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Kangi E, Brzostek ER, Bills RJ, Callister SJ, Zink EM, Kim YM, Larsen PE, Cumming JR. A multi-omic survey of black cottonwood tissues highlights coordinated transcriptomic and metabolomic mechanisms for plant adaptation to phosphorus deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1324608. [PMID: 38645387 PMCID: PMC11032019 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1324608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Phosphorus (P) deficiency in plants creates a variety of metabolic perturbations that decrease photosynthesis and growth. Phosphorus deficiency is especially challenging for the production of bioenergy feedstock plantation species, such as poplars (Populus spp.), where fertilization may not be practically or economically feasible. While the phenotypic effects of P deficiency are well known, the molecular mechanisms underlying whole-plant and tissue-specific responses to P deficiency, and in particular the responses of commercially valuable hardwoods, are less studied. Methods We used a multi-tissue and multi-omics approach using transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses of the leaves and roots of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) seedlings grown under P-deficient (5 µM P) and replete (100 µM P) conditions to assess this knowledge gap and to identify potential gene targets for selection for P efficiency. Results In comparison to seedlings grown at 100 µM P, P-deficient seedlings exhibited reduced dry biomass, altered chlorophyll fluorescence, and reduced tissue P concentrations. In line with these observations, growth, C metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways were downregulated in the transcriptome of the P-deficient plants. Additionally, we found evidence of strong lipid remodeling in the leaves. Metabolomic data showed that the roots of P-deficient plants had a greater relative abundance of phosphate ion, which may reflect extensive degradation of P-rich metabolites in plants exposed to long-term P-deficiency. With the notable exception of the KEGG pathway for Starch and Sucrose Metabolism (map00500), the responses of the transcriptome and the metabolome to P deficiency were consistent with one another. No significant changes in the proteome were detected in response to P deficiency. Discussion and conclusion Collectively, our multi-omic and multi-tissue approach enabled the identification of important metabolic and regulatory pathways regulated across tissues at the molecular level that will be important avenues to further evaluate for P efficiency. These included stress-mediating systems associated with reactive oxygen species maintenance, lipid remodeling within tissues, and systems involved in P scavenging from the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Kangi
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Edward R. Brzostek
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Robert J. Bills
- Biology Department, Willamette University, Salem, OR, United States
| | - Stephen J. Callister
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Erika M. Zink
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Peter E. Larsen
- Loyola Genomics Facility, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Cumming
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, United States
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Garg V, Kühn C. Subcellular dynamics and protein-protein interactions of plant sucrose transporters. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 273:153696. [PMID: 35472692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although extensively studied for their role in long distance transport, plant sucrose transporters are active not only in the phloem but throughout the plant body. Sucrose transporters of the SUT family were first described to be plasma membrane-resident proteins, but recent investigations revealed that subcellular dynamics of these transporters were part of complex regulatory mechanisms. The yeast two-hybrid split-ubiquitin system, tandem-affinity purification, and bimolecular-fluorescence complementation aided in identification of a complex network of SUT-interacting proteins that led to answers to many open questions. We found, for example, interacting proteins localized to other subcellular compartments. Although sucrose transporters were assumed to be localized mainly on the plasma membrane, and the tonoplast in the case of SUT4, the interaction partners were not exclusively predicted to be plasma membrane proteins, but belonged to the extracellular space (cell wall), intracellular vesicles, the ER, tonoplast, nuclei, and peroxisomes, among other cellular compartments. A subset of the SUT-interacting proteins localized exclusively to plasmodesmata. We conclude that (transient) protein-protein interactions of integral membrane proteins help to sequester SUTs to subcellular compartments, such as membrane microdomains, with specific functions to enable subcellular transport and cell-to-cell trafficking via plasmodesmata. Identification of SNARE proteins (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptors) and protein disulfide isomerases support the assumption that the protein-protein interaction plays an important role for the subcellular movement of sugar transporters. It becomes apparent that the interaction partners provide a substantial impact on how and where the transporter is localized or processed for either targeting to a specific cellular or extracellular location, or tagging for degradation or recycling. In this review, interacting proteins, as well as the role of oligomeric complex formation, post-translational modification, and stress responses are summarized for SUTs of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Garg
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology Department, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Kühn
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology Department, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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Perrot T, Pauly M, Ramírez V. Emerging Roles of β-Glucanases in Plant Development and Adaptative Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091119. [PMID: 35567119 PMCID: PMC9099982 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant β-glucanases are enzymes involved in the synthesis, remodelling and turnover of cell wall components during multiple physiological processes. Based on the type of the glycoside bond they cleave, plant β-glucanases have been grouped into three categories: (i) β-1,4-glucanases degrade cellulose and other polysaccharides containing 1,4-glycosidic bonds to remodel and disassemble the wall during cell growth. (ii) β-1,3-glucanases are responsible for the mobilization of callose, governing the symplastic trafficking through plasmodesmata. (iii) β-1,3-1,4-glucanases degrade mixed linkage glucan, a transient wall polysaccharide found in cereals, which is broken down to obtain energy during rapid seedling growth. In addition to their roles in the turnover of self-glucan structures, plant β-glucanases are crucial in regulating the outcome in symbiotic and hostile plant-microbe interactions by degrading non-self glucan structures. Plants use these enzymes to hydrolyse β-glucans found in the walls of microbes, not only by contributing to a local antimicrobial defence barrier, but also by generating signalling glucans triggering the activation of global responses. As a counterpart, microbes developed strategies to hijack plant β-glucanases to their advantage to successfully colonize plant tissues. This review outlines our current understanding on plant β-glucanases, with a particular focus on the latest advances on their roles in adaptative responses.
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4
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Mareri L, Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Cai G. Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Sucrose synthase from the Stem of Nettle ( Urtica dioica L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020851. [PMID: 33467001 PMCID: PMC7829918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose synthase is a key enzyme in sucrose metabolism as it saves an important part of sucrose energy in the uridine-5'-diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) molecule. As such it is also involved in the synthesis of fundamental molecules such as callose and cellulose, the latter being present in all cell walls of plant cells and therefore also in the gelatinous cell walls of sclerenchyma cells such as bast fibers. Given the importance of these cells in plants of economic interest such as hemp, flax and nettle, in this work we have studied the occurrence of Sucrose synthase in nettle stems by analyzing its distribution between the cytosol, membranes and cell wall. We have therefore developed a purification protocol that can allow the analysis of various characteristics of the enzyme. In nettle, Sucrose synthase is encoded by different genes and each form of the enzyme could be subjected to different post-translational modifications. Therefore, by two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis, we have also traced the phosphorylation profile of Sucrose synthase isoforms in the various cell compartments. This information paves the way for further investigation of Sucrose synthase in plants such as nettle, which is both economically important, but also difficult to study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Mareri
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-232856
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (G.G.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; (G.G.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy;
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Petrova N, Nazipova A, Gorshkov O, Mokshina N, Patova O, Gorshkova T. Gene Expression Patterns for Proteins With Lectin Domains in Flax Stem Tissues Are Related to Deposition of Distinct Cell Wall Types. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:634594. [PMID: 33995436 PMCID: PMC8121149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.634594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of higher plants encode a variety of proteins with lectin domains that are able to specifically recognize certain carbohydrates. Plants are enriched in a variety of potentially complementary glycans, many of which are located in the cell wall. We performed a genome-wide search for flax proteins with lectin domains and compared the expression of the encoding genes in different stem tissues that have distinct cell wall types with different sets of major polysaccharides. Over 400 genes encoding proteins with lectin domains that belong to different families were revealed in the flax genome; three quarters of these genes were expressed in stem tissues. Hierarchical clustering of the data for all expressed lectins grouped the analyzed samples according to their characteristic cell wall type. Most lectins differentially expressed in tissues with primary, secondary, and tertiary cell walls were predicted to localize at the plasma membrane or cell wall. These lectins were from different families and had various architectural types. Three out of four flax genes for proteins with jacalin-like domains were highly upregulated in bast fibers at the stage of tertiary cell wall deposition. The dynamic changes in transcript level of many genes for lectins from various families were detected in stem tissue over the course of gravitropic response induced by plant gravistimulation. The data obtained in this study indicate a large number of lectin-mediated events in plants and provide insight into the proteins that take part in tissue specialization and reaction to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alsu Nazipova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Natalia Mokshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga Patova
- Institute of Physiology, FRC Komi Science Centre of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
- *Correspondence: Tatyana Gorshkova,
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Väisänen E, Takahashi J, Obudulu O, Bygdell J, Karhunen P, Blokhina O, Laitinen T, Teeri TH, Wingsle G, Fagerstedt KV, Kärkönen A. Hunting monolignol transporters: membrane proteomics and biochemical transport assays with membrane vesicles of Norway spruce. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6379-6395. [PMID: 32777074 PMCID: PMC7586744 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Both the mechanisms of monolignol transport and the transported form of monolignols in developing xylem of trees are unknown. We tested the hypothesis of an active, plasma membrane-localized transport of monolignol monomers, dimers, and/or glucosidic forms with membrane vesicles prepared from developing xylem and lignin-forming tissue-cultured cells of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.), as well as from control materials, comprising non-lignifying Norway spruce phloem and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) BY-2 cells. Xylem and BY-2 vesicles transported both coniferin and p-coumaryl alcohol glucoside, but inhibitor assays suggested that this transport was through the tonoplast. Membrane vesicles prepared from lignin-forming spruce cells showed coniferin transport, but the Km value for coniferin was much higher than those of xylem and BY-2 cells. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of membrane proteins isolated from spruce developing xylem, phloem, and lignin-forming cultured cells revealed multiple transporters. These were compared with a transporter gene set obtained by a correlation analysis with a selected set of spruce monolignol biosynthesis genes. Biochemical membrane vesicle assays showed no support for ABC-transporter-mediated monolignol transport but point to a role for secondary active transporters (such as MFS or MATE transporters). In contrast, proteomic and co-expression analyses suggested a role for ABC transporters and MFS transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Väisänen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Junko Takahashi
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ogonna Obudulu
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bygdell
- Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pirkko Karhunen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olga Blokhina
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teresa Laitinen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gunnar Wingsle
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Fagerstedt
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kärkönen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Plant Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Khandal H, Singh AP, Chattopadhyay D. The MicroRNA397b -LACCASE2 Module Regulates Root Lignification under Water and Phosphate Deficiency. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1387-1403. [PMID: 31949029 PMCID: PMC7054887 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of water and phosphate induce lignin deposition in roots. LACCASEs, a family of cell wall-localized multicopper oxidases, are involved in lignin biosynthesis. We demonstrate here that LACCASE2 (LAC2) acts as a negative regulator of lignin deposition in root vascular tissues during water deficit. An Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transfer DNA insertion mutant of LAC2 displayed a short primary root and high lignin deposition in root vascular tissues. However, restoration of LAC2 expression rescued these phenotypes. LAC2 expression was significantly down-regulated under water deficit and posttranscriptionally regulated by microRNA397b (miR397b) in roots under normal and water-deficit conditions. Down-regulation of miR397b activity increased LAC2 expression and root length, and decreased lignin content in root vasculature. Similarly, phosphate (Pi) deficiency inversely affected miR397b and LAC2 expression. Lignin deposition in the root elongation zone under Pi-limited conditions was dependent on LAC2 expression. Localized iron accumulation and callose deposition in the root elongation zone under Pi deficiency increased with LAC2-dependent lignification, suggesting a direct relationship between these processes. Our study reveals a regulatory role for the miR397b-LAC2 module in root lignification during water and phosphate deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitaishi Khandal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amar Pal Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Debasis Chattopadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Oulehlová D, Kollárová E, Cifrová P, Pejchar P, Žárský V, Cvrčková F. Arabidopsis Class I Formin FH1 Relocates between Membrane Compartments during Root Cell Ontogeny and Associates with Plasmodesmata. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1855-1870. [PMID: 31135031 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Formins are evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic proteins engaged in actin nucleation and other aspects of cytoskeletal organization. Angiosperms have two formin clades with multiple paralogs; typical plant Class I formins are integral membrane proteins that can anchor cytoskeletal structures to membranes. For the main Arabidopsis housekeeping Class I formin, FH1 (At3g25500), plasmalemma localization was documented in heterologous expression and overexpression studies. We previously showed that loss of FH1 function increases cotyledon epidermal pavement cell shape complexity via modification of actin and microtubule organization and dynamics. Here, we employ transgenic Arabidopsis expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged FH1 (FH1-GFP) from its native promoter to investigate in vivo behavior of this formin using advanced microscopy techniques. The fusion protein is functional, since its expression complements the fh1 loss-of-function mutant phenotype. Accidental overexpression of FH1-GFP results in a decrease in trichome branch number, while fh1 mutation has the opposite effect, indicating a general role of this formin in controlling cell shape complexity. Consistent with previous reports, FH1-GFP associates with membranes. However, the protein exhibits surprising actin- and secretory pathway-dependent dynamic localization and relocates between cellular endomembranes and the plasmalemma during cell division and differentiation in root tissues, with transient tonoplast localization at the transition/elongation zones border. FH1-GFP also accumulates in actin-rich regions of cortical cytoplasm and associates with plasmodesmata in both the cotyledon epidermis and root tissues. Together with previous reports from metazoan systems, this suggests that formins might have a shared (ancestral or convergent) role at cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Oulehlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, CZ 128 43, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the CAS, Prague 6, CZ 165 02, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kollárová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, CZ 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, CZ 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, CZ 128 43, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the CAS, Prague 6, CZ 165 02, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, CZ 128 43, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the CAS, Prague 6, CZ 165 02, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, CZ 128 43, Czech Republic
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Sa G, Yao J, Deng C, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Zhang Y, Ma X, Zhao R, Lin S, Lu C, Polle A, Chen S. Amelioration of nitrate uptake under salt stress by ectomycorrhiza with and without a Hartig net. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1951-1964. [PMID: 30756398 PMCID: PMC6594093 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is an important environmental cue impeding poplar nitrogen nutrition. Here, we characterized the impact of salinity on proton-driven nitrate fluxes in ectomycorrhizal roots and the importance of a Hartig net for nitrate uptake. We employed two Paxillus involutus strains for root colonization: MAJ, which forms typical ectomycorrhizal structures (mantle and Hartig net), and NAU, colonizing roots with a thin, loose hyphal sheath. Fungus-colonized and noncolonized Populus × canescens were exposed to sodium chloride and used to measure root surface pH, nitrate (NO3- ) flux and transcription of NO3- transporters (NRTs; PcNRT1.1, -1.2, -2.1), and plasmalemma proton ATPases (HAs; PcHA4, -8, -11). Paxillus colonization enhanced root NO3- uptake, decreased surface pH, and stimulated NRTs and HA4 of the host regardless the presence or absence of a Hartig net. Under salt stress, noncolonized roots exhibited strong net NO3- efflux, whereas beneficial effects of fungal colonization on surface pH and HAs prevented NO3- loss. Inhibition of HAs abolished NO3- influx under all conditions. We found that stimulation of HAs was crucial for the beneficial influence of ectomycorrhiza on NO3- uptake, whereas the presence of a Hartig net was not required for improved NO3- translocation. Mycorrhizas may contribute to host adaptation to salt-affected environments by keeping up NO3- nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Sa
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop SciencesGansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou730070China
| | - Jun Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
| | - Chen Deng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
| | - Jian Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
| | - Zhimei Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
| | - Xujun Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
- Urat Desert‐Grassland Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of ScienceLanzhou730000China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
| | - Shanzhi Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
| | - Cunfu Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
- Forest Botany and Tree PhysiologyUniversity of GoettingenGöttingen37077Germany
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBox 162Beijing100083China
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Zhang X, Dominguez PG, Kumar M, Bygdell J, Miroshnichenko S, Sundberg B, Wingsle G, Niittylä T. Cellulose Synthase Stoichiometry in Aspen Differs from Arabidopsis and Norway Spruce. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1096-1107. [PMID: 29760198 PMCID: PMC6053019 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) containing cellulose synthases (CESAs). Genetic analysis and CESA isoform quantification indicate that cellulose in the secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is synthesized by isoforms CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8 in equimolar amounts. Here, we used quantitative proteomics to investigate whether the CSC model based on Arabidopsis secondary cell wall CESA stoichiometry can be applied to the angiosperm tree aspen (Populus tremula) and the gymnosperm tree Norway spruce (Picea abies). In the developing xylem of aspen, the secondary cell wall CESA stoichiometry was 3:2:1 for PtCESA8a/b:PtCESA4:PtCESA7a/b, while in Norway spruce, the stoichiometry was 1:1:1, as observed previously in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, in aspen tension wood, the secondary cell wall CESA stoichiometry changed to 8:3:1 for PtCESA8a/b:PtCESA4:PtCESA7a/b. PtCESA8b represented 73% of the total secondary cell wall CESA pool, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of CESA transcripts in cryosectioned tension wood revealed increased PtCESA8b expression during the formation of the cellulose-enriched gelatinous layer, while the transcripts of PtCESA4, PtCESA7a/b, and PtCESA8a decreased. A wide-angle x-ray scattering analysis showed that the shift in CESA stoichiometry in tension wood coincided with an increase in crystalline cellulose microfibril diameter, suggesting that the CSC CESA composition influences microfibril properties. The aspen CESA stoichiometry results raise the possibility of alternative CSC models and suggest that homomeric PtCESA8b complexes are responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in the gelatinous layer in tension wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Zhang
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Pia Guadalupe Dominguez
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83 Umea, Sweden
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Joakim Bygdell
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Sergey Miroshnichenko
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Wingsle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83 Umea, Sweden
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11
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Takeuchi M, Kegasa T, Watanabe A, Tamura M, Tsutsumi Y. Expression analysis of transporter genes for screening candidate monolignol transporters using Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspensions during tracheary element differentiation. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:297-305. [PMID: 28921082 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of monolignol transportation from the cytosol to the apoplast is still unclear despite being an essential step of lignification. Recently, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters were suggested to be involved in monolignol transport. However, there are no reliable clues to the transporters of the major lignin monomers coniferyl and synapyl alcohol. In this study, the lignification progress of Arabidopsis cultured cells during tracheary element differentiation was monitored. The expression of selected transporter genes, as well as lignification and cell-wall formation related genes as references, in differentiating cultured cell samples harvested at 2-day intervals was analyzed by real-time PCR and the data were statistically processed. The cell wall formation transcription factor MYB46, programmed-cell death related gene XCP1 and lignin polymerization peroxidase AtPrx25 were classified into the same cluster. Furthermore, the cluster closest to the abovementioned cluster contained the lignin synthesis transcription factor MYB58 and the Arabidopsis ABC transporters ABCG11, ABCG22, ABCG36 and ABCG29. This result suggested that these four ABC transporters may be involved in lignification. In the expression analysis, unexpectedly, the lignification-related genes CAD5 and C4H were not included in the same cluster as MYB58 and AtPrx25. The expression data also suggested that the lignification of tracheary elements in the culture, where lignification ratio finally reached to around 40%, continued after cell death because lignification actively progressed after programmed cell death-related gene started to be expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Takeuchi
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kegasa
- Department of Bioresource and Bioenvironment, School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Miho Tamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuji Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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12
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Obudulu O, Bygdell J, Sundberg B, Moritz T, Hvidsten TR, Trygg J, Wingsle G. Quantitative proteomics reveals protein profiles underlying major transitions in aspen wood development. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:119. [PMID: 26887814 PMCID: PMC4758094 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wood development is of outstanding interest both to basic research and industry due to the associated cellulose and lignin biomass production. Efforts to elucidate wood formation (which is essential for numerous aspects of both pure and applied plant science) have been made using transcriptomic analyses and/or low-resolution sampling. However, transcriptomic data do not correlate perfectly with levels of expressed proteins due to effects of post-translational modifications and variations in turnover rates. In addition, high-resolution analysis is needed to characterize key transitions. In order to identify protein profiles across the developmental region of wood formation, an in-depth and tissue specific sampling was performed. Results We examined protein profiles, using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry system, in high-resolution tangential sections spanning all wood development zones in Populus tremula from undifferentiated cambium to mature phloem and xylem, including cell expansion and cell death zones. In total, we analyzed 482 sections, 20–160 μm thick, from four 47-year-old trees growing wild in Sweden. We obtained high quality expression profiles for 3,082 proteins exhibiting consistency across the replicates, considering that the trees were growing in an uncontrolled environment. A combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures (OPLS) modeling and an enhanced stepwise linear modeling approach identified several major transitions in global protein expression profiles, pinpointing (for example) locations of the cambial division leading to phloem and xylem cells, and secondary cell wall formation zones. We also identified key proteins and associated pathways underlying these developmental landmarks. For example, many of the lignocellulosic related proteins were upregulated in the expansion to the early developmental xylem zone, and for laccases with a rapid decrease in early xylem zones. We observed upregulation of two forms of xylem cysteine protease (Potri.002G005700.1 and Potri.005G256000.2; Pt-XCP2.1) in early xylem and their downregulation in late maturing xylem. Our data also show that Pt-KOR1.3 (Potri.003G151700.2) exhibits an expression pattern that supports the hypothesis put forward in previous studies that this is a key xyloglucanase involved in cellulose biosynthesis in primary cell walls and reduction of cellulose crystallinity in secondary walls. Conclusion Our novel multivariate approach highlights important processes and provides confirmatory insights into the molecular foundations of wood development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2458-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogonna Obudulu
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden. .,Computational life science cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Bygdell
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Computational life science cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Computational life science cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Johan Trygg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Computational life science cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Wingsle
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden.
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13
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Chen S, Luo Y, Ding G, Xu F. Comparative analysis of Brassica napus plasma membrane proteins under phosphorus deficiency using label-free and MaxQuant-based proteomics approaches. J Proteomics 2015; 133:144-152. [PMID: 26746009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a primary constraint for plant growth in terrestrial ecosystems. To better understand the genotypic differences in the adaptation mechanism of Brassica napus to P deficiency, we purified the plasma membrane (PM) from the roots of two genotypes: P-efficient "Eyou Changjia" and P-inefficient "B104-2". Combining label-free quantitative proteomics with the MaxQuant approach, a total of 71 proteins that significantly changed in abundances were identified in the two genotypes in response to P-free starvation, including 31 in "Eyou Changjia" and 40 in "B104-2". Based on comparative genomics study, 28 proteins were mapped to the confidence intervals of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for P efficiency related traits. Seven decreased proteins with transporter activity were found to be located in the PM by subcellular localization analyses. These proteins involved in intracellular protein transport and ATP hydrolysis coupled proton transport were mapped to the QTL for P content and dry weight. Compared with "B104-2", more decreased proteins referring to transporter activity were found in "Eyou Changjia", showing that substance exchange was decreased in response to short-term P-free starvation. Together with the finding, more decreased proteins functioning in signal transduction and protein synthesis/degradation suggested that "Eyou Changjia" could slow the progression of growth and save more P in response to short-term P-free starvation. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE P deficiency seriously limits the production and quality of B. napus. Roots absorb water and nutrients and anchor the plant in the soil. Therefore, to study root PM proteome under P stress would be helpful to understand the adaptation mechanism for P deficiency. However, PM proteome analysis in B. napus has been seldom reported due to the high hydrophobicity and low abundance of PM. Thus, we herein investigated the PM proteome alteration of roots in two B. napus genotypes, with different P deficient tolerances, in response to P-free starvation. The present study offers new insights and novel information for better understanding the adaptative response to P deficiency in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuisen Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, and Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ying Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, and Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guangda Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, and Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, and Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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14
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Sen S, Agrawal C, Mishra Y, Rai S, Chatterjee A, Yadav S, Singh S, Rai LC. Exploring the membrane proteome of the diazotropic cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC7120 through gel-based proteomics and in silico approaches. J Proteomics 2015. [PMID: 26210591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This paper focuses on the gel-based membrane proteomics from diazotrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC7120 by modifying the protocol of Hall et al. [1]. The bioinformatic analysis revealed that 59 (29 integral, 30 peripheral) of the 67 proteins identified were membrane proteins. Of the 29 integral proteins, except Alr0834, the remaining 28 contained 1-12 transmembrane helices. Sixteen integral proteins harboring signal peptides (Sec/TAT/LipoP) suggest that protein targeting in Anabaena involves both sec-dependent and sec-independent pathways. While majority of photosynthesis and respiration proteins (21 of 24) were confined to broad pH gradient the hypothetical and unknown (12 of 13), and cell envelope proteins (3 of 3) preferred the narrow pH range. Of the 5 transporters and binding proteins, Na(+)/H(+)-exchanging protein and Alr2372 were present in broad, pstS1 and cmpD in narrow and cmpA was common to both pH ranges. The distribution of proteins across pH gradient, thus clearly indicates the functional and structural diversity in membrane proteome of Anabaena. It requires mention that protochlorophyllide oxido-reductase, Na(+)/H(+)-exchanging protein, All1355, Alr2055, Alr3514, Alr2903 and Alr2751 were new entries to the 2DE membrane protein profile of Anabaena. This study demonstrates suitability of the modified protocol for the study of membrane protein from filamentous cyanobacteria. SIGNIFICANCE Anabaena sp. PCC7120 is used as a model organism due to its agriculture significance as biofertilizer, close resemblance with higher plant chloroplast and availability of full genome sequence. Although cytosolic proteome has been explored a lot membrane proteins are still understudied as they are notoriously difficult to display using 2-D technology. Identification and characterization of these proteins is therefore required to elucidate and understand cellular mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to develop a protocol suitable for membrane protein extraction from Anabaena. Additionally, by homology comparison or domain assignment a possible function could be ascribed to novel uncharacterized proteins which will serve as a useful reference for further detailed studies of membrane system in filamentous cyanobacteria. Resolution of membrane proteins ranging from least (single transmembrane helix) to highly hydrophobic (several transmembrane helices) one on 2D gels recommends the gel based approach for identification of membrane proteomics from filamentous cyanobacteria. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sen
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Chhavi Agrawal
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Yogesh Mishra
- Department of Botany, Punjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Shweta Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Antra Chatterjee
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shivam Yadav
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - L C Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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15
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Glass M, Barkwill S, Unda F, Mansfield SD. Endo-β-1,4-glucanases impact plant cell wall development by influencing cellulose crystallization. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:396-410. [PMID: 25756224 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are vital to the normal growth and development of plants as they protect the protoplast and provide rigidity to the stem. Here, two poplar and Arabidopsis orthologous endoglucanases, which have been proposed to play a role in secondary cell wall development, were examined. The class B endoglucanases, PtGH9B5 and AtGH9B5, are secreted enzymes that have a predicted glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, while the class C endoglucanases, PtGH9C2 and AtGH9C2, are also predicted to be secreted but instead contain a carbohydrate-binding module. The poplar endoglucanases were expressed in Arabidopsis using both a 35S promoter and the Arabidopsis secondary cell wall-specific CesA8 promoter. Additionally, Arabidopsis t-DNA insertion lines and an RNAi construct was created to downregulate AtGH9C2 in Arabidopsis. All of the plant lines were examined for changes in cell morphology and patterning, growth and development, cell wall crystallinity, microfibril angle, and proportion of cell wall carbohydrates. Misregulation of PtGH9B5/AtGH9B5 resulted in changes in xylose content, while misregulation of PtGH9C2/AtGH9C2 resulted in changes in crystallinity, which was inversely correlated with changes in plant height and rosette diameter. Together, these results suggest that these endoglucanases affect secondary cell wall development by contributing to the cell wall crystallization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Glass
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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16
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Liu CJ, Cai Y, Zhang X, Gou M, Yang H. Tailoring lignin biosynthesis for efficient and sustainable biofuel production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1154-62. [PMID: 25209835 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased global interest in a bio-based economy has reinvigorated the research on the cell wall structure and composition in plants. In particular, the study of plant lignification has become a central focus, with respect to its intractability and negative impact on the utilization of the cell wall biomass for producing biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Striking progress has been achieved in the last few years both on our fundamental understanding of lignin biosynthesis, deposition and assembly, and on the interplay of lignin synthesis with the plant growth and development. With the knowledge gleaned from basic studies, researchers are now able to invent and develop elegant biotechnological strategies to sophisticatedly manipulate the quantity and structure of lignin and thus to create economically viable bioenergy feedstocks. These concerted efforts open an avenue for the commercial production of cost-competitive biofuel to meet our energy needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Liu
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven Nation Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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17
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Kärkönen A, Meisrimler CN, Takahashi J, Väisänen E, Laitinen T, Jiménez Barboza LA, Holmström S, Salonvaara S, Wienkoop S, Fagerstedt KV, Lüthje S. Isolation of cellular membranes from lignin-producing tissues of Norway spruce and analysis of redox enzymes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:599-616. [PMID: 24730578 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There are no earlier reports with successful isolation of plasma membranes from lignin-forming tissues of conifers. A method to isolate cellular membranes from extracellular lignin-producing tissue-cultured cells and developing xylem of Norway spruce was optimized. Modifications to the homogenization buffer were needed to obtain membranes from these phenolics-rich tissues. Membranes were separated by aqueous polymer two-phase partitioning. Chlorophyll a determination, marker enzyme assays and western blot analyses using antibodies for each membrane type showed that mitochondrial, chloroplastic and to a certain extent also ER and Golgi membranes were efficiently diminished from the upper phase, but tonoplast and plasma membranes distributed evenly between the upper and lower phases. Redox enzymes present in the partially purified membrane fractions were assayed in order to reveal the origin of H(2)O(2) needed for lignification. The membranes of spruce contained enzymes able to generate superoxide in the presence of NAD(P)H. Besides members of the flavodoxin and flavodoxin-like family proteins, cytochrome b5, cytochrome P450 and several stress responsive proteins were identified by nitroblue tetrazolium staining of isoelectric focusing gels and by mass spectrometry. Naphthoquinones juglone and menadione increased superoxide production in activity-stained gels. Some juglone-activated enzymes were preferentially using NADH. With NADH, menadione activated only some of the enzymes that juglone did, whereas with NADPH the activation patterns were identical. Duroquinone, a benzoquinone, did not affect superoxide production. Superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and an acidic class III peroxidase isoenzyme were detected in partially purified spruce membranes. The possible locations and functions of these enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kärkönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Lopez D, Venisse JS, Fumanal B, Chaumont F, Guillot E, Daniels MJ, Cochard H, Julien JL, Gousset-Dupont A. Aquaporins and leaf hydraulics: poplar sheds new light. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1963-1975. [PMID: 24058149 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To help understand leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) modulation under high irradiance, well-watered poplars (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray ex Hook and Populus nigra L.) were studied diurnally at molecular and ecophysiological scales. Transcriptional and translational modulations of plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) aquaporins were evaluated in leaf samples during diurnal time courses. Among the 15 poplar PIP genes, a subset of two PIP1s and seven PIP2s are precociously induced within the first hour of the photoperiod concomitantly with a Kleaf increase. Since expression patterns were cyclic and reproducible over several days, we hypothesized that endogenous signals could be involved in PIP transcriptional regulation. To address this question, plants were submitted to forced darkness during their subjective photoperiod and compared with their control counterparts, which showed that some PIP1s and PIP2s have circadian regulation while others did not. Promoter analysis revealed that a large number of hormone, light, stress response and circadian elements are present. Finally, involvement of aquaporins is supported by the reduction of Kleaf by HgCl2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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19
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Huang TK, Han CL, Lin SI, Chen YJ, Tsai YC, Chen YR, Chen JW, Lin WY, Chen PM, Liu TY, Chen YS, Sun CM, Chiou TJ. Identification of downstream components of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme PHOSPHATE2 by quantitative membrane proteomics in Arabidopsis roots. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4044-60. [PMID: 24122829 PMCID: PMC3877800 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA399-mediated regulation of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC24/phosphate2 (PHO2) is crucial for Pi acquisition and translocation in plants. Because of a potential role for PHO2 in protein degradation and its association with membranes, an iTRAQ (for isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation)- based quantitative membrane proteomic method was employed to search for components downstream of PHO2. A total of 7491 proteins were identified from Arabidopsis thaliana roots by mass spectrometry, 35.2% of which were predicted to contain at least one transmembrane helix. Among the quantifiable proteins, five were significantly differentially expressed between the wild type and pho2 mutant under two growth conditions. Using immunoblot analysis, we validated the upregulation of several members in phosphate transporter1 (PHT1) family and phosphate transporter traffic facilitator1 (PHF1) in pho2 and demonstrated that PHO2 mediates the degradation of PHT1 proteins. Genetic evidence that loss of PHF1 or PHT1;1 alleviated Pi toxicity in pho2 further suggests that they play roles as downstream components of PHO2. Moreover, we showed that PHO2 interacts with PHT1s in the postendoplasmic reticulum compartments and mediates the ubiquitination of endomembrane-localized PHT1;1. This study not only uncovers a mechanism by which PHO2 modulates Pi acquisition by regulating the abundance of PHT1s in the secretory pathway destined for plasma membranes, but also provides a database of the membrane proteome that will be widely applicable in root biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Kuei Huang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shu-I Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Tsai
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - June-Wei Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Mien Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yin Liu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shin Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Sun
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Address correspondence to
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20
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Srivastava V, Malm E, Sundqvist G, Bulone V. Quantitative proteomics reveals that plasma membrane microdomains from poplar cell suspension cultures are enriched in markers of signal transduction, molecular transport, and callose biosynthesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3874-85. [PMID: 24051156 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) is a highly dynamic interface that contains detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs). The aim of this work was to determine the main functions of such microdomains in poplar through a proteomic analysis using gel-based and solution (iTRAQ) approaches. A total of 80 proteins from a limited number of functional classes were found to be significantly enriched in DRM relative to PM. The enriched proteins are markers of signal transduction, molecular transport at the PM, or cell wall biosynthesis. Their intrinsic properties are presented and discussed together with the biological significance of their enrichment in DRM. Of particular importance is the significant and specific enrichment of several callose [(1 → 3)-β-glucan] synthase isoforms, whose catalytic activity represents a final response to stress, leading to the deposition of callose plugs at the surface of the PM. An integrated functional model that connects all DRM-enriched proteins identified is proposed. This report is the only quantitative analysis available to date of the protein composition of membrane microdomains from a tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Bernfur K, Larsson O, Larsson C, Gustavsson N. Relative abundance of integral plasma membrane proteins in Arabidopsis leaf and root tissue determined by metabolic labeling and mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71206. [PMID: 23990937 PMCID: PMC3747180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic labeling of proteins with a stable isotope (15N) in intact Arabidopsis plants was used for accurate determination by mass spectrometry of differences in protein abundance between plasma membranes isolated from leaves and roots. In total, 703 proteins were identified, of which 188 were predicted to be integral membrane proteins. Major classes were transporters, receptors, proteins involved in membrane trafficking and cell wall-related proteins. Forty-one of the integral proteins, including nine of the 13 isoforms of the PIP (plasma membrane intrinsic protein) aquaporin subfamily, could be identified by peptides unique to these proteins, which made it possible to determine their relative abundance in leaf and root tissue. In addition, peptides shared between isoforms gave information on the proportions of these isoforms. A comparison between our data for protein levels and corresponding data for mRNA levels in the widely used database Genevestigator showed an agreement for only about two thirds of the proteins. By contrast, localization data available in the literature for 21 of the 41 proteins show a much better agreement with our data, in particular data based on immunostaining of proteins and GUS-staining of promoter activity. Thus, although mRNA levels may provide a useful approximation for protein levels, detection and quantification of isoform-specific peptides by proteomics should generate the most reliable data for the proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Bernfur
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Olaf Larsson
- Mutation Analysis Facility, Clinical Research Centre, Novum, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Larsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Vanholme R, Cesarino I, Rataj K, Xiao Y, Sundin L, Goeminne G, Kim H, Cross J, Morreel K, Araujo P, Welsh L, Haustraete J, McClellan C, Vanholme B, Ralph J, Simpson GG, Halpin C, Boerjan W. Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) is an enzyme in the lignin biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis. Science 2013; 341:1103-6. [PMID: 23950498 DOI: 10.1126/science.1241602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a major component of plant secondary cell walls. Here we describe caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) as an enzyme central to the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Arabidopsis thaliana cse mutants deposit less lignin than do wild-type plants, and the remaining lignin is enriched in p-hydroxyphenyl units. Phenolic metabolite profiling identified accumulation of the lignin pathway intermediate caffeoyl shikimate in cse mutants as compared to caffeoyl shikimate levels in the wild type, suggesting caffeoyl shikimate as a substrate for CSE. Accordingly, recombinant CSE hydrolyzed caffeoyl shikimate into caffeate. Associated with the changes in lignin, the conversion of cellulose to glucose in cse mutants increased up to fourfold as compared to that in the wild type upon saccharification without pretreatment. Collectively, these data necessitate the revision of currently accepted models of the lignin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology), Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Zhang Z, Voothuluru P, Yamaguchi M, Sharp RE, Peck SC. Developmental distribution of the plasma membrane-enriched proteome in the maize primary root growth zone. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:33. [PMID: 23508561 PMCID: PMC3589600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Within the growth zone of the maize primary root, there are well-defined patterns of spatial and temporal organization of cell division and elongation. However, the processes underlying this organization remain poorly understood. To gain additional insights into the differences amongst the defined regions, we performed a proteomic analysis focusing on fractions enriched for plasma membrane (PM) proteins. The PM is the interface between the plant cell and the apoplast and/or extracellular space. As such, it is a key structure involved in the exchange of nutrients and other molecules as well as in the integration of signals that regulate growth and development. Despite the important functions of PM-localized proteins in mediating these processes, a full understanding of dynamic changes in PM proteomes is often impeded by low relative concentrations relative to total proteins. Using a relatively simple strategy of treating microsomal fractions with Brij-58 detergent to enrich for PM proteins, we compared the developmental distribution of proteins within the root growth zone which revealed a number of previously known as well as novel proteins with interesting patterns of abundance. For instance, the quantitative proteomic analysis detected a gradient of PM aquaporin proteins similar to that previously reported using immunoblot analyses, confirming the veracity of this strategy. Cellulose synthases increased in abundance with increasing distance from the root apex, consistent with expected locations of cell wall deposition. The similar distribution pattern for Brittle-stalk-2-like protein implicates that this protein may also have cell wall related functions. These results show that the simplified PM enrichment method previously demonstrated in Arabidopsis can be successfully applied to completely unrelated plant tissues and provide insights into differences in the PM proteome throughout growth and development zones of the maize primary root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Priyamvada Voothuluru
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Mineo Yamaguchi
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Robert E. Sharp
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Scott C. Peck
- Division of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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24
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Hopff D, Wienkoop S, Lüthje S. The plasma membrane proteome of maize roots grown under low and high iron conditions. J Proteomics 2013; 91:605-18. [PMID: 23353019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) homeostasis is essential for life and has been intensively investigated for dicots, while our knowledge for species in the Poaceae is fragmentary. This study presents the first proteome analysis (LC-MS/MS) of plasma membranes isolated from roots of 18-day old maize (Zea mays L.). Plants were grown under low and high Fe conditions in hydroponic culture. In total, 227 proteins were identified in control plants, whereas 204 proteins were identified in Fe deficient plants and 251 proteins in plants grown under high Fe conditions. Proteins were sorted by functional classes, and most of the identified proteins were classified as signaling proteins. A significant number of PM-bound redox proteins could be identified including quinone reductases, heme and copper-containing proteins. Most of these components were constitutive, and others could hint at an involvement of redox signaling and redox homeostasis by change in abundance. Energy metabolism and translation seem to be crucial in Fe homeostasis. The response to Fe deficiency includes proteins involved in development, whereas membrane remodeling and assembly and/or repair of Fe-S clusters is discussed for Fe toxicity. The general stress response appears to involve proteins related to oxidative stress, growth regulation, an increased rigidity and synthesis of cell walls and adaption of nutrient uptake and/or translocation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hopff
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, Plant Physiology, Ohnhorststraße 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
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25
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Chincinska I, Gier K, Krügel U, Liesche J, He H, Grimm B, Harren FJM, Cristescu SM, Kühn C. Photoperiodic regulation of the sucrose transporter StSUT4 affects the expression of circadian-regulated genes and ethylene production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:26. [PMID: 23429841 PMCID: PMC3576705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Several recent publications reported different subcellular localization of the sucrose transporters belonging to the SUT4 subfamily. The physiological function of the SUT4 sucrose transporters requires clarification, because down-regulation of the members of the SUT4 clade had different effects in rice, poplar, and potato. Here, we provide new data for the localization and function of the Solanaceous StSUT4 protein, further elucidating involvement in the onset of flowering, tuberization and in the shade avoidance syndrome of potato plants. Induction of an early flowering and a tuberization in the SUT4-inhibited potato plants correlates with increased sucrose export from leaves and increased sucrose and starch accumulation in terminal sink organs, such as developing tubers. SUT4 affects expression of the enzymes involved in gibberellin and ethylene biosynthesis, as well as the rate of ethylene biosynthesis in potato. In the SUT4-inhibited plants, the ethylene production no longer follows a diurnal rhythm. Thus it was concluded that StSUT4 controls circadian gene expression, potentially by regulating sucrose export from leaves. Furthermore, SUT4 expression affects clock-regulated genes such as StFT, StSOC1, and StCO, which might be also involved in a photoperiod-dependent tuberization. A model is proposed in which StSUT4 controls a phloem-mobile signaling molecule generated in leaves, which together with enhanced sucrose export affects developmental switches in apical meristems. SUT4 seems to link photoreceptor-perceived information about the light quality and day length with phytohormone biosynthesis and the expression of circadian-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Chincinska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Konstanze Gier
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Undine Krügel
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Liesche
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Hongxia He
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Frans J. M. Harren
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christina Kühn
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christina Kühn, Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany. e-mail:
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26
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Liu CJ. Deciphering the enigma of lignification: precursor transport, oxidation, and the topochemistry of lignin assembly. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:304-17. [PMID: 22307199 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant lignification is a tightly regulated complex cellular process that occurs via three sequential steps: the synthesis of monolignols within the cytosol; the transport of monomeric precursors across plasma membrane; and the oxidative polymerization of monolignols to form lignin macromolecules within the cell wall. Although we have a reasonable understanding of monolignol biosynthesis, many aspects of lignin assembly remain elusive. These include the precursors' transport and oxidation, and the initiation of lignin polymerization. This review describes our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying monolignol transport and oxidation, discusses the intriguing yet least-understood aspects of lignin assembly, and highlights the technologies potentially aiding in clarifying the enigma of plant lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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27
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Harfouche A, Meilan R, Kirst M, Morgante M, Boerjan W, Sabatti M, Scarascia Mugnozza G. Accelerating the domestication of forest trees in a changing world. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:64-72. [PMID: 22209522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In light of impending water and arable land shortages, population growth and climate change, it is more important than ever to examine how forest tree domestication can be accelerated to sustainably meet future demands for wood, biomass, paper, fuel and biomaterials. Because of long breeding cycles, tree domestication cannot be rapidly achieved through traditional genetic improvement methods alone. Integrating modern genetic and genomic techniques with conventional breeding will expedite tree domestication. Breeders will only embrace these technologies if they are cost-effective and readily accessible, and forest landowners will only adopt end-products that meet with regulatory approval and public acceptance. All parties involved must work together to achieve these objectives for the benefit of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Harfouche
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo 01100, Italy.
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28
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Abstract
This account gives a brief overview of various directions in current solar fuels research. On that basis, the necessity for an interdisciplinary approach is argued, and an institutional way for promoting this development is presented using the example of the Chemistry Biology Centre (KBC) at Umeå University in Sweden.
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29
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Abraham P, Adams R, Giannone RJ, Kalluri U, Ranjan P, Erickson B, Shah M, Tuskan GA, Hettich RL. Defining the boundaries and characterizing the landscape of functional genome expression in vascular tissues of Populus using shotgun proteomics. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:449-60. [PMID: 22003893 DOI: 10.1021/pr200851y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Current state-of-the-art experimental and computational proteomic approaches were integrated to obtain a comprehensive protein profile of Populus vascular tissue. This featured: (1) a large sample set consisting of two genotypes grown under normal and tension stress conditions, (2) bioinformatics clustering to effectively handle gene duplication, and (3) an informatics approach to track and identify single amino acid polymorphisms (SAAPs). By applying a clustering algorithm to the Populus database, the number of protein entries decreased from 64,689 proteins to a total of 43,069 protein groups, thereby reducing 7505 identified proteins to a total of 4226 protein groups, in which 2016 were singletons. This reduction implies that ∼50% of the measured proteins shared extensive sequence homology. Using conservative search criteria, we were able to identify 1354 peptides containing a SAAP and 201 peptides that become tryptic due to a K or R substitution. These newly identified peptides correspond to 502 proteins, including 97 previously unidentified proteins. In total, the integration of deep proteome measurements on an extensive sample set with protein clustering and peptide sequence variants provided an exceptional level of proteome characterization for Populus, allowing us to spatially resolve the vascular tissue proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Abraham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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30
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Brill E, van Thournout M, White RG, Llewellyn D, Campbell PM, Engelen S, Ruan YL, Arioli T, Furbank RT. A novel isoform of sucrose synthase is targeted to the cell wall during secondary cell wall synthesis in cotton fiber. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:40-54. [PMID: 21757635 PMCID: PMC3165887 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.178574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose (Suc) synthase (Sus) is the major enzyme of Suc breakdown for cellulose biosynthesis in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fiber, an important source of fiber for the textile industry. This study examines the tissue-specific expression, relative abundance, and temporal expression of various Sus transcripts and proteins present in cotton. A novel isoform of Sus (SusC) is identified that is expressed at high levels during secondary cell wall synthesis in fiber and is present in the cell wall fraction. The phylogenetic relationships of the deduced amino acid sequences indicate two ancestral groups of Sus proteins predating the divergence of monocots and dicots and that SusC sequences form a distinct branch in the phylogeny within the dicot-specific clade. The subcellular location of the Sus isoforms is determined, and it is proposed that cell wall-localized SusC may provide UDP-glucose for cellulose and callose synthesis from extracellular sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert T. Furbank
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (E.B., R.G.W., D.L., Y.-L.R., R.T.F.); Bayer BioScience, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (M.v.T., S.E.); Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (P.M.C.); School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia (Y.-L.R.); Bayer CropScience, Lubbock, Texas 79423 (T.A.)
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31
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Vertommen A, Møller A, Cordewener J, Swennen R, Panis B, Finnie C, America A, Carpentier S. A workflow for peptide-based proteomics in a poorly sequenced plant: A case study on the plasma membrane proteome of banana. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1218-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Paez-Valencia J, Patron-Soberano A, Rodriguez-Leviz A, Sanchez-Lares J, Sanchez-Gomez C, Valencia-Mayoral P, Diaz-Rosas G, Gaxiola R. Plasma membrane localization of the type I H(+)-PPase AVP1 in sieve element-companion cell complexes from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:23-30. [PMID: 21600394 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous literature has shown the presence of a plasma membrane (PM) localized type I H(+)-PPase in sieve elements of Ricinus communis. Unfortunately, the physiological relevance of these findings remains obscure due to the lack of genetic and molecular reagents to study R. communis. The availability of H(+)-PPase gain and loss-of-function mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana makes this plant an attractive genetic model to address the question, but data on the PM localization of this H(+)-PPase in A. thaliana are limited to two proteomic approaches. Here we present the first report on the localization of the type I H(+)-PPase AVP1 in sieve element-companion cell complexes (SE-CCc) from A. thaliana. Double epifluorescence and immunogold labeling experiments are consistent with the co-localization of AVP1 and PIP1 (a bona fide PM maker) in PM of SE-CCc from A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Paez-Valencia
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA
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33
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Matros A, Kaspar S, Witzel K, Mock HP. Recent progress in liquid chromatography-based separation and label-free quantitative plant proteomics. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:963-74. [PMID: 21176926 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent innovations in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based methods have facilitated quantitative and functional proteomic analyses of large numbers of proteins derived from complex samples without any need for protein or peptide labelling. Regardless of its great potential, the application of these proteomics techniques to plant science started only recently. Here we present an overview of label-free quantitative proteomics features and their employment for analysing plants. Recent methods used for quantitative protein analyses by MS techniques are summarized and major challenges associated with label-free LC-MS-based approaches, including sample preparation, peptide separation, quantification and kinetic studies, are discussed. Database search algorithms and specific aspects regarding protein identification of non-sequenced organisms are also addressed. So far, label-free LC-MS in plant science has been used to establish cellular or subcellular proteome maps, characterize plant-pathogen interactions or stress defence reactions, and for profiling protein patterns during developmental processes. Improvements in both, analytical platforms (separation technology and bioinformatics/statistical analysis) and high throughput nucleotide sequencing technologies will enhance the power of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matros
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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34
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Abril N, Gion JM, Kerner R, Müller-Starck G, Cerrillo RMN, Plomion C, Renaut J, Valledor L, Jorrin-Novo JV. Proteomics research on forest trees, the most recalcitrant and orphan plant species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1219-42. [PMID: 21353265 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of proteomics to the knowledge of forest tree (the most recalcitrant and almost forgotten plant species) biology is being reviewed and discussed, based on the author's own research work and papers published up to November 2010. This review is organized in four introductory sections starting with the definition of forest trees (1), the description of the environmental and economic importance (2) and its derived current priorities and research lines for breeding and conservation (3) including forest tree genomics (4). These precede the main body of this review: a general overview to proteomics (5) for introducing the forest tree proteomics section (6). Proteomics, defined as scientific discipline or experimental approach, it will be discussed both from a conceptual and methodological point of view, commenting on realities, challenges and limitations. Proteomics research in woody plants is limited to a reduced number of genera, including Pinus, Picea, Populus, Eucalyptus, and Fagus, mainly using first-generation approaches, e.g., those based on two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. This area joins the own limitations of the technique and the difficulty and recalcitrance of the plant species as an experimental system. Furthermore, it contributes to a deeper knowledge of some biological processes, namely growth, development, organogenesis, and responses to stresses, as it is also used in the characterization and cataloguing of natural populations and biodiversity (proteotyping) and in assisting breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Abril
- Dpt. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ed. Severo Ochoa, Cordoba, Spain
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35
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Kota U, Goshe MB. Advances in qualitative and quantitative plant membrane proteomics. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1040-60. [PMID: 21367437 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The membrane proteome consists of integral and membrane-associated proteins that are involved in various physiological and biochemical functions critical for cellular function. It is also dynamic in nature, where many proteins are only expressed during certain developmental stages or in response to environmental stress. These proteins can undergo post-translational modifications in response to these different conditions, allowing them to transiently associate with the membrane or other membrane proteins. Along with their increased size, hydrophobicity, and the additional organelle and cellular features of plant cells relative to mammalian systems, the characterization of the plant membrane proteome presents unique challenges for effective qualitative and quantitative analysis using mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Here, we present the latest advancements developed for the isolation and fractionation of plant organelles and their membrane components amenable to MS analysis. Separations of membrane proteins from these enriched preparations that have proven effective are discussed for both gel- and liquid chromatography-based MS analysis. In this context, quantitative membrane proteomic analyses using both isotope-coded and label-free approaches are presented and reveal the potential to establish a wider-biological interpretation of the function of plant membrane proteins that will ultimately lead to a more comprehensive understanding of plant physiology and their response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Kota
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7622, USA
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36
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Salavati A, . AT, . AAS, . AA, . PAD, . MO, . SR. Comprehensive Expression Analysis of Time-dependent Responses of Mitochondrial Proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Root Cells to Infection with Rhizobium etli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jps.2011.155.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Ayre BG. Membrane-transport systems for sucrose in relation to whole-plant carbon partitioning. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:377-94. [PMID: 21502663 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is the principal product of photosynthesis used for the distribution of assimilated carbon in plants. Transport mechanisms and efficiency influence photosynthetic productivity by relieving product inhibition and contribute to plant vigor by controlling source/sink relationships and biomass partitioning. Sucrose is synthesized in the cytoplasm and may move cell to cell through plasmodesmata or may cross membranes to be compartmentalized or exported to the apoplasm for uptake into adjacent cells. As a relatively large polar compound, sucrose requires proteins to facilitate efficient membrane transport. Transport across the tonoplast by facilitated diffusion, antiport with protons, and symport with protons have been proposed; for transport across plasma membranes, symport with protons and a mechanism resembling facilitated diffusion are evident. Despite decades of research, only symport with protons is well established at the molecular level. This review aims to integrate recent and older studies on sucrose flux across membranes with principles of whole-plant carbon partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Ayre
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, Texas, USA.
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38
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Song D, Xi W, Shen J, Bi T, Li L. Characterization of the plasma membrane proteins and receptor-like kinases associated with secondary vascular differentiation in poplar. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 76:97-115. [PMID: 21431780 PMCID: PMC3097347 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The constituents of plasma membrane proteins, particularly the integral membrane proteins, are closely associated with the differentiation of plant cells. Secondary vascular differentiation, which gives rise to the increase in plant stem diameter, is the key process by which the volume of the plant body grows. However, little is known about the plasma membrane proteins that specifically function in the vascular differentiation process. Proteomic analysis of the membrane proteins in poplar differentiating secondary vascular tissues led to the identification 226 integral proteins in differentiating xylem and phloem tissues. A majority of the integral proteins identified were receptors (55 proteins), transporters (34 proteins), cell wall formation related (27 proteins) or intracellular trafficking (17 proteins) proteins. Gene expression analysis in developing vascular cells further demonstrated that cambium differentiation involves the expression of a group of receptor kinases which mediate an array of signaling pathways during secondary vascular differentiation. This paper provides an outline of the protein composition of the plasma membrane in differentiating secondary vascular tissues and sheds light on the role of receptor kinases during secondary vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Song
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wang Xi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Junhui Shen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ting Bi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Laigeng Li
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Payyavula RS, Tay KHC, Tsai CJ, Harding SA. The sucrose transporter family in Populus: the importance of a tonoplast PtaSUT4 to biomass and carbon partitioning. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:757-70. [PMID: 21261761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane, proton-coupled Group II sucrose symporters (SUT) mediate apoplastic phloem loading and sucrose efflux from source leaves in Arabidopsis and agricultural crop species that have been studied to date. We now report that the most abundantly expressed SUT isoform in Populus tremula×alba, PtaSUT4, is a tonoplast (Group IV) symporter. PtaSUT4 transcripts were readily detected in conducting as well as mesophyll cells in stems and source leaves. In comparison, Group II orthologs PtaSUT1 and PtaSUT3 were very weakly expressed in leaves. Both Group II and Group IV SUT genes were expressed in secondary stem xylem of Populus. Transgenic poplars with RNAi-suppressed PtaSUT4 exhibited increased leaf-to-stem biomass ratios, elevated sucrose content in source leaves and stems, and altered phenylpropanoid metabolism. Transcript abundance of several carbohydrate-active enzymes and phenylalanine ammonia-lyases was also altered in transgenic source leaves. Nitrogen-limitation led to a down-regulation of vacuolar invertases in all plants, which resulted in an augmentation of sucrose pooling and hexose depletion in source leaves and secondary xylem of the transgenic plants. These results are consistent with a major role for PtaSUT4 in orchestrating the intracellular partitioning, and consequently, the efflux of sucrose from source leaves and the utilization of sucrose by lateral and terminal sinks. Our findings also support the idea that PtaSUT4 modulates sucrose efflux and utilization in concert with plant N-status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja S Payyavula
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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40
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Vertommen A, Panis B, Swennen R, Carpentier SC. Challenges and solutions for the identification of membrane proteins in non-model plants. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1165-81. [PMID: 21354347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The workhorse for proteomics in non-model plants is classical two-dimensional electrophoresis, a combination of iso-electric focusing and SDS-PAGE. However, membrane proteins with multiple membrane spanning domains are hardly detected on classical 2-DE gels because of their low abundance and poor solubility in aqueous media. In the current review, solutions that have been proposed to handle these two problems in non-model plants are discussed. An overview of alternative techniques developed for membrane proteomics is provided together with a comparison of their strong and weak points. Subsequently, strengths and weaknesses of the different techniques and methods to evaluate the identification of membrane proteins are discussed. Finally, an overview of recent plant membrane proteome studies is provided with the used separation technique and the number of identified membrane proteins listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vertommen
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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41
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Sequestration and transport of lignin monomeric precursors. Molecules 2011; 16:710-27. [PMID: 21245806 PMCID: PMC6259261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant terrestrial biopolymer after cellulose. It is essential for the viability of vascular plants. Lignin precursors, the monolignols, are synthesized within the cytosol of the cell. Thereafter, these monomeric precursors are exported into the cell wall, where they are polymerized and integrated into the wall matrix. Accordingly, transport of monolignols across cell membranes is a critical step affecting deposition of lignin in the secondarily thickened cell wall. While the biosynthesis of monolignols is relatively well understood, our knowledge of sequestration and transport of these monomers is sketchy. In this article, we review different hypotheses on monolignol transport and summarize the recent progresses toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying monolignol sequestration and transport across membranes. Deciphering molecular mechanisms for lignin precursor transport will support a better biotechnological solution to manipulate plant lignification for more efficient agricultural and industrial applications of cell wall biomass.
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42
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ATP-binding cassette-like transporters are involved in the transport of lignin precursors across plasma and vacuolar membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22728-33. [PMID: 21149736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007747108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a complex biopolymer derived primarily from the condensation of three monomeric precursors, the monolignols. The synthesis of monolignols occurs in the cytoplasm. To reach the cell wall where they are oxidized and polymerized, they must be transported across the cell membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the transport process are unclear. There are conflicting views about whether the transport of these precursors occurs by passive diffusion or is an energized active process; further, we know little about what chemical forms are required. Using isolated plasma and vacuolar membrane vesicles prepared from Arabidopsis, together with applying different transporter inhibitors in the assays, we examined the uptake of monolignols and their derivatives by these native membrane vesicles. We demonstrate that the transport of lignin precursors across plasmalemma and their sequestration into vacuoles are ATP-dependent primary-transport processes, involving ATP-binding cassette-like transporters. Moreover, we show that both plasma and vacuolar membrane vesicles selectively transport different forms of lignin precursors. In the presence of ATP, the inverted plasma membrane vesicles preferentially take up monolignol aglycones, whereas the vacuolar vesicles are more specific for glucoconjugates, suggesting that the different ATP-binding cassette-like transporters recognize different chemical forms in conveying them to distinct sites, and that glucosylation of monolignols is necessary for their vacuolar storage but not required for direct transport into the cell wall in Arabidopsis.
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Mast S, Peng L, Jordan TW, Flint H, Phillips L, Donaldson L, Strabala TJ, Wagner A. Proteomic analysis of membrane preparations from developing Pinus radiata compression wood. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:1456-1468. [PMID: 21030408 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For coniferous gymnosperms, few data exist as to the contribution of the membrane-associated proteome to cell wall and wood formation. In this study, we begin to address this knowledge deficiency by examining the proteomic profile of Golgi-enriched membrane preparations derived from developing Pinus radiata compression wood. These membrane preparations were generated by a combination of discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation and Triton X-114-based phase separation. Fractionation by phase separation removed contaminating proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and enabled the discrimination between soluble and membrane-bound/integral proteins. The proteomic analysis of the resulting aqueous and detergent phases using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of 175 proteins. The majority of the identified proteins were membrane bound/integral and originated from cellular components such as the nucleus, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and Golgi vesicles. On the basis of bioinformatic analysis, many of the identified proteins were predicted to be involved either in the regulation of wood formation or in cell wall biosynthesis, which indicated that the proteomic analysis of non-cytosolic proteins in developing xylem is a useful strategy to investigate the molecular aspects of wood formation in pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mast
- Center for BIodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zeland
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