1
|
Sato Y, Kobayashi M, Ohira M, Funayama R, Maekawa M, Karasawa H, Kashiwagi R, Aoyama Y, Mano N, Ohnuma S, Unno M, Nakayama K. Downregulation of ABCC3 activates MAPK signaling through accumulation of deoxycholic acid in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1778-1790. [PMID: 38566304 PMCID: PMC11145118 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
ABCC3 (also known as MRP3) is an ATP binding cassette transporter for bile acids, whose expression is downregulated in colorectal cancer through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. However, it remained unclear how downregulation of ABCC3 expression contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis. We explored the role of ABCC3 in the progression of colorectal cancer-in particular, focusing on the regulation of bile acid export. Gene expression analysis of colorectal adenoma isolated from familial adenomatous polyposis patients revealed that genes related to bile acid secretion including ABCC3 were downregulated as early as at the stage of adenoma formation. Knockdown or overexpression of ABCC3 increased or decreased intracellular concentration of deoxycholic acid, a secondary bile acid, respectively, in colorectal cancer cells. Forced expression of ABCC3 suppressed deoxycholic acid-induced activation of MAPK signaling. Finally, we found that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increased ABCC3 expression in colorectal cancer cells, suggesting that ABCC3 could be one of the targets for therapeutic intervention of familial adenomatous polyposis. Our data thus suggest that downregulation of ABCC3 expression contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis through the regulation of intracellular accumulation of bile acids and activity of MAPK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Sato
- Department of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Masahiro Ohira
- Department of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Masamitsu Maekawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku University HospitalSendaiJapan
| | - Hideaki Karasawa
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Ryosuke Kashiwagi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Yayoi Aoyama
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku University HospitalSendaiJapan
| | - Shinobu Ohnuma
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao Q, Xu Y, Feng Y, Zheng X, Gong T, Kuang Q, Xiang Q, Gong L, Zhang G. Deoxycholic acid inhibits ASFV replication by inhibiting MAPK signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130939. [PMID: 38493816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, febrile, highly contagious infection of pigs caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The purpose of this study is to understand the molecular mechanism of ASFV infection and evaluate the effect of DCA on MAPK pathway, so as to provide scientific basis for the development of new antiviral drugs. The transcriptome analysis found that ASFV infection up-regulated the IL-17 and MAPK signaling pathways to facilitate viral replication. Metabolome analysis showed that DCA levels were up-regulated after ASFV infection, and that exogenous DCA could inhibit activation of the MAPK pathway by ASFV infection and thus inhibit viral replication. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to screen the genes of ASFV and revealed that I73R could significantly up-regulate the transcription level of AP-1 transcription factor in the MAPK pathway. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that I73R could promote AP-1 entry into the nucleus, and that DCA could inhibit the I73R-mediated nuclear entry of AP-1, inhibiting MAPK pathway, and I73R interacts with AP-1. These results indicated that DCA can inhibit ASFV-mediated activation of the MAPK pathway, thus inhibiting ASFV replication. This study provides a theoretical basis for research on ASF pathogenesis and for antiviral drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Qiyuan Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qinxin Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong Z, Shi R, Li P, Song X, Dong F, Zhu J, Wu R, Liang Z, Du M, Wang J, Yang Z. Does postcholecystectomy increase the risk of colorectal cancer? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1194419. [PMID: 37426004 PMCID: PMC10324655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1194419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing number of cholecystectomy and the high proportion of colorectal cancer in malignant tumors, the question of whether cholecystectomy is a risk factor for colorectal disease has been widely concerned. After reviewing the literature at home and abroad, the authors will summarize the research progress of the correlation between the occurrence of colorectal tumors after cholecystectomy, in order to provide help for the prevention and treatment of colorectal tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ruixian Shi
- Department of Neurology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Pengda Li
- Department of General Surgery, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaobiao Song
- Department of General Surgery, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jianmin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Riga Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhi Liang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Mingyue Du
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Department of Urology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aoi W, Inoue R, Mizushima K, Honda A, Björnholm M, Takagi T, Naito Y. Exercise-acclimated microbiota improves skeletal muscle metabolism via circulating bile acid deconjugation. iScience 2023; 26:106251. [PMID: 36915683 PMCID: PMC10005909 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitual exercise alters the intestinal microbiota composition, which may mediate its systemic benefits. We examined whether transplanting fecal microbiota from trained mice improved skeletal muscle metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Fecal samples from sedentary and exercise-trained mice were gavage-fed to germ-free mice. After receiving fecal samples from trained donor mice for 1 week, recipient mice had elevated levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and insulin growth factor-1 in skeletal muscle. In plasma, bile acid (BA) deconjugation was found to be promoted in recipients transplanted with feces from trained donor mice; free-form BAs also induced more AMPK signaling and glucose uptake than tauro-conjugated BAs. The transplantation of exercise-acclimated fecal microbiota improved glucose tolerance after 8 weeks of HFD administration. Intestinal microbiota may mediate exercise-induced metabolic improvements in mice by modifying circulating BAs. Our findings provide insights into the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Aoi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 6068522, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Osaka 5730101, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 6028566, Japan
| | - Akira Honda
- Gastroenterology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki 3000395, Japan
| | - Marie Björnholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 6028566, Japan.,Department for Medical Innovation and Translational Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 6028566, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 6028566, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai Y, Shen X, Lu L, Yan H, Huang H, Gaule P, Muca E, Theriot CM, Rattray Z, Rattray NJW, Lu J, Ahuja N, Zhang Y, Paty PB, Khan SA, Johnson CH. Bile acid distributions, sex-specificity, and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:61. [PMID: 36274154 PMCID: PMC9590160 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids are known to be genotoxic and contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the link between CRC tumor bile acids to tumor location, patient sex, microbiome, immune-regulatory cells, and prognosis is not clear. METHODS We conducted bile acid analysis using targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) on tumor tissues from CRC patients (n = 228) with survival analysis. We performed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) on tumors to examine immune cells. RESULTS Twelve of the bile acids were significantly higher in right-sided colon tumors compared to left-sided colon tumors. Furthermore, in male patients, right-sided colon tumors had elevated secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid) compared to left-sided colon tumors, but this difference between tumors by location was not observed in females. A high ratio of glycoursodeoxycholic to ursodeoxycholic was associated with 5-year overall survival (HR = 3.76, 95% CI = 1.17 to 12.1, P = 0.026), and a high ratio of glycochenodeoxycholic acid to chenodeoxycholic acid was associated with 5-year recurrence-free survival (HR = 3.61, 95% CI = 1.10 to 11.84, P = 0.034). We also show correlation between these bile acids and FoxP3 + T regulatory cells. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the distribution of bile acid abundances in colon cancer patients is tumor location-, age- and sex-specific, and are linked to patient prognosis. This study provides new implications for targeting bile acid metabolism, microbiome, and immune responses for colon cancer patients by taking into account primary tumor location and sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Cai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Patricia Gaule
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Engjel Muca
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | | | - Zahra Rattray
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE UK
| | - Nicholas J. W. Rattray
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE UK
| | - Jun Lu
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Nita Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Philip B. Paty
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Sajid A. Khan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Caroline H. Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jang JY, Im E, Choi YH, Kim ND. Mechanism of Bile Acid-Induced Programmed Cell Death and Drug Discovery against Cancer: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7184. [PMID: 35806184 PMCID: PMC9266679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are major signaling molecules that play a significant role as emulsifiers in the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules produced by the reaction of enzymes with cholesterol as a substrate, and they are the primary metabolites of cholesterol in the body. Bile acids were initially considered as tumor promoters, but many studies have deemed them to be tumor suppressors. The tumor-suppressive effect of bile acids is associated with programmed cell death. Moreover, based on this fact, several synthetic bile acid derivatives have also been used to induce programmed cell death in several types of human cancers. This review comprehensively summarizes the literature related to bile acid-induced programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, and the status of drug development using synthetic bile acid derivatives against human cancers. We hope that this review will provide a reference for the future research and development of drugs against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoon Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.Y.J.); (E.I.)
| | - Eunok Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.Y.J.); (E.I.)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea;
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.Y.J.); (E.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schmierer M, Brueck H, Asch F, Sauerborn J. Estimating the quantum requirements for plant growth and related electricity demand for LED lighting systems. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-021-01314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIndoor plant production systems with artificial lighting are considered an emerging technology contributing to biomass-based value webs. The viability of this concept greatly relies on the energy requirements (ER, Watt) for lighting. We estimated the ER for plant growth by calculating the conversion efficiency of electricity to light of solid-state light-emitting diodes (LED) and the quantum requirements for plant growth of a fictional plant stand producing 2500 g of dry weight per m2 of ground during 100 days, representing a high productivity benchmark of field crops. The quantum output (µmol s−1 W−1) of eight LEDs of different colours varied between 0.78 for green and 2.54 for deep red. Uncertainty in the H+ demand for ATP synthesis during photosynthesis, the relative portion of photorespiration and the fraction of light intercepted by plant canopies (fabs) were considered in a pessimistic (PA) and optimistic (OA) approach of calculation of ER. Cumulative ER were 606 and 265 kWh m−2 for the PA and OA scenarios. The energy conversion efficiencies in the PA and OA scenarios were 2.07 and 4.72%. Estimates of energy savings by suppressing photorespiration and increasing fabs vary between 24 and 38%. The peak daily ER were 9.44 and 4.14 kWh in the PA and OA scenarios. Results are discussed in the context of the design of lighting in indoor plant production systems and commercial greenhouses where natural fluctuation in solar radiation could be balanced by dimmable LED panels.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ham J, Lim W, Whang KY, Song G. Butylated hydroxytoluene induces dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in mouse Leydig cell death. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113421. [PMID: 31677866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant that has been used as an additive for fat- or oil-containing foods. The exposure index value increases with extended usage of the chemical. Further, estimated total amount of BHT could exceed standard regulation, considering dietary intake or another exposure. Although BHT may induce side effects in reproductive systems, adequate research had not yet been performed to confirm them. In this study, we investigated the effects of BHT on mouse Leydig cells (TM3), which are components of testis. Our results indicated that BHT suppressed cellular proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in TM3 cells. Moreover, BHT hampered cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in TM3 cells. Furthermore, BHT treatment led to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and DNA fragmentation, simultaneously stimulating intrinsic apoptosis signal transduction. To elucidate the mode of action of BHT on Leydig cells, we performed western blot analysis and confirmed the activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Collectively, our results demonstrated that BHT has toxic effects on mouse Leydig cells via induction of calcium dysregulation and ER-mitochondria dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Ham
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Whang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Opposing effects of bile acids deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid on signal transduction pathways in oesophageal cancer cells. Eur J Cancer Prev 2018; 25:368-79. [PMID: 26378497 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was reported to reduce bile acid toxicity, but the mechanisms underlying its cytoprotective effects are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of UDCA on the modulation of deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced signal transduction in oesophageal cancer cells. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity was assessed using a gel shift assay. NF-κB activation and translocation was performed using an ELISA-based assay and immunofluorescence analysis. COX-2 expression was analysed by western blotting and COX-2 promoter activity was assessed by luciferase assay. DCA induced NF-κB and AP-1 DNA-binding activities in SKGT-4 and OE33 cells. UDCA pretreatment inhibited DCA-induced NF-κB and AP-1 activation and NF-κB translocation. This inhibitory effect was coupled with a blockade of IκB-α degradation and inhibition of phosphorylation of IKK-α/β and ERK1/2. Moreover, UDCA pretreatment inhibited COX-2 upregulation. Using transient transfection of the COX-2 promoter, UDCA pretreatment abrogated DCA-induced COX-2 promoter activation. In addition, UDCA protected oesophageal cells from the apoptotic effects of deoxycholate. Our findings indicate that UDCA inhibits DCA-induced signalling pathways in oesophageal cancer cells. These data indicate a possible mechanistic role for the chemopreventive actions of UDCA in oesophageal carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kundu S, Bansal S, Muthukumarasamy KM, Sachidanandan C, Motiani RK, Bajaj A. Deciphering the role of hydrophobic and hydrophilic bile acids in angiogenesis using in vitro and in vivo model systems. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:2248-2257. [PMID: 30108740 PMCID: PMC6071941 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have emerged as strong signaling molecules capable of influencing various biological processes like inflammation, apoptosis, cancer progression and atherosclerosis depending on their chemistry. In the present study, we investigated the effect of major hydrophobic bile acids lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) and hydrophilic bile acids cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on angiogenesis. We employed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and zebrafish embryos as model systems for studying the role of bile acids in angiogenesis. Our studies revealed that the hydrophilic CDCA enhanced ectopic vessel formation as observed by the increase in the number of sub-intestinal vessels (SIVs) in the zebrafish embryos. The pro-angiogenic role of CDCA was further corroborated by in vitro vessel formation studies performed with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), whereas the hydrophobic LCA reduced tubulogenesis and was toxic to the zebrafish embryos. We validated that CDCA enhances angiogenesis by increasing the expression of vascular growth factor receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9) and by decreasing the expression of adhesion protein vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). Our work implicates that the nature of bile acids plays a critical role in dictating their biological functions and in regulating angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somanath Kundu
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology , Regional Centre for Biotechnology , 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway , NCR Biotech Cluster , Faridabad , Haryana-121001 , India . ; Tel: +91 129 2848831
- Manipal University , Manipal-576104 , Karnataka , India
| | - Sandhya Bansal
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology , Regional Centre for Biotechnology , 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway , NCR Biotech Cluster , Faridabad , Haryana-121001 , India . ; Tel: +91 129 2848831
| | | | - Chetana Sachidanandan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road , New Delhi 110025 , India .
| | - Rajender K Motiani
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road , New Delhi 110025 , India .
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology , Regional Centre for Biotechnology , 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway , NCR Biotech Cluster , Faridabad , Haryana-121001 , India . ; Tel: +91 129 2848831
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Centuori SM, Gomes CJ, Trujillo J, Borg J, Brownlee J, Putnam CW, Martinez JD. Deoxycholic acid mediates non-canonical EGFR-MAPK activation through the induction of calcium signaling in colon cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:663-70. [PMID: 27086143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and a western diet have been linked to high levels of bile acids and the development of colon cancer. Specifically, increased levels of the bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA), an established tumor promoter, has been shown to correlate with increased development of colorectal adenomas and progression to carcinoma. Herein we investigate the mechanism by which DCA leads to EGFR-MAPK activation, a candidate mechanism by which DCA may promote colorectal tumorigenesis. DCA treated colon cancer cells exhibited strong and prolonged activation of ERK1/2 when compared to EGF treatment alone. We also showed that DCA treatment prevents EGFR degradation as opposed to the canonical EGFR recycling observed with EGF treatment. Moreover, the combination of DCA and EGF treatment displayed synergistic activity, suggesting DCA activates MAPK signaling in a non-canonical manner. Further evaluation showed that DCA treatment increased intracellular calcium levels and CAMKII phosphorylation, and that blocking calcium with BAPTA-AM abrogated MAPK activation induced by DCA, but not by EGF. Finally we showed that DCA-induced CAMKII leads to MAPK activation through the recruitment of c-Src. Taken together, we demonstrated that DCA regulates MAPK activation through calcium signaling, an alternative mechanism not previously recognized in human colon cancer cells. Importantly, this mechanism allows for EGFR to escape degradation and thus achieve a constitutively active state, which may explain its tumor promoting effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Centuori
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Cecil J Gomes
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Jesse Trujillo
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Jamie Borg
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Joshua Brownlee
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Charles W Putnam
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Jesse D Martinez
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States; Cell & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Manickam N, Joshi K, Bhatt MJ, Farabaugh PJ. Effects of tRNA modification on translational accuracy depend on intrinsic codon-anticodon strength. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:1871-81. [PMID: 26704976 PMCID: PMC4770228 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular health and growth requires protein synthesis to be both efficient to ensure sufficient production, and accurate to avoid producing defective or unstable proteins. The background of misreading error frequency by individual tRNAs is as low as 2 × 10−6 per codon but is codon-specific with some error frequencies above 10−3 per codon. Here we test the effect on error frequency of blocking post-transcriptional modifications of the anticodon loops of four tRNAs in Escherichia coli. We find two types of responses to removing modification. Blocking modification of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}${\rm tRNA}_{{\rm UUC}}^{{\rm Glu}}$\end{document} and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}${\rm tRNA}^{\rm Asp}_{\rm QUC}$\end{document} increases errors, suggesting that the modifications act at least in part to maintain accuracy. Blocking even identical modifications of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}${\rm tRNA}^{\rm Lys}_{\rm UUU}$\end{document} and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}${\rm tRNA}^{\rm Tyr}_{\rm QUA}$\end{document} has the opposite effect of decreasing errors. One explanation could be that the modifications play opposite roles in modulating misreading by the two classes of tRNAs. Given available evidence that modifications help preorder the anticodon to allow it to recognize the codons, however, the simpler explanation is that unmodified ‘weak’ tRNAs decode too inefficiently to compete against cognate tRNAs that normally decode target codons, which would reduce the frequency of misreading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Manickam
- Department of Biological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Kartikeya Joshi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Monika J Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Philip J Farabaugh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hwang SR, Kim IJ, Park JW. Formulations of deoxycholic for therapy: a patent review (2011 – 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1423-40. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
14
|
Wang YD, Chen WD, Li C, Guo C, Li Y, Qi H, Shen H, Kong J, Long X, Yuan F, Wang X, Huang W. Farnesoid X receptor antagonizes JNK signaling pathway in liver carcinogenesis by activating SOD3. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 29:322-31. [PMID: 25496033 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a key metabolic and homeostatic regulator in the liver. In the present work, we identify a novel role of FXR in antagonizing c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in liver carcinogenesis by activating superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) transcription. Compared with wild-type mouse liver, FXR(-/-) mouse liver showed elevated JNK phosphorylation. JNK1 deletion suppressed the increase of diethylnitrosamine-induced tumor number in FXR(-/-) mice. These results suggest that JNK1 plays a key role in chemical-induced liver carcinogenesis in FXR(-/-) mice. We found that ligand-activated FXR was able to alleviate H₂O₂or tetradecanoylphorbol acetate-induced JNK phosphorylation in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells or mouse primary hepatocytes. FXR ligand decreased H₂O₂-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in wild-type but not FXR(-/-) mouse hepatocytes. FXR knockdown abolished the inhibition of 3-[2-[2-chloro-4-[[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-(1-methylethyl)-4-isoxazolyl]methoxy]phenyl]ethenyl]-Benzoic acid (GW4064) on JNK phosphorylation and ROS production induced by H₂O₂in HepG2 cells. The gene expression of SOD3, an antioxidant defense enzyme, was increased by FXR activation in vitro and in vivo. An FXR-responsive element, inverted repeat separated by 1 nucleotide in SOD3 promoter, was identified by a combination of transcriptional reporter assays, EMSAs, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, which indicated that SOD3 could be a direct FXR target gene. SOD3 knockdown abolished the inhibition of GW4064 on JNK phosphorylation induced by H₂O₂in HepG2 cells. In summary, FXR may regulate SOD3 expression to suppress ROS production, resulting in decreasing JNK activity. These results suggest that FXR, as a novel JNK suppressor, may be an attractive therapeutic target for liver cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering (Y.-D.W., C.G., X.L.), College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China; Pathogenic Organisms and Immunology Lab (W.-D.C., C.L.), School of basic medical science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery (W.D.C., Y.L., H.Q., H.S., J.K.), School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China; and Division of Molecular Diabetes Research (F.Y., X.W., W.H.), Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Centuori SM, Martinez JD. Differential regulation of EGFR-MAPK signaling by deoxycholic acid (DCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in colon cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:2367-80. [PMID: 25027205 PMCID: PMC4163523 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat diet coincides with increased levels of bile acids. This increase in bile acids, particularly deoxycholic acid (DCA), has been strongly associated with the development of colon cancer. Conversely, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) may have chemopreventive properties. Although structurally similar, DCA and UDCA present different biological and pathological effects in colon cancer progression. The differential regulation of cancer by these two bile acids is not yet fully understood. However, one possible explanation for their diverging effects is their ability to differentially regulate signaling pathways involved in the multistep progression of colon cancer, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This review will examine the biological effects of DCA and UDCA on colon cancer development, as well as the diverging effects of these bile acids on the oncogenic signaling pathways that play a role in colon cancer development, with a particular emphasis on bile acid regulation of the EGFR-MAPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Centuori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson AZ 85724
| | - Jesse D. Martinez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson AZ 85724
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hashimoto N. Effects of bile acids on cyclooxygenase-2 expression in a rat model of duodenoesophageal anastomosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6541-6546. [PMID: 24914375 PMCID: PMC4047339 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in rat esophageal lesions induced by reflux of duodenal contents.
METHODS: Thirty 8-week-old male Wistar rats were exposed to duodenal content esophageal reflux. All animals underwent an esophagoduodenal anastomosis (EDA) with total gastrectomy to elicit chronic esophagitis. In ten rats sham operations with only a midline laparotomy were performed (Control). The rats were sacrificed at the 40th week, their esophagi were taken for hematoxylin and eosin staining and for examination of expression of COX2, PGE2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and total bile acids in the esophageal lumen was measured.
RESULTS: After 40 wk of reflux, columnar dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were observed. Total bile acids in the esophageal lumen were significantly increased in the EDA group compared with the sham operated rats. PCNA labelling index and esophageal tissue PGE2 levels were higher in dysplastic and cancer tissues than in control tissues. Overexpression of COX2 was observed in dysplastic and cancer tissues.
CONCLUSION: Reflux of duodenal contents induces COX2 expression and increases prostaglandin synthesis in dysplastic and cancer tissues. This result suggests a possible mechanism by which bile acids promote esophageal cancer.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tsaitas C, Semertzidou A, Sinakos E. Update on inflammatory bowel disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. World J Hepatol 2014; 6:178-187. [PMID: 24799986 PMCID: PMC4009473 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v6.i4.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) complicated by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represent a distinct subset of patients with unique characteristics, which have serious clinical implications. The aim of this literature review was to shed light to the obscure clinical and molecular aspects of the two diseases combined utilizing current data available and putting issues of diagnosis and treatment into perspective. The prevalence of IBD, mainly ulcerative colitis in PSC patients is estimated to be 21%-80%, dependent on screening programs and nationality. PSC-associated colitis is likely to be extensive, characterized by rectal sparing, backwash ileitis, and generally mild symptoms. It is also more likely to progress to colorectal malignancy, making it imperative for clinicians to maintain a high level of suspicion when tackling PSC patients. There is no optimal surveillance strategy but current guidelines advocate that colonoscopy is necessary at the time of PSC diagnosis with annual endoscopic follow-up. Random biopsies have been criticized and a shift towards targeted biopsies using chromoendoscopy, laser endomicroscopy and narrow-band imaging has been noted. Techniques directed towards genetic mutations instead of histological abnormalities hold promise for easier, more accurate diagnosis of dysplastic lesions. Chemopreventive measures against colorectal cancer have been sought in these patients. Ursodeoxycholic acid seemed promising at first but subsequent studies yielded conflicting results showing anticarcinogenic effects in low doses (8-15 mg/kg per day) and carcinogenic properties in high doses (15-30 mg/kg per day).
Collapse
|
18
|
Direct effect of chenodeoxycholic acid on differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells cultured under feeder-free culture conditions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:375076. [PMID: 23509715 PMCID: PMC3591134 DOI: 10.1155/2013/375076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ligand, is a member of the nuclear receptor family and is probably involved in regulating the cellular activities of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Recently, although it was reported that the FXR ligand can mediate differentiation, apoptosis, and/or growth arrest in several cell types, it is still not well known how CDCA mediates effects in ES cells. Therefore, we investigated the direct effect of CDCA on mES cells. Feeder-free mES cells were treated in a dose-dependent manner with CDCA (50, 100, and 200 μM) for 72 h, and then a 100 μM CDCA treatment was performed for an additional 72 h. We analyzed the morphology, cell growth, cell characteristics, immunocytochemistry, and RT-PCR. In CDCA-treated cells, we observed the disappearance of pluripotent stem cell markers including alkaline phosphatase, Oct4, and Nanog and a time- and dose-dependent increase in expression of nestin, PAX6, and α-smooth muscle actin, but not α-fetoprotein. The 100 μM CDCA-treated cells in their second passage continued this differentiation pattern similar to those in the controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that CDCA can guide mES cells by an FXR-independent pathway to differentiate into ectoderm and/or mesoderm, but not endoderm.
Collapse
|
19
|
Gonçalves P, Catarino T, Gregório I, Martel F. Inhibition of butyrate uptake by the primary bile salt chenodeoxycholic acid in intestinal epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2937-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
20
|
Ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis for prevention of colon cancer: a meta-analysis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2012; 31:69-74. [PMID: 22528343 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-012-0175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Colon cancer risk is high in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Ursodeoxycholic acid has been shown to have some promise as a chemopreventive agent. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in the prevention of colonic neoplasia in patients with UC and PSC. METHODS Multiple databases were searched (January 2011). Studies examining the use of ursodeoxycholic acid vs. no ursodeoxycholic acid or placebo in adult patients with UC and PSC were included. Data were extracted in standard forms by two independent reviewers. Meta-analysis for the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid was performed by calculating pooled estimates of adenoma or colon cancer formation by odds ratio (OR) with random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed by calculating the I (2) measure of inconsistency. RevMan 5 was utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS Four studies (n = 281) met the inclusion criteria. The studies were of adequate quality. Ursodeoxycholic acid demonstrated no overall improvement in adenoma (OR 0.53; 95 % CI: 0.19-1.48, p = 0.23) or colon cancer occurrence (OR 0.50; 95 % CI: 0.18-1.43, p = 0.20) as compared to no ursodeoxycholic acid or placebo in patients with UC and PSC. CONCLUSION Ursodeoxycholic acid use in patients with UC and PSC does not appear to decrease the risk of adenomas or colon cancer.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kontos S, Kominea A, Melachrinou M, Balampani E, Sotiropoulou-Bonikou G. Inverse expression of estrogen receptor-β and nuclear factor-κB in urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Int J Urol 2010; 17:801-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2010.02603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
22
|
Duggan SP, Behan FM, Kirca M, Smith S, Reynolds JV, Long A, Kelleher D. An integrative genomic approach in oesophageal cells identifies TRB3 as a bile acid responsive gene, downregulated in Barrett's oesophagus, which regulates NF-κB activation and cytokine levels. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:936-45. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
23
|
Byrne AM, Foran E, Sharma R, Davies A, Mahon C, O’Sullivan J, O’Donoghue D, Kelleher D, Long A. Bile acids modulate the Golgi membrane fission process via a protein kinase Cη and protein kinase D-dependent pathway in colonic epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:737-44. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
24
|
Baek MK, Park JS, Park JH, Kim MH, Kim HD, Bae WK, Chung IJ, Shin BA, Jung YD. Lithocholic acid upregulates uPAR and cell invasiveness via MAPK and AP-1 signaling in colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 290:123-8. [PMID: 19782465 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA) induced expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and enhanced cell invasiveness in colon cancer cells. A dominant negative mutant or a specific inhibitor of MEK-1 suppressed LCA-induced uPAR expression. Deletions and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the AP-1 site was required for LCA-induced uPAR transcription. LCA-mediated enhanced cell invasiveness was partially abrogated by uPAR neutralizing antibody and inhibitors of both Erk-1/2 and AP-1. These results suggest that LCA induces uPAR expression via Erk-1/2 and AP-1 pathway and, in turn, stimulate invasiveness of human colon cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Baek
- Center for Biomedical Human Resources at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Peric M, Koglin S, Dombrowski Y, Gross K, Bradac E, Ruzicka T, Schauber J. VDR and MEK-ERK dependent induction of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in keratinocytes by lithocholic acid. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:3183-7. [PMID: 19733911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and signaling molecule in innate immunity and a direct target of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) in primary human keratinocytes (NHEK). The expression of cathelicidin is dysregulated in various skin diseases and its regulation differs depending on the epithelial cell type. The secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA) is a ligand of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and can carry out in vivo functions of vitamin D3. Therefore we analyzed cathelicidin mRNA- and peptide expression levels in NHEK and colonic epithelial cells (Caco-2) after stimulation with LCA. We found increased expression of cathelicidin mRNA and peptide in NHEK, in Caco-2 colon cells no effect was observed after LCA stimulation. The VDR as well as MEK-ERK signaled the upregulation of cathelicidin in NHEK induced by LCA. Collectively, our data indicate that cathelicidin induction upon LCA treatment differs in keratinocytes and colonic epithelial cells. Based on these observations LCA-like molecules targeting cathelicidin could be designed for the treatment of cutaneous diseases that are characterized by disturbed cathelicidin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Peric
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Looby E, Abdel-Latif MMM, Athié-Morales V, Duggan S, Long A, Kelleher D. Deoxycholate induces COX-2 expression via Erk1/2-, p38-MAPK and AP-1-dependent mechanisms in esophageal cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:190. [PMID: 19534809 PMCID: PMC2704223 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The progression from Barrett's metaplasia to adenocarcinoma is associated with the acquirement of an apoptosis-resistant phenotype. The bile acid deoxycholate (DCA) has been proposed to play an important role in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma, but the precise molecular mechanisms remain undefined. The aim of this study was to investigate DCA-stimulated COX-2 signaling pathways and their possible contribution to deregulated cell survival and apoptosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Methods Following exposure of SKGT-4 cells to DCA, protein levels of COX-2, MAPK and PARP were examined by immunoblotting. AP-1 activity was assessed by mobility shift assay. DCA-induced toxicity was assessed by DNA fragmentation and MTT assay. Results DCA induced persistent activation of the AP-1 transcription factor with Fra-1 and JunB identified as the predominant components of the DCA-induced AP-1 complex. DCA activated Fra-1 via the Erk1/2- and p38 MAPK while Erk1/2 is upstream of JunB. Moreover, DCA stimulation mediated inhibition of proliferation with concomitant low levels of caspase-3-dependent PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Induction of the anti-apoptotic protein COX-2 by DCA, via MAPK/AP-1 pathway appeared to balance the DCA mediated activation of pro-apoptotic markers such as PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Both of these markers were increased upon COX-2 suppression by aspirin pretreatment prior to DCA exposure. Conclusion DCA regulates both apoptosis and COX-2-regulated cell survival in esophageal cells suggesting that the balance between these two opposing signals may determine the transformation potential of DCA as a component of the refluxate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Looby
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Growth suppression by ursodeoxycholic acid involves caveolin-1 enhanced degradation of EGFR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:1387-94. [PMID: 19446582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been shown to prevent colon tumorigenesis in animal models and in humans. In vitro work indicates that this bile acid can suppress cell growth and mitogenic signaling suggesting that UDCA may be an anti-proliferative agent. However, the mechanism by which UDCA functions is unclear. Previously we showed that bile acids may alter cellular signaling by acting at the plasma membrane. Here we utilized EGFR as a model membrane receptor and examined the effects that UDCA has on its functioning. We found that UDCA promoted an interaction between EGFR and caveolin-1 and this interaction enhanced UDCA-mediated suppression of MAP kinase activity and cell growth. Importantly, UDCA treatment led to recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase, c-Cbl, to the membrane, ubiquitination of EGFR, and increased receptor degradation. Moreover, suppression of c-Cbl activity abrogated UDCA's growth suppression activities suggesting that receptor ubiquitination plays an important role in UDCA's biological activities. Taken together these results suggest that UDCA may act to suppress cell growth by inhibiting the mitogenic activity of receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR through increased receptor degradation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Rial NS, Lazennec G, Prasad AR, Krouse RS, Lance P, Gerner EW. Regulation of deoxycholate induction of CXCL8 by the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2270-80. [PMID: 19173296 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elevated deoxycholic acid (DCA), mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and chronic inflammation are associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. APC status was manipulated to determine whether DCA mediates inflammatory molecules in normal or initiated colonic mucosa. DCA increased steady state mRNA and protein levels of CXCL8 in cells which do not express wild-type APC. Steady-state CXCL8 mRNA and protein were suppressed when cells with conditional expression of wild-type APC were exposed to DCA. Immunostaining did not detect CXCL8 in normal human colonic mucosa. CXCL8 was expressed in adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinomas. CXCL8 expression correlated with nuclear beta-catenin localization in epithelial cells of adenomas, but was associated with endothelial cells and neutrophils in the adenocarcinomas. DCA-mediated CXCL8 promoter-reporter activity was elevated in a mutant APC background. Wild-type APC suppressed this effect. Mutation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) or nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) sites suppressed the activation of the CXCL8 promoter-reporter by DCA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding to the 5'-promoter of CXCL8 was induced by DCA. The beta-catenin transcription factor was bound to the 5'-promoter of CXCL8 in the absence or presence of DCA. Phenotypic assays determined that DCA-mediated invasion was blocked by antibody-directed against CXCL8 or wild-type APC. CXCL8 exposure led to matrix metalloproteinase-2 production and increased invasion on laminin-coated filters. These data suggest that DCA-mediated CXCL8 occurs in initiated colonic epithelium and neutralizing CXCL8 could reduce the invasive potential of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S Rial
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lefebvre P, Cariou B, Lien F, Kuipers F, Staels B. Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:147-91. [PMID: 19126757 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1151] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of the metabolic syndrome has taken epidemic proportions in the past decades, contributing to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The metabolic syndrome can be defined as a cluster of cardiovascular disease risk factors including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, increased blood pressure, and hypercoagulability. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belongs to the superfamily of ligand-activated nuclear receptor transcription factors. FXR is activated by bile acids, and FXR-deficient (FXR(-/-)) mice display elevated serum levels of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, demonstrating a critical role of FXR in lipid metabolism. In an opposite manner, activation of FXR by bile acids (BAs) or nonsteroidal synthetic FXR agonists lowers plasma triglycerides by a mechanism that may involve the repression of hepatic SREBP-1c expression and/or the modulation of glucose-induced lipogenic genes. A cross-talk between BA and glucose metabolism was recently identified, implicating both FXR-dependent and FXR-independent pathways. The first indication for a potential role of FXR in diabetes came from the observation that hepatic FXR expression is reduced in animal models of diabetes. While FXR(-/-) mice display both impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity, activation of FXR improves hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in vivo in diabetic mice. Finally, a recent report also indicates that BA may regulate energy expenditure in a FXR-independent manner in mice, via activation of the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5. Taken together, these findings suggest that modulation of FXR activity and BA metabolism may open new attractive pharmacological approaches for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lefebvre
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shin DJ, Osborne TF. FGF15/FGFR4 integrates growth factor signaling with hepatic bile acid metabolism and insulin action. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11110-20. [PMID: 19237543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808747200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current studies show FGF15 signaling decreases hepatic forkhead transcription factor 1 (FoxO1) activity through phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-dependent phosphorylation. The bile acid receptor FXR (farnesoid X receptor) activates expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15 in the intestine, which acts through hepatic FGFR4 to suppress cholesterol-7alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and limit bile acid production. Because FoxO1 activity and CYP7A1 gene expression are both increased by fasting, we hypothesized CYP7A1 might be a FoxO1 target gene. Consistent with recently reported results, we show CYP7A1 is a direct target of FoxO1. Additionally, we show that the PI 3-kinase pathway is key for both the induction of CYP7A1 by fasting and the suppression by FGF15. FGFR4 is the major hepatic FGF receptor isoform and is responsible for the hepatic effects of FGF15. We also show that expression of FGFR4 in liver was decreased by fasting, increased by insulin, and reduced by streptozotocin-induced diabetes, implicating FGFR4 as a primary target of insulin regulation. Because insulin and FGF both target the PI 3-kinase pathway, these observations suggest FoxO1 is a key node in the convergence of FGF and insulin signaling pathways and functions as a key integrator for the regulation of glucose and bile acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Shin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Traub RJ, Tang B, Ji Y, Pandya S, Yfantis H, Sun Y. A rat model of chronic postinflammatory visceral pain induced by deoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:2075-83. [PMID: 19000677 PMCID: PMC2782449 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic visceral hyperalgesia is considered an important pathophysiologic symptom in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); previous gastrointestinal inflammation is a potent etiologic factor for developing IBS. Although there are several animal models of adult visceral hypersensitivity after neonatal perturbation or acute colonic irritation/inflammation, current models of postinflammatory chronic visceral hyperalgesia are unsatisfactory. The aim of this study was to establish a model of chronic visceral hyperalgesia after colonic inflammation in the rat. METHODS Deoxycholic acid (DCA) was instilled into the rat colon daily for 3 days and animals were tested for up to 4 weeks. RESULTS DCA induced mild, transient colonic inflammation within 3 days that resolved within 3 weeks. An exaggerated visceromotor response, referred pain to mechanical stimulation, increased spinal Fos expression, and colonic afferent and dorsal horn neuron activity were apparent by 1 week and persisted for at least 4 weeks, indicating chronic dorsal horn hyperexcitability and visceral hyperalgesia. There was no spontaneous pain, based on open field behavior. There was a significant increase in opioid-receptor activity. CONCLUSIONS DCA induces mild, transient colitis, resulting in persistent visceral hyperalgesia and referred pain in rats, modeling some aspects of postinflammatory IBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Traub
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yaping Ji
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sangeeta Pandya
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Harris Yfantis
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Veterans Administration Maryland Health Care System, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shant J, Cheng K, Marasa BS, Wang JY, Raufman JP. Akt-dependent NF-kappaB activation is required for bile acids to rescue colon cancer cells from stress-induced apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:432-50. [PMID: 19056378 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated secondary bile acids promote human colon cancer cell proliferation by activating EGF receptors (EGFR). We hypothesized that bile acid-induced EGFR activation also mediates cell survival by downstream Akt-regulated activation of NF-kappaB. Deoxycholyltaurine (DCT) treatment attenuated TNF-alpha-induced colon cancer cell apoptosis, and stimulated rapid and sustained NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity (detected by NF-kappaB binding to an oligonucleotide consensus sequence and by activation of luciferase reporter gene constructs). Both DCT-induced NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and attenuation of TNF-alpha-stimulated apoptosis were dependent on EGFR activation. Inhibitors of nuclear translocation, proteosome activity, and IkappaBalpha kinase attenuated NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. Cell transfection with adenoviral vectors encoding a non-degradable IkappaBalpha 'super-repressor' blocked the actions of DCT on both NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Likewise, transfection with mutant akt and treatment with a chemical inhibitor of Akt attenuated effects of DCT on NF-kappaB transcriptional activity and TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Chemical inhibitors of Akt and NF-kappaB activation also attenuated DCT-induced rescue of H508 cells from ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these observations indicate that, downstream of EGFR, bile acid-induced colon cancer cell survival is mediated by Akt-dependent NF-kappaB activation. These findings provide a mechanism whereby bile acids increase resistance of colon cancer to chemotherapy and radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen Shant
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Bile acids are not only important for the absorption of dietary lipids and fat soluble vitamins but are signalling molecules with diverse endocrine and paracrine functions. Bile acids regulate bile acid, lipid and glucose metabolism and modulate temperature and energy homeostasis. Furthermore, bile acids can not only promote cell proliferation and liver regeneration but can also induce programmed cell death. Bile acid functions are mediated through different pathways which comprise the activation of nuclear hormone receptors, of intracellular kinases and of the plasma membrane-bound, G-protein coupled bile acid receptor TGR5/Gpbar-1.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun J, Mustafi R, Cerda S, Chumsangsri A, Xia YR, Li YC, Bissonnette M. Lithocholic acid down-regulation of NF-kappaB activity through vitamin D receptor in colonic cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 111:37-40. [PMID: 18515093 PMCID: PMC2587242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lithocholic acid (LCA), a secondary bile acid, is a vitamin D receptor (VDR) ligand. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), the hormonal form of vitamin D, is involved in the anti-inflammatory action through VDR. Therefore, we hypothesize that LCA acts like 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) to drive anti-inflammatory signals. In present study, we used human colonic cancer cells to assess the role of LCA in regulation of the pro-inflammatory NF-kappaB pathway. We found that LCA treatment increased VDR levels, mimicking the effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). LCA pretreatment inhibited the IL-1beta-induced IkappaBalpha degradation and decreased the NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation. We also measured the production of IL-8, a well-known NF-kappaB target gene, as a read-out of the biological effect of LCA expression on NF-kappaB pathway. LCA significantly decreased IL-8 secretion induced by IL-1beta. These LCA-induced effects were very similar to those of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3.) Thus, LCA recapitulated the effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on IL-1beta stimulated cells. Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells lacking VDR have intrinsically high NF-kappaB activity. LCA pretreatment was not able to prevent TNFalpha-induced IkappaBalpha degradation in MEF VDR (-/-), whereas LCA stabilized IkappaBalpha in MEF VDR (+/-) cells. Collectively, our data indicated that LCA activated the VDR to block inflammatory signals in colon cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Qiao D, Yang X, Meyer K, Friedl A. Glypican-1 regulates anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome substrates and cell cycle progression in endothelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:2789-801. [PMID: 18417614 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-10-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-1 (GPC1), a member of the mammalian glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, is highly expressed in glioma blood vessel endothelial cells (ECs). In this study, we investigated the role of GPC1 in EC replication by manipulating GPC1 expression in cultured mouse brain ECs. Moderate GPC1 overexpression stimulates EC growth, but proliferation is significantly suppressed when GPC1 expression is either knocked down or the molecule is highly overexpressed. Flow cytometric and biochemical analyses show that high or low expression of GPC1 causes cell cycle arrest at mitosis or the G2 phase of the cell cycle, accompanied by endoreduplication and consequently polyploidization. We further show that GPC1 inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-mediated degradation of mitotic cyclins and securin. High levels of GPC1 induce metaphase arrest and centrosome overproduction, alterations that are mimicked by overexpression of cyclin B1 and cyclin A, respectively. These observations suggest that GPC1 regulates EC cell cycle progression at least partially by modulating APC/C-mediated degradation of mitotic cyclins and securin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shin DJ, Osborne TF. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha activation of CYP7A1 during food restriction and diabetes is still inhibited by small heterodimer partner. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15089-96. [PMID: 18385139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710452200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the classic pathway of hepatic bile acid biosynthesis from cholesterol. During fasting and in type I diabetes, elevated levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) induce expression of the Cyp7A1 gene and overexpression of PGC-1alpha in hepatoma cells stimulates bile acid synthesis. Using Ad-PGC-1alpha-RNA interference to induce acute disruption of PGC-1alpha in mice, here we show that PGC-1alpha is necessary for fasting-mediated induction of CYP7A1. Co-immunoprecipitation and promoter activation studies reveal that the induction of CYP7A1 is mediated by direct interaction between PGC-1alpha and the AF2 domain of liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1). In contrast, the very similar PGC-1beta could not substitute for PGC-1alpha. We also show that transactivation of PGC-1alpha and LRH-1 is repressed by the small heterodimer partner (SHP). Treatment of mice with GW4064, a synthetic agonist for farnesoid X receptor, induced SHP expression and decreased both the recruitment of PGC-1alpha to the Cyp7A1 promoter and the fasting-induced expression of CYP7A1 mRNA. These data suggest that PGC-1alpha is an important co-activator for LRH-1 and that SHP targets the interaction between LRH-1 and PGC-1alpha to inhibit CYP7A1 expression. Overall, these studies provide further evidence for the important role of PGC-1alpha in bile acid homeostasis and suggest that pharmacological targeting of farnesoid X receptor in vivo can be used to reverse the increase in CYP7A1 associated with adverse metabolic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Shin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
It is well known that the steroid hormone glucocorticoid and its nuclear receptor regulate the inflammatory process, a crucial component in the pathophysiological process related to human diseases that include atherosclerosis, obesity and type II diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and liver tumors. Growing evidence demonstrates that orphan and adopted orphan nuclear receptors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, liver x receptors, the farnesoid x receptor, NR4As, retinoid x receptors, and the pregnane x receptor, regulate the inflammatory and metabolic profiles in a ligand-dependent or -independent manner in human and animal models. This review summarizes the regulatory roles of these nuclear receptors in the inflammatory process and the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhou J, Liu M, Zhai Y, Xie W. The antiapoptotic role of pregnane X receptor in human colon cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:868-80. [PMID: 18096695 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an important role in the detoxification of foreign and endogenous chemicals, including bile acids. PXR promotes bile acid elimination by activating bile acid-detoxifying enzymes and transporters. Certain bile acids are known to promote colonic carcinogenesis by inducing colon cancer cell apoptosis. However, whether and how PXR plays a role in colon cancer apoptosis has not been reported. In this study, we showed that activation of PXR by genetic (using a constitutively activated PXR) or pharmacological (using PXR agonist rifampicin) means protected the PXR-overexpressing colon cancer HCT116 cells from deoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, activation of PXR also protected HCT116 cells from adriamycin-induced cell death, suggesting that the antiapoptotic effect of PXR was not bile acid specific. Moreover, the antiapoptotic effect of PXR in HCT116 cells appeared to be independent of xenobiotic enzyme regulation, because these cells had little basal and inducible expression of bile acid-detoxifying enzymes. Instead, SuperArray analysis showed that PXR-mediated deoxycholic acid resistance was associated with up-regulation of multiple antiapoptotic genes, including BAG3, BIRC2, and MCL-1, and down-regulation of proapoptotic genes, such as BAK1 and TP53/p53. Treatment with rifampicin in colon cancer LS180 cells, a cell line known to express endogenous PXR, also inhibited apoptosis. Activation of PXR in transgenic mice inhibited bile acid-induced colonic epithelial apoptosis and sensitized mice to dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinogenesis, suggesting that the antiapoptotic effect of PXR is conserved in normal colon epithelium. In summary, our results have established the antiapoptotic role of PXR in both human colon cancer cells and normal mouse colon epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Deaprtment of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is used in the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases, gallstone dissolution, and for patients with hepatitis C virus infection to ameliorate elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. The efficacy of UDCA treatment has been debated and the mechanisms of action in humans have still not defined. Suggested mechanisms include the improvement of bile acid transport and/or detoxification, cytoprotection, and anti-apoptotic effects. In this review, we summarize the proposed molecular mechanisms for the action of UDCA, especially in hepatocytes, and also discuss the putative future clinical usage of this unique drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ikegami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Kasumigaura Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Duane WC, Xiong W, Wolvers J. Effects of bile acids on expression of the human apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1380-8. [PMID: 17964214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using a luciferase reporter assay in both LMH cells and Caco2 cells we found that certain bile acids including unconjugated deoxycholic and others transactivated the ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) at concentrations ranging from 20 to 300 microM. Confirming this effect, addition of deoxycholic acid to fresh human ileal biopsies caused an approximate 40% increase in endogenous ASBT mRNA production. Promoter deletion analysis indicated the effect of bile acids was mediated by a response element located in the downstream half of the 5'-UTR, a region known to contain a retinoic acid (RXR/RAR) response element and an activated protein-1 (AP-1) response element. Site-directed mutagenesis of the RAR/RXR response element actually enhanced response to deoxycholic acid. Site-directed mutagenesis of the downstream AP-1 response element reduced activation by deoxycholic acid while deletion of this response element completely eliminated this response. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor inhibitor, AG1478, completely eliminated the response to bile acid while the mitogen-activated protein extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade (MEK) inhibitor, U0126, partially inhibited the response to bile acid. These studies demonstrate that certain bile acids stimulate ASBT gene expression acting on the down-stream AP-1 response element via the EGF receptor and MEK cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William C Duane
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Akare S, Jean-Louis S, Chen W, Wood DJ, Powell AA, Martinez JD. Ursodeoxycholic acid modulates histone acetylation and induces differentiation and senescence. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2958-69. [PMID: 17019713 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Agents that can modulate colonic environment and control dysregulated signaling are being evaluated for their chemopreventive potential in colon cancer. Ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) has shown chemopreventive potential in preclinical and animal models of colon cancer, but the mechanism behind it remains unknown. Here biological effects of UDCA were examined to understand mechanism behind its chemoprevention in colon cancer. Our data suggests that UDCA can suppress growth in a wide variety of cancer cell lines and can induce low level of apoptosis in colon cancer cells. We also found that UDCA treatment induces alteration in morphology, increased cell size, upregulation of cytokeratin 8, 18 and 19 and E-cadherin, cytokeratin remodeling and accumulation of lipid droplets, suggesting that UDCA induces differentiation in colon carcinoma cells. Our results also suggest significant differences in UDCA and sodium butyrate induced functional differentiation. We also report for the first time that UDCA can induce senescence in colon cancer cells as assessed by flattened, spread out and vacuolated morphology as well as by senescence marker beta-galactosidase staining. We also found that UDCA inhibits the telomerase activity. Surprisingly, we found that UDCA is not a histone deacytylase inhibitor but instead induces hypoacetylation of histones unlike hyperacetylation induced by sodium butyrate. Our results also suggest that, although UDCA induced senescence is p53, p21 and Rb independent, HDAC6 appears to be important in UDCA induced senescence. In summary, our data shows that UDCA modulates chromatin by inducing histone hypoacetylation and induces differentiation and senescence in colon cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Akare
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shah SA, Mahmud N, Mftah M, Roche HM, Kelleher D. Chronic but not acute conjugated linoleic acid treatment inhibits deoxycholic acid-induced protein kinase C and nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human colorectal cancer cells. Eur J Cancer Prev 2006; 15:125-33. [PMID: 16523009 DOI: 10.1097/01.cej.0000195708.72072.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has anti-carcinogenic effects in a variety of cancers including colon cancer. Secondary bile acids on the other hand are known as tumour promoters in colon cancer with effects on protein kinase C (PKC) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) signalling pathways. The aim of this study was to examine acute and chronic, isomer-specific effects of CLA on bile salt-induced PKC and NF-kappaB signal transduction in human colon cancer cells. HCT116 cells were treated with 100 mumol/l and 50 mumol/l cis-9,trans-11-CLA and trans-10,cis-12-CLA for 24 h and 14 days, respectively. The cells were then transfected with DNA coding for PKC beta1-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein), PKC delta-EGFP or PKC zeta-EGFP fusion protein and activated with deoxycholic acid (DCA), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or C2-ceramide. PKC translocation was observed using real-time photomicroscopy and fluorescent microscopy and NF-kappaB analyses by gel shift assays. Chronic c-9,t-11-CLA and t-10,c-12-CLA treatment inhibited DCA-induced PKC beta1 and PKC delta translocation and also inhibited NF-kappaB activation. Acute CLA treatment had no effect on PKC or NF-kappaB activation. In conclusion this study indicates that chronic CLA treatment inhibits DCA-induced PKC and NF-kappaB activation in colon cancer cells. These data suggest mechanisms by which CLA may influence the course of colonic cancer.
Collapse
|
43
|
Mauritz I, Westermayer S, Marian B, Erlach N, Grusch M, Holzmann K. Prostaglandin E(2) stimulates progression-related gene expression in early colorectal adenoma cells. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1718-25. [PMID: 16685273 PMCID: PMC2361321 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin-dependent vascularisation in small adenomatous polyps is an essential part of colon carcinogenesis. To study the underlying cellular mechanisms, LT97 and Caco2 human colorectal tumour cells not expressing endogenous COX-2 were exposed to 1 μM prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in their medium. At 30 min after addition, expression of c-fos was stimulated 5-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively, depending on the activation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38. The amount of c-jun in nuclear extracts was increased 20% in LT97 cells. Expression of COX-2 was upregulated 1.7-fold in LT97 cells and 1.5-fold in Caco2 2 h after prostaglandin (PG) addition by a p38-mediated pathway. The known PGE2 target gene vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was not modulated. Effects of sustained PGE2 production were studied in VACO235 cells that have high endogenous COX-2 and in LT97 cells infected with an adenovirus expressing COX-2. Prostaglandin E2 secretion into the medium was 1–2 nM and 250 pM, respectively. Expression of both VEGF and c-fos was high in VACO235 cells. In LT97 cells, COX-2 upregulated c-fos expression and c-jun content in nuclear extracts 1.7- and 1.2-fold, respectively, in a PG-dependent way. This shows that exogenous PGE2 as well as COX-2 overexpression affect signalling and gene expression in a way that enhances tumour progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Mauritz
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Westermayer
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - B Marian
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A1090 Vienna, Austria
- E-mail:
| | - N Erlach
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Grusch
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Holzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Dried plums (that is, prunes) are a fruit that show promise as a food to lower colon cancer risk, based on their high content of dietary fiber and polyphenolics. In this study, we have examined the effect of diets containing dried plums on the number of colonic precancerous lesions (aberrant crypts, ACs), fecal bile acid concentration, and cecal bacterial enzyme activities related to colon cancer risk. Rats were fed one of four diets: a basal diet (a modified AIN-93G diet), a low-concentration dried plum diet (LCDP, 4.75% dried plum powder), a high-concentration dried plum diet (HCDP, 9.5% dried plum powder), or a diet matched to the carbohydrate content of the HCDP diet (CH-M) for 10 days. All animals were then administered azoxymethane (15 mg/kg, s.c., given two times, 1 wk apart) and fed their respective diets for 9 additional weeks. The number of AC foci (ACF), large ACF (>3 AC/ACF), or ACF multiplicity (AC/ACF) did not differ among the four groups. When compared with the basal diet, rats fed the LCDP diet had significantly lower concentrations of total fecal bile acids, deoxycholic acid, and hyodeoxycholic acid. Rats fed the HCDP diet had significantly lower fecal concentrations of lithocholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid. The LCDP and HCDP diets significantly decreased the cecal activity of 7alpha-dehydroxylase, and the LCDP also had lower beta-glucuronidase activity. The LCDP, HCDP, and CH-M groups had significantly greater cecal nitroreductase activities than the basal group. There was a significant correlation between 7alpha-dehydroxylase activity and fecal lithocholic acid concentration. Compared with the basal diet, both the LCDP and HCDP diets greatly increased cecal supernatant oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). These results suggest that, although dried plums did not reduce ACF number, they favorably altered other colon cancer risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tabata S, Yin G, Ogawa S, Yamaguchi K, Mineshita M, Kono S. Genetic polymorphism of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and colorectal adenomas: Self Defense Forces Health Study. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:406-10. [PMID: 16630139 PMCID: PMC11159969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids have long been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis, but epidemiological evidence is limited. Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is the rate-limiting enzyme producing bile acids from cholesterol. A recent case-control study showed a decreased risk of proximal colon cancer associated with the CC genotype of the CYP7A1 A-203C polymorphism. The present study examined the relationship between the CYP7A1 A-203C polymorphism and colorectal adenoma, which is a well-established precursor lesion of colorectal cancer. The study subjects comprised 446 cases of colorectal adenomas and 914 controls of normal total colonoscopy among men receiving a preretirement health examination at two hospitals of the Self Defense Forces (SDF). The CYP7A1 genotype was determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Statistical adjustment was made for age, hospital, rank in the SDF, smoking, alcohol use, body mass index, physical activity and parental history of colorectal cancer. The CYP7A1 polymorphism was not measurably related to the overall risk of colorectal adenomas. However, the CC genotype was associated with a decreased risk of proximal colon adenomas, but not of distal colon and rectal adenomas. Adjusted odds ratios of proximal colon adenomas (95% confidence intervals) for the AC and CC genotype versus AA genotype were 0.82 (0.54-1.24) and 0.56 (0.34-0.95), respectively. The findings add to evidence for the role of bile acids in colorectal carcinogenesis. The CC genotype of the CYP7A1 A-203C polymorphism probably renders lower activity of the enzyme synthesizing bile acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tabata
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Qin P, Tang X, Elloso MM, Harnish DC. Bile acids induce adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells through activation of reactive oxygen species, NF-kappaB, and p38. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H741-7. [PMID: 16582018 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01182.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are synthesized in the liver, stored in gallbladder, and secreted into the intestine to aid in the absorption of lipid-soluble nutrients. In addition, bile acids also actively participate in regulation of gene expression through their ability to act as ligands for the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor or by activating kinase signaling pathways. Under cholestatic conditions, elevated levels of bile acids in the liver induce hepatic inflammation, and because bile acid levels are also elevated in the circulation, they might also induce vascular inflammation. To test this hypothesis, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human aortic endothelial cells were treated with bile acids, and the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin were monitored. The three major bile acids found in the circulation, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid, all strongly induced both the mRNA and protein expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. To delineate the mechanism, the experiments were conducted in the presence of various kinase inhibitors. The results demonstrate that the bile acid-mediated induction of adhesion molecule expression occurs by stimulation of NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways through the elevation in reactive oxygen species. The bile acid-induced cell surface expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was sufficient to result in the increased adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to the HUVEC, suggesting that elevated levels of bile acids in the circulation may cause endothelium dysfunction and contribute to the initiation of early events associated with vascular lesion formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Qin
- Wyeth Research, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Research, N2236, 500 Arcola Rd., Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jean-Louis S, Akare S, Ali MA, Mash EA, Meuillet E, Martinez JD. Deoxycholic acid induces intracellular signaling through membrane perturbations. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14948-60. [PMID: 16547009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506710200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bile acids have long been postulated to be tumor promoters in the colon; however, their mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we examined the actions of bile acids at the cell membrane and found that they can perturb membrane structure by alteration of membrane microdomains. Depletion of membrane cholesterol by treating with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin suppressed deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced apoptosis, and staining for cholesterol with filipin showed that DCA caused a marked rearrangement of this lipid in the membrane. Likewise, DCA was found to affect membrane distribution of caveolin-1, a marker protein that is enriched in caveolae membrane microdomains. Additionally, fluorescence anisotropy revealed that DCA causes a decrease in membrane fluidity consistent with the increase in membrane cholesterol content observed after 4 h of DCA treatment of HCT116 cells. Significantly, by using radiolabeled bile acids, we found that bile acids are able to interact with and localize to microdomains differently depending on their physicochemical properties. DCA was also found to induce tyrosine phosphorylation and activate the receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor in a ligand-independent manner. In contrast, ursodeoxycholic acid did not exhibit any of these effects even though it interacted significantly with the microdomains. Collectively, these data suggest that bile acid-induced signaling is initiated through alterations of the plasma membrane structure and the redistribution of cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Jean-Louis
- Cancer Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cheng K, Raufman JP. Bile acid-induced proliferation of a human colon cancer cell line is mediated by transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1035-47. [PMID: 16139803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although epidemiological studies indicate an association between elevations in fecal bile acids and the development of colorectal cancer, the cellular mechanism for the proliferative actions of bile acids is not clear. Studies from other laboratories indicate a paradoxical pro-apoptotic action of bile acids on cell culture lines. Our previous studies indicate that cholinergic agonist-induced proliferation of colon cancer cells that express M3 muscarinic receptors (M3R) is mediated by transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and that bile acids stimulate proliferation of colon cancer cells that express M3R. In the present study, we investigated the effects of bile acids on cell signaling and proliferation of a human colon cancer cell line (H508 cells) that abundantly expresses M3R and EGFR. Treatment with taurine and glycine conjugates of lithocholic and deoxycholic acids stimulated reversible activation of the p44/42 MAP kinase signaling cascade and proliferation of H508 cells. Bile acids did not stimulate proliferation of SNU-C4 colon cancer cells that express EGFR but not muscarinic receptors. Atropine, a muscarinic receptor inverse agonist, blocked bile acid-induced H508 cell proliferation. At concentrations that stimulate cell proliferation, conjugated bile acids did not activate caspase-3, a key mediator of apoptosis. Conjugated bile acids stimulated phosphorylation of EGFR Tyr992, thereby implicating EGFR transactivation in the cellular mechanism underlying their proliferative actions. This was confirmed by observing that inhibitors of EGFR activation and antibodies to the ligand-binding domain of EGFR blocked both the signaling and proliferative actions of bile acids. Collectively, these results suggest that in this colon cancer cell line, bile acid-induced colon cancer cell proliferation is M3R-dependent and is mediated by transactivation of EGFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunrong Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VA Maryland Health Care System and Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Green Street, N3W62 Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yui S, Saeki T, Kanamoto R, Iwami K. Characteristics of apoptosis in HCT116 colon cancer cells induced by deoxycholic acid. J Biochem 2005; 138:151-7. [PMID: 16091589 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvi106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobic bile acids induce apoptosis in both colon cancer cells and hepatocytes. The mechanism by which colon cancer cells respond to bile acids is thought to be different from that of hepatocytes. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of apoptosis in colon cancer cell line HCT116. Hydrophobic bile acids, i.e., deoxycholic acid (DCA), and chenodeoxycholic acid, induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Apoptotic indications were detectable at as early as 30 min and the extent increased in time- and concentration-dependent manners. SDS and a hydrophilic bile acid, cholic acid, did not induce apoptosis even at cytotoxic concentrations. Pretreatment with cycloheximide failed to inhibit apoptosis, suggesting that protein synthesis is not involved in the apoptotic response. Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of caspase-9 were detectable after 5 and 10 min, respectively, whereas remarkable activation of Bid was not detected. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) protected HCT116 cells from DCA-induced apoptosis but a preincubation period of > or =5 h was required. Nevertheless, UDCA did not inhibit cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Our results indicate that hydrophobic bile acids induce apoptosis in HCT116 cells by releasing cytochrome c from mitochondria via an undefined but specific mechanism, and that UDCA protects HCT116 cells by acting downstream of cytochrome c release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Yui
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Department of Biological Function, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Akare S, Martinez JD. Bile acid induces hydrophobicity-dependent membrane alterations. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1735:59-67. [PMID: 15951237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of fecal bile acids are a known risk factor for colon cancer, owing to alterations in cellular signaling. In colonic cells, where bile acid uptake is minimal, the hydrophobicity-induced membrane perturbation and alterations have been proposed, but these membrane alterations are largely uncharacterized. In this study, we examined the determinants and characteristics of bile acid-induced membrane alterations, utilizing PKCalpha activation and cholesterol up-regulation as model indicators. We found that bile acid-induced PKCalpha activation is a function of hydrophobicity and correlated with alteration in membrane lipid composition, as evident by the significant up-regulation in membrane cholesterol and phospholipid. We found that bile acid do not cause cell membrane disruption at a concentration sufficient to activate PKCalpha, but do induce drastic alterations in membrane composition. Bile acid also induced the modification and up-regulation of caveolin-1 in a hydrophobicity-dependent manner, implying widespread receptor dysregulation. Similarly, ERK1/2 activation was observed only in response to hydrophobic bile acids, suggesting hydrophobicity-induced caveolar or membrane stress. Experiments with sodium lauryl sarcosine and cholesteryl hemisuccinate showed that bile acid-induced membrane alterations can be mimicked by hydrophobic molecules unrelated to bile acids, strongly implicating hydrophobicity as an important determinant of bile acid signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Akare
- Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|