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Klein A, Radespiel U, Springer A, Rakotondravony R, Strube C. Temporal dynamics in gastrointestinal helminth infections of sympatric mouse lemur species ( Microcebus murinus and Microcebus ravelobensis) in Northwestern Madagascar. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 25:100972. [PMID: 39228687 PMCID: PMC11369387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Madagascar's lemur populations are declining in dwindling habitats due to anthropogenic expansion and changing climatic conditions. Gastrointestinal parasites can be important indicators to assess the health status of threatened species. However, parasites, hosts and the environment are connected in complex interactions. The present study aimed to disentangle the impact of seasonal and several host-specific factors (sex, species, age, reproductive status, and body mass) on endoparasitism in two small-bodied, co-occurring lemur species (Microcebus murinus and Microcebus ravelobensis) in the Ankarafantsika National Park. Helminth prevalence and egg shedding intensity was investigated via copromicroscopic examination of 810 fecal samples that were obtained from 178 individuals across an 11-month period with a longitudinal approach via repeated captures in a 30.6 ha forest area. Both mouse lemur hosts shed seven morphologically distinct egg types (assigned to Subulura baeri, unidentified Enterobiinae, Spirura sp., Lemuricola sp., two Hymenolepididae spp., one unidentified ascarid). Postmortem examination of two deceased individuals enabled assignment of adult worms to egg morphotypes of S. baeri, Spirura sp. and one Hymenolepididae sp., supported by molecular analysis. A significant seasonal variation was observed in the occurrence of the three most common helminth species S. baeri (total prevalence 71%), unidentified Enterobiinae (46%) and Spirura sp. (38%), with a higher likelihood of infection with advancing dry season. Neither host species, sex nor reproductive status had a significant effect on gastrointestinal helminth infections. Host body mass showed pronounced seasonal changes but did not differ significantly between infected and non-infected individuals. The pathogenic effects of gastrointestinal helminths therefore likely remained within compensable limits in the studied mouse lemur populations. Our findings highlight the prominent influence of seasonal changes on helminth communities. The results of combined morphologic and genetic approaches can furthermore help to overcome limitations of parasite identification via copromicroscopy by linking egg morphology to DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Klein
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Romule Rakotondravony
- Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels (EDEN), University of Mahajanga, 5 Rue Georges V - Immeuble KAKAL, Mahajanga Be, B.P. 652, Mahajanga, 401, Madagascar
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l’Environnement, University of Mahajanga, Campus Universitaire Ambondrona, B.P. 652, Mahajanga, 401, Madagascar
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Shohana NN, Dey AR, Rony SA, Akter S, Karmakar BC, Alam MZ. Comparison of the first time detected Oesophagostomum asperum with Oesophagostomum columbianum in sheep and goats in Bangladesh based on the trinity: Morphology, morphometry and genetic diversity. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103980. [PMID: 38500816 PMCID: PMC10945262 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Oesophagostomum spp. (Family: Chabertiidae) is keeping a low profile in terms of severity in Bangladesh while maintaining economic loss through disguise within sheep and goats. The study was performed to identify prevalence, confirmation of species through morphology and morphometry followed by phylogeny using ITS2 and COX1 genes. In total 384 slaughterhouse-sourced small and large intestines were pooled from Mymensingh, Kishoreganj, Netrokona, Sherpur and Tangail districts of Mymensingh division. Followed by isolation, O. columbianum and O. asperum were identified following their key morphological features. Notably, O. asperum was first time detected in Bangladesh. The overall prevalence of Oesophagostomum spp. was found 60.93%. The prevalence of O. columbianum (64.95%) was almost double than that of O. asperum (35.04%). Among several characters, only the distance between anus to tail tip showed a significant morphological disparity in female. The Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenic trees based on ITS2 and COX1 genes confirmed the study species. The first time identified O. asperum along with morphometry and phylogeny will add value to the fact that nematodes are invisibly present with high prevalence in this country. This study will help to draw specific attention to command a practical control strategy for intervening in economic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Nowrin Shohana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Anita Rani Dey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Aqter Rony
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shirin Akter
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Bimal Chandra Karmakar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Zahangir Alam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
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Mohamed SAA, Dyab AK, Raya-Álvarez E, Abdel-Aziz FM, Osman F, Gareh A, Farag AMM, Salman D, El-Khadragy MF, Bravo-Barriga D, Agil A, Elmahallawy EK. Molecular identification of Haemonchus contortus in sheep from Upper Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1327424. [PMID: 38410120 PMCID: PMC10894989 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1327424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Haemonchus spp. are considered the most important strongylid nematodes with a worldwide distribution. The parasite's blood-sucking nature can lead to severe anemia in infected animals. Despite its widespread impact, there is a dearth of comprehensive data on morphological and molecular identification methods for Haemonchus spp. in sheep from Upper Egypt. To address this gap, our current study aimed to assess the prevalence of Haemonchus spp. in 400 sheep fecal samples. Methods We employed microscopic examination and molecular techniques, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 18S gene for precise identification. Additionally, the potential risk factors associated with the infection by the parasite in sheep were explored. Results The study pointed out that 33.00% (132 of 400) of the examined sheep were infected with Haemonchus spp. Sheep age and seasonal variability were found to be significant factors (p < 0.05) associated with the infection. Notably, sheep under 2 years old exhibited a higher risk, with an infection rate of 43.75% (84 out of 192), than their older counterparts. Furthermore, all reported infections were exclusively observed during the cold season, constituting 58.93% (132 out of 224) of cases. By contrast, no statistically significant association (p > 0.05) was found between the sex of the examined sheep and the occurrence of haemonchosis. Employing molecular methods, we isolated and identified the parasite through PCR analysis of cultured larvae, which were then subsequently confirmed as Haemonchus contortus via phylogenetic analysis. Discussion The study concluded that there was a relatively high occurrence of H. contortus among sheep from Upper Egypt. We recommend the implementation of stringent and effective control measures to combat the infection and safeguard livestock health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdel-Aal Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kamal Dyab
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Enrique Raya-Álvarez
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Av. de la Investigación, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Fathy Osman
- Department of Parasitology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Gareh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa M M Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa Salman
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Manal F El-Khadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ahmad Agil
- Department of Pharmacology, Biohealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada) and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Pafčo B, Nosková E, Ilík V, Anettová L, Červená B, Kreisinger J, Pšenková I, Václavek P, Vyhlídalová T, Ježková J, Malát K, Mihalca AD, Modrý D. First insight into strongylid nematode diversity and anthelmintic treatment effectiveness in beef cattle in the Czech Republic explored by HTS metagenomics. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100961. [PMID: 38199682 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases and mitigation of their effects play an important role in the health management of grazing livestock worldwide, with gastrointestinal strongylid nematodes being of prominent importance. These helminths typically occur in complex communities, often composed of species from numerous strongylid genera. Detecting the full diversity of strongylid species in non-invasively collected faecal samples is nearly impossible using conventional methods. In contrast, high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTS) can effectively identify co-occurring species. During the four-year project, we collected and analysed faecal samples from beef cattle on >120 farms throughout the Czech Republic. Strongylids were the predominant nematodes, detected in 56% of the samples, but at a low level of infection. The apparent limitations in identifying strongylid taxa prompted this pilot study on a representative group of samples testing positive for strongylids using ITS-2 metabarcoding. The most widespread genera parasitizing Czech cattle were Ostertagia (O. ostertagi) and Oesophagostomum spp., followed by Trichostrongylus and Cooperia, while Bunostomum, Nematodirus and Chabertia were present only in a minority. As comparative material, 21 samples of cattle from the Danube Delta in Romania were used, which, in contrast, were dominated by Haemonchus placei. Finally, the effect of ivermectin treatment was tested at two Czech farms. After treatment with the anthelmintic, there was a shift in the strongylid communities, with a dominance of Cooperia and Ostertagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pafčo
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Nosková
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Ilík
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Anettová
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kreisinger
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Pšenková
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Václavek
- State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Rantířovská 93/20, 586 01 Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vyhlídalová
- State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Rantířovská 93/20, 586 01 Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ježková
- State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Rantířovská 93/20, 586 01 Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Malát
- Czech Beef Breeders Association, Těšnov 65/17, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrei D Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Yan X, He S, Liu Y, Han B, Zhang N, Deng H, Wang Y, Liu M. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of gastrointestinal nematodes in different populations of Kazakh sheep. Exp Parasitol 2023; 254:108625. [PMID: 37769836 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in sheep has been recognized globally as a major problem challenging animal health and production. The objective of this study is to use a molecular diagnosis of the prevalence for gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) dominant species of Kazakh sheep and its hybrid (Kazakh × Texel). The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) sequences of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were used as the target sequence. In the study, three dominant species of nematodes, namely Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., and Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta from the Kazakh sheep and the F1 and F2 generations of Texel × Kazakh sheep hybrids were subjected to molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis. The fecal and single larva genomic DNA were extracted and amplified by PCR using specific primers to determine the infection rate of the three nematode species. In addition, the PCR products were sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics methods to construct a phylogenetic tree. The results showed that all the three species had their ITS-2 specific amplified. According to the sequence homology analysis of PCR products, the results showed a high homology (above 98.5% homology) with H. contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., T. circumcincta ITS-2 sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the ITS-2 sequences of the three species were on the same branch as the ITS-2 sequences of the same species in NCBI. And on different branches from those of the ITS-2 sequences of different families, genera and species. Sequences carried out on three species from different samples showed a close relationship and little genetic difference in phylogenetic tree. The infection rates based on fecal DNA were 35.59, 25.55, and 11.24% for H. contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., and T. circumcincta, respectively. While the infection rates based on larva DNA, were 24.07, 18.89, and 13.26% for H. contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., and T. circumcincta, respectively. The seasonal prevalence of the three dominant species in spring was significantly higher than that in autumn and winter. And there was no significant difference between Kazakh, F1 and F2 sheep considering the infection rate of the studied three species of nematodes. This study provides valuable molecular approaches for epidemiological surveillance and for assisting in the control of Nematodirus infection in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Sangang He
- Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Genetic Breeding and Reproduction of Herbivorous Livestock of Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Yiyong Liu
- Animal Husbandry, Terminus of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Yining, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Genetic Breeding and Reproduction of Herbivorous Livestock of Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Genetic Breeding and Reproduction of Herbivorous Livestock of Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Haifeng Deng
- Zhaosu Horse Farm, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Zhaosu, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Mingjun Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Genetic Breeding and Reproduction of Herbivorous Livestock of Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China.
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Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of the Mitochondrial Genome of the Takin Lungworm Varestrongylus eleguneniensis (Strongylida: Protostrongylidae). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113597. [PMID: 36362384 PMCID: PMC9658269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The takin lungworm Varestrongylus eleguneniensis (Strongylida: Protostrongylidae) causes lethal bronchopneumonia and represents severe threats to captive and wild populations. However, until now there has been very limited information available concerning the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary biology of V. eleguneniensis. Mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) can provide resources for investigations in these areas and, therefore, can assist with the surveillance and control of this lungworm. Herein, the complete mtDNA of V. eleguneniensis was sequenced and characterized with Illumina pipeline analyses. This circular genome (13,625 bp) encoded twelve protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNAs, and twenty-two tRNAs, with notable levels of AT and GC skews. Comparative genomics revealed a purifying selection among PCGs, with cox1 and nad6 having the lowest and the highest evolutionary rate, respectively. Genome-wide phylogenies showed a close relationship between V. eleguneniensis and Protostrongylus rufescens in Strongylida. Single gene (PCGs or rRNAs)-based phylogenies indicated that cox1 and nad5 genes shared the same family-level topology with that inferred from genomic datasets, suggesting that both genes could be suitable genetic markers for evolutionary and phylogenetic studies of Strongylida species. This was the first mtDNA of any member of the genus Varestrongylus, and its comprehensive molecular characterization represents a new resource for systematic, population genetic and evolutionary biological studies of Varestrongylus lungworms in wildlife.
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Hosseinnezhad H, Sharifdini M, Ashrafi K, Atrkar Roushan Z, Mirjalali H, Rahmati B. Trichostrongyloid nematodes in ruminants of northern Iran: prevalence and molecular analysis. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:371. [PMID: 34863161 PMCID: PMC8642945 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and analyze the molecular characteristics based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 region of the ribosomal RNA (RNA) gene of trichostrongylid nematodes in different ruminants from Guilan province, northern of Iran. METHODS The gastrointestinal tracts of 144 ruminants including 72 cattle, 59 sheep, and 13 goats were collected from an abattoir in Guilan province during July to September 2018. After isolation the helminths, male specimens were identified based on morphological parameters. PCR and partial sequencing of the ITS2 fragment were conducted. After phylogenetic analysis, the intraspecific and interspecific differences were calculated. RESULTS The prevalence of total infections with the nematodes was 38.9, 74.6 and 84.6% among cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. Eleven species of trichostrongylid nematodes including Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Ostertagia trifurcata, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Marshallagia occidentalis, O. lyrata, O. ostertagi, and Cooperia punctate were recovered from the ruminants. The most prevalent trichostrongyloid nematodes in cattle, sheep and goats were O. ostertagi (26.4%), M. marshalli (64.4%) and T. circumcincta (69.2%), respectively. Phylogenetic tree was discriminative for Trichostrongylidae family, while phylogenetic analysis of the ITS2 gene represented low variations and no species identification of Haemonchidae and Cooperiidae families. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests the high prevalence and species diversity of trichostrongyloid nematodes in different ruminants, indicating the importance of implement antiparasitic strategies in north regions of Iran. As well, this study showed that the ITS2 fragment is not a discriminative marker for Haemonchidae and Cooperiidae families, and investigation of other genetic markers such as mitochondrial genes would be more valuable for better understanding of their phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedayat Hosseinnezhad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Meysam Sharifdini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Keyhan Ashrafi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Atrkar Roushan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Rahmati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Wyrobisz-Papiewska A, Kowal J, Łopieńska-Biernat E, Nosal P, Polak I, Paukszto Ł, Rehbein S. Morphometric and Molecular Analyses of Ostertagia leptospicularis Assadov, 1953 from Ruminants: Species Diversity or Host Influence? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010182. [PMID: 33466738 PMCID: PMC7829921 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathogenic nematode Ostertagia leptospicularis, as the sole member of the subfamily Ostertagiinae, occurs in both cervid and bovid host species. The broad host specificity of this parasite draws special attention and requires a more in-depth investigation. This study was carried out to find out whether the differences in the nematode morphology were only due to the host influence, or whether genetic differences should be taken into account. To resolve this issue, the classification of O. leptospicularis was raised and discussed based on its host specificity, as well as morphological and genetic characteristics. A combined morphological–molecular approach was used to compare specimens resembling O. leptospicularis collected from naturally infected hosts of various ruminant species (roe deer, red deer, fallow deer, and cattle). Both morphological and molecular analyses highlighted the distinctiveness of O. leptospicularis collected from cattle in Germany, and therefore should now be considered to be a different strain that those collected form cervids in central Europe. Abstract Ostertagia leptospicularis Assadov, 1953 was formally described in roe deer Capreolus capreolus and has been reported in a wide range of ruminants, including other Cervidae, as well as Bovidae. Nematode specimens derived from various host species exhibit morphological similarity; however, some differences can be observed. It is unclear if this is due to the differential reaction of one nematode species in different host species (i.e., host-induced changes) or because of distinct nematode species in these hosts (i.e., species complex). This paper focuses on specimens resembling O. leptospicularis f. leptospicularis and its closely related species (Ostertagia ostertagi f. ostertagi) collected from various hosts. Morphometric and molecular techniques were applied to assess host-induced changes in nematode morphology and to clarify its systematic classification. There was an overall effect of host species on measurements of nematodes resembling O. leptospicularis (both males and females), but the distinctiveness of the specimens from cattle Bos taurus were highlighted. The results obtained may suggest that the specimens of O. leptospicularis from cattle in Germany and cervids in central Europe belong to different strains. Furthermore, nematodes from the cervid strain appear to circulate within particular host species, which can be seen in the stated morphological variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wyrobisz-Papiewska
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza av. 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jerzy Kowal
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza av. 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-917 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.Ł.-B.); (I.P.)
| | - Paweł Nosal
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza av. 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Iwona Polak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-917 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.Ł.-B.); (I.P.)
| | - Łukasz Paukszto
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany;
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Sukee T, Beveridge I, Sabir AJ, Jabbar A. Phylogenetic Relationships within the Nematode Subfamily Phascolostrongylinae (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from Australian Macropodid and Vombatid Marsupials. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010009. [PMID: 33375095 PMCID: PMC7822168 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The strongyloid nematode subfamily Phascolostrongylinae comprises parasites of the large intestine and stomach of Australian macropods and wombats. In this study, we tested the phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the Phascolostrongylinae using the first and second internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Monophyly was encountered in the tribe Phascolostrongylinea comprising two genera, Phascolostrongylus and Oesophagostomoides, found exclusively in the large intestine of wombats. The tribe Hypodontinea, represented by the genera Hypodontus and Macropicola from the ileum and large intestine of macropods, was also found to be monophyletic. The tribe Macropostrongyloidinea, comprising the genera Macropostrongyloides and Paramacropostrongylus, was paraphyletic with the species occurring in the stomach grouping separately from those found in the large intestines of their hosts. However, Macropostrongyloidesdissimilis from the stomach of the swamp wallaby and Paramacropostrongylus toraliformis from the large intestine of the eastern grey kangaroo were distinct from their respective congeners. This study provided strong support for the generic composition of the tribe Phascolostrongylinea. The unexpected finding of M. dissimilis and P. toraliformis being distantly related to their respective congeners suggests a requirement for future taxonomic revision that may warrant separation of these species at the generic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanapan Sukee
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (A.J.); Tel.: +61-3-9731-2022 (A.J.)
| | | | | | - Abdul Jabbar
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (A.J.); Tel.: +61-3-9731-2022 (A.J.)
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First Molecular Characterization of Trichostrongylus colubriformis Infection in Rural Patients from Chile. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:790-795. [PMID: 32319036 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to characterize the infection by Trichostrongylus spp. in patients from Chile using a combination of molecular detection techniques and phylogenetic analysis relating the findings to clinical and epidemiological reports of the patients METHODS: Strongylid eggs were detected in seven patients by coproparasitological techniques. From each sample a fragment of the ITS-2 ribosomal gene was amplified by PCR, sequenced and analyzed by the Neighbor-Joining method. RESULTS All the sequences and phylogenetic clusters corresponded to T. colubriformis. Two samples presented a single nucleotide polymorphism showing two possible haplotypes. Six patients presented gastrointestinal symptoms. All of them lived on farms and used sheep manure as fertilizer. CONCLUSION T. colubriformis was the strongylid involved in the infections of these Chilean patients associated with the presence of livestock and agricultural practices that favor infection by this type of nematode.
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Sukee T, Jabbar A, Beveridge I. Revision of Macroponema Mawson, 1978 (Nematoda: Strongylida) from macropodid marsupials with the description of two new species. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:298. [PMID: 32522219 PMCID: PMC7285457 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species of Macroponema Mawson, 1978 are strongyloid nematodes which occur in the stomachs of macropodid marsupials in Australia. In this study, the genus Macroponema is revised, redescriptions of the two known species are provided, and two new species are added to the genus. METHODS A molecular characterisation of the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA of representative specimens of Macroponema from all known host species was undertaken to confirm the status of M. cf. comani. This resulted in the identification of a further new species within the genus. Consequently, a review of all available material in museum collections was undertaken. RESULTS The two known species M. beveridgei Mawson, 1978 from Osphranter antilopinus (Gould) and O. robustus (Gould), and M. comani Mawson, 1978 from Macropus giganteus Shaw are re-described and their geographical distributions expanded. Two new species added to the genus are M. arundeli n. sp. from Ma. giganteus found in Queensland and the north east of New South Wales, and M. obendorfi n. sp. from O. antilopinus and O. robustus in the Northern Territory, the Kimberley Division of Western Australia and eastern Queensland. The latter species was formerly identified as M. cf. comani based on molecular studies. The specific identification of both of the new species is supported by ribosomal DNA sequence data. CONCLUSIONS Based on the morphological and molecular characterisation of nematodes, this study has revealed the existence of four species within the genus Macroponema. The current phylogenetic data suggest that Macroponema spp. plausibly evolved by host switching; however, further studies are required to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanapan Sukee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030 Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030 Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030 Australia
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12
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Genetic variation in Austrostrongylus thylogale Johnston & Mawson, 1940 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida) from the tammar wallaby, Notamacropus eugenii (Gray), and the quokka, Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard) (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) in Australia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:135. [PMID: 32171333 PMCID: PMC7071675 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-4007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Australian marsupials harbour a diverse array of helminth parasites. Despite current attempts to assess the extent of this diversity in macropodid hosts, it has been suggested that unique parasite fauna of Australian wildlife is difficult to document comprehensively due to the common occurrence of cryptic species. This paper assessed genetic variation within Austrostrongylus thylogale Johnston & Mawson, 1940 from the tammar wallaby, Notamacropus eugenii (Gray), and the quokka, Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard), from different localities using the molecular characterisation of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) within the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Methods Thirty-seven specimens of A. thylogale collected from N. eugenii (from Parndana, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, and Perup, Western Australia) and S. brachyurus (from Wellington Dam, Western Australia) were characterised using a molecular-phylogenetic approach utilising the first (ITS1) and second (ITS2) internal transcribed spacers. Results Genetic variation was detected in both ITS1 and ITS2 between specimens of A. thylogale from N. eugenii and S. brachyurus; however, no variation was detected between specimens collected from N. eugenii from Parndana, South Australia, and Perup, Western Australia. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences showed two clades of A. thylogale originating from two hosts, N. eugenii and S. brachyurus, suggesting the presence of cryptic species. Conclusions This study provides evidence of genetic variation within A. thylogale based on collections from two different host species. Morphological studies are required to fully confirm the presence of a new species or cryptic species. Further molecular studies using a larger number of specimens are warranted to explore the genetic variation between A. thylogale from different geographical localities.![]()
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Marcer F, Negrisolo E, Franzo G, Tessarin C, Pietrobelli M, Marchiori E. Morphological and molecular characterization of adults and larvae of Crassicauda spp . (Nematoda: Spirurida) from Mediterranean fin whales Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 9:258-265. [PMID: 31341767 PMCID: PMC6580233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crassicauda boopis is known to infect the kidneys and vascular system of mysticetes included Balaenoptera physalus and has been recently reported in Mediterranean waters. Identification at the species level relies on the observation of morphological features of the adult parasites, but field conditions during necropsy and the massive reaction of the host's immune system often prevent optimal conservation of the extremities. Moreover, larval stages of Crassicauda have never been described and no sequences are available in public databases to help such identification. Adult and larvae of Crassicauda were isolated from four specimens of B. physalus and studied with morphological and molecular techniques. Specimens of C. anthonyi, C. grampicola and Crassicauda sp. isolated from Ziphius cavirostris, Grampus griseus, Stenella coeruleoalba and Tursiops truncatus respectively were studied as well. Sequences of nuclear markers 18S and ITS-2 and of mitochondrial gene cox1 were obtained and phylogenetic relationships within the genus Crassicauda were analysed. Analysis of the ITS2 grouped the different species in accordance with morphological identification, as already evidenced in literature for other Spirurida. A higher intra-specific variability was observed for the cox1 gene, for which two species (C. grampicola and C. anthonyi) did not appear as monophyletic in the tree. Well-developed non-attached larval specimens in the intestinal lumen of a whale calf were molecularly identified as C. boopis, allowing new insights on the life cycle of this species. This work broadens the genetic database on cetaceans parasites, allowing species identification even in challenging field conditions or in poor conservation of the samples; moreover, the first morphological description of C. boopis larvae is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marcer
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - E Negrisolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - C Tessarin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Pietrobelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - E Marchiori
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Beveridge I, Jabbar A, Koehler A. New species and new records of species of Cloacina von Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda: Strongylida) parasitic in the western scrub wallaby, Notamacropus irma (Jourdan) (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from Western Australia. Syst Parasitol 2019; 96:453-474. [PMID: 31111307 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-019-09855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The helminth parasites of the western scrub wallaby or black-glove wallaby, Notamacropus irma (Jourdan) which occurs in Western Australia are relatively poorly documented. Six new species of the strongyloid genus Cloacina von Linstow, 1898 (Strongylida: Chabertiidae) are described namely C. asymmetrica n. sp., C. brazellei n. sp., C. harriganae n. sp., C. hobbsi n. sp., C. middletoni n. sp. and C. woodi n. sp. A redescription of C. laius Beveridge, 1999 from the same host species is included. Molecular sequence data (ITS1 and ITS2 ribosomal DNA) were obtained for C. asymmetrica, C. brazellei, C. hobbsi, C. middletoni and from the previously described species C. themis Beveridge, 1998 occurring in the same host species. Phylogenetically, C. asymmetrica, C. hobbsi and C. middletoni formed a distinct clade, suggesting the possibility of within-host speciation. Cloacina themis clustered with a group of morphologically distinctive species in a separate clade and C. brazellei clustered in a third clade but with poor support. This pattern of congeners in a single host species occurring in multiple clades mirrors the situation in other kangaroos and wallabies. Species of Cloacina from N. irma reported thus far therefore consist of a series of species found only in this host, with two species (C. brazellei and C. laius) shared with the sympatric macropodid Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Beveridge
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anson Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ramünke S, de Almeida Borges F, von Son-de Fernex E, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J. Molecular marker sequences of cattle Cooperia species identify Cooperia spatulata as a morphotype of Cooperia punctata. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200390. [PMID: 29979783 PMCID: PMC6034896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cooperia includes important parasites of ruminants and currently contains 34 accepted species. However, even for those species infecting livestock, there is a considerable lack of molecular information and many species are only identifiable using subtle morphological traits. The present study aimed to provide molecular data to allow diagnosis of Cooperia species infecting cattle. Partial sequences of two mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase 2, 12S rRNA gene) and two nuclear genes (isotype 1 β tubulin gene including two introns, internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were obtained from morphologically identified specimens of Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia punctata and Cooperia spatulata as well as from larvae of pure Cooperia oncophora and C. punctata laboratory isolates. Pairwise identity of ITS-2 sequences was very high and it was the only region able to identify a specimen as Cooperia sp. However, the ITS-2 was unreliable for diagnosis at the species level. All other marker sequences could not unequivocally be allocated to the genus Cooperia but allowed clear species identification with the exception of the pair C. punctata/C. spatulata for which no significant differences were found for any marker sequence. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses of individual genes as well as a multi-locus analysis covering all four sequences confirmed that specimen identified as C. spatulata were randomly distributed throughout the C. punctata cluster and formed no group of their own. In contrast, the other Cooperia species formed clearly separated and statistically supported clusters. These data indicate that C. spatulata is most likely only a morphotype of C. punctata and the name should be considered a synonym. Combinations of nuclear and mitochondrial markers should be used to identify morphotypes or cryptic species to benefit from excellent barcoding properties of the latter but allowing proper phylogenetic analyses and controlling for lineage sorting that might occur for mitochondrial genotypes within a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ramünke
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Elke von Son-de Fernex
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, H. Tlapacoyan, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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New species of Cloacina von Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) parasitic in the stomachs of wallaroos, Osphranter spp. (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from northern Australia. Syst Parasitol 2018; 95:527-542. [DOI: 10.1007/s11230-018-9798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sukee T, Beveridge I, Jabbar A. Molecular and morphological characterisation of Pharyngostrongylus kappa Mawson, 1965 (Nematoda: Strongylida) from Australian macropodid marsupials with the description of a new species, P. patriciae n. sp. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:271. [PMID: 29703233 PMCID: PMC5924500 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharyngostrongylus kappa Mawson, 1965 is a nematode (Strongyloidea: Cloacininae), endemic to the sacculated forestomachs of Australian macropodid marsupials (kangaroos and wallaroos). A recent study revealed genetic variation within the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA among P. kappa specimens collected from Macropus giganteus Shaw and Osphranter robustus (Gould). This study aimed to characterise the genetic and morphological diversity within P. kappa from four macropodid host species, including M. giganteus, O. robustus, O. antilopinus (Gould) and O. bernardus (Rothschild). METHODS Specimens of P. kappa from M. giganteus and Osphranter spp. from various localities across Australia were examined. The first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2, respectively) were amplified using polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Phylogenetic methods were used to determine the interspecific diversification within P. kappa and its evolutionary relationship with other congeners. RESULTS Morphological examination revealed that P. kappa from M. giganteus, the type-host, can be distinguished from those in Osphranter spp. by the greater length and number of striations on the buccal capsules. DNA sequences showed that P. kappa from M. giganteus was genetically distinct from that in Osphranter spp., thereby supporting the morphological findings. Based on these finding, a new species from Osphranter spp., Pharyngostrongylus patriciae n. sp., is described. CONCLUSION Pharyngostrongylus patriciae n. sp. from Osphranter spp. is distinguished from P. kappa based on molecular and morphological evidence. The study highlights the importance of combining molecular and morphological techniques for advancing the nematode taxonomy. Although ITS genetic markers have proven to be effective for molecular prospecting as claimed in previous studies, future utilisation of mitochondrial DNA to validate ITS data could further elucidate the extent of speciation among macropodid nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanapan Sukee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030 Australia
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Abstract
The presence and distribution of various species of canine hookworms in Africa are poorly known. The main objective of this study, therefore, was to identify the hookworm species present in canine faecal samples from Morogoro, Tanzania, using molecular techniques. Faecal samples from 160 local dogs were collected and hookworm positive samples processed to recover larvae for further molecular characterization. DNA was extracted from pools of larvae from individual samples (n = 66), which were analysed subsequently using two different molecular approaches, polymerase chain reaction-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and species-specific PCR coupled with Sanger sequencing. The PCR-RFLP technique detected only the presence of the ubiquitous Ancylostoma caninum in the 66 samples. However, by species-specific PCR coupled with Sanger sequencing we identified ten samples with A. braziliense, two with Uncinaria stenocephala and five with A. ceylanicum. Thus, all four known species of canine hookworms were identified in Morogoro, Tanzania. To our knowledge this is the first report of the detection of the presence of U. stenocephala and A. ceylanicum in Africa using molecular techniques. In addition to their veterinary importance, canine hookworms have zoonotic potential and are of public health concern.
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Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of human Trichostrongylus species from an endemic area of Iran. Acta Trop 2017; 176:293-299. [PMID: 28760481 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human infections with Trichostrongylus species have been reported in most parts of Iran. The aim of this study was the identification, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of human Trichostrongylus species based on ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA from Guilan Province, northern Iran. Stool samples were collected from rural inhabitants and examined by formalin-ether concentration and agar plate culture techniques. After anthelmintic treatment, male adult worms were collected from five infected cases. Genomic DNA was extracted from one male worm of each species in every treated individual and one filariform larva isolated from each case. PCR amplification of ITS2-rDNA region was performed and the products were sequenced. Among 1508 individuals, 46 (3.05%) were found infected with Trichostrongylus species using parasitological methods. Male worms of T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus and T. longispicularis were expelled from five patients after treatment. Out of 41 filariform larvae, 40 were T. colubriformis, and the other one was T. axei. Phylogenetic analysis showed that each species was placed together with reference sequences submitted to GenBank database. Intra-species similarity for all species obtained in the current study was 100%. T. colubriformis was found to be probably the most common species in this region of Iran. For the first time, the authors of the present study report the occurrence of natural human infection by T. longispicularis in the world. Therefore, the number of Trichostrongylus species infecting human in Iran now increased to ten.
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Sharifdini M, Heidari Z, Hesari Z, Vatandoost S, Kia EB. Molecular Phylogenetics of Trichostrongylus Species (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from Humans of Mazandaran Province, Iran. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:279-285. [PMID: 28719952 PMCID: PMC5523893 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to analyze molecularly the phylogenetic positions of human-infecting Trichostrongylus species in Mazandaran Province, Iran, which is an endemic area for trichostrongyliasis. DNA from 7 Trichostrongylus infected stool samples were extracted by using in-house (IH) method. PCR amplification of ITS2-rDNA region was performed, and products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence data was performed using MEGA 5.0 software. Six out of 7 isolates had high similarity with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, while the other one showed high homology with Trichostrongylus axei registered in GenBank reference sequences. Intra-specific variations within isolates of T. colubriformis and T. axei amounted to 0–1.8% and 0–0.6%, respectively. Trichostrongylus species obtained in the present study were in a cluster with the relevant reference sequences from previous studies. BLAST analysis indicated that there was 100% homology among all 6 ITS2 sequences of T. colubriformis in the present study and most previously registered sequences of T. colubriformis from human, sheep, and goat isolates from Iran and also human isolates from Laos, Thailand, and France. The ITS2 sequence of T. axei exhibited 99.4% homology with the human isolate of T. axei from Thailand, sheep isolates from New Zealand and Iran, and cattle isolate from USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Sharifdini
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zahra Hesari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sajad Vatandoost
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eshrat Beigom Kia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bredtmann CM, Krücken J, Murugaiyan J, Kuzmina T, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Nematode Species Identification-Current Status, Challenges and Future Perspectives for Cyathostomins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:283. [PMID: 28702376 PMCID: PMC5487379 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal health is globally affected by a variety of parasitic helminths. The impact of co-infections and development of anthelmintic resistance requires improved diagnostic tools, especially for parasitic nematodes e.g., to identify resistant species or attribute pathological effects to individual species or particular species combinations. In horses, co-infection with cyathostomins is rather a rule than an exception with typically 5 to 15 species (out of more than 40 described) per individual host. In cyathostomins, reliable morphological species differentiation is currently limited to adults and requires highly specialized expertize while precise morphological identification of eggs and early stage larvae is impossible. The situation is further complicated by a questionable validity of some cyathostomins while others might actually represent cryptic species complexes. Several molecular methods using different target sequences were established to overcome these limitations. For adult worms, PCR followed by sequencing of mitochondrial genes or external or internal ribosomal RNA spacers is suitable to genetically confirm morphological identifications. The most commonly used method to differentiate eggs or larvae is the reverse-line-blot hybridization assay. However, both methods suffer from the fact that target sequences are not available for many species or even that GenBank® entries are unreliable regarding the cyathostomin species. Recent advances in proteomic tools for identification of metazoans including insects and nematodes of the genus Trichinella will be evaluated for suitability to diagnose cyathostomins. Future research should focus on the comparative analysis of morphological, molecular and proteomic data from the same cyathostomin specimen to optimize tools for species-specific identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Bredtmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Jayaseelan Murugaiyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Tetiana Kuzmina
- Department of Parasitology, I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of ZoologyKyiv, Ukraine
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
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Shuttleworth MA, Beveridge I, Koehler AV, Gasser RB, Jabbar A. Molecular characterization of species of Cloacina (Strongyloidea: Cloacininae) from the common wallaroo, Macropus robustus (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) in Australia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:245-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hamad I, Raoult D, Bittar F. Repertory of eukaryotes (eukaryome) in the human gastrointestinal tract: taxonomy and detection methods. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:12-36. [PMID: 26434599 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes are an important component of the human gut, and their relationship with the human host varies from parasitic to commensal. Understanding the diversity of human intestinal eukaryotes has important significance for human health. In the past few decades, most of the multitudes of techniques that are involved in the diagnosis of the eukaryotic population in the human intestinal tract were confined to pathological and parasitological aspects that mainly rely on traditionally based methods. However, development of culture-independent molecular techniques comprised of direct DNA extraction from faeces followed by sequencing, offer new opportunities to estimate the occurrence of eukaryotes in the human gut by providing data on the entire eukaryotic community, particularly not-yet-cultured or fastidious organisms. Further broad surveys of the eukaryotic communities in the gut based on high throughput tools such as next generation sequencing might lead to uncovering the real diversity of these ubiquitous organisms in the human intestinal tract and discovering the unrecognized roles of these eukaryotes in modulating the host immune system and inducing changes in host gut physiology and ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hamad
- URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - D Raoult
- URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - F Bittar
- URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Fatal Angiostrongylus dujardini infection in callitrichid monkeys and suricates in an Italian zoological garden. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:333-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Description and molecular characterisation of Cloacina johnstoni sp. nov. (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from the wallaroo, Macropus robustus (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) and relationships with the synhospitalic species C. macropodis. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3357-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chilton NB, Huby-Chilton F, Koehler AV, Gasser RB, Beveridge I. Detection of cryptic species of Rugopharynx (Nematoda: Strongylida) from the stomachs of Australian macropodid marsupials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2016; 5:124-33. [PMID: 27330983 PMCID: PMC4900440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS-1 and ITS-2) were determined for species of the genus Rugopharynx and Rugonema labiatum, nematodes from the stomachs of macropodid marsupials. Phylogenetic analyses of the aligned sequence data were conducted. The relationships provided molecular support for all species currently recognised, some of which are based on minor morphological differences and on multilocus enzyme electrophoretic data, but also indicated that additional, cryptic species exist within the genus. In addition, the genus Rugonema is placed as a synonym of Rugopharynx, its sole species becoming Rugopharynx labiatum n. comb. The molecular data provided some insights into the evolution of complex buccal capsule morphologies within the genus, but there was no evidence of co-evolution between the macropodid hosts and their parasites. There was evidence of cryptic species within the nematode genus Rugopharynx. Molecular data provided insights into the evolution of complex buccal capsule morphologies. There was no evidence of coevolution between macropodid hosts and their parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil B. Chilton
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Florence Huby-Chilton
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anson V. Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Chilton NB, Huby-Chilton F, Koehler AV, Gasser RB, Beveridge I. Phylogenetic relationships of species of the oesophageal parasitic nematode genera Cyclostrongylus and Spirostrongylus (Strongyloidea: Chabertiidae: Cloacininae) with their wallaby hosts (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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OCCURRENCE OF LUNGWORMS IN EUROPEAN WILDCATS (FELIS SILVESTRIS SILVESTRIS) OF CENTRAL ITALY. J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:270-8. [PMID: 26967134 DOI: 10.7589/2015-07-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The increasing focus on infections in domestic cats ( Felis catus ) has raised questions about lungworm distribution in wild hosts. To enhance knowledge of the occurrence of lungworms in enzootic regions of central Italy, we examined the carcasses of 16 European wildcats ( Felis silvestris silvestris). Adult nematodes, feces, respiratory flushings, and pulmonary tissues were collected at necropsy and then microscopically and genetically analyzed. Fourteen wildcats had single or mixed lungworm species. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus was the most common parasite retrieved, followed by Troglostrongylus brevior. In addition, three specimens of Angiostrongylus chabaudi were found in the pulmonary arteries of one wildcat. Histologically, the most common lesions were a mild-to-severe chronic catarrhal bronchitis and a chronic interstitial pneumonia with smooth muscle hypertrophy, associated with T. brevior and A. abstrusus , respectively. These results demonstrate that the European wildcats may harbor several species of lungworms that may impair their health and welfare. Also, F. s. silvestris is a potential reservoir for respiratory nematodes in domestic cats.
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Zarlenga D, Hoberg E, Tuo W. The Identification of Haemonchus Species and Diagnosis of Haemonchosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:145-80. [PMID: 27238005 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis is often equated with identification or detection when discussing parasitic diseases. Unfortunately, these are not necessarily mutually exclusive activities; diseases and infections are generally diagnosed and organisms are identified. Diagnosis is commonly predicated upon some clinical signs; in an effort to determine the causative agent, identification of genera and species is subsequently performed. Both identification and diagnosis play critical roles in managing an infection, and involve the interplay of direct and indirect methods of detection, particularly in light of the complex and expanding problem of drug-resistance in parasites. Accurate and authoritative identification that is cost- and time-effective, based on structural and molecular attributes of specimens, provides a foundation for defining parasite diversity and changing patterns of geographical distribution, host association and emergence of disease. Most techniques developed thus far have been grounded in assumptions based on strict host associations between Haemonchus contortus and small ruminants, that is, sheep and goats, and between Haemonchus placei and bovids. Current research and increasing empirical evidence of natural infections in the field demonstrates that this assumption misrepresents the host associations for these species of Haemonchus. Furthermore, the capacity of H. contortus to utilize a considerably broad spectrum of ungulate hosts is reflected in our understanding of the role of anthropogenic forcing, the 'breakdown' of ecological isolation, global introduction and host switching as determinants of distribution. Nuanced insights about distribution, host association and epidemiology have emerged over the past 30years, coincidently with the development of increasingly robust means for parasite identification. In this review and for the sake of argument, we would like to delineate the diagnosis of haemonchosis from the identification of the specific pathogen. As a foundation for exploring host and parasite biology, we will examine the evolution of methods for distinguishing H. contortus from other common gastrointestinal nematodes of agriculturally significant and free-ranging wild ruminants using morphological, molecular and/or immunological methods for studies at the species and genus levels.
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Development of a multiplex PCR for identification of Dictyocaulus lungworms in domestic and wild ruminants. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3923-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lott MJ, Hose GC, Power ML. Parasitic nematode communities of the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus: richness and structuring in captive systems. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2925-32. [PMID: 25916465 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Captive management practices have the potential to drastically alter pre-existing host-parasite relationships. This can have profound implications for the health and productivity of threatened species in captivity, even in the absence of clinical symptoms of disease. Maximising the success of captive breeding programmes requires a detailed knowledge of anthropogenic influences on the structure of parasite assemblages in captive systems. In this study, we employed two high-throughput molecular techniques to characterise the parasitic nematode (suborder Strongylida) communities of the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus, across seven captive sites. The first was terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of a region of rDNA encompassing the internal transcribed spacers 1 (ITS1), the 5.8S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). The second was Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencing of the ITS2 region. The prevalence, intensity of infection, taxonomic composition and comparative structure of strongylid nematode assemblages was assessed at each location. Prevalence (P = <0.001) and mean infection intensity (df = 6, F = 17.494, P = <0.001) differed significantly between the seven captive sites. Significant levels of parasite community structure were observed (ANOSIM, P = 0.01), with most of the variation being distributed within, rather than between, captive sites. The range of nematode taxa that occurred in captive red kangaroos appeared to differ from that of wild conspecifics, with representatives of the genus Cloacina, a dominant nematode parasite of the macropodid forestomach, being detected at only two of the seven study sites. This study also provides the first evidence for the presence of the genus Trichostrongylus in a macropodid marsupial. Our results demonstrate that contemporary species management practices may exert a profound influence on the structure of parasite communities in captive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia,
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Lesage C, Patrelle C, Vrignaud S, Decors A, Ferté H, Jouet D. Intermediate hosts of Protostrongylus pulmonalis (Frölich, 1802) and P. oryctolagi Baboš, 1955 under natural conditions in France. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:104. [PMID: 25889190 PMCID: PMC4336746 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protostrongylus oryctolagi and P. pulmonalis are causative agents of pulmonary protostrongyliasis in Lagomorphs in France. These nematodes need usually one intermediate host for its life cycle, a terrestrial snail. However, some studies, mainly in experimental conditions, have identified the species of snails acting as intermediate hosts. METHODS In total, 3315 terrestrial snails and 307 slugs were collected in the field in South-Eastern France and analyzed to detect the presence of parasites. Identification of nematode parasites and snails were performed according to morphological and molecular approaches (D2 domain of the 28S rDNA for parasites; 18S and ITS-1 rDNA, COI and 16S mtDNA for snails). RESULTS Eighteen snails were found positive for Protostrongylids larvae. Haplotypes of the larvae corresponding to sequences of P. oryctolagi and P. pulmonalis were detected. Morphological identification of molluscs based on shell characters revealed 4 different morphotypes, and molecular results confirm the membership of these gastropods to the Hygromiidae and revealed 4 different species: Candidula gigaxii, 2 species of Cernuella sp. and Xeropicta derbentina. All infested snails were collected in wine cultures. CONCLUSION This study displays the first description of intermediate hosts of P. oryctolagi and the first report of X. derbentina as natural intermediate host of P. pulmonalis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- France
- Gastropoda/parasitology
- Life Cycle Stages
- Metastrongyloidea/growth & development
- Metastrongyloidea/physiology
- Microscopy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Snails/classification
- Snails/genetics
- Snails/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lesage
- EA 4688 (VECPAR), UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, France.
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 5 rue de Saint Thibaud, 78610, Auffargis, France.
| | - Cécile Patrelle
- EA 4688 (VECPAR), UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, France.
| | | | - Anouk Decors
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 5 rue de Saint Thibaud, 78610, Auffargis, France.
| | - Hubert Ferté
- EA 4688 (VECPAR), UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, France.
| | - Damien Jouet
- EA 4688 (VECPAR), UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, France.
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Cantacessi C, Hofmann A, Campbell BE, Gasser RB. Impact of next-generation technologies on exploring socioeconomically important parasites and developing new interventions. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1247:437-474. [PMID: 25399114 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput molecular and computer technologies have become instrumental for systems biological explorations of pathogens, including parasites. For instance, investigations of the transcriptomes of different developmental stages of parasitic nematodes give insights into gene expression, regulation and function in a parasite, which is a significant step to understanding their biology, as well as interactions with their host(s) and disease. This chapter (1) gives a background on some key parasitic nematodes of socioeconomic importance, (2) describes sequencing and bioinformatic technologies for large-scale studies of the transcriptomes and genomes of these parasites, (3) provides some recent examples of applications and (4) emphasizes the prospects of fundamental biological explorations of parasites using these technologies for the development of new interventions to combat parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Catalano S, Lejeune M, van Paridon B, Pagan CA, Wasmuth JD, Tizzani P, Duignan PJ, Nadler SA. Morphological variability and molecular identification of Uncinaria spp. (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) from grizzly and black bears: new species or phenotypic plasticity? J Parasitol 2014; 101:182-92. [PMID: 25548982 DOI: 10.1645/14-621.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The hookworms Uncinaria rauschi Olsen, 1968 and Uncinaria yukonensis ( Wolfgang, 1956 ) were formally described from grizzly ( Ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears ( Ursus americanus ) of North America. We analyzed the intestinal tracts of 4 grizzly and 9 black bears from Alberta and British Columbia, Canada and isolated Uncinaria specimens with anatomical traits never previously documented. We applied morphological and molecular techniques to investigate the taxonomy and phylogeny of these Uncinaria parasites. The morphological analysis supported polymorphism at the vulvar region for females of both U. rauschi and U. yukonensis. The hypothesis of morphological plasticity for U. rauschi and U. yukonensis was confirmed by genetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Two distinct genotypes were identified, differing at 5 fixed sites for ITS-1 (432 base pairs [bp]) and 7 for ITS-2 (274 bp). Morphometric data for U. rauschi revealed host-related size differences: adult U. rauschi were significantly larger in black bears than in grizzly bears. Interpretation of these results, considering the historical biogeography of North American bears, suggests a relatively recent host-switching event of U. rauschi from black bears to grizzly bears which likely occurred after the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. Phylogenetic maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of the concatenated ITS-1 and ITS-2 datasets strongly supported monophyly of U. rauschi and U. yukonensis and their close relationship with Uncinaria stenocephala (Railliet, 1884), the latter a parasite primarily of canids and felids. Relationships among species within this group, although resolved by ML, were unsupported by MP and bootstrap resampling. The clade of U. rauschi, U. yukonensis, and U. stenocephala was recovered as sister to the clade represented by Uncinaria spp. from otariid pinnipeds. These results support the absence of strict host-parasite co-phylogeny for Uncinaria spp. and their carnivore hosts. Phylogenetic relationships among Uncinaria spp. provided a framework to develop the hypothesis of similar transmission patterns for the closely related U. rauschi, U. yukonensis, and U. stenocephala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Catalano
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Roeber F, Kahn L. The specific diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode infections in livestock: larval culture technique, its limitations and alternative DNA-based approaches. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:619-28. [PMID: 25182210 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The specific diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode infections in ruminants is routinely based on larval culture technique and on the morphological identification of developed third-stage larvae. However, research on the ecology and developmental requirements of different species suggests that environmental conditions (e.g., temperature and humidity) for optimal development to occur vary between the different species. Thus, employing a common culture protocol for all species will favour the development of certain species over others and can cause a biased result in particular when species proportions in a mixed infection are to be determined. Furthermore, the morphological identification of L3 larvae is complicated by a lack of distinctive, obvious features that would allow the identification of all key species. In the present paper we review in detail the potential limitations of larval culture technique and morphological identification and provide account to some modern molecular alternatives to the specific diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode infection in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Roeber
- AusDiagnostics Pty. Ltd., Beaconsfield 2015, NSW, Australia.
| | - Lewis Kahn
- Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, NSW, Australia
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Shuttleworth MA, Beveridge I, Chilton NB, Koehler AV, Gasser RB, Jabbar A. Genetic variation within and among species of Cloacina (Strongyloidea: Cloacinine) from the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:261-9. [PMID: 25281208 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined genetic variation within and among species of Cloacina found in the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) collected at different localities along the eastern coast of Australia, and evaluated geographical distance as a potential driver for genetic variation. The first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2, respectively) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to characterize individuals of 11 morphospecies of Cloacina that parasitize W. bicolor. The results of the molecular analyses revealed multiple genotypes for the nine morphospecies of Cloacina (i.e. Cloacina annulata, Cloacina edwardsi, Cloacina eos, Cloacina gallardi, Cloacina mawsonae, Cloacina papillata, Cloacina papillatissima, Cloacina pollux, and Cloacina wallabiae) for which multiple individuals were available for analysis. However, phylogenetic analyses of the sequence data revealed that for each morphospecies, there was no subdivision of individuals into distinct clades based on geographical region from which they were collected. Additional studies are needed to determine the drivers of genetic variation in cloacinid nematodes, and hence increase our understanding of the diversity of parasitic nematodes in macropodid marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Shuttleworth
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil B Chilton
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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Beveridge I, Nguyen H, Nyein S, Cheng C, Koehler A, Shuttleworth ME, Gasser RB, Jabbar A. Description of Cloacina atthis sp. nov. from the stomach of the euro (Macropus robustus) (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from Western Australia based on morphological and molecular criteria. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3485-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Rahal A, Malik Y, Dhama K, Pal A, Prasad M. Advances in diagnosis of respiratory diseases of small ruminants. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:508304. [PMID: 25028620 PMCID: PMC4082846 DOI: 10.1155/2014/508304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Irrespective of aetiology, infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats contribute to 5.6 percent of the total diseases of small ruminants. These infectious respiratory disorders are divided into two groups: the diseases of upper respiratory tract, namely, nasal myiasis and enzootic nasal tumors, and diseases of lower respiratory tract, namely, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), parainfluenza, Pasteurellosis, Ovine progressive pneumonia, mycoplasmosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, caseous lymphadenitis, verminous pneumonia, and many others. Depending upon aetiology, many of them are acute and fatal in nature. Early, rapid, and specific diagnosis of such diseases holds great importance to reduce the losses. The advanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antigen as well as antibodies directly from the samples and molecular diagnostic assays along with microsatellites comprehensively assist in diagnosis as well as treatment and epidemiological studies. The present review discusses the advancements made in the diagnosis of common infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats. It would update the knowledge and help in adapting and implementing appropriate, timely, and confirmatory diagnostic procedures. Moreover, it would assist in designing appropriate prevention protocols and devising suitable control strategies to overcome respiratory diseases and alleviate the economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Chakraborty
- Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Anu Rahal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Yash Malik
- Division of Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Amar Pal
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LLRUVAS), Hisar 125004, India
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Lesage C, Jouet D, Patrelle C, Guitton JS, Decors A, Ferté H. Protostrongylus pulmonalis (Frölich, 1802) and P. oryctolagi Baboš, 1955 (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae), parasites of the lungs of European hare (Lepus europaeus L.) in France: morphological and molecular approaches. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2103-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jabbar A, Gasser RB. Mutation scanning analysis of genetic variation within and among Echinococcus species: implications and future prospects. Electrophoresis 2014; 34:1852-62. [PMID: 23977679 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae) occur in the small intestines of carnivorous definitive hosts and are transmitted to particular intermediate mammalian hosts, in which they develop as fluid-filled larvae (cysts) in internal organs (usually lung and liver), causing the disease echinococcosis. Echinococcus species are of major medical importance and also cause losses to the meat and livestock industries, mainly due to the condemnation of infected offal. Decisions regarding the treatment and control of echinococcosis rely on the accurate identification of species and population variants (strains). Conventional, phenetic methods for specific identification have some significant limitations. Despite advances in the development of molecular tools, there has been limited application of mutation scanning methods to species of Echinococcus. Here, we briefly review key genetic markers used for the identification of Echinococcus species and techniques for the analysis of genetic variation within and among populations, and the diagnosis of echinococcosis. We also discuss the benefits of utilizing mutation scanning approaches to elucidate the population genetics and epidemiology of Echinococcus species. These benefits are likely to become more evident following the complete characterization of the genomes of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Gasser RB, Cantacessi C, Campbell BE. Improved molecular diagnostic tools for human hookworms. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 9:17-21. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.9.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Roeber F, Jex AR, Gasser RB. Advances in the diagnosis of key gastrointestinal nematode infections of livestock, with an emphasis on small ruminants. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1135-52. [PMID: 23376340 PMCID: PMC7126997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes (roundworms) of livestock have major economic impact globally. In spite of the diseases caused by these nematodes and some advances in the design of new therapeutic agents (anthelmintics) and attempts to develop vaccines against some of them, there has been limited progress in the establishment of practical diagnostic techniques. The specific and sensitive diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode infections of livestock underpins effective disease control, which is highly relevant now that anthelmintic resistance (AR) is a major problem. Traditional diagnostic techniques have major constraints, in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief background on gastrointestinal nematodes (Strongylida) of livestock and their control; to summarize conventional methods used for the diagnosis and discuss their constraints; to review key molecular-diagnostic methods and recent progress in the development of advanced amplification-based and sequencing technologies, and their implications for epidemiological investigations and the control of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Jabbar A, Beveridge I, Mohandas N, Chilton NB, Littlewood DTJ, Jex AR, Gasser RB. Analyses of mitochondrial amino acid sequence datasets support the proposal that specimens of Hypodontus macropi from three species of macropodid hosts represent distinct species. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:259. [PMID: 24261823 PMCID: PMC4222732 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypodontus macropi is a common intestinal nematode of a range of kangaroos and wallabies (macropodid marsupials). Based on previous multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data sets, H. macropi has been proposed to be complex of species. To test this proposal using independent molecular data, we sequenced the whole mitochondrial (mt) genomes of individuals of H. macropi from three different species of hosts (Macropus robustus robustus, Thylogale billardierii and Macropus [Wallabia] bicolor) as well as that of Macropicola ocydromi (a related nematode), and undertook a comparative analysis of the amino acid sequence datasets derived from these genomes. RESULTS The mt genomes sequenced by next-generation (454) technology from H. macropi from the three host species varied from 13,634 bp to 13,699 bp in size. Pairwise comparisons of the amino acid sequences predicted from these three mt genomes revealed differences of 5.8% to 18%. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence data sets using Bayesian Inference (BI) showed that H. macropi from the three different host species formed distinct, well-supported clades. In addition, sliding window analysis of the mt genomes defined variable regions for future population genetic studies of H. macropi in different macropodid hosts and geographical regions around Australia. CONCLUSIONS The present analyses of inferred mt protein sequence datasets clearly supported the hypothesis that H. macropi from M. robustus robustus, M. bicolor and T. billardierii represent distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Morphometric and molecular characterization of the species of Uncinaria Frölich, 1789 (Nematoda) parasitic in the Australian fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus (Schreber), with notes on hookworms in three other pinniped hosts. Syst Parasitol 2013; 85:65-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11230-013-9407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Andrade JG, Iñiguez AM, Souza AN, Marques VCL, de Souza Filho GA, Santos CP, DaMatta RA. Genetic characterization of the blood-sucking nematodes Libyostrongylus dentatus and Libyostrongylus douglassii supports their different evolutionary history. Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:193-9. [PMID: 23261086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Libyostrongylus sp. are nematodes that infect ostriches. Libyostrongylus douglassii was first described in ostriches from several countries in the world. Later Libyostrongylus dentatus was morphologically identified in ostriches in the USA and Brazil, and mixed infection is common in the latter country. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA gene is used for genetic variability assessment and phylogenetic reconstruction for many organisms. Through genetic analysis the status of different species morphologically defined was confirmed and a molecular method was developed to differentiate both species. ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 regions of L. douglassii and L. dentatus were characterized. Regarding complete ITS region, the K2-p genetic distance between the species was 0.060 (SE 0.008) and the intra-specific distance was 0.002 (SE 0.001) for L. dentatus and 0.006 (SE 0.002) for L. douglassii. NJ and MP phylogenetic analysis of ITS1 and ITS2 regions indicated that both species belong to the Trichostrongylidae family, and are evolutionarily different, suported by high bootstrap value. Based on ITS DNA polymorphisms, a molecular approach was designed to detect both species. These results are the first molecular characterization of L. douglassii and L. dentatus, and provide new tools for the identification of these parasites of veterinary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiana G Andrade
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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Chilton NB, Jabbar A, Huby-Chilton F, Jex A, Gasser RB, Beveridge I. Genetic variation within the Hypodontus macropi (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) complex from macropodid marsupial hosts in Australia. Electrophoresis 2013; 33:3544-54. [PMID: 23161349 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation was investigated in the strongylid nematode Hypodontus macropi from macropodid marsupials using the second internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA. A total of 547 specimens from ten species of hosts, representing all of the known hosts of the parasite, from across the Australian continent was examined. Phylogenetic analyses revealed distinct genetic clades in each of Macropus agilis, M. dorsalis, M. rufogriseus, M. bicolor, Petrogale persephone, Thylogale billardierii and T. stigmatica. A further clade contained all specimens from M. robustus and M. rufus, together with two examples of host switching by nematodes into M. fuliginosus. The latter clade was subdivided into three subclades, one comprising specimens occurring in M. robustus erubescens, M. rufus and M. fuliginosus, the second in M. r. woodwardi and the third in M. r. robustus suggesting a relationship between the subclades and the subspecies of M. robustus. The extent of the genetic differences and the fact that several of them occur in broad sympatry suggests that H. macropi as currently defined morphologically may represent as many as ten cryptic species. Limited evidence was found for co-speciation between hosts and parasites; rather most relationships were better explained by host switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil B Chilton
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Roeber F, Jex AR, Gasser RB. Next-generation molecular-diagnostic tools for gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock, with an emphasis on small ruminants: a turning point? ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2013; 83:267-333. [PMID: 23876874 PMCID: PMC7150098 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407705-8.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of livestock have major economic impact worldwide. Despite the diseases caused by these nematodes, some advances towards the development of new therapeutic agents and attempts to develop effective vaccines against some of them, there has been limited progress in the development of practical diagnostic methods. The specific and sensitive diagnosis of parasitic nematode infections of livestock underpins effective disease control, which is now particularly important given the problems associated with anthelmintic resistance in parasite populations. Traditional diagnostic methods have major limitations, in terms of sensitivity and specificity. This chapter provides an account of the significance of parasitic nematodes (order Strongylida), reviews conventional diagnostic techniques that are presently used routinely and describes advances in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the specific diagnosis of nematode infections. A particular emphasis is placed on the recent development of a robotic PCR-based platform for high-throughput diagnosis, and its significance and implications for epidemiological investigations and for use in control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Lott M, Eldridge M, Hose G, Power M. Nematode community structure in the brush-tailed rock-wallaby, Petrogale penicillata: Implications of captive breeding and the translocation of wildlife. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cantacessi C, Campbell BE, Gasser RB. Key strongylid nematodes of animals — Impact of next-generation transcriptomics on systems biology and biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:469-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tan N, Chilton NB, Huby-Chilton F, Jex AR, Gasser RB, Beveridge I. Molecular evidence for a cryptic species within the parasitic nematode Macroponema comani (Strongyloidea: Cloacininae). Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:170-4. [PMID: 22710283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes resembling Macroponema comani, a common parasite of eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, in eastern Australia were collected from an unexpected host species, the northern wallaroo, Macropus robustus woodwardi, in the Northern Territory, representing a highly disjunct occurrence. Although these specimens showed no morphological differences when compared with Ma. comani from M. giganteus, sequencing of the first and second internal transcribed spacers ITS-1 and ITS-2 of the nuclear ribosomal DNA revealed seven base pair differences in each spacer region between the two taxa. These differences included a number of autapomorphies. Sequences from both taxa differed significantly from those of Ma. beveridgei, a common parasite of the common wallaroo, Macropus robustus robustus and the euro, M. robustus erubescens. Based on these findings, the specimens in M. r. woodwardi are considered to represent a crypic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tan
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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