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Alvarado-Melendez EI, de Jong H, Hartman JEM, Ong JY, Wösten MMSM, Wennekes T. Glycoengineering with neuraminic acid analogs to label lipooligosaccharides and detect native sialyltransferase activity in gram-negative bacteria. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae071. [PMID: 39244665 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipooligosaccharides are the most abundant cell surface glycoconjugates on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They play important roles in host-microbe interactions. Certain Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria cap their lipooligosaccharides with the sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), to mimic host glycans that among others protects these bacteria from recognition by the hosts immune system. This process of molecular mimicry is not fully understood and remains under investigated. To explore the functional role of sialic acid-capped lipooligosaccharides at the molecular level, it is important to have tools readily available for the detection and manipulation of both Neu5Ac on glycoconjugates and the involved sialyltransferases, preferably in live bacteria. We and others have shown that the native sialyltransferases of some Gram-negative bacteria can incorporate extracellular unnatural sialic acid nucleotides onto their lipooligosaccharides. We here report on the expanded use of native bacterial sialyltransferases to incorporate neuraminic acids analogs with a reporter group into the lipooligosaccharides of a variety of Gram-negative bacteria. We show that this approach offers a quick strategy to screen bacteria for the expression of functional sialyltransferases and the ability to use exogenous CMP-Neu5Ac to decorate their glycoconjugates. For selected bacteria we also show this strategy complements two other glycoengineering techniques, Metabolic Oligosaccharide Engineering and Selective Exo-Enzymatic Labeling, and that together they provide tools to modify, label, detect and visualize sialylation of bacterial lipooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erianna I Alvarado-Melendez
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna de Jong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jet E M Hartman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Yang Ong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc M S M Wösten
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Calles-Garcia D, Dube DH. Chemical biology tools to probe bacterial glycans. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 80:102453. [PMID: 38582017 PMCID: PMC11164641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial cells are covered by a complex carbohydrate coat of armor that allows bacteria to thrive in a range of environments. As a testament to the importance of bacterial glycans, effective and heavily utilized antibiotics including penicillin and vancomycin target and disrupt the bacterial glycocalyx. Despite their importance, the study of bacterial glycans lags far behind their eukaryotic counterparts. Bacterial cells use a large palette of monosaccharides to craft glycans, leading to molecules that are significantly more complex than eukaryotic glycans and that are refractory to study. Fortunately, chemical tools designed to probe bacterial glycans have yielded insights into these molecules, their structures, their biosynthesis, and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Calles-Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Danielle H Dube
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA.
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3
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Sijmons D, Collett S, Soliman C, Guy AJ, Scott AM, Durrant LG, Elbourne A, Walduck AK, Ramsland PA. Probing the expression and adhesion of glycans involved in Helicobacter pylori infection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8587. [PMID: 38615147 PMCID: PMC11016089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects approximately half the human population and has an unusual infective niche of the human stomach. Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastritis and has been classified as a group 1 carcinogen by the WHO. Treatment involves triple or quadruple antibiotic therapy, but antibiotic resistance is becoming increasingly prevalent. Helicobacter pylori expresses certain blood group related antigens (Lewis system) as a part of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is thought to assist in immune evasion. Additionally, H. pylori LPS participates in adhesion to host cells alongside several adhesion proteins. This study profiled the carbohydrates of H. pylori reference strains (SS1 and 26695) using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and lectins, identifying interactions between two carbohydrate-targeting mAbs and multiple lectins. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) scans were used to probe lectin and antibody interactions with the bacterial surfaces. The selected mAb and lectins displayed an increased adhesive force over the surface of the curved H. pylori rods. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the ability of anti-carbohydrate antibodies to reduce the adhesion of H. pylori 26695 to human gastric adenocarcinoma cells via AFM. Targeting bacterial carbohydrates to disrupt crucial adhesion and immune evasion mechanisms represents a promising strategy for combating H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sijmons
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Simon Collett
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Caroline Soliman
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Guy
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- ZiP Diagnostics, Collingwood, VIC, 3066, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Anna K Walduck
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia.
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
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4
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Barrett KA, Kassama FJ, Surks W, Mulholland AJ, Moulton KD, Dube DH. Helicobacter pylori glycan biosynthesis modulates host immune cell recognition and response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1377077. [PMID: 38572314 PMCID: PMC10987845 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1377077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori has evolved glycan-mediated mechanisms to evade host immune defenses. This study tests the hypothesis that genetic disruption of H. pylori glycan biosynthesis alters immune recognition and response by human gastric epithelial cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Methods To test this hypothesis, human cell lines were challenged with wildtype H. pylori alongside an array of H. pylori glycosylation mutants. The relative levels of immune response were measured via immature dendritic cell maturation and cytokine secretion. Results Our findings indicate that disruption of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis diminishes gastric cytokine production, without disrupting dendritic cell recognition and activation. In contrast, variable immune responses were observed in protein glycosylation mutants which prompted us to test the hypothesis that phase variation plays a role in regulating bacterial cell surface glycosylation and subsequent immune recognition. Lewis antigen presentation does not correlate with extent of immune response, while the extent of lipopolysaccharide O-antigen elaboration does. Discussion The outcomes of this study demonstrate that H. pylori glycans modulate the host immune response. This work provides a foundation to pursue immune-based tailoring of bacterial glycans towards modulating immunogenicity of microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States
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5
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Quintana ILL, Paul A, Chowdhury A, Moulton KD, Kulkarni SS, Dube DH. Thioglycosides Act as Metabolic Inhibitors of Bacterial Glycan Biosynthesis. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2025-2035. [PMID: 37698279 PMCID: PMC10580310 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycans that coat the surface of bacteria are compelling antibiotic targets because they contain distinct monosaccharides that are linked to pathogenesis and are absent in human cells. Disrupting glycan biosynthesis presents a path to inhibiting the ability of a bacterium to infect the host. We previously demonstrated that O-glycosides act as metabolic inhibitors and disrupt bacterial glycan biosynthesis. Inspired by a recent study which showed that thioglycosides (S-glycosides) are 10 times more effective than O-glycosides at inhibiting glycan biosynthesis in mammalian cells, we crafted a panel of S-glycosides based on rare bacterial monosaccharides. The novel thioglycosides altered glycan biosynthesis and fitness in pathogenic bacteria but had no notable effect on glycosylation or growth in beneficial bacteria or mammalian cells. In contrast to findings in mammalian cells, S-glycosides and O-glycosides exhibited comparable potency in bacteria. However, S-glycosides exhibited enhanced selectivity relative to O-glycosides. These novel metabolic inhibitors will allow selective perturbation of the bacterial glycocalyx for functional studies and set the stage to expand our antibiotic arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella
de la Luz Quintana
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Ankita Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400-076, India
| | - Aniqa Chowdhury
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Karen D. Moulton
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400-076, India
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
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6
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Barrett K, Dube DH. Chemical tools to study bacterial glycans: a tale from discovery of glycoproteins to disruption of their function. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200050. [PMID: 37324574 PMCID: PMC10266715 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria coat themselves with a dense array of cell envelope glycans that enhance bacterial fitness and promote survival. Despite the importance of bacterial glycans, their systematic study and perturbation remains challenging. Chemical tools have made important inroads toward understanding and altering bacterial glycans. This review describes how pioneering discoveries from Prof. Carolyn Bertozzi's laboratory inspired our laboratory to develop sugar probes to facilitate the study of bacterial glycans. As described below, we used metabolic glycan labelling to install bioorthogonal reporters into bacterial glycans, ultimately permitting the discovery of a protein glycosylation system, the identification of glycosylation genes, and the development of metabolic glycan inhibitors. Our results have provided an approach to screen bacterial glycans and gain insight into their function, even in the absence of detailed structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Barrett
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA
| | - Danielle H Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011 USA
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7
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Dorn RS, Prescher JA. Bioorthogonal Phosphines: Then and Now. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Dorn
- Departments of Chemistry University of California Irvine California 92697 United States
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Departments of Chemistry University of California Irvine California 92697 United States
- Molecular Biology & Biochemistry University of California Irvine California 92697 United States
- Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California Irvine California 92697 United States
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8
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Teng KW, Hsieh KS, Hung JS, Wang CJ, Liao EC, Chen PC, Lin YH, Wu DC, Lin CH, Wang WC, Chan HL, Huang SK, Kao MC. Helicobacter pylori employs a general protein glycosylation system for the modification of outer membrane adhesins. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2130650. [PMID: 36206406 PMCID: PMC9553153 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2130650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of several gastric diseases including gastric cancer. To reach a long-term colonization in the host stomach, H. pylori employs multiple outer membrane adhesins for binding to the gastric mucosa. However, due to the redundancy of adhesins that complement the adhesive function of bacteria, targeting each individual adhesin alone usually achieves nonideal outcomes for preventing bacterial adhesion. Here, we report that key adhesins AlpA/B and BabA/B in H. pylori are modified by glycans and display a two-step molecular weight upshift pattern from the cytoplasm to the inner membrane and from the inner membrane to the outer membrane. Nevertheless, this upshift pattern is missing when the expression of some enzymes related to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, including the LPS O-antigen assembly and ligation enzymes WecA, Wzk, and WaaL, is disrupted, indicating that the underlying mechanisms and the involved enzymes for the adhesin glycosylation are partially shared with the LPS biosynthesis. Loss of the adhesin glycosylation not only reduces the protease resistance and the stability of the tested adhesins but also changes the adhesin-binding ability. In addition, mutations in the LPS biosynthesis cause a significant reduction in bacterial adhesion in the in vitro cell-line model. The current findings reveal that H. pylori employs a general protein glycosylation system related to LPS biosynthesis for adhesin modification and its biological significance. The enzymes required for adhesin glycosylation rather than the adhesins themselves are potentially better drug targets for preventing or treating H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wen Teng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Siang Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Shiuan Hung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - En-Chi Liao
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Department of Medical Science, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Chan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Department of Medical Science, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Mou-Chieh Kao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,CONTACT Mou-Chieh Kao Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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9
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de Jong H, Moure MJ, Hartman JEM, Bosman GP, Ong JY, Bardoel BW, Boons G, Wösten MMSM, Wennekes T. Selective Exoenzymatic Labeling of Lipooligosaccharides of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with α2,6-Sialoside Analogues. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200340. [PMID: 35877976 PMCID: PMC9804176 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between bacteria and their host often rely on recognition processes that involve host or bacterial glycans. Glycoengineering techniques make it possible to modify and study the glycans on the host's eukaryotic cells, but only a few are available for the study of bacterial glycans. Here, we have adapted selective exoenzymatic labeling (SEEL), a chemical reporter strategy, to label the lipooligosaccharides of the bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, using the recombinant glycosyltransferase ST6Gal1, and three synthetic CMP-sialic acid derivatives. We show that SEEL treatment does not affect cell viability and can introduce an α2,6-linked sialic acid with a reporter group on the lipooligosaccharides by Western blot, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. This new bacterial glycoengineering technique allows for the precise modification, here with α2,6-sialoside derivatives, and direct detection of specific surface glycans on live bacteria, which will aid in further unravelling the precise biological functions of bacterial glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna de Jong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 13584 CLUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Moure
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA 30602USA
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, CIC bioGUNEBasque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
| | - Jet E. M. Hartman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Gerlof P. Bosman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jun Yang Ong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bart W. Bardoel
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtHeidelberglaan 100 HP G04.6143584 CXUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA 30602USA
| | - Marc M. S. M. Wösten
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 13584 CLUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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10
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Luong P, Ghosh A, Moulton KD, Kulkarni SS, Dube DH. Synthesis and Application of Rare Deoxy Amino l-Sugar Analogues to Probe Glycans in Pathogenic Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:889-900. [PMID: 35302355 PMCID: PMC9445936 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell envelope glycans are compelling antibiotic targets as they are critical for strain fitness and pathogenesis yet are virtually absent from human cells. However, systematic study and perturbation of bacterial glycans remains challenging due to their utilization of rare deoxy amino l-sugars, which impede traditional glycan analysis and are not readily available from natural sources. The development of chemical tools to study bacterial glycans is a crucial step toward understanding and altering these biomolecules. Here we report an expedient methodology to access azide-containing analogues of a variety of unusual deoxy amino l-sugars starting from readily available l-rhamnose and l-fucose. Azide-containing l-sugar analogues facilitated metabolic profiling of bacterial glycans in a range of Gram-negative bacteria and revealed differential utilization of l-sugars in symbiotic versus pathogenic bacteria. Further application of these probes will refine our knowledge of the glycan repertoire in diverse bacteria and aid in the design of novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Luong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Antara Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400-076, India
| | - Karen D. Moulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400-076, India
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
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11
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Tian X, Jiang H, Cai B, Feng H, Wang X, Yu G. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Fucosylated Glycoproteins Produced by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Under Different Polysaccharide Nutrition Conditions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:826942. [PMID: 35308349 PMCID: PMC8931616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.826942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, one of the most eminent representative gut commensal Bacteroides species, is able to use the L-fucose in host-derived and dietary polysaccharides to modify its capsular polysaccharides and glycoproteins through a mammalian-like salvage metabolic pathway. This process is essential for the colonization of the bacteria and for symbiosis with the host. However, despite the importance of fucosylated proteins (FGPs) in B. thetaiotaomicron, their types, distribution, and functions remain unclear. In this study, the effects of different polysaccharide (corn starch, mucin, and fucoidan) nutrition conditions on newly synthesized FGPs expressions and fucosylation are investigated using a chemical biological method based on metabolic labeling and bioorthogonal reaction. According to the results of label-free quantification, 559 FGPs (205 downregulated and 354 upregulated) are affected by the dietary conditions. Of these differentially expressed proteins, 65 proteins show extremely sensitive to polysaccharide nutrition conditions (FGPs fold change/global protein fold change ≥2.0 or ≤0.5). Specifically, the fucosylation of the chondroitin sulfate ABC enzyme, Sus proteins, and cationic efflux system proteins varies significantly upon the addition of mucin, corn starch, or fucoidan. Moreover, these polysaccharides can trigger an appreciable increase in the fucosylation level of the two-component system and ammonium transport proteins. These results highlight the efficiency of the combined metabolic glycan labeling and bio-orthogonal reaction in enriching the intestinal Bacteroides glycoproteins. Moreover, it emphasizes the sensitivity of Bacteroides fucosylation to polysaccharide nutrition conditions, which allows for the regulation of bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Binbin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Huxin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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12
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Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Swarts BM. Chemical Reporters for Bacterial Glycans: Development and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3336-3413. [PMID: 34905344 PMCID: PMC8958928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria possess an extraordinary repertoire of cell envelope glycans that have critical physiological functions. Pathogenic bacteria have glycans that are essential for growth and virulence but are absent from humans, making them high-priority targets for antibiotic, vaccine, and diagnostic development. The advent of metabolic labeling with bioorthogonal chemical reporters and small-molecule fluorescent reporters has enabled the investigation and targeting of specific bacterial glycans in their native environments. These tools have opened the door to imaging glycan dynamics, assaying and inhibiting glycan biosynthesis, profiling glycoproteins and glycan-binding proteins, and targeting pathogens with diagnostic and therapeutic payload. These capabilities have been wielded in diverse commensal and pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and mycobacterial species─including within live host organisms. Here, we review the development and applications of chemical reporters for bacterial glycans, including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, glycoproteins, teichoic acids, and capsular polysaccharides, as well as mycobacterial glycans, including trehalose glycolipids and arabinan-containing glycoconjugates. We cover in detail how bacteria-targeting chemical reporters are designed, synthesized, and evaluated, how they operate from a mechanistic standpoint, and how this information informs their judicious and innovative application. We also provide a perspective on the current state and future directions of the field, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary teams to create novel tools and extend existing tools to support fundamental and translational research on bacterial glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Banahene
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Herbert W. Kavunja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
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13
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Zheng J, Liu L, Wei C, Liu B, Jin Q. Characterization of O-mannosylated proteins profiling in bacillus Calmette-Guérin via gel-based and gel-free approaches. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:221-234. [PMID: 34773437 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) could influence many aspects of protein behavior and function in organisms. Protein glycosylation is one of the major PTMs observed in bacteria, which is crucial for functional regulations of many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been recognized as an indispensable tool in the global fight against tuberculosis (TB) worldwide over several decades. Nevertheless, analysis of glycoprotein profiles of BCG has not been clearly investigated. In this study, we performed O-mannosylated protein analysis in BCG bacteria using gel-based and gel-free approaches. In total, 1,670 hexosylated peptides derived from 754 mannosylated proteins were identified. Furthermore, 20 novel protein products supported by 78 unique peptides not annotated in the BCG database were detected. Additionally, the translational start sites of 384 proteins were confirmed, and 78 proteins were validated through the extension of translational start sites based on N-terminus-derived peptides. The bioinformatic analysis of the O-mannosylated proteins was performed and the expression profiles of four randomly selected proteins were validated through Western blotting. A number of proteins involved in metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and two-component system, are discussed. Taken together, these results offer the first O-mannosylated protein analysis of a member of mycobacteria reported to date by using complementary gel-based and gel-free approaches. Some of the proteins identified in this study have important roles involved in metabolic pathways, which could provide insight into the immune molecular mechanisms of this recognized vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liguo Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Candong Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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14
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Brown AR, Wodzanowski KA, Santiago CC, Hyland SN, Follmar JL, Asare-Okai P, Grimes CL. Protected N-Acetyl Muramic Acid Probes Improve Bacterial Peptidoglycan Incorporation via Metabolic Labeling. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1908-1916. [PMID: 34506714 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic glycan probes have emerged as an excellent tool to investigate vital questions in biology. Recently, methodology to incorporate metabolic bacterial glycan probes into the cell wall of a variety of bacterial species has been developed. In order to improve this method, a scalable synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursors is developed here, allowing for access to essential peptidoglycan immunological fragments and cell wall building blocks. The question was asked if masking polar groups of the glycan probe would increase overall incorporation, a common strategy exploited in mammalian glycobiology. Here, we show, through cellular assays, that E. coli do not utilize peracetylated peptidoglycan substrates but do employ methyl esters. The 10-fold improvement of probe utilization indicates that (i) masking the carboxylic acid is favorable for transport and (ii) bacterial esterases are capable of removing the methyl ester for use in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. This investigation advances bacterial cell wall biology, offering a prescription on how to best deliver and utilize bacterial metabolic glycan probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Wodzanowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Cintia C. Santiago
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stephen N. Hyland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Julianna L. Follmar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - PapaNii Asare-Okai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Catherine Leimkuhler Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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15
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Integrated mass spectrometry-based multi-omics for elucidating mechanisms of bacterial virulence. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1905-1926. [PMID: 34374408 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite being considered the simplest form of life, bacteria remain enigmatic, particularly in light of pathogenesis and evolving antimicrobial resistance. After three decades of genomics, we remain some way from understanding these organisms, and a substantial proportion of genes remain functionally unknown. Methodological advances, principally mass spectrometry (MS), are paving the way for parallel analysis of the proteome, metabolome and lipidome. Each provides a global, complementary assay, in addition to genomics, and the ability to better comprehend how pathogens respond to changes in their internal (e.g. mutation) and external environments consistent with infection-like conditions. Such responses include accessing necessary nutrients for survival in a hostile environment where co-colonizing bacteria and normal flora are acclimated to the prevailing conditions. Multi-omics can be harnessed across temporal and spatial (sub-cellular) dimensions to understand adaptation at the molecular level. Gene deletion libraries, in conjunction with large-scale approaches and evolving bioinformatics integration, will greatly facilitate next-generation vaccines and antimicrobial interventions by highlighting novel targets and pathogen-specific pathways. MS is also central in phenotypic characterization of surface biomolecules such as lipid A, as well as aiding in the determination of protein interactions and complexes. There is increasing evidence that bacteria are capable of widespread post-translational modification, including phosphorylation, glycosylation and acetylation; with each contributing to virulence. This review focuses on the bacterial genotype to phenotype transition and surveys the recent literature showing how the genome can be validated at the proteome, metabolome and lipidome levels to provide an integrated view of organism response to host conditions.
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16
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Heiss TK, Dorn RS, Prescher JA. Bioorthogonal Reactions of Triarylphosphines and Related Analogues. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6802-6849. [PMID: 34101453 PMCID: PMC10064493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal phosphines were introduced in the context of the Staudinger ligation over 20 years ago. Since that time, phosphine probes have been used in myriad applications to tag azide-functionalized biomolecules. The Staudinger ligation also paved the way for the development of other phosphorus-based chemistries, many of which are widely employed in biological experiments. Several reviews have highlighted early achievements in the design and application of bioorthogonal phosphines. This review summarizes more recent advances in the field. We discuss innovations in classic Staudinger-like transformations that have enabled new biological pursuits. We also highlight relative newcomers to the bioorthogonal stage, including the cyclopropenone-phosphine ligation and the phospha-Michael reaction. The review concludes with chemoselective reactions involving phosphite and phosphonite ligations. For each transformation, we describe the overall mechanism and scope. We also showcase efforts to fine-tune the reagents for specific functions. We further describe recent applications of the chemistries in biological settings. Collectively, these examples underscore the versatility and breadth of bioorthogonal phosphine reagents.
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17
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Moulton KD, Adewale AP, Carol HA, Mikami SA, Dube DH. Metabolic Glycan Labeling-Based Screen to Identify Bacterial Glycosylation Genes. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3247-3259. [PMID: 33186014 PMCID: PMC7808405 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface glycans are quintessential drug targets due to their critical role in colonization of the host, pathogen survival, and immune evasion. The dense cell envelope glycocalyx contains distinctive monosaccharides that are stitched together into higher order glycans to yield exclusively bacterial structures that are critical for strain fitness and pathogenesis. However, the systematic study and inhibition of bacterial glycosylation enzymes remains challenging. Bacteria produce glycans containing rare sugars refractory to traditional glycan analysis, complicating the study of bacterial glycans and the identification of their biosynthesis machinery. To ease the study of bacterial glycans in the absence of detailed structural information, we used metabolic glycan labeling to detect changes in glycan biosynthesis. Here, we screened wild-type versus mutant strains of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, ultimately permitting the identification of genes involved in glycoprotein and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Our findings provide the first evidence that H. pylori protein glycosylation proceeds via a lipid carrier-mediated pathway that overlaps with lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Protein glycosylation mutants displayed fitness defects consistent with those induced by small molecule glycosylation inhibitors. Broadly, our results suggest a facile approach to screen for bacterial glycosylation genes and gain insight into their biosynthesis and functional importance, even in the absence of glycan structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Moulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Adedunmola P. Adewale
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Hallie A. Carol
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Sage A. Mikami
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
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18
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Characterization of Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps Reveals an Unexpected Link between Glycosylation and Antimicrobial Resistance. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02604-20. [PMID: 33203757 PMCID: PMC7683400 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02604-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. RND is composed of a tripartite protein assembly and confers resistance to a range of unrelated compounds. In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. This affirms that glycosylation is critical for multidrug efflux pump assembly. We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. We show, for the first time, the direct link between N-linked glycans and multidrug efflux pump activity. At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems.
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Forrest S, Welch M. Arming the troops: Post-translational modification of extracellular bacterial proteins. Sci Prog 2020; 103:36850420964317. [PMID: 33148128 PMCID: PMC10450907 DOI: 10.1177/0036850420964317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein secretion is almost universally employed by bacteria. Some proteins are retained on the cell surface, whereas others are released into the extracellular milieu, often playing a key role in virulence. In this review, we discuss the diverse types and potential functions of post-translational modifications (PTMs) occurring to extracellular bacterial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Forrest
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Khodadadi E, Zeinalzadeh E, Taghizadeh S, Mehramouz B, Kamounah FS, Khodadadi E, Ganbarov K, Yousefi B, Bastami M, Kafil HS. Proteomic Applications in Antimicrobial Resistance and Clinical Microbiology Studies. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1785-1806. [PMID: 32606829 PMCID: PMC7305820 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s238446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences of the genomes of all-important bacterial pathogens of man, plants, and animals have been completed. Still, it is not enough to achieve complete information of all the mechanisms controlling the biological processes of an organism. Along with all advances in different proteomics technologies, proteomics has completed our knowledge of biological processes all around the world. Proteomics is a valuable technique to explain the complement of proteins in any organism. One of the fields that has been notably benefited from other systems approaches is bacterial pathogenesis. An emerging field is to use proteomics to examine the infectious agents in terms of, among many, the response the host and pathogen to the infection process, which leads to a deeper knowledge of the mechanisms of bacterial virulence. This trend also enables us to identify quantitative measurements for proteins extracted from microorganisms. The present review study is an attempt to summarize a variety of different proteomic techniques and advances. The significant applications in bacterial pathogenesis studies are also covered. Moreover, the areas where proteomics may lead the future studies are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsaneh Khodadadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Zeinalzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepehr Taghizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Mehramouz
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK 2100, Denmark
| | - Ehsan Khodadadi
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Bednarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ilona Wehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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22
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Williams DA, Pradhan K, Paul A, Olin IR, Tuck OT, Moulton KD, Kulkarni SS, Dube DH. Metabolic inhibitors of bacterial glycan biosynthesis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1761-1774. [PMID: 34123271 PMCID: PMC8148367 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05955e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is a quintessential drug target due to its critical role in colonization of the host, pathogen survival, and immune evasion. The dense cell wall glycocalyx contains distinctive monosaccharides that are absent from human cells, and proper assembly of monosaccharides into higher-order glycans is critical for bacterial fitness and pathogenesis. However, the systematic study and inhibition of bacterial glycosylation enzymes remains challenging. Bacteria produce glycans containing rare deoxy amino sugars refractory to traditional glycan analysis, complicating the study of bacterial glycans and the creation of glycosylation inhibitors. To ease the study of bacterial glycan function in the absence of detailed structural or enzyme information, we crafted metabolic inhibitors based on rare bacterial monosaccharide scaffolds. Metabolic inhibitors were assessed for their ability to interfere with glycan biosynthesis and fitness in pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial species. Three metabolic inhibitors led to dramatic structural and functional defects in Helicobacter pylori. Strikingly, these inhibitors acted in a bacteria-selective manner. These metabolic inhibitors will provide a platform for systematic study of bacterial glycosylation enzymes not currently possible with existing tools. Moreover, their selectivity will provide a pathway for the development of novel, narrow-spectrum antibiotics to treat infectious disease. Our inhibition approach is general and will expedite the identification of bacterial glycan biosynthesis inhibitors in a range of systems, expanding the glycochemistry toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Williams
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Kabita Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ankita Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ilana R Olin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Owen T Tuck
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Karen D Moulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Danielle H Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College 6600 College Station Brunswick ME 04011 USA
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Abstract
Over the past decade the number and variety of protein post-translational modifications that have been detected and characterized in bacteria have rapidly increased. Most post-translational protein modifications occur in a relatively low number of bacterial proteins in comparison with eukaryotic proteins, and most of the modified proteins carry low, substoichiometric levels of modification; therefore, their structural and functional analysis is particularly challenging. The number of modifying enzymes differs greatly among bacterial species, and the extent of the modified proteome strongly depends on environmental conditions. Nevertheless, evidence is rapidly accumulating that protein post-translational modifications have vital roles in various cellular processes such as protein synthesis and turnover, nitrogen metabolism, the cell cycle, dormancy, sporulation, spore germination, persistence and virulence. Further research of protein post-translational modifications will fill current gaps in the understanding of bacterial physiology and open new avenues for treatment of infectious diseases.
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24
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Metabolic engineering of glycoprotein biosynthesis in bacteria. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:419-432. [PMID: 33525794 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The demonstration more than a decade ago that glycoproteins could be produced in Escherichia coli cells equipped with the N-linked protein glycosylation machinery from Campylobacter jejuni opened the door to using simple bacteria for the expression and engineering of complex glycoproteins. Since that time, metabolic engineering has played an increasingly important role in developing and optimizing microbial cell glyco-factories for the production of diverse glycoproteins and other glycoconjugates. It is becoming clear that future progress in creating efficient glycoprotein expression platforms in bacteria will depend on the adoption of advanced strain engineering strategies such as rational design and assembly of orthogonal glycosylation pathways, genome-wide identification of metabolic engineering targets, and evolutionary engineering of pathway performance. Here, we highlight recent advances in the deployment of metabolic engineering tools and strategies to develop microbial cell glyco-factories for the production of high-value glycoprotein targets with applications in research and medicine.
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25
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Wright MH. Chemical Proteomics of Host-Microbe Interactions. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700333. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan H. Wright
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology; School of Chemistry; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom
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26
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Van Dyke AR, Gatazka DH, Hanania MM. Innovations in Undergraduate Chemical Biology Education. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:26-35. [PMID: 29192757 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biology derives intellectual vitality from its scientific interface: applying chemical strategies and perspectives to biological questions. There is a growing need for chemical biologists to synergistically integrate their research programs with their educational activities to become holistic teacher-scholars. This review examines how course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) are an innovative method to achieve this integration. Because CUREs are course-based, the review first offers strategies for creating a student-centered learning environment, which can improve students' outcomes. Exemplars of CUREs in chemical biology are then presented and organized to illustrate the five defining characteristics of CUREs: significance, scientific practices, discovery, collaboration, and iteration. Finally, strategies to overcome common barriers in CUREs are considered as well as future innovations in chemical biology education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Van Dyke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut 06824, United States
| | - Daniel H. Gatazka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut 06824, United States
| | - Mariah M. Hanania
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut 06824, United States
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27
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Caspase-3/-7-Specific Metabolic Precursor for Bioorthogonal Tracking of Tumor Apoptosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16635. [PMID: 29192289 PMCID: PMC5709468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is one of the most important intracellular events in living cell, which is a programmed cell death interrelated with caspase enzyme activity for maintaining homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Therefore, direct apoptosis imaging of living cells can provide enormous advantages for diagnosis, drug discovery, and therapeutic monitoring in various diseases. However, a method of direct apoptosis imaging has not been fully validated, especially for live cells in in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we developed a new apoptosis imaging technology via a direct visualization of active caspase-3/-7 activity in living cells. For this, we synthesized a caspase-3/-7-specific cleavable peptide (KGDEVD) conjugated triacetylated N-azidoacetyl-D-mannosamine (Apo-S-Ac3ManNAz), wherein the Apo-S-Ac3ManNAz can be cleaved by the active caspase-3/-7 in live apoptotic cells and the cleaved Ac3ManNAz molecules can further generate targetable azido groups (N3) on the living cell surface. Importantly, the azido groups on the apoptotic tumor cells could be visualized with Cy5.5-conjugated dibenzylcyclooctyne (DBCO-Cy5.5) via bioorthogonal click chemistry in vitro cell culture condition and in vivo tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, our Apo-S-Ac3ManNAz can be utilized for the further applications in tumor therapy as a monitoring tool for anticancer efficacy and optimization of anticancer new drugs in cell culture system and in tumor-bearing mice.
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28
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Sherratt AR, Rouleau Y, Luebbert C, Strmiskova M, Veres T, Bidawid S, Corneau N, Pezacki JP. Rapid Screening and Identification of Living Pathogenic Organisms via Optimized Bioorthogonal Non-canonical Amino Acid Tagging. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1048-1055.e3. [PMID: 28757183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria can be a major cause of illness from environmental sources as well as the consumption of contaminated products, giving rise to public health concerns globally. The surveillance of such living organisms in food and water supplies remains an important challenge in mitigating their deleterious societal effects. Here, we have developed an optimized bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging approach to the imaging, capture, and interrogation of shigatoxigenic/verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) and Listeria that enables the distinction between living wild-type pathogenic bacteria. The approaches utilize homopropargylglycine (HPG), as well as optimized growth media, that restricts endogenous methionine biosynthesis in a variety of species of public health concern. Endogenous methionine residues are then replaced with HPG, which can then be modified using a myriad of compatible bioorthogonal reactions for tagging of exclusively live bacteria. The methods reported allow for the very rapid screening and identification of living pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Rae Sherratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yanouchka Rouleau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada
| | | | - Miroslava Strmiskova
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Teodor Veres
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sabah Bidawid
- Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Corneau
- Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Zhang W, Liu T, Dong H, Bai H, Tian F, Shi Z, Chen M, Wang J, Qin W, Qian X. Synthesis of a Highly Azide-Reactive and Thermosensitive Biofunctional Reagent for Efficient Enrichment and Large-Scale Identification of O-GlcNAc Proteins by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5810-5817. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Zhang
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- Research
Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Hangyan Dong
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Haihong Bai
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Fang Tian
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Zhaomei Shi
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Mingli Chen
- Research
Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research
Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Weijie Qin
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
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30
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Halim A, Anonsen JH. Microbial glycoproteomics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:143-150. [PMID: 28365498 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based "-omics" technologies are important tools for global and detailed mapping of post-translational modifications. Protein glycosylation is an abundant and important post translational modification widespread throughout all domains of life. Characterization of glycoproteins, including identification of glycan structure and components, their attachment sites and protein carriers, remains challenging. However, recent advances in glycoproteomics, a subbranch that studies and categorizes protein glycosylations, have greatly expanded the known protein glycosylation space and research in this area is rapidly accelerating. Here, we review recent developments in glycoproteomic technologies with a special focus on microbial protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Halim
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Jan Haug Anonsen
- Center for Integrative Microbial Evolution, The Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Jean Beltran PM, Federspiel JD, Sheng X, Cristea IM. Proteomics and integrative omic approaches for understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious diseases. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:922. [PMID: 28348067 PMCID: PMC5371729 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20167062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms are constantly exposed to microbial pathogens in their environments. When a pathogen meets its host, a series of intricate intracellular interactions shape the outcome of the infection. The understanding of these host–pathogen interactions is crucial for the development of treatments and preventive measures against infectious diseases. Over the past decade, proteomic approaches have become prime contributors to the discovery and understanding of host–pathogen interactions that represent anti‐ and pro‐pathogenic cellular responses. Here, we review these proteomic methods and their application to studying viral and bacterial intracellular pathogens. We examine approaches for defining spatial and temporal host–pathogen protein interactions upon infection of a host cell. Further expanding the understanding of proteome organization during an infection, we discuss methods that characterize the regulation of host and pathogen proteomes through alterations in protein abundance, localization, and post‐translational modifications. Finally, we highlight bioinformatic tools available for analyzing such proteomic datasets, as well as novel strategies for integrating proteomics with other omic tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, to obtain a systems‐level understanding of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Jean Beltran
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joel D Federspiel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xinlei Sheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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32
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Shajahan A, Parashar S, Goswami S, Ahmed SM, Nagarajan P, Sampathkumar SG. Carbohydrate–Neuroactive Hybrid Strategy for Metabolic Glycan Engineering of the Central Nervous System in Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:693-700. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asif Shajahan
- Laboratory
of Chemical Glycobiology and ‡Experimental Animal Facility, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New
Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shubham Parashar
- Laboratory
of Chemical Glycobiology and ‡Experimental Animal Facility, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New
Delhi 110067, India
| | - Surbhi Goswami
- Laboratory
of Chemical Glycobiology and ‡Experimental Animal Facility, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New
Delhi 110067, India
| | - Syed Meheboob Ahmed
- Laboratory
of Chemical Glycobiology and ‡Experimental Animal Facility, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New
Delhi 110067, India
| | - Perumal Nagarajan
- Laboratory
of Chemical Glycobiology and ‡Experimental Animal Facility, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New
Delhi 110067, India
| | - Srinivasa-Gopalan Sampathkumar
- Laboratory
of Chemical Glycobiology and ‡Experimental Animal Facility, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New
Delhi 110067, India
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33
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Clark EL, Emmadi M, Krupp KL, Podilapu AR, Helble JD, Kulkarni SS, Dube DH. Development of Rare Bacterial Monosaccharide Analogs for Metabolic Glycan Labeling in Pathogenic Bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3365-3373. [PMID: 27766829 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial glycans contain rare, exclusively bacterial monosaccharides that are frequently linked to pathogenesis and essentially absent from human cells. Therefore, bacterial glycans are intriguing molecular targets. However, systematic discovery of bacterial glycoproteins is hampered by the presence of rare deoxy amino sugars, which are refractory to traditional glycan-binding reagents. Thus, the development of chemical tools that label bacterial glycans is a crucial step toward discovering and targeting these biomolecules. Here, we explore the extent to which metabolic glycan labeling facilitates the studying and targeting of glycoproteins in a range of pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial strains. We began with an azide-containing analog of the naturally abundant monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine and discovered that it is not broadly incorporated into bacterial glycans, thus revealing a need for additional azidosugar substrates to broaden the utility of metabolic glycan labeling in bacteria. Therefore, we designed and synthesized analogs of the rare deoxy amino d-sugars N-acetylfucosamine, bacillosamine, and 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxygalactose and established that these analogs are differentially incorporated into glycan-containing structures in a range of pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial species. Further application of these analogs will refine our knowledge of the glycan repertoire in diverse bacteria and may find utility in treating a variety of infectious diseases with selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Clark
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Madhu Emmadi
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Katharine L. Krupp
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Ananda R. Podilapu
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Jennifer D. Helble
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
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Abstract
Chemical tools have accelerated progress in glycoscience, reducing experimental barriers to studying protein glycosylation, the most widespread and complex form of posttranslational modification. For example, chemical glycoproteomics technologies have enabled the identification of specific glycosylation sites and glycan structures that modulate protein function in a number of biological processes. This field is now entering a stage of logarithmic growth, during which chemical innovations combined with mass spectrometry advances could make it possible to fully characterize the human glycoproteome. In this review, we describe the important role that chemical glycoproteomics methods are playing in such efforts. We summarize developments in four key areas: enrichment of glycoproteins and glycopeptides from complex mixtures, emphasizing methods that exploit unique chemical properties of glycans or introduce unnatural functional groups through metabolic labeling and chemoenzymatic tagging; identification of sites of protein glycosylation; targeted glycoproteomics; and functional glycoproteomics, with a focus on probing interactions between glycoproteins and glycan-binding proteins. Our goal with this survey is to provide a foundation on which continued technological advancements can be made to promote further explorations of protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan K. Palaniappan
- Verily Life Sciences, 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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35
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Bastos PAD, da Costa JP, Vitorino R. A glimpse into the modulation of post-translational modifications of human-colonizing bacteria. J Proteomics 2016; 152:254-275. [PMID: 27888141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are a key bacterial feature that holds the capability to modulate protein function and responses to environmental cues. Until recently, their role in the regulation of prokaryotic systems has been largely neglected. However, the latest developments in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have allowed an unparalleled identification and quantification of proteins and peptides that undergo PTMs in bacteria, including in species which directly or indirectly affect human health. Herein, we address this issue by carrying out the largest and most comprehensive global pooling and comparison of PTM peptides and proteins from bacterial species performed to date. Data was collected from 91 studies relating to PTM bacterial peptides or proteins identified by mass spectrometry-based methods. The present analysis revealed that there was a considerable overlap between PTMs across species, especially between acetylation and other PTMs, particularly succinylation. Phylogenetically closer species may present more overlapping phosphoproteomes, but environmental triggers also contribute to this proximity. PTMs among bacteria were found to be extremely versatile and diverse, meaning that the same protein may undergo a wide variety of different modifications across several species, but it could also suffer different modifications within the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo André Dias Bastos
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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36
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A novel mass spectrometric strategy "BEMAP" reveals Extensive O-linked protein glycosylation in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32016. [PMID: 27562176 PMCID: PMC5000012 DOI: 10.1038/srep32016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The attachment of sugars to proteins via side-chain oxygen atoms (O-linked glycosylation) is seen in all three domains of life. However, a lack of widely-applicable analytical tools has restricted the study of this process, particularly in bacteria. In E. coli, only four O-linked glycoproteins have previously been characterized. Here we present a glycoproteomics technique, termed BEMAP, which is based on the beta-elimination of O-linked glycans followed by Michael-addition of a phosphonic acid derivative, and subsequent titanium dioxide enrichment. This strategy allows site-specific mass-spectrometric identification of proteins with O-linked glycan modifications in a complex biological sample. Using BEMAP we identified cell surface-associated and membrane vesicle glycoproteins from Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and non-pathogenic E. coli K-12. We identified 618 glycosylated Serine and Threonine residues mapping to 140 proteins in ETEC, including several known virulence factors, and 34 in E. coli K-12. The two strains had 32 glycoproteins in common. Remarkably, the majority of the ETEC glycoproteins were conserved in both strains but nevertheless were only glycosylated in the pathogen. Therefore, bacterial O-linked glycosylation is much more extensive than previously thought, and is especially important to the pathogen.
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37
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Tytgat HLP, Schoofs G, Vanderleyden J, Van Damme EJM, Wattiez R, Lebeer S, Leroy B. Systematic Exploration of the Glycoproteome of the Beneficial Gut Isolate Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26:345-58. [PMID: 27463506 DOI: 10.1159/000447091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins form an interesting class of macromolecules involved in bacterial-host interactions, but they are not yet widely explored in Gram-positive and beneficial species. Here, an integrated and widely applicable approach was followed to identify putative bacterial glycoproteins, combining proteome fractionation with 2D protein and glycostained gels and lectin blots. This approach was validated for the microbiota isolate Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. The approach resulted in a list of putative glycosylated proteins receiving a 'glycosylation score'. Ultimately, we could identify 41 unique glycosylated proteins in L. rhamnosus GG (6 top-confidence, 10 high-confidence and 25 putative hits; classification based on glycosylation score). Most glycoproteins are associated with the cell wall and membrane. Identified glycoproteins include proteins involved in transport, translation, and sugar metabolism processes. A robust screening resulted in a comprehensive mapping of glycoproteins in L. rhamnosus GG. Our results reflect the glycosylation of sugar metabolism enzymes, transporters, and other proteins crucial for cell physiology. We hypothesize that protein glycosylation can confer an extra level of regulation, for example by affecting enzyme functions. This is the first systematic study of the glycoproteome of a probiotic and beneficial gut isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne L P Tytgat
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Abstract
There is an ongoing race between bacterial evolution and medical advances. Pathogens have the advantages of short generation times and horizontal gene transfer that enable rapid adaptation to new host environments and therapeutics that currently outpaces clinical research. Antibiotic resistance, the growing impact of nosocomial infections, cancer-causing bacteria, the risk of zoonosis, and the possibility of biowarfare all emphasize the increasingly urgent need for medical research focussed on bacterial pathogens. Bacterial glycoproteins are promising targets for alternative therapeutic intervention since they are often surface exposed, involved in host-pathogen interactions, required for virulence, and contain distinctive glycan structures. The potential exists to exploit these unique structures to improve clinical prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Translation of the potential in this field to actual clinical impact is an exciting prospect for fighting infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Fulton
- a Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Smith
- b Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry , Carleton University , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Susan M Twine
- a Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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39
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Zhu F, Wu H. Insights into bacterial protein glycosylation in human microbiota. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:11-8. [PMID: 26712033 PMCID: PMC5298937 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4980-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of human microbiota is an emerging research topic. The past efforts have mainly centered on studying the composition and genomic landscape of bacterial species within the targeted communities. The interaction between bacteria and hosts is the pivotal event in the initiation and progression of infectious diseases. There is a great need to identify and characterize the molecules that mediate the bacteria-host interaction. Bacterial surface exposed proteins play an important role in the bacteria- host interaction. Numerous surface proteins are glycosylated, and the glycosylation is crucial for their function in mediating the bacterial interaction with hosts. Here we present an overview of surface glycoproteins from bacteria that inhabit three major mucosal environments across human body: oral, gut and skin. We describe the important enzymes involved in the process of protein glycosylation, and discuss how the process impacts the bacteria-host interaction. Emerging molecular details underlying glycosylation of bacterial surface proteins may lead to new opportunities for designing anti-infective small molecules, and developing novel vaccines in order to treat or prevent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatric Dentistry, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatric Dentistry, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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40
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Ravikumar V, Jers C, Mijakovic I. Elucidating Host-Pathogen Interactions Based on Post-Translational Modifications Using Proteomics Approaches. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1313. [PMID: 26635773 PMCID: PMC4653285 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes with the capability to survive in the host tissue and efficiently subvert its innate immune responses can cause various health hazards. There is an inherent need to understand microbial infection patterns and mechanisms in order to develop efficient therapeutics. Microbial pathogens display host specificity through a complex network of molecular interactions that aid their survival and propagation. Co-infection states further lead to complications by increasing the microbial burden and risk factors. Quantitative proteomics based approaches and post-translational modification analysis can be efficiently applied to gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms involved. The measurement of the proteome and post-translationally modified proteome dynamics using mass spectrometry, results in a wide array of information, such as significant changes in protein expression, protein abundance, the modification status, the site occupancy level, interactors, functional significance of key players, potential drug targets, etc. This mini review discusses the potential of proteomics to investigate the involvement of post-translational modifications in bacterial pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Ravikumar
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carsten Jers
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden ; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark , Hørsholm, Denmark
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41
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Vallese F, Percudani R, Fischer W, Zanotti G. The crystal structure of Helicobacter pylori HP1029 highlights the functional diversity of the sialic acid-related DUF386 family. FEBS J 2015; 282:3311-22. [PMID: 26096900 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The proteins of the YhcH/YjgK/YiaL (DUF386) family have been implicated in the bacterial metabolism of host-derived sialic acids and biofilm formation, although their precise biochemical function remains enigmatic. We present here the crystal structure of protein HP1029 from Helicobacter pylori. The protein is a homodimer, in which each monomer comprises a molecular core formed by 12 antiparallel β-strands arranged in two β-sheets flanked by helices. The sandwich formed by the sheets assumes the shape of a funnel opened at one end, with a zinc ion present at the bottom of the funnel. The crystal structure unequivocally shows that HP1029 belongs to the DUF386 family. Although no bioinformatics evidence has been found for sialic acid catabolism in H. pylori, the genomic context of HP1029 in Helicobacter and related organisms suggests a possible role in the metabolism of bacterial surface saccharides, such as pseudaminic acid and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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42
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Identification of sialylated glycoproteins from metabolically oligosaccharide engineered pancreatic cells. Clin Proteomics 2015; 12:11. [PMID: 25987888 PMCID: PMC4434541 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-015-9083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the use of metabolic oligosaccharide engineering and bio-orthogonal ligation reactions combined with lectin microarray and mass spectrometry to analyze sialoglycoproteins in the SW1990 human pancreatic cancer line. Specifically, cells were treated with the azido N-acetylmannosamine analog, 1,3,4-Bu3ManNAz, to label sialoglycoproteins with azide-modified sialic acids. The metabolically labeled sialoglyproteins were then biotinylated via the Staudinger ligation, and sialoglycopeptides containing azido-sialic acid glycans were immobilized to a solid support. The peptides linked to metabolically labeled sialylated glycans were then released from sialoglycopeptides and analyzed by mass spectrometry; in parallel, the glycans from azido-sialoglycoproteins were characterized by lectin microarrays. This method identified 75 unique N-glycosite-containing peptides from 55 different metabolically labeled sialoglycoproteins of which 42 were previously linked to cancer in the literature. A comparison of two of these glycoproteins, LAMP1 and ORP150, in histological tumor samples showed overexpression of these proteins in the cancerous tissue demonstrating that our approach constitutes a viable strategy to identify and discover sialoglycoproteins associated with cancer, which can serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis or targets for therapy.
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43
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The sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:372-417. [PMID: 25184559 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.
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Whitworth GE, Imperiali B. Selective biochemical labeling of Campylobacter jejuni cell-surface glycoconjugates. Glycobiology 2015; 25:756-66. [PMID: 25761366 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The display of cell-surface glycolipids and glycoproteins is essential for the motility, adhesion and colonization of pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni. Recently, the cell-surface display of C. jejuni glycoconjugates has been the focus of considerable attention; however, our understanding of the roles that glycosylation plays in bacteria still pales in comparison with our understanding of mammalian glycosylation. One of the reasons for this is that carbohydrate metabolic labeling, a powerful tool for studying mammalian glycans, is difficult to establish in bacterial systems and has a significantly more limited scope. Herein, we report the development of an alternative strategy that can be used to study bacterial cell-surface glycoconjugates. Galactose oxidase (GalO) is used to generate an aldehyde at C-6 of terminal GalNAc residues of C. jejuni glycans. This newly generated aldehyde can be conjugated with aminooxy-functionalized purification tags or fluorophores. The label can be targeted towards specific glycoconjugates using C. jejuni mutant strains with N-glycan or lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS) assembly defects. GalO-catalyzed labeling of cell-surface glycoproteins with biotin, allowed for the purification and identification of known extracellular N-linked glycoproteins as well as a recently identified O-linked glycan modifying PorA. To expand the scope of the GalO reaction, live-cell fluorescent labeling of C. jejuni was used to compare the levels of surface-exposed LOS to the levels of N-glycosylated, cell-surface proteins. While this study focuses on the GalO-catalyzed labeling of C. jejuni, it can in principle be used to evaluate glycosylation patterns and identify glycoproteins of interest in any bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett E Whitworth
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Siegrist MS, Swarts BM, Fox DM, Lim SA, Bertozzi CR. Illumination of growth, division and secretion by metabolic labeling of the bacterial cell surface. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:184-202. [PMID: 25725012 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface is the essential interface between a bacterium and its surroundings. Composed primarily of molecules that are not directly genetically encoded, this highly dynamic structure accommodates the basic cellular processes of growth and division as well as the transport of molecules between the cytoplasm and the extracellular milieu. In this review, we describe aspects of bacterial growth, division and secretion that have recently been uncovered by metabolic labeling of the cell envelope. Metabolite derivatives can be used to label a variety of macromolecules, from proteins to non-genetically-encoded glycans and lipids. The embedded metabolite enables precise tracking in time and space, and the versatility of newer chemoselective detection methods offers the ability to execute multiple experiments concurrently. In addition to reviewing the discoveries enabled by metabolic labeling of the bacterial cell envelope, we also discuss the potential of these techniques for translational applications. Finally, we offer some guidelines for implementing this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Douglas M Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shion An Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Fleurbaaij F, van Leeuwen HC, Klychnikov OI, Kuijper EJ, Hensbergen PJ. Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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47
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Stewart JA, Wilson CJ, Swarts BM. Effect of Azide Position on the Rate of Azido Glucose–Cyclooctyne Cycloaddition. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2014.931963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tra VN, Dube DH. Glycans in pathogenic bacteria--potential for targeted covalent therapeutics and imaging agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4659-73. [PMID: 24647371 PMCID: PMC4049282 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00660g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A substantial obstacle to the existing treatment of bacterial diseases is the lack of specific probes that can be used to diagnose and treat pathogenic bacteria in a selective manner while leaving the microbiome largely intact. To tackle this problem, there is an urgent need to develop pathogen-specific therapeutics and diagnostics. Here, we describe recent evidence that indicates distinctive glycans found exclusively on pathogenic bacteria could form the basis of targeted therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. In particular, we highlight the use of metabolic oligosaccharide engineering to covalently deliver therapeutics and imaging agents to bacterial glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van N Tra
- Bowdoin College, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brunswick, Maine, USA.
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Morrison MJ, Imperiali B. The renaissance of bacillosamine and its derivatives: pathway characterization and implications in pathogenicity. Biochemistry 2014; 53:624-38. [PMID: 24383882 PMCID: PMC3951908 DOI: 10.1021/bi401546r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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Prokaryote-specific
sugars, including N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine
(diNAcBac) and pseudaminic
acid, have experienced a renaissance in the past decade because of
their discovery in glycans related to microbial pathogenicity. DiNAcBac
is found at the reducing end of oligosaccharides of N- and O-linked
bacterial protein glycosylation pathways of Gram-negative pathogens,
including Campylobacter jejuni and Neisseria
gonorrhoeae. Further derivatization of diNAcBac results in
the nonulosonic acid known as legionaminic acid, which was first characterized
in the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Legionella
pneumophila. Pseudaminic acid, an isomer of legionaminic
acid, is also important in pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter
pylori because of its occurrence in O-linked glycosylation
of flagellin proteins, which plays an important role in flagellar
assembly and motility. Here, we present recent advances in the characterization
of the biosynthetic pathways leading to these highly modified sugars
and investigation of the roles that each plays in bacterial fitness
and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Morrison
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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