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Liu J, Yang W, Liao W, Huang Y, Chen W, Bu X, Huang S, Jiang W, Swevers L. Immunological function of Bombyx Toll9-2 in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) larval midgut: Activation by Escherichia coli/lipopolysaccharide and regulation of growth. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 116:e22130. [PMID: 39118437 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Toll receptors are important regulators of insects' innate immune system which, upon binding of pathogen molecules, activate a conserved signal transduction cascade known as the Toll pathway. RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool to study the function of genes via reverse genetics. However, due to the reported refractory of RNAi efficiency in lepidopteran insects, successful reports of silencing of Toll receptors in the silkworm Bombyx mori have not been reported yet. In this study, a Toll receptor of the silkworm Bombyx Toll9-2 (BmToll9-2) was cloned and its expression and function were analyzed. The results showed that BmToll9-2 contains an ectodomain (ECD) with a signal peptide and nine leucine-rich repeats, a transmembrane helix, and a cytoplasmic region with a Toll/interleukin-1 domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that BmToll9-2 clusters with other insect Toll9 receptors and mammalian Toll-like receptor 4. Oral infection of exogenous pathogens showed that the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and its main cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and its main cell wall component peptidoglycan, significantly induce BmToll9-2 expression in vivo. LPS also induced the expression of BmToll9-2 in BmN4 cells in vitro. These observations indicate its role as a sensor in the innate immunity to exogenous pathogens and as a pathogen-associated receptor that is responsive to LPS. RNAi of BmToll9-2 was effective in the midgut and epidermis. RNAi-mediated knock-down of BmToll9-2 reduced the weight and growth of the silkworm. Bacterial challenge following RNAi upregulated the expression of BmToll9-2 and rescued the weight differences of the silkworm, which may be related to its participation in the immune response and the regulation of the microbiota in the midgut lumen of the silkworm larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Bu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyi Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanyi Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece
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Yao X, He Y, Zhu C, Yang S, Wu J, Ma F, Jin P. miR-190 restores the innate immune homeostasis of Drosophila by directly inhibiting Tab2 in Imd pathway. Microbes Infect 2024:105399. [PMID: 39084397 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The Drosophila Imd pathways are well-known mechanisms involved in innate immunity responsible for Gram-negative (G-) bacterial infection. The intensity and durability of immunity need to be finely regulated to keep sufficient immune activation meanwhile avoid excessive immune response. In this study, we firstly demonstrated that miR-190 can downregulate the expression levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the Imd immune pathway after Escherichia coli infection using the miR-190 overexpression flies and the miR-190KO/+ flies. Secondly, miR-190 overexpression significantly reduces while miR-190 KO increases Drosophila survival rates upon lethal Enterobacter cloacae infection. Thirdly, we further demonstrated that miR-190 negatively regulates innate immune responses by directly targeting both RA/RB and RC isoforms of Tab2. In addition, the dynamic expression pattern of AMPs (Dpt, AttA, CecA1), miR-190 and Tab2 in the wild-type flies reveals that miR-190 play an important role in Drosophila immune homeostasis restoration at the late stage of E. coli infection. Collectively, our study reveals that miR-190 can downregulate the expression of AMPs by targeting Tab2 and promote immune homeostasis restoration in Drosophila Imd pathway. Our study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of animal innate immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yao
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yuqing He
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Canhe Zhu
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Shangmin Yang
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Psychology, College of Victoria College, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5R 0A3, Canada
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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Jiang S, Bao J, Chen Y, Liu Z, Liu R, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Jiang X, Kong H. Immunological regulation by Toll-1 and Spätzle-4 in larval density-dependent prophylaxis of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130778. [PMID: 38467221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
High population density has been shown to alter insect prophylactic immunity. Toll-Spätzle pathway performs a key function in insect innate immune response. To determine the role of Toll and Spätzle, two main components of Toll-Spätzle pathway, in the density-dependent prophylaxis of Mythimna separata. We identified full-length cDNA encoding the Toll-1 and Spätzle-4 genes in M. separata (designed MsToll-1 and Ms Spätzle-4). Both MsToll-1 and MsSpätzle-4 were expressed throughout all developmental stages. MsToll-1 expression was highly in fat body and brain and MsSpätzle-4 was highly expressed in brain and Malpighian tubule. With increased larval density, MsToll-1 expression was markedly up-regulated. MsSpätzle-4 expression was found to be raised in larvae that were fed in high density (5 and 10 larvae per jar). Co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that MsToll-1 interacted with MsSpätzle-4. Immune-related genes transcriptions were considerably reduced in high-density larvae MsToll-1 (or MsSpätzle-4) was silenced by dsRNA injection. Meanwhile, a discernible reduction in the survival rate of the larvae exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis infection with silence of MsToll-1 (or MsSpätzle-4) was observed. This study implies that prophylactic immunity was influenced by crowded larvae via modulating the Toll-Spätzle pathway in M. separata and allow for a new understanding of into density-dependent prophylaxis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Bao
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Zhonglin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yunxia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 2 of West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 2 of West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xingfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 2 of West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Hailong Kong
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Mollah MMI. Ligands of HMG-like dorsal switch protein 1 of Spodoptera exigua leads to mortality in diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27090. [PMID: 38509914 PMCID: PMC10950498 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
HMG-like dorsal switch protein 1 (DSP1) is the insect homolog of the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein of the vertebrates. Previous studies confirmed DSP1 in Spodoptera exigua, Tenebrio molitor, and Aedes albopictus, and were analyzed for their immune roles, survivability, and binding affinity with entomopathogenic bacterial metabolites. The present study aimed to predict, and confirm DSP1 in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella along with the effect of Spodoptera exigua DSP1 ligands in the survivability of this insect. DSP1 of Plutella xylostella (Px-DSP1) consists of 465 amino acids (AA). Phylogeny analysis showed that Px-DSP1 clustered with other Lepidopteran insects where each insect order clustered separately. Domain analysis showed that like other insects, Px-DSP1 contains two HMG boxes (Box A and Box B), one coiled-coil (CC), five Q-rich low complexity (LC), and an acidic tail (AT). Px-DSP1 was expressed in each developmental stage and tissue. The highest expression was in L4 larvae and fat body tissues. Thermal shift assay (TSA) showed the binding affinity of 3-Ethoxy-4-Methoxyphenol (EMP), Phthalimide (PM), and o-Cyanobenzoic acid (CBA) to rDSP1 of Spodoptera exigua. Mortality bioassay showed that all these metabolites were toxic against P. xylostella larvae. Among these, EMP was more toxic providing more than 65% mortality at 500 ppm concentration. However, PM and CBA also showed more than 60 and 50% mortality, respectively at 500 ppm concentration. We assume that like Se-DSP1, these compounds also bind with Px-DSP1 which leads to the inhibition of DSP1-mediated immunity and impose the mortality of Plutella xylostella larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahi Imam Mollah
- Department of Entomology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, 8602, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Science, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
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Wei Z, Zhang M, Chen Y, Hu H, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Tran NT, Feng H, Zeng C, Li S. Spätzle maintains homeostasis of hemolymph microbiota in Scylla paramamosain through Toll2. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109385. [PMID: 38242262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The Toll pathway is crucial for innate immune responses in organisms (including Drosophila and mammals). The Spätzle protein outside of cells acts as a ligand for Toll receptors, enabling the transfer of signals from outside the cell to the inside. However, the function of Spätzle in the immune system of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) remains unclear. This research discovered a novel Spätzle gene (Sp-Spz) in mud crab, which showed extensive expression in all the tissues that were examined. The RNA interference exhibited the correlation between Sp-Spz and the anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs). Knockdown of Sp-Spz decreased the expression of Sp-Toll2 but not Sp-Toll1. In Drosophila Schneider 2 cells, Sp-Spz was found interacted with Sp-Toll2. Moreover, the depletion of Sp-Spz caused the separation of hepatic lobules from the basement membrane, resulting in the disruption of the structural coherence of hepatopancreatic cells. Additionally, the knockdown of Sp-Spz resulted in changes to the composition of the hemolymph microbiota, specifically affecting the proportions of different phylum and family levels. The findings indicated that Sp-Spz may promote the synthesis of ALFs via Sp-Toll2, thereby influencing the homeostasis of microbiota in the hemolymph. In this study, novel insights into mud crab immunity are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Wei
- Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Hang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xinshan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yuqing Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Haipeng Feng
- Department of Pathology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China.
| | - Chong Zeng
- Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China.
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.
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6
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Zhang J, Tang T, Zhang R, Wen L, Deng X, Xu X, Yang W, Jin F, Cao Y, Lu Y, Yu XQ. Maintaining Toll signaling in Drosophila brain is required to sustain autophagy for dopamine neuron survival. iScience 2024; 27:108795. [PMID: 38292423 PMCID: PMC10825691 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved process in eukaryotic cells to degrade and recycle damaged intracellular components. Higher level of autophagy in the brain has been observed, and autophagy dysfunction has an impact on neuronal health, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. In this study, we showed that overexpression of Toll-1 and Toll-7 receptors, as well as active Spätzle proteins in Drosophila S2 cells enhanced autophagy, and Toll-1/Toll-7 activated autophagy was dependent on Tube-Pelle-PP2A. Interestingly, Toll-1 but not Toll-7 mediated autophagy was dMyd88 dependent. Importantly, we observed that loss of functions in Toll-1 and Toll-7 receptors and PP2A activity in flies decreased autophagy level, resulting in the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons and reduced fly motion. Our results indicated that proper activation of Toll-1 and Toll-7 pathways and PP2A activity in the brain are necessary to sustain autophagy level for DA neuron survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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7
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Silva RCMC, Gomes FM. Evolution of the Major Components of Innate Immunity in Animals. J Mol Evol 2024; 92:3-20. [PMID: 38281163 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-024-10155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity is present in all animals. In this review, we explore the main conserved mechanisms of recognition and innate immune responses among animals. In this sense, we discuss the receptors, critical for binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); the downstream signaling proteins; and transcription factors that govern immune responses. We also highlight conserved inflammatory mediators that are induced after the recognition of DAMPs and PAMPs. At last, we discuss the mechanisms that are involved in the regulation and/or generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), influencing immune responses, like heme-oxygenases (HOs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Mendonça Gomes
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hu Q, Xiao Y, Wei R, Tang T, Wen L, Lu Y, Yu XQ. Identification and functional analysis of CG3526 in spermatogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:79-90. [PMID: 37465843 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a critical part of reproduction in insects; however, its molecular mechanism is still largely unknown. In this study, we identified a testis-specific gene CG3526 in Drosophila melanogaster. Bioinformatics analysis showed that CG3526 contains a zinc binding domain and 2 C2 H2 type zinc fingers, and it is clustered to the vertebrate really interesting new gene (RING) family E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. When CG3526 was knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi), the testis became much smaller in size, and the apical tip exhibited a sharp and thin end instead of the blunt and round shape in the control testis. More importantly, compared to the control flies, only a few mature sperm were present in the seminal vesicle of C587-Gal4 > CG3526 RNAi flies. Immunofluorescence staining of the testis from CG3526 RNAi flies showed that the homeostasis of testis stem cell niche was disrupted, cell distribution in the apical tip was scattered, and the process of spermatogenesis was not completed. Furthermore, we found that the phenotype of CG3526 RNAi flies' testis was similar to that of testis of Stat92E RNAi flies, the expression level of CG3526 was significantly downregulated in the Stat92EF06346 mutant flies, and the promoter activity of CG3526 was upregulated by STAT92E. Taken together, our results indicated that CG3526 is a downstream effector gene in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway that plays a key role in the spermatogenesis of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yanhong Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Runnan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Liang Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yuzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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9
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Zhang J, Liu M, Wen L, Hua Y, Zhang R, Li S, Zafar J, Pang R, Xu H, Xu X, Jin F. MiR-2b-3p Downregulated PxTrypsin-9 Expression in the Larval Midgut to Decrease Cry1Ac Susceptibility of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2263-2276. [PMID: 38235648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Crystal (Cry) toxins, produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, are widely used as effective biological pesticides in agricultural production. However, insects always quickly evolve adaptations against Cry toxins within a few generations. In this study, we focused on the Cry1Ac protoxin activated by protease. Our results identified PxTrypsin-9 as a trypsin gene that plays a key role in Cry1Ac virulence in Plutella xylostella larvae. In addition, P. xylostella miR-2b-3p, a member of the micoRNA-2 (miR-2) family, was significantly upregulated by Cry1Ac protoxin and targeted to PxTrypsin-9 downregulated its expression. The mRNA level of PxTrypsin-9, regulated by miR-2b-3p, revealed an increased tolerance of P. xylostella larvae to Cry1Ac at the post-transcriptional level. Considering that miR-2b and trypsin genes are widely distributed in various pest species, our study provides the basis for further investigation of the roles of miRNAs in the regulation of the resistance to Cry1Ac and other insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingyou Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liang Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanyan Hua
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - ShuZhong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junaid Zafar
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rui Pang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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10
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Khan SA, Kojour MAM, Han YS. Recent trends in insect gut immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272143. [PMID: 38193088 PMCID: PMC10773798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut is a crucial organ in insect defense against various pathogens and harmful substances in their environment and diet. Distinct insect gut compartments possess unique functionalities contributing to their physiological processes, including immunity. The insect gut's cellular composition is vital for cellular and humoral immunity. The peritrophic membrane, mucus layer, lumen, microvilli, and various gut cells provide essential support for activating and regulating immune defense mechanisms. These components also secrete molecules and enzymes that are imperative in physiological activities. Additionally, the gut microbiota initiates various signaling pathways and produces vitamins and minerals that help maintain gut homeostasis. Distinct immune signaling pathways are activated within the gut when insects ingest pathogens or hazardous materials. The pathway induced depends on the infection or pathogen type; include immune deficiency (imd), Toll, JAK/STAT, Duox-ROS, and JNK/FOXO regulatory pathways. These pathways produce different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and maintain gut homeostasis. Furthermore, various signaling mechanisms within gut cells regulate insect gut recovery following infection. Although some questions regarding insect gut immunity in different species require additional study, this review provides insights into the insect gut's structure and composition, commensal microorganism roles in Drosophila melanogaster and Tenebrio molitor life cycles, different signaling pathways involved in gut immune systems, and the insect gut post-infection recovery through various signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahidul Ahmed Khan
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Maryam Ali Mohmmadie Kojour
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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11
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Aalto AL, Luukkonen V, Meinander A. Ubiquitin signalling in Drosophila innate immune responses. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 38069549 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells respond to invading pathogens and danger signals from the environment by adapting gene expression to meet the need for protective effector molecules. While this innate immune response is required for the cell and the organism to recover, excess immune activation may lead to loss of homeostasis, thereby promoting chronic inflammation and cancer progression. The molecular basis of innate immune defence is comprised of factors promoting survival and proliferation, such as cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and anti-apoptotic proteins. As the molecular mechanisms regulating innate immune responses are conserved through evolution, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serves as a convenient, affordable and ethical model organism to enhance understanding of immune signalling. Fly immunity against bacterial infection is built up by both cellular and humoral responses, where the latter is regulated by the Imd and Toll pathways activating NF-κB transcription factors Relish, Dorsal and Dif, as well as JNK activation and JAK/STAT signalling. As in mammals, the Drosophila innate immune signalling pathways are characterised by ubiquitination of signalling molecules followed by ubiquitin receptors binding to the ubiquitin chains, as well as by rapid changes in protein levels by ubiquitin-mediated targeted proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we summarise the molecular signalling pathways regulating immune responses to pathogen infection in Drosophila, with a focus on ubiquitin-dependent control of innate immunity and inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Aalto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Veera Luukkonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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12
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Zhang W, Sun C, Lang H, Wang J, Li X, Guo J, Zhang Z, Zheng H. Toll receptor ligand Spätzle 4 responses to the highly pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis from Varroa mites in honeybees. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011897. [PMID: 38150483 PMCID: PMC10775982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybees play a major role in crop pollination, which supports the agricultural economy and international food supply. The colony health of honeybees is threatened by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, which inflicts physical injury on the hosts and serves as the vector for variable viruses. Recently, it shows that V. destructor may also transmit bacteria through the feeding wound, yet it remains unclear whether the invading bacteria can exhibit pathogenicity to the honeybees. Here, we incidentally isolate Enterococcus faecalis, one of the most abundant bacteria in Varroa mites, from dead bees during our routine generation of microbiota-free bees in the lab. In vivo tests show that E. faecalis is only pathogenic in Apis mellifera but not in Apis cerana. The expression of antimicrobial peptide genes is elevated following infection in A. cerana. The gene-based molecular evolution analysis identifies positive selection of genes encoding Späetzle 4 (Spz4) in A. cerana, a signaling protein in the Toll pathway. The amino acid sites under positive selection are related to structural changes in Spz4 protein, suggesting improvement of immunity in A. cerana. The knock-down of Spz4 in A. cerana significantly reduces the survival rates under E. faecalis challenge and the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes. Our results indicate that bacteria associated with Varroa mites are pathogenic to adult bees, and the positively selected gene Spz4 in A. cerana is crucial in response to this mite-related pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyu Lang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jieni Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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13
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Liu H, Xu J, Wang L, Guo P, Tang Z, Sun X, Tang X, Wang W, Wang L, Cao Y, Xia Q, Zhao P. Serpin-1a and serpin-6 regulate the Toll pathway immune homeostasis by synergistically inhibiting the Spätzle-processing enzyme CLIP2 in silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011740. [PMID: 37851691 PMCID: PMC10629668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Toll receptor signaling pathway is an important innate immune response of insects to pathogen infection; its extracellular signal transduction involves serine protease cascade activation. However, excessive or constitutive activation of the Toll pathway can be detrimental. Hence, the balance between activation and inhibition of the extracellular protease cascade must be tightly regulated to achieve favorable outcomes. Previous studies have shown that serpins-serine protease inhibitors-negatively regulate insect innate immunity by inhibiting extracellular protease cascade signaling. Although the roles of serpins in insect innate immunity are well described, the physiological mechanisms underlying their synergistic effects remain poorly understand. Here, we characterize the molecular mechanism by which serpin-1a and serpin-6 synergistically maintain immune homeostasis of the silkworm Toll pathway under physiological and pathological conditions. Through in vitro biochemical assays and in vivo bioassays, we demonstrate that clip-domain serine protease 2 (CLIP2), as the Toll cascade-activating terminal protease, is responsible for processing proSpätzle1 to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides. Further biochemical and genetic analyses indicate that constitutively expressed serpin-1a and inducible serpin-6 synergistically target CLIP2 to maintain homeostasis of the silkworm Toll pathway under physiological and pathological conditions. Taken together, this study provides new insights into the precise regulation of Toll cascade activation signals in insect innate immune responses and highlights the importance and complexity of insect immune homeostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Liu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luoling Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangchen Tang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine & Health Science, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
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14
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Mollah MMI. Spätzle processing enzyme is required to activate dorsal switch protein 1 induced Toll immune signalling pathway in Tenebrio molitor. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291976. [PMID: 37733725 PMCID: PMC10513244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal switch protein 1 (DSP1) acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule to activate immune responses in Tenebrio molitor. From a previous study in Spodoptera exigua, we found that DSP1 activates Toll immune signalling pathway to induce immune responses by melanisation, PLA2 activity and AMP synthesis. However, the target site of DSP1 in this pathway remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the role of spätzle processing enzyme in the DSP1 induced toll immune signalling pathway. To address this, we analyzed spätzle processing enzyme (Tm-SPE) of the three-step serine protease cascade of T. molitor Toll pathway. Tm-SPE expressed in all developmental stages and larval tissues. Upon immune challenge, its expression levels were upregulated but significantly reduced after RNA interference (RNAi). In addition, the induction of immune responses upon immune challenge or recombinant DSP1 injection was significantly increased. Loss of function using RNA interference revealed that the Tm-SPE is involved in connecting DSP1 induced immune responses like hemocyte nodule formation, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) synthesis. These suggest that Tm-SPE controls the DSP1 induced activation of Toll immune signalling pathway required for both cellular and humoral immune responses. However, to confirm the target molecule of DSP1 in three-step proteolytic cascade, we have to check other upstream serine proteases like Spatzle activating enzyme (SAE) or modular serine protease (MSP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahi Imam Mollah
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
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15
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Arch M, Vidal M, Fuentes E, Abat AS, Cardona PJ. The reproductive status determines tolerance and resistance to Mycobacterium marinum in Drosophila melanogaster. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:332-347. [PMID: 37868078 PMCID: PMC10590161 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex and reproductive status of the host have a major impact on the immune response against infection. Our aim was to understand their impact on host tolerance or resistance in the systemic Mycobacterium marinum infection of Drosophila melanogaster. We measured host survival and bacillary load at time of death, as well as expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of immune genes (diptericin and drosomycin). We also assessed the impact of metabolic and hormonal regulation in the protection against infection by measuring expression of upd3, impl2 and ecR. Our data showed increased resistance in actively mating flies and in mated females, while reducing their tolerance to infection. Data suggests that Toll and immune deficiency (Imd) pathways determine tolerance and resistance, respectively, while higher basal levels of ecR favours the stimulation of the Imd pathway. A dual role has been found for upd3 expression, linked to increased/decreased mycobacterial load at the beginning and later in infection, respectively. Finally, impl2 expression has been related to increased resistance in non-actively mating males. These results allow further assessment on the differences between sexes and highlights the role of the reproductive status in D. melanogaster to face infections, demonstrating their importance to determine resistance and tolerance against M. marinum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arch
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Fuentes
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anmaw Shite Abat
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Aromolaran OT, Isewon I, Adedeji E, Oswald M, Adebiyi E, Koenig R, Oyelade J. Heuristic-enabled active machine learning: A case study of predicting essential developmental stage and immune response genes in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288023. [PMID: 37556452 PMCID: PMC10411809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational prediction of absolute essential genes using machine learning has gained wide attention in recent years. However, essential genes are mostly conditional and not absolute. Experimental techniques provide a reliable approach of identifying conditionally essential genes; however, experimental methods are laborious, time and resource consuming, hence computational techniques have been used to complement the experimental methods. Computational techniques such as supervised machine learning, or flux balance analysis are grossly limited due to the unavailability of required data for training the model or simulating the conditions for gene essentiality. This study developed a heuristic-enabled active machine learning method based on a light gradient boosting model to predict essential immune response and embryonic developmental genes in Drosophila melanogaster. We proposed a new sampling selection technique and introduced a heuristic function which replaces the human component in traditional active learning models. The heuristic function dynamically selects the unlabelled samples to improve the performance of the classifier in the next iteration. Testing the proposed model with four benchmark datasets, the proposed model showed superior performance when compared to traditional active learning models (random sampling and uncertainty sampling). Applying the model to identify conditionally essential genes, four novel essential immune response genes and a list of 48 novel genes that are essential in embryonic developmental condition were identified. We performed functional enrichment analysis of the predicted genes to elucidate their biological processes and the result evidence our predictions. Immune response and embryonic development related processes were significantly enriched in the essential immune response and embryonic developmental genes, respectively. Finally, we propose the predicted essential genes for future experimental studies and use of the developed tool accessible at http://heal.covenantuniversity.edu.ng for conditional essentiality predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Tony Aromolaran
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Itunu Isewon
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Eunice Adedeji
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Marcus Oswald
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum, Jena, Germany
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rainer Koenig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum, Jena, Germany
| | - Jelili Oyelade
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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17
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Prince BC, Walsh E, Torres TZB, Rückert C. Recognition of Arboviruses by the Mosquito Immune System. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1159. [PMID: 37509194 PMCID: PMC10376960 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) pose a significant threat to both human and animal health worldwide. These viruses are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, or biting midges to humans or animals. In humans, arbovirus infection often results in mild flu-like symptoms, but severe disease and death also occur. There are few vaccines available, so control efforts focus on the mosquito population and virus transmission control. One area of research that may enable the development of new strategies to control arbovirus transmission is the field of vector immunology. Arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, have coevolved with arboviruses, resulting in a balance of virus replication and vector immune responses. If this balance were disrupted, virus transmission would likely be reduced, either through reduced replication, or even through enhanced replication, resulting in mosquito mortality. The first step in mounting any immune response is to recognize the presence of an invading pathogen. Recent research advances have been made to tease apart the mechanisms of arbovirus detection by mosquitoes. Here, we summarize what is known about arbovirus recognition by the mosquito immune system, try to generate a comprehensive picture, and highlight where there are still gaps in our current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Prince
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Elizabeth Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Tran Zen B Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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18
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Pujhari S, Hughes GL, Pakpour N, Suzuki Y, Rasgon JL. Wolbachia-induced inhibition of O'nyong nyong virus in Anopheles mosquitoes is mediated by Toll signaling and modulated by cholesterol. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.543096. [PMID: 37397989 PMCID: PMC10312510 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.543096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced host immunity and competition for metabolic resources are two main competing hypotheses for the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated pathogen inhibition in arthropods. Using an Anopheles mosquito - somatic Wolbachia infection - O'nyong nyong virus (ONNV) model, we demonstrate that the mechanism underpinning Wolbachia-mediated virus inhibition is up-regulation of the Toll innate immune pathway. However, the viral inhibitory properties of Wolbachia were abolished by cholesterol supplementation. This result was due to Wolbachia-dependent cholesterol-mediated suppression of Toll signaling rather than competition for cholesterol between Wolbachia and virus. The inhibitory effect of cholesterol was specific to Wolbachia-infected Anopheles mosquitoes and cells. These data indicate that both Wolbachia and cholesterol influence Toll immune signaling in Anopheles mosquitoes in a complex manner and provide a functional link between the host immunity and metabolic competition hypotheses for explaining Wolbachia-mediated pathogen interference in mosquitoes. In addition, these results provide a mechanistic understanding of the mode of action of Wolbachia-induced pathogen blocking in Anophelines, which is critical to evaluate the long-term efficacy of control strategies for malaria and Anopheles-transmitted arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Pujhari
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yasutsugu Suzuki
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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19
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Nakano S, Kashio S, Nishimura K, Takeishi A, Kosakamoto H, Obata F, Kuranaga E, Chihara T, Yamauchi Y, Isobe T, Miura M. Damage sensing mediated by serine proteases Hayan and Persephone for Toll pathway activation in apoptosis-deficient flies. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010761. [PMID: 37319131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses damage have been extensively explored in multicellular organisms. In Drosophila, various types of tissue damage, including epidermal injury, tumor formation, cell competition, and apoptosis deficiency, induce sterile activation of the Toll pathway, a process that requires the use of extracellular serine protease (SP) cascades. Upon infection, the SP Spätzle (Spz)-processing enzyme (SPE) cleaves and activates the Toll ligand Spz downstream of two paralogous SPs, Hayan and Persephone (Psh). However, upon tissue damage, it is not fully understood which SPs establish Spz activation cascades nor what damage-associated molecules can activate SPs. In this study, using newly generated uncleavable spz mutant flies, we revealed that Spz cleavage is required for the sterile activation of the Toll pathway, which is induced by apoptosis-deficient damage of wing epidermal cells in adult Drosophila. Proteomic analysis of hemolymph, followed by experiments with Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells, revealed that among hemolymph SPs, both SPE and Melanization Protease 1 (MP1) have high capacities to cleave Spz. Additionally, in S2 cells, MP1 acts downstream of Hayan and Psh in a similar manner to SPE. Using genetic analysis, we found that the upstream SPs Hayan and Psh contributes to the sterile activation of the Toll pathway. While SPE/MP1 double mutants show more impairment of Toll activation upon infection than SPE single mutants, Toll activation is not eliminated in these apoptosis-deficient flies. This suggests that Hayan and Psh sense necrotic damage, inducing Spz cleavage by SPs other than SPE and MP1. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide, a representative damage-associated molecule, activates the Psh-Spz cascade in S2 cells overexpressing Psh. Considering that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected in apoptosis-deficient wings, our findings highlight the importance of ROS as signaling molecules that induce the activation of SPs such as Psh in response to damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Nakano
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soshiro Kashio
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Nishimura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Takeishi
- Neural Circuit of Multisensory Integration RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | - Hina Kosakamoto
- Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Obata
- Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory of Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Chihara
- Program of Biomedical Science and Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Atkinson NS. The Role of Toll and Nonnuclear NF-κB Signaling in the Response to Alcohol. Cells 2023; 12:1508. [PMID: 37296629 PMCID: PMC10252657 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of neuroimmune signaling has become central to a description of how alcohol causes addiction and how it damages people with an AUD. It is well known that the neuroimmune system influences neural activity via changes in gene expression. This review discusses the roles played by CNS Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the response to alcohol. Also discussed are observations in Drosophila that show how TLR signaling pathways can be co-opted by the nervous system and potentially shape behavior to a far greater extent and in ways different than generally recognized. For example, in Drosophila, TLRs substitute for neurotrophin receptors and an NF-κB at the end of a TLR pathway influences alcohol responsivity by acting non-genomically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel S Atkinson
- Department of Neuroscience and The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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21
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Suzuki T, Tang S, Otuka H, Ito K, Sato R. Nodule formation in Bombyx mori larvae is regulated by BmToll10-3. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 142:104441. [PMID: 36116535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nodule formation is a two-step cell-mediated immune response that is elicited by the cytokine spätzle1. Spätzle1 is activated within 30 s of invasion by microorganisms via an extracellular signaling pathway that consists of pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition receptors, C-type lectins, and serine proteases. Here, we investigated a hemocyte molecule that is involved in eliciting the first step of nodule formation. BmToll10-3 was one of 14 Toll homologs identified in the silkworm Bombyx mori; it is an ortholog of Spodoptera exigua Toll. Previous research suggested that SeToll elicits nodule formation, but no evidence was presented to indicate whether SeToll elicited the first or second step of nodule formation. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining confirmed that BmToll10-3 is expressed in granulocytes. To determine whether BmToll10-3 is involved in eliciting the first step of nodule formation, we tested an antiserum raised against BmToll10-3 in a nodule formation assay. The antiserum strongly inhibited the first step of nodule formation in B. mori larvae. Next, we tried to knock out BmToll10-3 using genome editing. Strains that were heterozygous for a truncated BmToll10-3 allele were generated, but no strain that was homozygous for truncated BmToll10-3 was generated. Nonetheless, several healthy homozygous larvae were identified before pupation, and we used these larvae in a nodule formation assay. The larvae that were homozygous for truncated BmToll10-3 did not form nodules. These results suggest that BmToll10-3 is involved in a cellular immunity, nodule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shuyi Tang
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hinata Otuka
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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22
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Ogienko AA, Omelina ES, Bylino OV, Batin MA, Georgiev PG, Pindyurin AV. Drosophila as a Model Organism to Study Basic Mechanisms of Longevity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11244. [PMID: 36232546 PMCID: PMC9569508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression determines the fate and function of various cells and tissues and, as a consequence, the correct development and functioning of complex organisms. Certain mechanisms of gene activity regulation provide adequate cell responses to changes in environmental factors. Aside from gene expression disorders that lead to various pathologies, alterations of expression of particular genes were shown to significantly decrease or increase the lifespan in a wide range of organisms from yeast to human. Drosophila fruit fly is an ideal model system to explore mechanisms of longevity and aging due to low cost, easy handling and maintenance, large number of progeny per adult, short life cycle and lifespan, relatively low number of paralogous genes, high evolutionary conservation of epigenetic mechanisms and signalling pathways, and availability of a wide range of tools to modulate gene expression in vivo. Here, we focus on the organization of the evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways whose components significantly influence the aging process and on the interconnections of these pathways with gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Ogienko
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniya S. Omelina
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Bylino
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Batin
- Open Longevity, 15260 Ventura Blvd., Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, CA 91403, USA
| | - Pavel G. Georgiev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Pindyurin
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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23
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Nie X, Dai X, Zhao Y, Xu H, Han Z, Jia R, Ren Q, Huang X. Identification of three novel Spätzle genes in Eriocheir sinensis and their roles during white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:168-180. [PMID: 35921935 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of Spätzle family play an essential role in innate immunity in invertebrates by activating the Toll pathway to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides. However, little is known about the function of Spätzle in in the immune response of the Chinese mitten crab. In the present study, three novel Spätzle genes (named as EsSpz1, EsSpz2, and EsSpz3) were identified from Eriocheir sinensis. The genome structure of EsSpz1 contains two exons and an intron. Three Spätzle proteins all contain a Pfam Spaetzle domain. In the evolution, EsSpz1-3 cluster with other Spätzle proteins from crustaceans. EsSpz1-3 were widely distributed in multiple immune tissues. The expression levels of EsSpz1-3 in the intestine were remarkably upregulated after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge. The knockdown of EsSpz1-3 remarkably decreased the expressions of crustins and anti-lipopolysaccharide factors during WSSV infection. Moreover, EsSpz1-3 silencing remarkably increased the expression of WSSV envelope protein VP28. These findings suggest that new-found EsSpz1-3 in E. sinensis could promote the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides and inhibit the expression of VP28 during WSSV infection. Our study indicates that EsSpz1-3 in E. sinensis may participate in the innate immune defenses against WSSV by inducing the expression of antimicrobial peptides. This study provides new knowledge for the function of Spätzle in the antiviral immune defense in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Nie
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoling Dai
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Zhengxiao Han
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
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24
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Saucereau Y, Wilson TH, Tang MCK, Moncrieffe MC, Hardwick SW, Chirgadze DY, Soares SG, Marcaida MJ, Gay NJ, Gangloff M. Structure and dynamics of Toll immunoreceptor activation in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5110. [PMID: 36042238 PMCID: PMC9427763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti has evolved to become an efficient vector for arboviruses but the mechanisms of host-pathogen tolerance are unknown. Immunoreceptor Toll and its ligand Spaetzle have undergone duplication which may allow neofunctionalization and adaptation. Here we present cryo-EM structures and biophysical characterisation of low affinity Toll5A complexes that display transient but specific interactions with Spaetzle1C, forming asymmetric complexes, with only one ligand clearly resolved. Loop structures of Spaetzle1C and Toll5A intercalate, temporarily bridging the receptor C-termini to promote signalling. By contrast unbound receptors form head-to-head homodimers that keep the juxtamembrane regions far apart in an inactive conformation. Interestingly the transcriptional signature of Spaetzle1C differs from other Spaetzle cytokines and controls genes involved in innate immunity, metabolism and tissue regeneration. Taken together our results explain how upregulation of Spaetzle1C in the midgut and Toll5A in the salivary gland shape the concomitant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Saucereau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Thomas H Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Matthew C K Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Martin C Moncrieffe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Steven W Hardwick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Dimitri Y Chirgadze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Sandro G Soares
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Maria Jose Marcaida
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Monique Gangloff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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25
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Mutations of γCOP Gene Disturb Drosophila melanogaster Innate Immune Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126499. [PMID: 35742941 PMCID: PMC9223523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly) is a valuable experimental platform for modeling host–pathogen interactions. It is also commonly used to define innate immunity pathways and to understand the mechanisms of both host tolerance to commensal microbiota and response to pathogenic agents. Herein, we investigate how the host response to bacterial infection is mirrored in the expression of genes of Imd and Toll pathways when D. melanogaster strains with different γCOP genetic backgrounds are infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Using microarray technology, we have interrogated the whole-body transcriptome of infected versus uninfected fruit fly males with three specific genotypes, namely wild-type Oregon, γCOPS057302/TM6B and γCOP14a/γCOP14a. While the expression of genes pertaining to Imd and Toll is not significantly modulated by P. aeruginosa infection in Oregon males, many of the components of these cascades are up- or downregulated in both infected and uninfected γCOPS057302/TM6B and γCOP14a/γCOP14a males. Thus, our results suggest that a γCOP genetic background modulates the gene expression profiles of Imd and Toll cascades involved in the innate immune response of D. melanogaster, inducing the occurrence of immunological dysfunctions in γCOP mutants.
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26
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Barletta Ferreira AB, Bahia AC, Pitaluga AN, Barros E, Gama dos Santos D, Bottino-Rojas V, Kubota MS, Oliveira PLD, Pimenta PFP, Traub-Csekö YM, Sorgine MHF. Sexual Dimorphism in Immune Responses and Infection Resistance in Aedes aegypti and Other Hematophagous Insect Vectors. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.847109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in immune function is prevalent across different species, where males trade their ability to fight pathogens for a practical reproductive function while females favor an extended lifespan. In insects, these differences in immune function reflect an evolutionary life strategy, where females have a presumably more robust immune system than insect males. Here, we evaluate immune functioning in four male and female insect vectors, Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae), Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera, Culicidae), Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera, Psychodidae) and Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). We show evidence that challenges the concept of immune sexual dimorphism in three of these insect vectors. In the three Diptera species, A. aegypti, A. aquasalis and L. longipalpis that transmit arboviruses, Plasmodium spp. (Haemospororida, Plasmodiidae) and Leishmania spp. (Trypanosomatida, Trypanosomatidae), respectively, unchallenged adult males express higher levels of immune-related genes than adult females and immature developmental stages. The main components of the Toll, IMD, and Jak/STAT pathways and antimicrobial effectors are highly expressed in whole-body males. Additionally, males present lower midgut basal microbiota levels than females. In A. aegypti mosquitoes, the differences in immune gene expression and microbiota levels are established in adult mosquitoes but are not present at the recently emerged adults and pupal stage. Antibiotic treatment does not affect the consistently higher expression of immune genes in males, except defensin, which is reduced significantly after microbiota depletion and restored after re-introduction. Our data suggest that Diptera males have a basal state of activation of the immune system and that activation of a more robust response through systemic immune challenge acutely compromises their survival. The ones who survive clear the infection entirely. Females follow a different strategy where a moderate immune reaction render higher tolerance to infection and survival. In contrast, hematophagous adult males of the Hemiptera vector R. prolixus, which transmits Trypanosoma cruzi, present no differences in immune activation compared to females, suggesting that diet differences between males and females may influence immune sexual dimorphism. These findings expand our understanding of the biology of insect vectors of human pathogens, which can help to direct the development of new strategies to limit vector populations.
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27
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Liu B, Wang H, Jiang Z, Qin W, Zhou C, Huang X, Huang Y, Ren Q. Identification of four Spätzle genes (MnSpz1, MnSpz2, MnSpz2-isoform, and MnSpz3) and their roles in the innate immunity of Macrobrachium nipponense. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104254. [PMID: 34478777 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spätzle, an extracellular ligand of the Toll receptor, is involved in the innate immunity of crustaceans. In this study, four Spätzle genes were cloned from Macrobrachium nipponense and designed as MnSpz1, MnSpz2, MnSpz2-isoform, and MnSpz3. The coding region of the four Spätzle genes all contained one intron and two exons, and they were predicted to be produced by gene duplication based on sequence similarities and phylogenetic tree. The predicted MnSpz1, MnSpz2, and MnSpz3 proteins all contained a signal peptide and a Spätzle domain. No signal peptide but a Spätzle domain existed in MnSpz2-isoform because of frameshift mutation caused by 50 bp nucleotide deletion compared with MnSpz2. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that MnSpz1, MnSpz2, and MnSpz3 were expressed in all the detected tissues of M. nipponense, and MnSpz2 was found to be the major isoform in the heart, gills, stomach, and intestine. After stimulation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, or White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the expression levels of MnSpz1, MnSpz2, and MnSpz3 changed. Given the high similarities among MnSpz1-3, RNA interference (RNAi) using dsRNA of MnSpz1 inhibited the expression of the three Spätzle genes (MnSpz1, MnSpz2 and MnSpz3). Silencing of MnSpz1-3 down-regulated the expression levels of nine antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in M. nipponense. After Knockdown of MnSpzs, the number of V. parahaemolyticus, S. aureus and WSSV copies in M. nipponense increased significantly in vivo. Our results suggest that Spätzles are involved in the innate immunity of M. nipponense. The expansion of MnSpz genes through gene duplication is beneficial to enhance the innate immune defense ability of M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixiang Liu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Zuosheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Chengxiang Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
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28
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Roy MC, Kim Y. Toll signal pathway activating eicosanoid biosynthesis shares its conserved upstream recognition components in a lepidopteran Spodoptera exigua upon infection by Metarhizium rileyi, an entomopathogenic fungus. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 188:107707. [PMID: 34952100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids play crucial roles in mediating immune responses in insects. Upon a fungal infection, Toll signal pathway can mediate immune responses of Spodoptera exigua, a lepidopteran insect, by activating eicosanoid biosynthesis. However, upstream signal components of the Toll signal pathway activating eicosanoid biosynthesis remain unclear. This study predicted pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and serine proteases (SPs) as upstream components of the Toll pathway with reference to known signal components of Manduca sexta, another lepidopteran insect. S. exigua infected with Metarhizium rileyi, an entomopathogenic fungus, activated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phenoloxidase (PO) enzymes along with marked increases of expression levels of genes encoding three specific antimicrobial peptides, cecropin, gallerimycin, and hemolin. Among ten Toll receptors encoded in the genome of S. exigua, seven Toll genes were associated with immune responses against fungal infection by M. rileyi through individual RNA interference (RNAi) screening. In addition, two Spätzles (ligands of Toll receptor) were required for Toll signaling against the fungal infection. All predicted upstream components of the Toll pathway were inducible by the fungal infection. Individual RNAi screening showed that three PRRs (βGRP-1, βGRP-2, and GNBP3) and five SPs (ModSP, HP21, HP5, HP6, and HP8) were required for immune responses of S. exigua mediated by Toll signal pathway against the fungal infection. However, two PO-activating proteases (PAP1 and PAP3) were not required for PLA2 activation, although they were required for PO activation. These results suggest that PRRs and SPs conserved as upstream components in Toll signal pathway play crucial roles in triggering eicosanoid biosynthesis of S. exigua to mediate various immune responses against fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miltan Chandra Roy
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Ou J, Chen H, Liu Q, Bian Y, Luan X, Jiang Q, Ji H, Wang Z, Lv L, Dong X, Zhao W, Zhang Q. Integrated transcriptome analysis of immune-related mRNAs and microRNAs in Macrobrachium rosenbergii infected with Spiroplasma eriocheiris. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:651-669. [PMID: 34742900 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (M. rosenbergii), is a major aquaculture species in China and Southeast Asia. However, infection with Spiroplasma eriocheiris (S. eriocheiris) has caused huge economic losses to the cultivation of M. rosenbergii. Currently, there are few reports on the immune response mechanism of M. rosenbergii that are infected with S. eriocheiris. To clarify the immune response mechanism of M. rosenbergii infected with S. eriocheiris, the key immune genes which respond to the infection with the pathogen and the regulation of related microRNAs (miRNAs) on them were identified. In this study, the mRNA and miRNA transcriptome of hepatopancreas of M. rosenbergii at different infection stages were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR. In the mRNA transcriptome, 27,703 and 33,402 genes were expressed in healthy and susceptible M. rosenbergii, respectively. By digital gene-expression profiling analysis, 23,929 and 24,325 genes were expressed, and 223 and 373 genes were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. A total of 145 key genes related to Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT and MAPK were excavated from the transcriptome. In the miRNA transcriptome, 549 miRNAs (Conserved: 41, PN-type: 83, PC-type: 425) were sequenced, of which 87 were significantly up-regulated and 23 were significantly down-regulated. Among the related immune pathways, there are 259 miRNAs involved in the regulation of target genes in the Toll and IMD pathways, 231 JAK/STAT pathways and 122 MAPK pathways. qRT-PCR differential detection of immune-related miRNAs and mRNAs showed that 22 miRNAs with significant differences (P < 0.05) such as mro-miR-100, PC-mro-3p-27 and PN-mro-miR-316 had corresponding regulatory relationships with 22 important immune genes such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, MyD88, Pelle and Relish in different stages after infection. In this study, the immune genes and related regulatory miRNAs of M. rosenbergii in response to S. eriocheiris infection were obtained. The results can provide basic data to further reveal the immune defense mechanism of M. rosenbergii against S. eriocheiris infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Ou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunxia Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Luan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Qicheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Zisheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Linlan Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuexing Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Qihuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
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Orús-Alcalde A, Lu TM, Børve A, Hejnol A. The evolution of the metazoan Toll receptor family and its expression during protostome development. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:208. [PMID: 34809567 PMCID: PMC8609888 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in immunity and development. They contain leucine-rich repeat domains, one transmembrane domain, and one Toll/IL-1 receptor domain. TLRs have been classified into V-type/scc and P-type/mcc TLRs, based on differences in the leucine-rich repeat domain region. Although TLRs are widespread in animals, detailed phylogenetic studies of this gene family are lacking. Here we aim to uncover TLR evolution by conducting a survey and a phylogenetic analysis in species across Bilateria. To discriminate between their role in development and immunity we furthermore analyzed stage-specific transcriptomes of the ecdysozoans Priapulus caudatus and Hypsibius exemplaris, and the spiralians Crassostrea gigas and Terebratalia transversa. RESULTS We detected a low number of TLRs in ecdysozoan species, and multiple independent radiations within the Spiralia. V-type/scc and P-type/mcc type-receptors are present in cnidarians, protostomes and deuterostomes, and therefore they emerged early in TLR evolution, followed by a loss in xenacoelomorphs. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that TLRs cluster into three major clades: clade α is present in cnidarians, ecdysozoans, and spiralians; clade β in deuterostomes, ecdysozoans, and spiralians; and clade γ is only found in spiralians. Our stage-specific transcriptome and in situ hybridization analyses show that TLRs are expressed during development in all species analyzed, which indicates a broad role of TLRs during animal development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a clade α TLR gene (TLR-Ca) and a clade β/γ TLR gene (TLR-Cβ/γ) were already present in the cnidarian-bilaterian common ancestor. However, although TLR-Ca was conserved in cnidarians, TLR-Cβ/γ was lost during the early evolution of these taxa. Moreover, TLR-Cβ/γ duplicated to generate TLR-Cβ and TLR-Cγ in the lineage to the last common protostome-deuterostome ancestor. TLR-Ca, TLR-Cβ and TLR-Cγ further expanded generating the three major TLR clades. While all three clades radiated in several spiralian lineages, specific TLRs clades have been presumably lost in other lineages. Furthermore, the expression of the majority of these genes during protostome ontogeny suggests a likely role in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orús-Alcalde
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tsai-Ming Lu
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Aina Børve
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Parisot N, Vargas-Chávez C, Goubert C, Baa-Puyoulet P, Balmand S, Beranger L, Blanc C, Bonnamour A, Boulesteix M, Burlet N, Calevro F, Callaerts P, Chancy T, Charles H, Colella S, Da Silva Barbosa A, Dell'Aglio E, Di Genova A, Febvay G, Gabaldón T, Galvão Ferrarini M, Gerber A, Gillet B, Hubley R, Hughes S, Jacquin-Joly E, Maire J, Marcet-Houben M, Masson F, Meslin C, Montagné N, Moya A, Ribeiro de Vasconcelos AT, Richard G, Rosen J, Sagot MF, Smit AFA, Storer JM, Vincent-Monegat C, Vallier A, Vigneron A, Zaidman-Rémy A, Zamoum W, Vieira C, Rebollo R, Latorre A, Heddi A. The transposable element-rich genome of the cereal pest Sitophilus oryzae. BMC Biol 2021; 19:241. [PMID: 34749730 PMCID: PMC8576890 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae is one of the most important agricultural pests, causing extensive damage to cereal in fields and to stored grains. S. oryzae has an intracellular symbiotic relationship (endosymbiosis) with the Gram-negative bacterium Sodalis pierantonius and is a valuable model to decipher host-symbiont molecular interactions. RESULTS We sequenced the Sitophilus oryzae genome using a combination of short and long reads to produce the best assembly for a Curculionidae species to date. We show that S. oryzae has undergone successive bursts of transposable element (TE) amplification, representing 72% of the genome. In addition, we show that many TE families are transcriptionally active, and changes in their expression are associated with insect endosymbiotic state. S. oryzae has undergone a high gene expansion rate, when compared to other beetles. Reconstruction of host-symbiont metabolic networks revealed that, despite its recent association with cereal weevils (30 kyear), S. pierantonius relies on the host for several amino acids and nucleotides to survive and to produce vitamins and essential amino acids required for insect development and cuticle biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Here we present the genome of an agricultural pest beetle, which may act as a foundation for pest control. In addition, S. oryzae may be a useful model for endosymbiosis, and studying TE evolution and regulation, along with the impact of TEs on eukaryotic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carlos Vargas-Chávez
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SySBio), Universitat de València and Spanish Research Council (CSIC), València, Spain
- Present Address: Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE), CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clément Goubert
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Present Address: Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Séverine Balmand
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Louis Beranger
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Caroline Blanc
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aymeric Bonnamour
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Matthieu Boulesteix
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nelly Burlet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Théo Chancy
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hubert Charles
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- ERABLE European Team, INRIA, Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Stefano Colella
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Present Address: LSTM, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - André Da Silva Barbosa
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Elisa Dell'Aglio
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alex Di Genova
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- ERABLE European Team, INRIA, Rhône-Alpes, France
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Gérard Febvay
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
- Mechanisms of Disease, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Catalan de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alexandra Gerber
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
| | | | - Sandrine Hughes
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Justin Maire
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Present Address: School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Florent Masson
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Present Address: Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Meslin
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SySBio), Universitat de València and Spanish Research Council (CSIC), València, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), València, Spain
| | | | - Gautier Richard
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jeb Rosen
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie-France Sagot
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- ERABLE European Team, INRIA, Rhône-Alpes, France
| | | | | | | | - Agnès Vallier
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Present Address: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Waël Zamoum
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cristina Vieira
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
- ERABLE European Team, INRIA, Rhône-Alpes, France.
| | - Rita Rebollo
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SySBio), Universitat de València and Spanish Research Council (CSIC), València, Spain.
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), València, Spain.
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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TmSpz-like Plays a Fundamental Role in Response to E. coli but Not S. aureus or C. albican Infection in Tenebrio molitor via Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptide Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910888. [PMID: 34639230 PMCID: PMC8509142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystine knot protein Spätzle is a Toll receptor ligand that modulates the intracellular signaling cascade involved in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated regulation of antimicrobial peptide (AMP)-encoding genes. Spätzle-mediated activation of the Toll pathway is critical for the innate immune responses of insects against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. In this study, the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of Spätzle-like from T. molitor (TmSpz-like) identified from the RNA sequencing dataset was cloned and sequenced. The 885-bp TmSpz-like ORF encoded a polypeptide of 294 amino acid residues. TmSpz-like comprised a cystine knot domain with six conserved cysteine residues that formed three disulfide bonds. Additionally, TmSpz-like exhibited the highest amino acid sequence similarity with T. castaneum Spätzle (TcSpz). In the phylogenetic tree, TmSpz-like and TcSpz were located within a single cluster. The expression of TmSpz-like was upregulated in the Malpighian tubules and gut tissues of T. molitor. Additionally, the expression of TmSpz-like in the whole body and gut of the larvae was upregulated at 24 h post-E. coli infection. The results of RNA interference experiments revealed that TmSpz-like is critical for the viability of E. coli-infected T. molitor larvae. Eleven AMP-encoding genes were downregulated in the E. coli-infected TmSpz-like knockdown larvae, which suggested that TmSpz-like positively regulated these genes. Additionally, the NF-κB-encoding genes (TmDorX1, TmDorX2, and TmRelish) were downregulated in the E. coli-infected TmSpz-like knockdown larvae. Thus, TmSpz-like plays a critical role in the regulation of AMP production in T. molitor in response to E. coli infection.
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Perkin LC, Perez JL, Suh CPC. The Identification of Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Genes Involved in Pheromone Production and Pheromone Biosynthesis. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100893. [PMID: 34680662 PMCID: PMC8540235 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The boll weevil is a destructive pest of commercial cotton throughout the Americas. An eradication program in the United States has removed the boll weevil from most of its range. However, weevil populations in South Texas remain a threat to eradicated areas. Pheromone traps are used to monitor boll weevil activity, and when a weevil is captured, eradication programs rely on malathion for control. However, the effectiveness of pheromone traps in detecting incipient boll weevil populations is reduced during certain times of the year. Additionally, human safety and environmental concerns, as well as the potential development of malathion-resistant populations, have prompted program managers to seek alternative control methods. We sequenced and compared pheromone-producing and non-pheromone-producing weevils to identify genes involved in pheromone production, which, in turn, could be an environmentally friendly way to target gene-level pest control that is specific to the boll weevil. Our results revealed genes involved in pheromone production, as well as insect development and immunity, which may be targeted for boll weevil suppression. Abstract Eradication programs for the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), rely almost exclusively on pheromone traps to indicate the need for insecticide applications. However, the effectiveness of traps in detecting weevil populations is reduced during certain times of the year, particularly when cotton is actively fruiting. Consequently, this could result in fields becoming heavily infested with weevils. It is widely speculated that the lack of weevil captures in traps during this period is largely due to the overwhelming amount of pheromone released by weevils in the field, which outcompete the pheromone released from traps. Thus, this work sought to identify genes involved in pheromone production so that new control methods that target these genes can be explored. We conducted an RNA-seq experiment that revealed 2479 differentially expressed genes between pheromone-producing and non-pheromone-producing boll weevils. Of those genes, 1234 were up-regulated, and 1515 were down-regulated, and most had gene annotations associated with pheromone production, development, or immunity. This work advances our understanding of boll weevil pheromone production and brings us one step closer to developing gene-level control strategies for this cotton pest.
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Zhang QY, Yan ZB, Meng YM, Hong XY, Shao G, Ma JJ, Cheng XR, Liu J, Kang J, Fu CY. Antimicrobial peptides: mechanism of action, activity and clinical potential. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:48. [PMID: 34496967 PMCID: PMC8425997 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of bacterial infections is becoming a major clinical challenge due to the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria. As an excellent candidate to overcome antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are produced from the synthetic and natural sources demonstrate a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with the high specificity and low toxicity. These peptides possess distinctive structures and functions by employing sophisticated mechanisms of action. This comprehensive review provides a broad overview of AMPs from the origin, structural characteristics, mechanisms of action, biological activities to clinical applications. We finally discuss the strategies to optimize and develop AMP-based treatment as the potential antimicrobial and anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yu Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue-Ming Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Hong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Shao
- Department of Oncology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Jie Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu-Rui Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Blvd. South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jian Kang
- Oncogenic Signaling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cai-Yun Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
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Angleró-Rodríguez YI, Tikhe CV, Kang S, Dimopoulos G. Aedes aegypti Toll pathway is induced through dsRNA sensing in endosomes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104138. [PMID: 34022257 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito anti-pathogen immune responses, including those controlling infection with arboviruses are regulated by multiple signal transduction pathways. While the Toll pathway is critical in the defense against arboviruses such as dengue and Zika viruses, the factors and mechanisms involved in virus recognition leading to the activation of the Toll pathway are not fully understood. In this study we evaluated the role of virus-produced double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates in mosquito immune activation by utilizing the synthetic dsRNA analog polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Poly I:C treatment of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Aag2 cells reduced DENV infection. Transcriptomic analyses of Aag2 cell responses to poly I:C indicated putative activation of the Toll pathway. We found that poly I:C is translocated to the endosomal compartment of Aag2 cells, and that the A. aegypti Toll 6 receptor is a putative dsRNA recognition receptor. This study elucidates the role of dsRNAs in the immune activation of non-RNAi pathways in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinmay V Tikhe
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - Seokyoung Kang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - George Dimopoulos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States.
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Lima LF, Torres AQ, Jardim R, Mesquita RD, Schama R. Evolution of Toll, Spatzle and MyD88 in insects: the problem of the Diptera bias. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:562. [PMID: 34289811 PMCID: PMC8296651 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropoda, the most numerous and diverse metazoan phylum, has species in many habitats where they encounter various microorganisms and, as a result, mechanisms for pathogen recognition and elimination have evolved. The Toll pathway, involved in the innate immune system, was first described as part of the developmental pathway for dorsal-ventral differentiation in Drosophila. Its later discovery in vertebrates suggested that this system was extremely conserved. However, there is variation in presence/absence, copy number and sequence divergence in various genes along the pathway. As most studies have only focused on Diptera, for a comprehensive and accurate homology-based approach it is important to understand gene function in a number of different species and, in a group as diverse as insects, the use of species belonging to different taxonomic groups is essential. RESULTS We evaluated the diversity of Toll pathway gene families in 39 Arthropod genomes, encompassing 13 different Insect Orders. Through computational methods, we shed some light into the evolution and functional annotation of protein families involved in the Toll pathway innate immune response. Our data indicates that: 1) intracellular proteins of the Toll pathway show mostly species-specific expansions; 2) the different Toll subfamilies seem to have distinct evolutionary backgrounds; 3) patterns of gene expansion observed in the Toll phylogenetic tree indicate that homology based methods of functional inference might not be accurate for some subfamilies; 4) Spatzle subfamilies are highly divergent and also pose a problem for homology based inference; 5) Spatzle subfamilies should not be analyzed together in the same phylogenetic framework; 6) network analyses seem to be a good first step in inferring functional groups in these cases. We specifically show that understanding Drosophila's Toll functions might not indicate the same function in other species. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the importance of using species representing the different orders to better understand insect gene content, origin and evolution. More specifically, in intracellular Toll pathway gene families the presence of orthologues has important implications for homology based functional inference. Also, the different evolutionary backgrounds of Toll gene subfamilies should be taken into consideration when functional studies are performed, especially for TOLL9, TOLL, TOLL2_7, and the new TOLL10 clade. The presence of Diptera specific clades or the ones lacking Diptera species show the importance of overcoming the Diptera bias when performing functional characterization of Toll pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Ferreira Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Quintanilha Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Jardim
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dias Mesquita
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular-INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Schama
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular-INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ding JL, Hou J, Feng MG, Ying SH. Transcriptomic analyses reveal comprehensive responses of insect hemocytes to mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana, and fungal virulence-related cell wall protein assists pathogen to evade host cellular defense. Virulence 2021; 11:1352-1365. [PMID: 33017218 PMCID: PMC7549920 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1827886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi naturally infect insect hosts in environment. Fungal invasion and host immune defense are still in the progress of co-evolution. In this study, entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and lepidopteran insect Galleria mellonella were used to investigate host cellular immunity and fungal strategy to evade host defense. First of all, genome-wide expression revealed the transcriptomic responses of hemocytes to insect mycopathogen, which dynamically varied during infection process. Enrichment analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes were primarily involved in metabolism, cellular process and immune system. Notably, cellular response involved a series of hydrolytic enzyme and antimicrobial peptide genes which were sorted together in clustering analysis. In B. bassiana, a cell-wall protein gene (BbCwp) contributes to fungal development in host hemocoel and virulence. RT-qPCR analyses indicated that infection by ΔBbCwp mutant strain caused the up-regulated expression of a series of immunity-related genes, including β-1, 3-glucan recognition protein, hydrolytic enzyme and antimicrobial peptide genes. Disruption of BbCwp resulted in a significant change in conidial lectin-binding feature and the enhanced encapsulation by the host hemocytes. After being treated with hydrolytic enzymes, ΔBbCwp mutant displayed a significantly enhanced sensitivity to osmotic and oxidative stresses. In conclusion, fungal invasion initiates comprehensive physiological responses in the host hemocytes. For mycopathogen, cell-wall protein plays an important role in fungal evasion of immunity defense and colonization in host. Our studies provide an initial framework for exploring more mechanistic details about the fungus–host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Ding
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Hou
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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Rosendo Machado S, van der Most T, Miesen P. Genetic determinants of antiviral immunity in dipteran insects - Compiling the experimental evidence. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:104010. [PMID: 33476667 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of antiviral immunity in dipteran insects is extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster and advanced technologies for genetic manipulation allow a better characterization of immune responses also in non-model insect species. Especially, immunity in vector mosquitoes is recently in the spotlight, due to the medical impact that these insects have by transmitting viruses and other pathogens. Here, we review the current state of experimental evidence that supports antiviral functions for immune genes acting in different cellular pathways. We discuss the well-characterized RNA interference mechanism along with the less well-defined JAK-STAT, Toll, and IMD signaling pathways. Furthermore, we highlight the initial evidence for antiviral activity observed for the autophagy pathway, transcriptional pausing, as well as piRNA production from endogenous viral elements. We focus our review on studies from Drosophila and mosquito species from the lineages Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles, which contain major vector species responsible for virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Rosendo Machado
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Most
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Miesen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Toll9 from Bombyx mori functions as a pattern recognition receptor that shares features with Toll-like receptor 4 from mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103021118. [PMID: 33963082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103021118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key regulators of the innate immune system in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while mammalian TLRs directly recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, the insect Toll pathway is thought to be primarily activated by binding Spätzle cytokines that are processed from inactive precursors in response to microbial infection. Phylogenetic and structural data generated in this study supported earlier results showing that Toll9 members differ from other insect Tolls by clustering with the mammalian TLR4 group, which recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through interaction with myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2)-like proteins. Functional experiments showed that BmToll9 from the silkmoth Bombyx mori also recognized LPS through interaction with two MD-2-like proteins, previously named BmEsr16 and BmPP, that we refer to in this study as BmMD-2A and BmMD-2B, respectively. A chimeric BmToll9-TLR4 receptor consisting of the BmToll9 ectodomain and mouse TLR4 transmembrane and Toll/interleukin-1 (TIR) domains also activated LPS-induced release of inflammatory factors in murine cells but only in the presence of BmMD-2A or BmMD-2B. Overall, our results indicate that BmToll9 is a pattern recognition receptor for LPS that shares conserved features with the mammalian TLR4-MD-2-LPS pathway.
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Mollah MMI, Ahmed S, Kim Y. Immune mediation of HMG-like DSP1 via Toll-Spätzle pathway and its specific inhibition by salicylic acid analogs. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009467. [PMID: 33765093 PMCID: PMC8023496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenorhabdus hominickii, an entomopathogenic bacterium, inhibits eicosanoid biosynthesis of target insects to suppress their immune responses by inhibiting phospholipase A2 (PLA2) through binding to a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule called dorsal switch protein 1 (DSP1) from Spodoptera exigua, a lepidopteran insect. However, the signalling pathway between DSP1 and PLA2 remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether DSP1 could activate Toll immune signalling pathway to activate PLA2 activation and whether X. hominickii metabolites could inhibit DSP1 to shutdown eicosanoid biosynthesis. Toll-Spätzle (Spz) signalling pathway includes two Spz (SeSpz1 and SeSpz2) and 10 Toll receptors (SeToll1-10) in S. exigua. Loss-of-function approach using RNA interference showed that SeSpz1 and SeToll9 played crucial roles in connecting DSP1 mediation to activate PLA2. Furthermore, a deletion mutant against SeToll9 using CRISPR/Cas9 abolished DSP1 mediation and induced significant immunosuppression. Organic extracts of X. hominickii culture broth could bind to DSP1 at a low micromolar range. Subsequent sequential fractionations along with binding assays led to the identification of seven potent compounds including 3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenol (EMP). EMP could bind to DSP1 and prevent its translocation to plasma in response to bacterial challenge and suppress the up-regulation of PLA2 activity. These results suggest that X. hominickii inhibits DSP1 and prevents its DAMP role in activating Toll immune signalling pathway including PLA2 activation, leading to significant immunosuppression of target insects. Immune responses of insects are highly effective in defending various entomopathogens. Xenorhabdus hominickii is an entomopathogenic bacterium that uses a pathogenic strategy of suppressing host insect immunity by inhibiting phospholipase A2 (PLA2) which catalyzes the committed step for eicosanoid biosynthesis. Eicosanoids mediate both cellular and humoral immune responses in insects. This study discovers an upstream signalling pathway to activate PLA2 in response to bacterial challenge. Se-DSP1 is an insect homolog of vertebrate HMGB1 that acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern. Upon bacterial infection, Se-DSP1 is released to the circulatory system to activate Spätzle, an insect cytokine that can bind to Toll receptor. Toll immune signalling pathway can activate antimicrobial peptide gene expression and PLA2. A deletion mutant against a Toll gene abolished immune responses mediated by Se-DSP1. Indeed, X. hominickii can produce and secrete secondary metabolites including salicylic acid analogs that can strongly bind to Se-DSP1. These bacterial metabolites prevented the release of Se-DSP1, which impaired the activation of PLA2 and resulted in a significant immunosuppression of target insects against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahi Imam Mollah
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Influence of Hyperproteinemia on Insect Innate Immune Function of the Circulatory System in Bombyx mori. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020112. [PMID: 33546519 PMCID: PMC7913649 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hyperproteinemia, a condition of elevated protein levels in the blood, is associated with a diverse range of human and animal diseases. However, there is no reliable hyperproteinemia disease models or modeling methods in mammal or other organisms, and the effect of hyperproteinemia on immunity is still unknown. Our work succeeded in constructing an animal model of hyperproteinemia with no primary disease effects and a controllable plasma protein concentration (PPC) in an invertebrate model organism, Bombyx mori. Our work confirmed that high PPC enhances hemolymph phagocytosis via a rapid increase in granulocytes and inhibited hemolymph melanization due to inhibition of the prophenoloxidase (PPO) signaling pathway, and also upregulated the gene expression of antimicrobial peptides via activating the Toll and Imd pathways in NF-κB signaling, and showed an inconsistent antibacterial activity for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Our results show that high PPC had multiple significant effects on the innate immune function of the silkworm circulatory system and is expected to be improved by endocrine hormones. Our work explores the pathogenesis of hyperproteinemia in an invertebrate model, and expands the scope for silkworm biomedical applications, even use for a potential drug development platform. Abstract Metabolic disorders of the circulatory system of animals (e.g., hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia) can significantly affect immune function; however, since there is currently no reliable animal model for hyperproteinemia, its effects on immunity remain unclear. In this study, we established an animal model for hyperproteinemia in an invertebrate silkworm model, with a controllable plasma protein concentration (PPC) and no primary disease effects. We evaluated the influence of hyperproteinemia on innate immunity. The results showed that high PPC enhanced hemolymph phagocytosis via inducing a rapid increase in granulocytes. Moreover, while oenocytoids increased, the plasmacytes quickly dwindled. High PPC inhibited hemolymph melanization due to decreased phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the hemolymph via inhibiting the expression of the prophenoloxidase-encoding genes, PPO1 and PPO2. High PPC upregulated the gene expression of antimicrobial peptides via differential activation of the Toll and Imd signaling pathways associated with NF-κB signaling, followed by an induction of inconsistent antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in an animal model of high PPC. Therefore, high PPC has multiple significant effects on the innate immune function of the silkworm circulatory system.
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Bartolo G, Gonzalez LO, Levitin A, Martchenko Shilman M. Drosophila melanogaster Y Chromosome Genes Affect Male Sensitivity to Microbial Infections. INSECTS 2021; 12:30. [PMID: 33466347 PMCID: PMC7824794 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The genders of Drosophila melanogaster vary in their sensitivities to microbial pathogens. While many of the immunity-related genes are located on the X chromosome, the polymorphisms within the Y chromosome were also shown to affect the immunity of flies. In this study, we investigated the necessity of individual genes on the Y chromosome (Y-genes) for male sensitivity to microbes. We identified several Y-genes whose genetic inactivation either increases or decreases the sensitivity of males to gastrointestinal infections with fungal Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bacterial Serratia liquefaciens. Specifically, the loss of function mutations in fly kl-5 and Ppr-Y Y-genes lead to increased and decreased sensitivity of males to fungal challenge, respectively, compared to female sensitivity. In contrast, mutations in Drosophila Pp1-Y1, kl-5, kl-3, Ppr-Y, CCY, and FDY Y-genes lead to increased sensitivity of males to bacterial infection, compared to females. Moreover, while these Y-genes are necessary, the Y chromosome is not sufficient for the sensitivity of males to microbes, since the sensitivity of XXY females to fungal and bacterial challenges was not different from the sensitivity of wild-type female flies, compared to males. This study assigns a new immunity-related function to numerous Y-genes in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mikhail Martchenko Shilman
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, CA 91711, USA; (G.B.); (L.O.G.); (A.L.)
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A Toll-Spätzle Pathway in the Immune Response of Bombyx mori. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090586. [PMID: 32882853 PMCID: PMC7564906 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-Spätzle pathway is a crucial defense mechanism in insect innate immunity, it plays an important role in fighting against pathogens through the regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. Although Toll and Spätzle (Spz) genes have been identified in Bombyx mori, little is known regarding the specific Spz and Toll genes members involved in innate immunity. There is also limited direct evidence of the interaction between Spz and Toll. In this study, the dual-luciferase reporter assay results showed that BmToll11 and BmToll9-1 could activate both drosomycin and diptericin promoters in S2 cells. Furthermore, BmToll11, BmToll9-1, and five BmSpzs genes were found to be significantly upregulated in B. mori infected by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the yeast two-hybrid assay results confirmed that BmSpz2, but not other BmSpzs, could interact with both BmToll11 and BmToll9-1. These findings suggest that the activated BmSpz2 can bind with BmToll11 and BmToll9-1 to induce the expression of AMPs after the silkworm is infected by pathogens.
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44
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Brivio MF, Mastore M. When Appearance Misleads: The Role of the Entomopathogen Surface in the Relationship with Its Host. INSECTS 2020; 11:E387. [PMID: 32585858 PMCID: PMC7348879 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, potentially harmful insects are controlled mainly by chemical synthetic insecticides, but environmental emergencies strongly require less invasive control techniques. The use of biological insecticides in the form of entomopathogenic organisms is undoubtedly a fundamental resource for the biological control of insect pests in the future. These infectious agents and endogenous parasites generally act by profoundly altering the host's physiology to death, but their success is closely related to the neutralization of the target insect's immune response. In general, entomopathogen parasites, entomopathogenic bacteria, and fungi can counteract immune processes through the effects of secretion/excretion products that interfere with and damage the cells and molecules typical of innate immunity. However, these effects are observed in the later stages of infection, whereas the risk of being recognized and neutralized occurs very early after penetration and involves the pathogen surface components and molecular architecture; therefore, their role becomes crucial, particularly in the earliest pathogenesis. In this review, we analyze the evasion/interference strategies that entomopathogens such as the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, nematocomplexes, and wasps implement in the initial stages of infection, i.e., the phases during which body or cell surfaces play a key role in the interaction with the host receptors responsible for the immunological discrimination between self and non-self. In this regard, these organisms demonstrate evasive abilities ascribed to their body surface and cell wall; it appears that the key process of these mechanisms is the capability to modify the surface, converting it into an immunocompatible structure, or interaction that is more or less specific to host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Francesco Brivio
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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TmSpz4 Plays an Important Role in Regulating the Production of Antimicrobial Peptides in Response to Escherichia coli and Candida albicans Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051878. [PMID: 32182940 PMCID: PMC7084639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spätzle family proteins activate the Toll pathway and induce antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production against microbial infections. However, the functional importance of Tmspätzle4 (TmSpz4) in the immune response of Tenebrio molitor has not been reported. Therefore, here, we have identified and functionally characterized the role of TmSpz4 against bacterial and fungal infections. We showed that TmSpz4 expression was significantly induced in hemocytes at 6 h post-injection with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. TmSpz4 knock-down significantly reduced larval survival against E. coli and C. albicans. To understand the reason for the survivability difference, the role of TmSpz4 in AMP production was examined in TmSpz4-silenced larvae following microbe injection. The AMPs that are active against Gram-negative bacteria, including TmTenecin-2, TmTenecin-4, TmAttacin-1a, TmDefensin-2, and TmCecropin-2, were significantly downregulated in response to E. coli in TmSpz4-silenced larvae. Similarly, the expression of TmTenecin-1, TmTenecin-3, TmThaumatin-like protein-1 and -2, TmDefensin-1, TmDefensin-2, and TmCecropin-2 were downregulated in response to C. albicans in TmSpz4-silenced larvae. In addition, the transcription factor NF-κB (TmDorX1 and TmDorX2) expression was significantly suppression in TmSpz4-silenced larvae. In conclusion, these results suggest that TmSpz4 plays a key role in regulating immune responses of T. molitor against to E. coli and C. albicans.
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Yang L, Wang J, Jin H, Fang Q, Yan Z, Lin Z, Zou Z, Song Q, Stanley D, Ye G. Immune signaling pathways in the endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21629. [PMID: 31599031 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids serve as effective biocontrol agents for agricultural pests. However, they face constant challenges from host immune defense and numerous pathogens and must develop potent immune defense against these threats. Despite the recent advances in innate immunity, little is known about the immunological mechanisms of parasitoids. Here, we identified and characterized potential immune-related genes of the endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum, which act in regulating populations of some members of the Pieridae. We identified 216 immune-related genes based on interrogating the P. puparum genome and transcriptome databases. We categorized the cognate gene products into recognition molecules, signal moieties and effector proteins operating in four pathways, Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT, and JNK. Comparative analyses of immune-related genes from seven insect species indicate that recognition molecules and effector proteins are more expanded and diversified than signaling genes in these signal pathways. There are common 1:1 orthologs between the endoparasitoid P. puparum and its relative, the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. The developmental expression profiles of immune genes randomly selected from the transcriptome analysis were verified by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our work provides comprehensive analyses of P. puparum immune genes, some of which may be exploited in advancing parasitoid-based biocontrol technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Rd, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Belmonte RL, Corbally MK, Duneau DF, Regan JC. Sexual Dimorphisms in Innate Immunity and Responses to Infection in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3075. [PMID: 32076419 PMCID: PMC7006818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sexes show profound differences in responses to infection and the development of autoimmunity. Dimorphisms in immune responses are ubiquitous across taxa, from arthropods to vertebrates. Drosophila melanogaster shows strong sex dimorphisms in immune system responses at baseline, upon pathogenic challenge, and over aging. We have performed an exhaustive survey of peer-reviewed literature on Drosophila immunity, and present a database of publications indicating the sex(es) analyzed in each study. While we found a growing interest in the community in adult immunity and in reporting both sexes, the main body of work in this field uses only one sex, or does not stratify by sex. We synthesize evidence for sexually dimorphic responses to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Dimorphisms may be mediated by distinct immune compartments, and we review work on sex differences in behavioral, epithelial, cellular, and systemic (fat body-mediated) immunity. Emerging work on sexually dimorphic aging of immune tissues, immune senescence, and inflammation are examined. We consider evolutionary drivers for sex differences in immune investment, highlight the features of Drosophila biology that make it particularly amenable to studies of immune dimorphisms, and discuss areas for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Belmonte
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mary-Kate Corbally
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David F. Duneau
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversite Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jennifer C. Regan
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Lu Y, Su F, Li Q, Zhang J, Li Y, Tang T, Hu Q, Yu XQ. Pattern recognition receptors in Drosophila immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103468. [PMID: 31430488 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects, which lack the adaptive immune system, have developed sophisticated innate immune system consisting of humoral and cellular immune responses to defend against invading microorganisms. Non-self recognition of microbes is the front line of the innate immune system. Repertoires of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and β-1, 3-glucans, and induce innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the structure, classification and roles of PRRs in innate immunity of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, focusing mainly on the peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins (GNBPs), scavenger receptors (SRs), thioester-containing proteins (TEPs), and lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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