roles of both mitochondrial and cytosolic pools of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) in mitochondrial homeostasis, dendritic morphogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney N Lizama
- Dept of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Dept of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Center for Protein Conformational Diseases and Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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14
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Pinocembrin-7-Methylether Protects SH-SY5Y Cells Against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity via Modulating Nrf2 Induction Through AKT and ERK Pathways. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1323-1337. [PMID: 33999357 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of pinocembrin-7-methylether (PME), a natural bioflavonoid, in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced models of Parkinson's disease in vivo and in vitro. First, we found that PME decreased apoptosis in 6-OHDA-intoxicated SH-SY5Y cells. PME also blocked several 6-OHDA-induced mitochondrial apoptotic cascades, including loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase 3 and PARP activation, and a decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Also, PME suppressed 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress while increasing antioxidant enzymatic activity. Further investigations indicated that PME significantly enhanced nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, improved ARE promoter activity, and upregulated HO-1 and NQO1 expression levels. In addition, siRNA-mediated Nrf2 knockdown abolished PME-induced anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects. Interestingly, we found that PME promoted phosphorylation of AKT and ERK, whereas pharmacological inhibition of AKT or ERK pathways diminished PME-induced Nrf2 activation and protective actions. Moreover, PME attenuated 6-OHDA-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons and ameliorated locomotor deficiency in zebrafish, supporting the neuroprotective actions of PME in vivo. In summary, we found that PME conferred neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in PD models in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, our findings suggest that activation of Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 signaling cascades contributes to PME-induced anti-oxidative and neuroprotective actions, which are at least partially mediated by AKT and ERK pathways.
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15
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Chakraborty R, Dey S, Sil P, Paul SS, Bhattacharyya D, Bhunia A, Sengupta J, Chattopadhyay K. Conformational distortion in a fibril-forming oligomer arrests alpha-Synuclein fibrillation and minimizes its toxic effects. Commun Biol 2021; 4:518. [PMID: 33941845 PMCID: PMC8093279 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrillation pathway of alpha-Synuclein, the causative protein of Parkinson's disease, encompasses transient, heterogeneous oligomeric forms whose structural understanding and link to toxicity are not yet understood. We report that the addition of the physiologically-available small molecule heme at a sub-stoichiometric ratio to either monomeric or aggregated α-Syn, targets a His50 residue critical for fibril-formation and stabilizes the structurally-heterogeneous populations of aggregates into a minimally-toxic oligomeric state. Cryo-EM 3D reconstruction revealed a 'mace'-shaped structure of this monodisperse population of oligomers, which is comparable to a solid-state NMR Greek key-like motif (where the core residues are arranged in parallel in-register sheets with a Greek key topology at the C terminus) that forms the fundamental unit/kernel of protofilaments. Further structural analyses suggest that heme binding induces a distortion in the Greek key-like architecture of the mace oligomers, which impairs their further appending into protofilaments and fibrils. Additionally, our study reports a novel mechanism of prevention as well as reclamation of amyloid fibril formation by blocking an inter-protofilament His50 residue using a small molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritobrita Chakraborty
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandip Dey
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Pallabi Sil
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Simanta Sarani Paul
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Prion and Protein folding disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dipita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute- Centenary Campus, P-1/12C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute- Centenary Campus, P-1/12C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, India
| | - Jayati Sengupta
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
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16
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Falabella M, Vernon HJ, Hanna MG, Claypool SM, Pitceathly RDS. Cardiolipin, Mitochondria, and Neurological Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:224-237. [PMID: 33640250 PMCID: PMC8277580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become clear that lipid homeostasis is central to cellular metabolism. Lipids are particularly abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) where they modulate membrane fluidity, electric signal transduction, and synaptic stabilization. Abnormal lipid profiles reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and traumatic brain injury (TBI), are further support for the importance of lipid metablism in the nervous system. Cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria-exclusive phospholipid, has recently emerged as a focus of neurodegenerative disease research. Aberrant CL content, structure, and localization are linked to impaired neurogenesis and neuronal dysfunction, contributing to aging and the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and PD. Furthermore, the highly tissue-specific acyl chain composition of CL confers it significant potential as a biomarker to diagnose and monitor the progression in several neurological diseases. CL also represents a potential target for pharmacological strategies aimed at treating neurodegeneration. Given the equipoise that currently exists between CL metabolism, mitochondrial function, and neurological disease, we review the role of CL in nervous system physiology and monogenic and neurodegenerative disease pathophysiology, in addition to its potential application as a biomarker and pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micol Falabella
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Hilary J Vernon
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael G Hanna
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert D S Pitceathly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
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17
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Wang Z, He C, Shi JS. Natural Products for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5790-5828. [PMID: 31131744 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190527120614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) are the common neurodegenerative diseases, which typically occur in people over the age of 60. With the rapid development of an aged society, over 60 million people worldwide are suffering from these uncurable diseases. Therefore, the search for new drugs and therapeutic methods has become an increasingly important research topic. Natural products especially those from the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), are the most important sources of drugs, and have received extensive interest among pharmacist. In this review, in order to facilitate further chemical modification of those useful natural products by pharmacists, we will bring together recent studies in single natural compound from TCMs with neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China.,Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, P.R. China
| | - Chunyang He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China.,Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China
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18
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Aspholm EE, Matečko-Burmann I, Burmann BM. Keeping α-Synuclein at Bay: A More Active Role of Molecular Chaperones in Preventing Mitochondrial Interactions and Transition to Pathological States? Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E289. [PMID: 33227899 PMCID: PMC7699229 DOI: 10.3390/life10110289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The property of molecular chaperones to dissolve protein aggregates of Parkinson-related α-synuclein has been known for some time. Recent findings point to an even more active role of molecular chaperones preventing the transformation of α-synuclein into pathological states subsequently leading to the formation of Lewy bodies, intracellular inclusions containing protein aggregates as well as broken organelles found in the brains of Parkinson's patients. In parallel, a short motif around Tyr39 was identified as being crucial for the aggregation of α-synuclein. Interestingly, this region is also one of the main segments in contact with a diverse pool of molecular chaperones. Further, it could be shown that the inhibition of the chaperone:α-synuclein interaction leads to a binding of α-synuclein to mitochondria, which could also be shown to lead to mitochondrial membrane disruption as well as the possible proteolytic processing of α-synuclein by mitochondrial proteases. Here, we will review the current knowledge on the role of molecular chaperones in the regulation of physiological functions as well as the direct consequences of impairing these interactions-i.e., leading to enhanced mitochondrial interaction and consequential mitochondrial breakage, which might mark the initial stages of the structural transition of α-synuclein towards its pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie E. Aspholm
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Irena Matečko-Burmann
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Björn M. Burmann
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
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19
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Megadalton-sized Dityrosine Aggregates of α-Synuclein Retain High Degrees of Structural Disorder and Internal Dynamics. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:166689. [PMID: 33211011 PMCID: PMC7779668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite their large size, αSyn dityrosine aggregates are dynamic and disordered. αSyn dityrosine aggregates specifically form in complex environments. αSyn dityrosine aggregates retain residual membrane binding activity. Dityrosine aggregates inhibit amyloid formation of monomeric αSyn. αSyn dityrosine aggregates are not cytotoxic.
Heterogeneous aggregates of the human protein α-synuclein (αSyn) are abundantly found in Lewy body inclusions of Parkinson’s disease patients. While structural information on classical αSyn amyloid fibrils is available, little is known about the conformational properties of disease-relevant, non-canonical aggregates. Here, we analyze the structural and dynamic properties of megadalton-sized dityrosine adducts of αSyn that form in the presence of reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c, a proapoptotic peroxidase that is released from mitochondria during sustained oxidative stress. In contrast to canonical cross-β amyloids, these aggregates retain high degrees of internal dynamics, which enables their characterization by solution-state NMR spectroscopy. We find that intermolecular dityrosine crosslinks restrict αSyn motions only locally whereas large segments of concatenated molecules remain flexible and disordered. Indistinguishable aggregates form in crowded in vitro solutions and in complex environments of mammalian cell lysates, where relative amounts of free reactive oxygen species, rather than cytochrome c, are rate limiting. We further establish that dityrosine adducts inhibit classical amyloid formation by maintaining αSyn in its monomeric form and that they are non-cytotoxic despite retaining basic membrane-binding properties. Our results suggest that oxidative αSyn aggregation scavenges cytochrome c’s activity into the formation of amorphous, high molecular-weight structures that may contribute to the structural diversity of Lewy body deposits.
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20
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Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease: Potential Benefits of Antioxidant Supplementation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2360872. [PMID: 33101584 PMCID: PMC7576349 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2360872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) occurs in approximately 1% of the population over 65 years of age and has become increasingly more common with advances in age. The number of individuals older than 60 years has been increasing in modern societies, as well as life expectancy in developing countries; therefore, PD may pose an impact on the economic, social, and health structures of these countries. Oxidative stress is highlighted as an important factor in the genesis of PD, involving several enzymes and signaling molecules in the underlying mechanisms of the disease. This review presents updated data on the involvement of oxidative stress in the disease, as well as the use of antioxidant supplements in its therapy.
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21
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Akintade D, Chaudhuri B. The effect of copy number on α-synuclein's toxicity and its protective role in Bax-induced apoptosis, in yeast. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20201912. [PMID: 32794578 PMCID: PMC7468099 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death which is essential for the growth of dividing human cells whereas, in contrast, it is deleterious for post-mitotic cells such as neurons. Bax and α-synuclein are two human proteins which play a role in the induction of neuronal apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Human Bax and α-synuclein also induce cell death when expressed in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Quite unexpectedly, the human α-synuclein gene had been identified as an inhibitor of pro-apoptotic Bax using a yeast-based screen of a human hippocampal cDNA library. Plasmids were constructed with different promoters, which allow expression of wildtype and Parkinson's disease (PD)-related mutant α-synuclein genes, from (i) multi-copy 2µ (episomal) plasmids and (ii) integrative plasmids that compel expression of genes from chromosomal sites in varying copy numbers (1-3). All α-synuclein-containing plasmids were introduced, through transformation, into a yeast strain which already contained a chromosomally integrated copy of Bax. It is for the first time that it was observed that, depending on gene dosage, only wildtype α-synuclein is anti-apoptotic while mutant α-synuclein is not. The results also indicate that wildtype α-synuclein has a remarkable ability to manifest two contrasting effects depending on its level of expression: (i) normally, it would negate apoptosis but (ii) when overexpressed, it tends to induce apoptosis which is probably what happens in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilare D. Akintade
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, U.K
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| | - Bhabatosh Chaudhuri
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
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22
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Bozic M, Caus M, Rodrigues-Diez RR, Pedraza N, Ruiz-Ortega M, Garí E, Gallel P, Panadés MJ, Martinez A, Fernández E, Valdivielso JM. Protective role of renal proximal tubular alpha-synuclein in the pathogenesis of kidney fibrosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1943. [PMID: 32327648 PMCID: PMC7181766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is a highly deleterious process and a final manifestation of chronic kidney disease. Alpha-(α)-synuclein (SNCA) is an actin-binding neuronal protein with various functions within the brain; however, its role in other tissues is unknown. Here, we describe the expression of SNCA in renal epithelial cells and demonstrate its decrease in renal tubules of murine and human fibrotic kidneys, as well as its downregulation in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) after TGF-β1 treatment. shRNA-mediated knockdown of SNCA in RPTECs results in de novo expression of vimentin and α-SMA, while SNCA overexpression represses TGF-β1-induced mesenchymal markers. Conditional gene silencing of SNCA in RPTECs leads to an exacerbated tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) in two unrelated in vivo fibrotic models, which is associated with an increased activation of MAPK-p38 and PI3K-Akt pathways. Our study provides an evidence that disruption of SNCA signaling in RPTECs contributes to the pathogenesis of renal TIF by facilitating partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Bozic
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen Retic, ISCIII, Spain.
| | - Maite Caus
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen Retic, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Raul R Rodrigues-Diez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Neus Pedraza
- Cell Cycle, Department of Basic Medical Science, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eloi Garí
- Cell Cycle, Department of Basic Medical Science, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Pilar Gallel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova and University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Spain
| | - Maria José Panadés
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova and University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen Retic, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Elvira Fernández
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen Retic, ISCIII, Spain
| | - José Manuel Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen Retic, ISCIII, Spain.
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23
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Wheel and Deal in the Mitochondrial Inner Membranes: The Tale of Cytochrome c and Cardiolipin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6813405. [PMID: 32377304 PMCID: PMC7193304 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6813405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin oxidation and degradation by different factors under severe cell stress serve as a trigger for genetically encoded cell death programs. In this context, the interplay between cardiolipin and another mitochondrial factor—cytochrome c—is a key process in the early stages of apoptosis, and it is a matter of intense research. Cytochrome c interacts with lipid membranes by electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic effects. Experimental conditions (including pH, lipid composition, and post-translational modifications) determine which specific amino acid residues are involved in the interaction and influence the heme iron coordination state. In fact, up to four binding sites (A, C, N, and L), driven by different interactions, have been reported. Nevertheless, key aspects of the mechanism for cardiolipin oxidation by the hemeprotein are well established. First, cytochrome c acts as a pseudoperoxidase, a process orchestrated by tyrosine residues which are crucial for peroxygenase activity and sensitivity towards oxidation caused by protein self-degradation. Second, flexibility of two weakest folding units of the hemeprotein correlates with its peroxidase activity and the stability of the iron coordination sphere. Third, the diversity of the mode of interaction parallels a broad diversity in the specific reaction pathway. Thus, current knowledge has already enabled the design of novel drugs designed to successfully inhibit cardiolipin oxidation.
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24
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Vegeto E, Villa A, Della Torre S, Crippa V, Rusmini P, Cristofani R, Galbiati M, Maggi A, Poletti A. The Role of Sex and Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5572525. [PMID: 31544208 PMCID: PMC7156855 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a wide class of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several factors were hypothesized to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, including genetic and environmental factors. Many of these diseases show a sex prevalence and sex steroids were shown to have a role in the progression of specific forms of neurodegeneration. Estrogens were reported to be neuroprotective through their action on cognate nuclear and membrane receptors, while adverse effects of male hormones have been described on neuronal cells, although some data also suggest neuroprotective activities. The response of the CNS to sex steroids is a complex and integrated process that depends on (i) the type and amount of the cognate steroid receptor and (ii) the target cell type-either neurons, glia, or microglia. Moreover, the levels of sex steroids in the CNS fluctuate due to gonadal activities and to local metabolism and synthesis. Importantly, biochemical processes involved in the pathogenesis of NDs are increasingly being recognized as different between the two sexes and as influenced by sex steroids. The aim of this review is to present current state-of-the-art understanding on the potential role of sex steroids and their receptors on the onset and progression of major neurodegenerative disorders, namely, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the peculiar motoneuron disease spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, in which hormonal therapy is potentially useful as disease modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vegeto
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DiSFarm), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute (DiSS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Della Torre
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DiSFarm), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DiSFarm), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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25
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez P, Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:61-89. [PMID: 32247375 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, disabling millions worldwide. Despite the imperative PD poses, at present, there is no cure or means of slowing progression. This gap is attributable to our incomplete understanding of the factors driving pathogenesis. Research over the past several decades suggests that both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous processes contribute to the neuronal dysfunction underlying PD symptoms. The thesis of this review is that an intersection of these processes governs the pattern of pathology in PD. Studies of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons, whose loss is responsible for the core motor symptoms of PD, suggest that they have a combination of traits-a long, highly branched axon, autonomous activity, and elevated mitochondrial oxidant stress-that predispose them to non-cell autonomous drivers of pathogenesis, like misfolded forms of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and inflammation. The literature surrounding these issues will be briefly summarized, and the translational implications of an intersectional hypothesis of PD pathogenesis discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Zampese
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
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26
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Artyukhova MA, Tyurina YY, Chu CT, Zharikova TM, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Timashev PS. Interrogating Parkinson's disease associated redox targets: Potential application of CRISPR editing. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:279-292. [PMID: 31201850 PMCID: PMC6832799 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is one of the pathogenic hallmarks of Parkinson's disease, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain enigmatic. While aberrant redox metabolism strongly associated with iron dysregulation and accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria is considered as one of the major contributors to neurodegeneration and death of dopaminergic cells, the specific anomalies in the molecular machinery and pathways leading to the PD development and progression have not been identified. The high efficiency and relative simplicity of a new genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9, make its applications attractive for deciphering molecular changes driving PD-related impairments of redox metabolism and lipid peroxidation in relation to mishandling of iron, aggregation and oligomerization of alpha-synuclein and mitochondrial injury as well as in mechanisms of mitophagy and programs of regulated cell death (apoptosis and ferroptosis). These insights into the mechanisms of PD pathology may be used for the identification of new targets for therapeutic interventions and innovative approaches to genome editing, including CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Artyukhova
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - Y Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - C T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - T M Zharikova
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - H Bayır
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - V E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics and Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - P S Timashev
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation; Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N.Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Federation; Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
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27
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Role of Cardiolipin in Mitochondrial Function and Dynamics in Health and Disease: Molecular and Pharmacological Aspects. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070728. [PMID: 31315173 PMCID: PMC6678812 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are involved in a large array of metabolic and bioenergetic processes that are vital for cell survival. Phospholipids are the main building blocks of mitochondrial membranes. Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique phospholipid which is localized and synthesized in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). It is now widely accepted that CL plays a central role in many reactions and processes involved in mitochondrial function and dynamics. Cardiolipin interacts with and is required for optimal activity of several IMM proteins, including the enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP production and for their organization into supercomplexes. Moreover, CL plays an important role in mitochondrial membrane morphology, stability and dynamics, in mitochondrial biogenesis and protein import, in mitophagy, and in different mitochondrial steps of the apoptotic process. It is conceivable that abnormalities in CL content, composition and level of oxidation may negatively impact mitochondrial function and dynamics, with important implications in a variety of pathophysiological situations and diseases. In this review, we focus on the role played by CL in mitochondrial function and dynamics in health and diseases and on the potential of pharmacological modulation of CL through several agents in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paradies
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Francesca M Ruggiero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petrosillo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy.
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28
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Ghosh S, Mahapatra A, Chattopadhyay K. Modulation of α-Synuclein Aggregation by Cytochrome c Binding and Hetero-dityrosine Adduct Formation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1300-1310. [PMID: 30620180 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) has been implicated strongly in Parkinson's disease (PD). The intrinsically disordered nature of α-Syn makes this protein prone to self-association or heteroassociation with another protein or lipid. While conformational fluctuation and free radical chemistry have been shown to play important roles in its ability toward self- and heteroassociation, any systematic understanding of their contributions is missing. Here, we report an in vitro investigation of the interaction between α-Syn and cytochrome c in the oxidized (cyt c III) and reduced forms (cyt c II), in which cyt c III was found to induce a large compaction of α-Syn and inhibit the aggregation by favoring a hetero-dityrosine bond formation. In contrast, the presence of cyt c II did not result in any compaction and its presence was found to facilitate α-Syn aggregation. The variation in the charge distribution of the surface residues of cyt c III and cyt c II is expected to play a decisive role in their interaction with α-Syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Ghosh
- Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anindita Mahapatra
- Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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29
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway, formation of Lewy bodies, and microgliosis. During the past decades multiple cellular pathways have been associated with PD pathology (i.e., oxidative stress, endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immune response), yet disease-modifying treatments are not available. We have recently used genetic data from familial and sporadic cases in an unbiased approach to build a molecular landscape for PD, revealing lipids as central players in this disease. Here we extensively review the current knowledge concerning the involvement of various subclasses of fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and lipoproteins in PD pathogenesis. Our review corroborates a central role for most lipid classes, but the available information is fragmented, not always reproducible, and sometimes differs by sex, age or PD etiology of the patients. This hinders drawing firm conclusions about causal or associative effects of dietary lipids or defects in specific steps of lipid metabolism in PD. Future technological advances in lipidomics and additional systematic studies on lipid species from PD patient material may improve this situation and lead to a better appreciation of the significance of lipids for this devastating disease.
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30
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Vlasova II. Peroxidase Activity of Human Hemoproteins: Keeping the Fire under Control. Molecules 2018; 23:E2561. [PMID: 30297621 PMCID: PMC6222727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme in the active center of peroxidases reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form highly reactive intermediates, which then oxidize simple substances called peroxidase substrates. Human peroxidases can be divided into two groups: (1) True peroxidases are enzymes whose main function is to generate free radicals in the peroxidase cycle and (pseudo)hypohalous acids in the halogenation cycle. The major true peroxidases are myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase. (2) Pseudo-peroxidases perform various important functions in the body, but under the influence of external conditions they can display peroxidase-like activity. As oxidative intermediates, these peroxidases produce not only active heme compounds, but also protein-based tyrosyl radicals. Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c/cardiolipin complexes and cytoglobin are considered as pseudo-peroxidases. Рeroxidases play an important role in innate immunity and in a number of physiologically important processes like apoptosis and cell signaling. Unfavorable excessive peroxidase activity is implicated in oxidative damage of cells and tissues, thereby initiating the variety of human diseases. Hence, regulation of peroxidase activity is of considerable importance. Since peroxidases differ in structure, properties and location, the mechanisms controlling peroxidase activity and the biological effects of peroxidase products are specific for each hemoprotein. This review summarizes the knowledge about the properties, activities, regulations and biological effects of true and pseudo-peroxidases in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying beneficial and adverse effects of this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Vlasova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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31
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Li C, Tang B, Feng Y, Tang F, Pui-Man Hoi M, Su Z, Ming-Yuen Lee S. Pinostrobin Exerts Neuroprotective Actions in Neurotoxin-Induced Parkinson's Disease Models through Nrf2 Induction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8307-8318. [PMID: 29961319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the neuroprotective effects of pinostrobin (PSB), a dietary bioflavonoid, and its underlying mechanisms in neurotoxin-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) models. First, PSB could attenuate 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons and improve behavior deficiency in zebrafish, supporting its potential neuroprotective actions in vivo. Next, PSB could decreased apoptosis and death in the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-intoxicated SH-SY5Y cells, evidenced by MTT, LDH, Annexin V-FITC/PI, and DNA fragmentation assay. PSB also blocked MPP+-induced apoptotic cascades, including loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase 3, and reduced ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. In addition, PSB suppressed MPP+-induced oxidative stress but increased antioxidant enzymes, evidenced by decrease of reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation and up-regulation of GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, GSH/GSSG, and NAD/NADH. Further investigations showed that PSB significantly enhanced Nrf2 expression and nuclear accumulation, improved ARE promoter activity and up-regulated expression of HO-1 and GCLC. Furthermore, Nrf2 knockdown via specific Nrf2 siRNA abolished PSB-induced antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects against MPP+ insults. Interestingly, we then found that PSB promoted phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and ERK, and pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/AKT or ERK signaling diminished PSB-induced Nrf2/ARE activation and protective actions. In summary, PSB confers neuroprotection against MPTP/MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in PD models. Promoting activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling contributes to PSB-mediated antioxidative and neuroprotective actions, which, in part, is mediated by PI3K/AKT and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macau 999078 , China
| | - Benqin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macau 999078 , China
- Department of Medical Science , Shunde Polytechnic , Shunde , China
| | - Yu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macau 999078 , China
| | - Fan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macau 999078 , China
| | - Maggie Pui-Man Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macau 999078 , China
| | - Ziren Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macau 999078 , China
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32
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Xiang X, Wu L, Mao L, Liu Y. Anti‑oxidative and anti‑apoptotic neuroprotective effects of Azadirachta indica in Parkinson‑induced functional damage. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7959-7965. [PMID: 29620282 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Azadirachta indica has previously been demonstrated to act as a multi‑functional medicinal plant for >2,000 years in India, and its neighboring countries. Currently, it is considered a natural resource with great value used in industrial product development and as a medicine for various types of diseases. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Azadirachta indica which improved functional recovery in the 6‑hydroxydopamine induced rat Parkinson's disease (PD) model. Catalase, glutathione‑peroxidase, tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, nuclear factor (NF)‑κB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and AChE activity levels were analyzed via ELISA. Western blotting was used to analyze B cell lymphoma‑2 associated X protein (Bax), cytochrome c and p53 protein expression. Treatment with Azadirachta indica significantly decreased the PD‑induced rotational behavior in rats. PD‑induced catalase, glutathione‑peroxidase, iNOS activity and iNOS protein expression were significantly suppressed by treatment with Azadirachta indica. Inflammatory factors, acetylcholinesterase activity and cyclo‑oxygenase‑2 protein expression levels were additionally significantly suppressed by treatment with Azadirachta indica. The protein expression levels of Bax, cytochrome c and p53 were decreased and caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activities diminished, with treatment with Azadirachta indica. Therefore, Azadirachta indica was demonstrated to exhibit neuroprotective antioxidative and anti‑apoptotic effects in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Rizhao City People's Hospital, Rizhao, Shandong 1250832, P.R. China
| | - Lining Mao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongying Bonesetting Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257000, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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33
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Ammal Kaidery N, Thomas B. Current perspective of mitochondrial biology in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 117:91-113. [PMID: 29550604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein. Although the cause of PD remains elusive, remarkable advances have been made in understanding the possible causative mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. An explosion of discoveries during the past two decades has led to the identification of several autosomal dominant and recessive genes that cause familial forms of PD. The investigations of these familial PD gene products have shed considerable insights into the molecular pathogenesis of the more common sporadic PD. A growing body of evidence suggests that the etiology of PD is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Substantial evidence from human tissues, genetic and toxin-induced animal and cellular models indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathophysiology of PD. Deficits in mitochondrial functions due to bioenergetics defects, alterations in the mitochondrial DNA, generation of reactive oxygen species, aberrant calcium homeostasis, and anomalies in mitochondrial dynamics and quality control are implicated in the underlying mechanisms of neuronal cell death in PD. In this review, we discuss how familial PD-linked genes and environmental factors interface the pathways regulating mitochondrial functions and thereby potentially converge both familial and sporadic PD at the level of mitochondrial integrity. We also provide an overview of the status of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. Unraveling potential pathways that influence mitochondrial homeostasis in PD may hold the key to therapeutic intervention for this debilitating neurodegenerative movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Neurology Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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34
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Alpha-synuclein: Pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 109:249-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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35
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Morphological analysis of mitochondria for evaluating the toxicity of α-synuclein in transgenic mice and isolated preparations by atomic force microscopy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1380-1388. [PMID: 29169728 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A key molecular event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is mitochondrial damage caused by α-synuclein (α-syn). Mitochondria mediates both necrosis and apoptosis, which are associated with morphological changes. However, the mechanism by which α-syn alters mitochondrial morphology remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and changes in cardiolipin (CL) levels in mitochondria isolated from the brain of Thy1α-syn mice. Cytoplasmic cytochrome C and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels were upregulated in the brain of transgenic mice. Morphological analysis by atomic force microscopy (AFM) suggested a correlation between mitochondrial morphology and function in these animals. Incubation of isolated mitochondria with recombinant human α-synuclein N terminus (α-syn/N) decreased mitochondrial CL content. An AFM analysis showed that α-syn/N induced mitochondrial swelling and the formation of pore-like structures, which was associated with decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential and complex I activity. The observed mitochondrial dysfunction was abrogated by treatment with the mPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A, although there was no recovery of CL content. These results provide insight into the mechanism by which α-syn/N directly undermines mitochondrial structure and function via modulation of mPTP opening and CL levels, and suggests that morphological analysis of isolated mitochondria by AFM is a useful approach for evaluating mitochondrial injury.
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36
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Liu W, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Ji J. Simvastatin ameliorates cognitive impairments via inhibition of oxidative stress‑induced apoptosis of hippocampal cells through the ERK/AKT signaling pathway in a rat model of senile dementia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1885-1892. [PMID: 29257256 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Liu
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Jiangang Ji
- Department of Encephalopathy, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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37
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Mitochondrial bioenergetics decay in aging: beneficial effect of melatonin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3897-3911. [PMID: 28785806 PMCID: PMC11107727 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process characterized by progressive decline in physiological functions, increased oxidative stress, reduced capacity to respond to stresses, and increased risk of contracting age-associated disorders. Mitochondria are referred to as the powerhouse of the cell through their role in the oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. These organelles contribute to the aging process, mainly through impairment of electron transport chain activity, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and increased oxidative stress. These events lead to damage to proteins, lipids and mitochondrial DNA. Cardiolipin, a phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane, plays a pivotal role in several mitochondrial bioenergetic processes as well as in mitochondrial-dependent steps of apoptosis and in mitochondrial membrane stability and dynamics. Cardiolipin alterations are associated with mitochondrial bienergetics decline in multiple tissues in a variety of physiopathological conditions, as well as in the aging process. Melatonin, the major product of the pineal gland, is considered an effective protector of mitochondrial bioenergetic function. Melatonin preserves mitochondrial function by preventing cardiolipin oxidation and this may explain, at least in part, the protective role of this compound in mitochondrial physiopathology and aging. Here, mechanisms through which melatonin exerts its protective role against mitochondrial dysfunction associated with aging and age-associated disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paradies
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Valeria Paradies
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca M Ruggiero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petrosillo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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38
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Zhu Z, Yi S, Shan Z, Guo H, Ke S. Effect of isoflurane + N 2O inhalation and propofol + fentanyl anesthesia on myocardial function as assessed by cardiac troponin, caspase-3, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4377-4382. [PMID: 29067116 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of isoflurane + N2O inhalation and propofol + fentanyl anesthesia on myocardial function as assessed by cardiac troponin T (cTnT). A total of 60 patients were randomized into two groups: isoflurane + N2O inhalation (n=30) and propofol + fentanyl anesthesia (n=30). The findings demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups in terms of cTnT levels, demographic properties or hemodynamic parameters. Isoflurane + N2O inhalation and propofol + fentanyl anesthesia, respectively, were also investigated in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Myocardial cell damage, inflammation and oxidative stress levels, caspase-3/9 activities and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression were markedly decreased, although there was no statistical significance difference between the two experimental groups. Notably, inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression in the isoflurane + N2O inhalation group was significantly higher than that of the propofol + fentanyl anesthesia group (P<0.01). In conclusion, isoflurane + N2O inhalation and propofol + fentanyl anesthesia are not associated with risks for myocardial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanghui Zhu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Shuanglian Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Zhonggui Shan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Shaofan Ke
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
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39
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Alvarez-Paggi D, Hannibal L, Castro MA, Oviedo-Rouco S, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Tomasina F, Radi R, Murgida DH. Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13382-13460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Department
of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - María A. Castro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Rouco
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Veronica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Veronica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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Pointer CB, Klegeris A. Cardiolipin in Central Nervous System Physiology and Pathology. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1161-1172. [PMID: 28039536 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin, an anionic phospholipid found primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane, has many well-defined roles within the peripheral tissues, including the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane fluidity and the regulation of mitochondrial functions. Within the central nervous system (CNS), cardiolipin is found within both neuronal and non-neuronal glial cells, where it regulates metabolic processes, supports mitochondrial functions, and promotes brain cell viability. Furthermore, cardiolipin has been shown to act as an elimination signal and participate in programmed cell death by apoptosis of both neurons and glia. Since cardiolipin is associated with regulating brain homeostasis, the modification of its structure, or even a decrease in the overall levels of cardiolipin, can result in mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a characteristic feature of many diseases. In this review, we outline the various functions of cardiolipin within the cells of the CNS, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In addition, we discuss the role cardiolipin may play in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin B Pointer
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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41
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Lopes FM, Bristot IJ, da Motta LL, Parsons RB, Klamt F. Mimicking Parkinson's Disease in a Dish: Merits and Pitfalls of the Most Commonly used Dopaminergic In Vitro Models. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:241-255. [PMID: 28721669 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and has both unknown etiology and non-curative therapeutic options. Patients begin to present the classic motor symptoms of PD-tremor at rest, bradykinesia and rigidity-once 50-70% of the dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway have degenerated. As a consequence of this, it is difficult to investigate the early-stage events of disease pathogenesis. In vitro experimental models are used extensively in PD research because they present a controlled environment that enables the direct investigation of the early molecular mechanisms that are potentially involved with dopaminergic degeneration, as well as for the screening of potential therapeutic drugs. However, the establishment of PD in vitro models is a controversial issue for neuroscience research not only because it is challenging to mimic, in isolated cell systems, the physiological neuronal environment, but also the pathophysiological conditions experienced by human dopaminergic cells in vivo during the progression of the disease. Since no previous work has attempted to systematically review the literature regarding the establishment of an optimal in vitro model, and/or the features presented by available models used in the PD field, this review aims to summarize the merits and limitations of the most widely used dopaminergic in vitro models in PD research, which may help the PD researcher to choose the most appropriate model for studies directed at the elucidation of the early-stage molecular events underlying PD onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Martins Lopes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Ivi Juliana Bristot
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lisbôa da Motta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Richard B Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Fabio Klamt
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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42
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Kumar A, Ganini D, Mason RP. Role of cytochrome c in α-synuclein radical formation: implications of α-synuclein in neuronal death in Maneb- and paraquat-induced model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:70. [PMID: 27884192 PMCID: PMC5122029 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include an abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in the surviving dopaminergic neurons. Though PD is multifactorial, several epidemiological reports show an increased incidence of PD with co-exposure to pesticides such as Maneb and paraquat (MP). In pesticide-related PD, mitochondrial dysfunction and α-synuclein oligomers have been strongly implicated, but the link between the two has not yet been understood. Similarly, the biological effects of α-synuclein or its radical chemistry in PD is largely unknown. Mitochondrial dysfunction during PD pathogenesis leads to release of cytochrome c in the cytosol. Once in the cytosol, cytochrome c has one of two fates: It either binds to apaf1 and initiates apoptosis or can act as a peroxidase. We hypothesized that as a peroxidase, cytochrome c leaked out from mitochondria can form radicals on α-synuclein and initiate its oligomerization. Method Samples from controls, and MP co-exposed wild-type and α-synuclein knockout mice were studied using immuno-spin trapping, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and microarray experiments. Results Experiments with MP co-exposed mice showed cytochrome c release in cytosol and its co-localization with α-synuclein. Subsequently, we used immuno-spin trapping method to detect the formation of α-synuclein radical in samples from an in vitro reaction mixture consisting of cytochrome c, α-synuclein, and hydrogen peroxide. These experiments indicated that cytochrome c plays a role in α-synuclein radical formation and oligomerization. Experiments with MP co-exposed α-synuclein knockout mice, in which cytochrome c-α synuclein co-localization and interaction cannot occur, mice showed diminished protein radical formation and neuronal death, compared to wild-type MP co-exposed mice. Microarray data from MP co-exposed wild-type and α-synuclein knockout mice further showed that the absence of α-synuclein per se or its co-localization with cytochrome c confers protection from MP co-exposure, as several important pathways were unaffected in α-synuclein knockout mice. Conclusions Altogether, these results show that peroxidase activity of cytochrome c contributes to α-synuclein radical formation and oligomerization, and that α-synuclein, through its co-localization with cytochrome c or on its own, affects several biological pathways which contribute to increased neuronal death in an MP-induced model of PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0135-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Douglas Ganini
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
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Bradley RM, Stark KD, Duncan RE. Influence of tissue, diet, and enzymatic remodeling on cardiolipin fatty acyl profile. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1804-18. [PMID: 27061349 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a specialized phospholipid found primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Because of its unique dimeric structure, cardiolipin plays an important role in mitochondrial function, stability, and membrane fluidity. As such, cardiolipin is subject to a high degree of remodeling by phospholipases, acyltransferases, and transacylases that create a fatty acyl profile that tends to be highly tissue-specific. Despite this overarching regulation, the molecular species of cardiolipin produced are also influenced by dietary lipid composition. A number of studies have characterized the tissue-specific profile of cardiolipin species and have investigated the specific nature of cardiolipin remodeling, including the role of both enzymes and diet. The aim of this review is to highlight tissue specific differences in cardiolipin composition and, collectively, the enzymatic and dietary factors that contribute to these differences. Consequences of aberrant cardiolipin fatty acyl remodeling are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bradley
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin E Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Ghio S, Kamp F, Cauchi R, Giese A, Vassallo N. Interaction of α-synuclein with biomembranes in Parkinson's disease--role of cardiolipin. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 61:73-82. [PMID: 26703192 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the key molecular events underlying the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the aberrant misfolding and aggregation of the α-synuclein (αS) protein into higher-order oligomers that play a key role in neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. A wealth of experimental data supports the hypothesis that the neurotoxicity of αS oligomers is intrinsically linked with their ability to interact with, and disrupt, biological membranes; especially those membranes having negatively-charged surfaces and/or lipid packing defects. Consequences of αS-lipid interaction include increased membrane tension, permeation by pore formation, membrane lysis and/or leakage due to the extraction of lipids from the bilayer. Moreover, we assert that the interaction of αS with a liquid-disordering phospholipid uniquely enriched in mitochondrial membranes, namely cardiolipin (1,3-diphosphatidyl-sn-glycerol, CL), helps target the αS oligomeric complexes intracellularly to mitochondria. Binding mediated by CL may thus represent an important pathomechanism by which cytosolic αS could physically associate with mitochondrial membranes and disrupt their integrity. Impaired mitochondrial function culminates in a cellular bioenergetic crisis and apoptotic death. To conclude, we advocate the accelerated discovery of new drugs targeting this pathway in order to restore mitochondrial function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ghio
- Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Frits Kamp
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University & DZNE, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruben Cauchi
- Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Armin Giese
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Neville Vassallo
- Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
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Zou Y, Wang R, Guo H, Dong M. Phytoestrogen β-Ecdysterone Protects PC12 Cells Against MPP+-Induced NeurotoxicityIn Vitro: Involvement of PI3K-Nrf2-Regulated Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:28-38. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Protective role of melatonin in mitochondrial dysfunction and related disorders. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:923-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wąsik A, Romańska I, Michaluk J, Kajta M, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L. 1-Benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, an endogenous neurotoxic compound, disturbs the behavioral and biochemical effects of L-DOPA: in vivo and ex vivo studies in the rat. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:240-54. [PMID: 24842650 PMCID: PMC4143606 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors and endogenously produced toxins, such as 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1BnTIQ), are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we investigated the impact of single and multiple 1BnTIQ (25 and 50 mg/kg i.p.) administration on L-DOPA-induced changes in the rate of dopamine and serotonin metabolism in the rat brain. Additionally, using in vivo microdialysis, we measured the impact of acute and multiple 1BnTIQ administrations on L-DOPA-induced dopamine release in the striatum. These data were compared with results from behavioral tests in which we measured the effect of 1BnTIQ and L-DOPA on locomotor activity. Finally, we determined the effect of the repeated administration of 1BnTIQ on the L-DOPA-induced elevation of caspase-3 activity in the hippocampus. An ex vivo neurochemical study indicated that both acute and chronic 1BnTIQ injections strongly inhibited L-DOPA-induced increases in the concentration of dopamine and all of its metabolites in dopaminergic structures. In contrast, in vivo microdialysis studies suggested that the differences in 1BnTIQ's effects are dependent on the type of treatment. A single dose of 1BnTIQ intensified the elevation of dopamine release induced by L-DOPA administration (~1,300 %; P < 0.01), while multiple administrations of 1BnTIQ significantly enhanced the basal dopamine levels while partially diminishing the effects of L-DOPA injection (~200 %; P < 0.01). Additionally, we found that chronic administration of 1BnTIQ completely blocked the L-DOPA-induced increase in caspase-3 activity in the hippocampus. These findings indicate that both acute and chronic administrations of 1BnTIQ disturbs the behavioral and biochemical effects of L-DOPA in the rat. The data presented from ex vivo and in vivo studies clearly suggest that 1BnTIQ's effects may be connected with the inhibition of DAT and/or COMT activity in the brain. Furthermore, elevated endogenous levels of 1BnTIQ may pose a serious risk in PD patients undergoing L-DOPA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland,
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Zhang Q, Tamura Y, Roy M, Adachi Y, Iijima M, Sesaki H. Biosynthesis and roles of phospholipids in mitochondrial fusion, division and mitophagy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3767-78. [PMID: 24866973 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria move, fuse and divide in cells. The dynamic behavior of mitochondria is central to the control of their structure and function. Three conserved mitochondrial dynamin-related GTPases (i.e., mitofusin, Opa1 and Drp1 in mammals and Fzo1, Mgm1 and Dnm1 in yeast) mediate mitochondrial fusion and division. In addition to dynamins, recent studies demonstrated that phospholipids in mitochondria also play key roles in mitochondrial dynamics by interacting with dynamin GTPases and by directly changing the biophysical properties of the mitochondrial membranes. Changes in phospholipid composition also promote mitophagy, which is a selective mitochondrial degradation process that is mechanistically coupled to mitochondrial division. In this review, we will discuss the biogenesis and function of mitochondrial phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Cardiolipin and mitochondrial function in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1925-53. [PMID: 24094094 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique phospholipid that is almost exclusively localized at the level of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), where it is biosynthesized. This phospholipid is associated with membranes which are designed to generate an electrochemical gradient that is used to produce ATP. Such membranes include the bacterial plasma membrane and IMM. This ubiquitous and intimate association between CL and energy-transducing membranes suggests an important role for CL in mitochondrial bioenergetic processes. CL has been shown to interact with a number of IMM proteins, including the respiratory chain complexes and substrate carriers. Moreover, CL is involved in different stages of the mitochondrial apoptosis process as well as in mitochondrial membrane stability and dynamics. Alterations in CL structure, content, and acyl chain composition have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple tissues in several physiopathological conditions and aging. In this review, we provide an overview of the roles of CL in mitochondrial function and bioenergetics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paradies
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
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Santucci R, Sinibaldi F, Patriarca A, Santucci D, Fiorucci L. Misfolded proteins and neurodegeneration: role of non-native cytochrome c in cell death. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:507-17. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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