1
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Pylkkänen R, Maaheimo H, Liljeström V, Mohammadi P, Penttilä M. Glycoside Phosphorylase Catalyzed Cellulose and β-1,3-Glucan Synthesis Using Chromophoric Glycosyl Acceptors. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:5048-5057. [PMID: 39025475 PMCID: PMC11322998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Glycoside phosphorylases are enzymes that are frequently used for polysaccharide synthesis. Some of these enzymes have broad substrate specificity, enabling the synthesis of reducing-end-functionalized glucan chains. Here, we explore the potential of glycoside phosphorylases in synthesizing chromophore-conjugated polysaccharides using commercially available chromophoric model compounds as glycosyl acceptors. Specifically, we report cellulose and β-1,3-glucan synthesis using 2-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside, 4-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside, and 2-methoxy-4-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl β-d-glucopyranoside with Clostridium thermocellum cellodextrin phosphorylase and Thermosipho africanus β-1,3-glucan phosphorylase as catalysts. We demonstrate activity for both enzymes with all assayed chromophoric acceptors and report the crystallization-driven precipitation and detailed structural characterization of the synthesized polysaccharides, i.e., their molar mass distributions and various structural parameters, such as morphology, fibril diameter, lamellar thickness, and crystal form. Our results provide insights for the studies of chromophore-conjugated low molecular weight polysaccharides, glycoside phosphorylases, and the hierarchical assembly of crystalline cellulose and β-1,3-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pylkkänen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Hannu Maaheimo
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy
Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
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2
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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Bottom-Up Synthesized Glucan Materials: Opportunities from Applied Biocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400436. [PMID: 38514194 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Linear d-glucans are natural polysaccharides of simple chemical structure. They are comprised of d-glucosyl units linked by a single type of glycosidic bond. Noncovalent interactions within, and between, the d-glucan chains give rise to a broad variety of macromolecular nanostructures that can assemble into crystalline-organized materials of tunable morphology. Structure design and functionalization of d-glucans for diverse material applications largely relies on top-down processing and chemical derivatization of naturally derived starting materials. The top-down approach encounters critical limitations in efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility. Bottom-up approaches of d-glucan synthesis offer different, and often more precise, ways of polymer structure control and provide means of functional diversification widely inaccessible to top-down routes of polysaccharide material processing. Here the natural and engineered enzymes (glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and phosphorylases, glycosynthases) for d-glucan polymerization are described and the use of applied biocatalysis for the bottom-up assembly of specific d-glucan structures is shown. Advanced material applications of the resulting polymeric products are further shown and their important role in the development of sustainable macromolecular materials in a bio-based circular economy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
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3
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De Doncker M, Vleminckx S, Franceus J, Vercauteren R, Desmet T. Converting Bulk Sugars into Functional Fibers: Discovery and Application of a Thermostable β-1,3-Oligoglucan Phosphorylase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10497-10505. [PMID: 38659290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite their broad application potential, the widespread use of β-1,3-glucans has been hampered by the high cost and heterogeneity associated with current production methods. To address this challenge, scalable and economically viable processes are needed for the production of β-1,3-glucans with tailorable molecular mass distributions. Glycoside phosphorylases have shown to be promising catalysts for the bottom-up synthesis of β-1,3-(oligo)glucans since they combine strict regioselectivity with a cheap donor substrate (i.e., α-glucose 1-phosphate). However, the need for an expensive priming substrate (e.g., laminaribiose) and the tendency to produce shorter oligosaccharides still form major bottlenecks. Here, we report the discovery and application of a thermostable β-1,3-oligoglucan phosphorylase originating from Anaerolinea thermophila (AtβOGP). This enzyme combines a superior catalytic efficiency toward glucose as a priming substrate, high thermostability, and the ability to synthesize high molecular mass β-1,3-glucans up to DP 75. Coupling of AtβOGP with a thermostable variant of Bifidobacterium adolescentis sucrose phosphorylase enabled the efficient production of tailorable β-1,3-(oligo)glucans from sucrose, with a near-complete conversion of >99 mol %. This cost-efficient process for the conversion of renewable bulk sugar into β-1,3-(oligo)glucans should facilitate the widespread application of these versatile functional fibers across various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc De Doncker
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Vleminckx
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jorick Franceus
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ronny Vercauteren
- Cargill R&D Centre Europe BV, Havenstraat 84, B-1800 Vilvoorde, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Singh RP, Niharika J, Thakur R, Wagstaff BA, Kumar G, Kurata R, Patel D, Levy CW, Miyazaki T, Field RA. Utilization of dietary mixed-linkage β-glucans by the Firmicute Blautia producta. J Biol Chem 2023:104806. [PMID: 37172725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-glucans are structurally varied, naturally occurring components of the cell walls and storage materials of a variety of plant and microbial species. In the human diet, mixed-linkage glucans [MLG - β-(1,3/4)-glucans] influence the gut microbiome and the host immune system. Although consumed daily, the molecular mechanism by which human gut Gram-positive bacteria utilize MLG largely remains unknown. In this study, we used Blautia producta ATCC 27340 as a model organism to develop understanding of MLG utilization. B. producta encodes a gene locus comprising a multi-modular cell-anchored endo-glucanase (BpGH16MLG), an ABC transporter, and a glycoside phosphorylase (BpGH94MLG) for utilizing MLG, as evidenced by the up-regulation of expression of the enzyme- and solute binding protein (SBP)-encoding genes in this cluster when the organism is grown on MLG. We determined that recombinant BpGH16MLG cleaved various types of β-glucan, generating oligosaccharides suitable for cellular uptake by B. producta. Cytoplasmic digestion of these oligosaccharides is then performed by recombinant BpGH94MLG and β-glucosidases (BpGH3-AR8MLG and BpGH3-X62MLG). Using targeted deletion, we demonstrated BpSBPMLG is essential for B. producta growth on barley β-glucan. Furthermore, we revealed that beneficial bacteria, such as Roseburia faecis JCM 17581T, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum JCM 1200T, Bifidobacterium adolescentis JCM 1275T, and Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM 1254, can also utilize oligosaccharides resulting from the action of BpGH16MLG. Disentangling the β-glucan utilizing capability of B. producta provides a rational basis on which to consider the probiotic potential of this class of organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pal Singh
- Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gujarat International Finance Tec (GIFT)-City, Gandhinagar- 382355, Gujarat, India; Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Jayashree Niharika
- Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gujarat International Finance Tec (GIFT)-City, Gandhinagar- 382355, Gujarat, India; Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Raksha Thakur
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Ben A Wagstaff
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Rikuya Kurata
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gujarat International Finance Tec (GIFT)-City, Gandhinagar- 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Colin W Levy
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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5
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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6
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Nakajima M. β-1,2-Glucans and associated enzymes. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Pylkkänen R, Mohammadi P, Liljeström V, Płaziński W, Beaune G, Timonen JVI, Penttilä M. β-1,3-Glucan synthesis, novel supramolecular self-assembly, characterization and application. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15533-15541. [PMID: 36194159 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02731c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
β-1,3-Glucans are ubiquitously observed in various biological systems with diverse physio-ecological functions, yet their underlying assembly mechanism and multiscale complexation in vitro remains poorly understood. Here, we provide for the first-time evidence of unidentified β-1,3-glucan supramolecular complexation into intricate hierarchical architectures over several length scales. We mediated these unique assemblies using a recombinantly produced β-1,3-glucan phosphorylase (Ta1,3BGP) by fine-tuning solution conditions during particle nucleation and growth. We report a synthesis of interconnected parallel hexagonal lamellae composed of 8 nm thick sheets of highly expanded paracrystals. The architecture consists of β-1,3-glucan triple-helices with considerable inter-intra hydrogen bonding within, as well as in between adjacent triple-helices. The results extend our understanding of β-1,3-glucan molecular organization and shed light on different aspects of the crystallization processes of biomolecules into structures unseen by nature. The presented versatile synthesis yields new materials for diverse medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pylkkänen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grégory Beaune
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jaakko V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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8
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Discovery and Biotechnological Exploitation of Glycoside-Phosphorylases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063043. [PMID: 35328479 PMCID: PMC8950772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among carbohydrate active enzymes, glycoside phosphorylases (GPs) are valuable catalysts for white biotechnologies, due to their exquisite capacity to efficiently re-modulate oligo- and poly-saccharides, without the need for costly activated sugars as substrates. The reversibility of the phosphorolysis reaction, indeed, makes them attractive tools for glycodiversification. However, discovery of new GP functions is hindered by the difficulty in identifying them in sequence databases, and, rather, relies on extensive and tedious biochemical characterization studies. Nevertheless, recent advances in automated tools have led to major improvements in GP mining, activity predictions, and functional screening. Implementation of GPs into innovative in vitro and in cellulo bioproduction strategies has also made substantial advances. Herein, we propose to discuss the latest developments in the strategies employed to efficiently discover GPs and make the best use of their exceptional catalytic properties for glycoside bioproduction.
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9
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Nakamura S, Nihira T, Kurata R, Nakai H, Funane K, Park EY, Miyazaki T. Structure of a bacterial α-1,2-glucosidase defines mechanisms of hydrolysis and substrate specificity in GH65 family hydrolases. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101366. [PMID: 34728215 PMCID: PMC8626586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family 65 (GH65) comprises glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and glycoside phosphorylases (GPs) that act on α-glucosidic linkages in oligosaccharides. All previously reported bacterial GH65 enzymes are GPs, whereas all eukaryotic GH65 enzymes known are GHs. In addition, to date, no crystal structure of a GH65 GH has yet been reported. In this study, we use biochemical experiments and X-ray crystallography to examine the function and structure of a GH65 enzyme from Flavobacterium johnsoniae (FjGH65A) that shows low amino acid sequence homology to reported GH65 enzymes. We found that FjGH65A does not exhibit phosphorolytic activity, but it does hydrolyze kojibiose (α-1,2-glucobiose) and oligosaccharides containing a kojibiosyl moiety without requiring inorganic phosphate. In addition, stereochemical analysis demonstrated that FjGH65A catalyzes this hydrolytic reaction via an anomer-inverting mechanism. The three-dimensional structures of FjGH65A in native form and in complex with glucose were determined at resolutions of 1.54 and 1.40 Å resolutions, respectively. The overall structure of FjGH65A resembled those of other GH65 GPs, and the general acid catalyst Glu472 was conserved. However, the amino acid sequence forming the phosphate-binding site typical of GH65 GPs was not conserved in FjGH65A. Moreover, FjGH65A had the general base catalyst Glu616 instead, which is required to activate a nucleophilic water molecule. These results indicate that FjGH65A is an α-1,2-glucosidase and is the first bacterial GH found in the GH65 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Rikuya Kurata
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazumi Funane
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan; Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan; Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan.
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10
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Sichert A, Cordero OX. Polysaccharide-Bacteria Interactions From the Lens of Evolutionary Ecology. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:705082. [PMID: 34690949 PMCID: PMC8531407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have the unique ability to break down the complex polysaccharides that make up the bulk of organic matter, initiating a cascade of events that leads to their recycling. Traditionally, the rate of organic matter degradation is perceived to be limited by the chemical and physical structure of polymers. Recent advances in microbial ecology, however, suggest that polysaccharide persistence can result from non-linear growth dynamics created by the coexistence of alternate degradation strategies, metabolic roles as well as by ecological interactions between microbes. This complex "landscape" of degradation strategies and interspecific interactions present in natural microbial communities appears to be far from evolutionarily stable, as frequent gene gain and loss reshape enzymatic repertoires and metabolic roles. In this perspective, we discuss six challenges at the heart of this problem, ranging from the evolution of genetic repertoires, phenotypic heterogeneity in clonal populations, the development of a trait-based ecology, and the impact of metabolic interactions and microbial cooperation on degradation rates. We aim to reframe some of the key questions in the study of polysaccharide-bacteria interactions in the context of eco-evolutionary dynamics, highlighting possible research directions that, if pursued, would advance our understanding of polysaccharide degraders at the interface between biochemistry, ecology and evolution.
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11
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Bulmer GS, de Andrade P, Field RA, van Munster JM. Recent advances in enzymatic synthesis of β-glucan and cellulose. Carbohydr Res 2021; 508:108411. [PMID: 34392134 PMCID: PMC8425183 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up synthesis of β-glucans such as callose, fungal β-(1,3)(1,6)-glucan and cellulose, can create the defined compounds that are needed to perform fundamental studies on glucan properties and develop applications. With the importance of β-glucans and cellulose in high-profile fields such as nutrition, renewables-based biotechnology and materials science, the enzymatic synthesis of such relevant carbohydrates and their derivatives has attracted much attention. Here we review recent developments in enzymatic synthesis of β-glucans and cellulose, with a focus on progress made over the last five years. We cover the different types of biocatalysts employed, their incorporation in cascades, the exploitation of enzyme promiscuity and their engineering, and reaction conditions affecting the production as well as in situ self-assembly of (non)functionalised glucans. The recent achievements in the application of glycosyl transferases and β-1,4- and β-1,3-glucan phosphorylases demonstrate the high potential and versatility of these biocatalysts in glucan synthesis in both industrial and academic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Bulmer
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Peterson de Andrade
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Jolanda M van Munster
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK.
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12
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β-Glucan phosphorylases in carbohydrate synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4073-4087. [PMID: 33970317 PMCID: PMC8140972 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract β-Glucan phosphorylases are carbohydrate-active enzymes that catalyze the reversible degradation of β-linked glucose polymers, with outstanding potential for the biocatalytic bottom-up synthesis of β-glucans as major bioactive compounds. Their preference for sugar phosphates (rather than nucleotide sugars) as donor substrates further underlines their significance for the carbohydrate industry. Presently, they are classified in the glycoside hydrolase families 94, 149, and 161 (www.cazy.org). Since the discovery of β-1,3-oligoglucan phosphorylase in 1963, several other specificities have been reported that differ in linkage type and/or degree of polymerization. Here, we present an overview of the progress that has been made in our understanding of β-glucan and associated β-glucobiose phosphorylases, with a special focus on their application in the synthesis of carbohydrates and related molecules. Key points • Discovery, characteristics, and applications of β-glucan phosphorylases. • β-Glucan phosphorylases in the production of functional carbohydrates.
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13
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Chabi M, Leleu M, Fermont L, Colpaert M, Colleoni C, Ball SG, Cenci U. Retracing Storage Polysaccharide Evolution in Stramenopila. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:629045. [PMID: 33747010 PMCID: PMC7965971 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.629045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotes most often synthesize storage polysaccharides in the cytosol or vacuoles in the form of either alpha (glycogen/starch)- or beta-glucosidic (chrysolaminarins and paramylon) linked glucan polymers. In both cases, the glucose can be packed either in water-soluble (glycogen and chrysolaminarins) or solid crystalline (starch and paramylon) forms with different impacts, respectively, on the osmotic pressure, the glucose accessibility, and the amounts stored. Glycogen or starch accumulation appears universal in all free-living unikonts (metazoa, fungi, amoebozoa, etc.), as well as Archaeplastida and alveolata, while other lineages offer a more complex picture featuring both alpha- and beta-glucan accumulators. We now infer the distribution of these polymers in stramenopiles through the bioinformatic detection of their suspected metabolic pathways. Detailed phylogenetic analysis of key enzymes of these pathways correlated to the phylogeny of Stramenopila enables us to retrace the evolution of storage polysaccharide metabolism in this diverse group of organisms. The possible ancestral nature of glycogen metabolism in eukaryotes and the underlying source of its replacement by beta-glucans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Chabi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Marie Leleu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- InBioS-PhytoSYSTEMS, Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Léa Fermont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Colpaert
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Steven G. Ball
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Ugo Cenci
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Ugo Cenci,
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14
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Awad FN. Glycoside phosphorylases for carbohydrate synthesis: An insight into the diversity and potentiality. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Miyazaki T, Park EY. Crystal structure of the Enterococcus faecalis α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 31. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2282-2293. [PMID: 32367553 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages in carbohydrates. The glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31) contains α-glucosidase, α-xylosidase, α-galactosidase, and α-transglycosylase. Recent work has expanded the diversity of substrate specificity of GH31 enzymes, and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidases (αGalNAcases) belonging to GH31 have been identified in human gut bacteria. Here, we determined the first crystal structure of a truncated form of GH31 αGalNAcase from the human gut bacterium Enterococcus faecalis. The enzyme has a similar fold to other reported GH31 enzymes and an additional fibronectin type 3-like domain. Additionally, the structure in complex with N-acetylgalactosamine reveals that conformations of the active site residues, including its catalytic nucleophile, change to recognize the ligand. Our structural analysis provides insight into the substrate recognition and catalytic mechanism of GH31 αGalNAcases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
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16
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Singh RP, Pergolizzi G, Nepogodiev SA, de Andrade P, Kuhaudomlarp S, Field RA. Preparative and Kinetic Analysis of β-1,4- and β-1,3-Glucan Phosphorylases Informs Access to Human Milk Oligosaccharide Fragments and Analogues Thereof. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1043-1049. [PMID: 31657512 PMCID: PMC7187349 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides depends on the availability of suitable enzymes, which remains a limitation. Without recourse to enzyme engineering or evolution approaches, herein we demonstrate the ability of wild-type cellodextrin phosphorylase (CDP: β-1,4-glucan linkage-dependent) and laminaridextrin phosphorylase (Pro_7066: β-1,3-glucan linkage-dependent) to tolerate a number of sugar-1- phosphate substrates, albeit with reduced kinetic efficiency. In spite of catalytic efficiencies of <1 % of the natural reactions, we demonstrate the utility of given phosphorylase-sugar phosphate pairs to access new-to-nature fragments of human milk oligosaccharides, or analogues thereof, in multi-milligram quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pal Singh
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Present address: Food and Nutritional Biotechnology DivisionNational Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI)Main Campus, Sector 81Sahibzada Ajit Singh NagarPunjab140306India
| | - Giulia Pergolizzi
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Sergey A. Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Peterson de Andrade
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Sakonwan Kuhaudomlarp
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
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