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Alvarez-Velazquez MF, Espinosa-Gómez FC, Aristizabal JF, Garber PA, Serio-Silva JC. A simple assay for measuring tannin-protein precipitation capacity offers insights into the diet and food choice of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23638. [PMID: 38715239 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Phenolics, like tannins, are plant-specialized metabolites that play a protective role against herbivory. Tannins can reduce palatability and bind with proteins to reduce digestibility, acting as deterrents to feeding and impacting nutrient extraction by herbivores. Some assays measure tannin and total phenolics content in plants but lack determination of their biological effects, hindering the interpretation of tannin function in herbivory and its impacts on animal behavior and ecology. In this study, we successfully applied the radial diffusion assay to assess tannin protein precipitation (PP) capacity and evaluate the anti-nutritional effects of tannins in food plants (n = 24) consumed by free-ranging black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in Tabasco, Mexico. We found PP rings in five plant species consumed by the monkeys. The mature fruit of Inga edulis was the most consumed food plant, despite having a high tannin PP capacity (56.66 mg tannic acid equivalent/g dry matter). These findings highlight the presence of tannins in the black howler diet and provide insight into the primates' resilience and potential strategies for coping with anti-nutritional aspects of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Alvarez-Velazquez
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP), Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Fabiola Carolina Espinosa-Gómez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP), Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - John F Aristizabal
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Serio-Silva
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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Beale PK, Foley WJ, Moore BD, Marsh KJ. Warmer ambient temperatures reduce protein intake by a mammalian folivore. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220543. [PMID: 37839444 PMCID: PMC10577027 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between ambient temperature and nutrition in wild herbivores is frequently overlooked, despite the fundamental importance of food. We tested whether different ambient temperatures (10°C, 18°C and 26°C) influenced the intake of protein by a marsupial herbivore, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). At each temperature, possums were offered a choice of two foods containing different amounts of protein (57% versus 8%) for one week. Animals mixed a diet with a lower proportion of protein to non-protein (P : NP, 0.20) when held at 26°C compared to that at both 10°C and 18°C (0.22). Since detoxification of plant secondary metabolites imposes a protein cost on animals, we then studied whether addition of the monoterpene 1,8-cineole to the food changed the effect of ambient temperature (10°C and 26°C) on food choice. Cineole reduced food intake but also removed the effect of temperature on P : NP ratio and instead animals opted for a diet with higher P : NP (0.19 with cineole versus 0.15 without cineole). These experiments show the proportion of P : NP chosen by animals is influenced by ambient temperature and by plant secondary metabolites. Protein is critical for reproductive success in this species and reduced protein intake caused by high ambient temperatures may limit the viability of some populations in the future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipa K. Beale
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - William J. Foley
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ben D. Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Karen J. Marsh
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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The deterrent effects of individual monoterpene odours on the dietary decisions of African elephants. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1049-1063. [PMID: 36800131 PMCID: PMC10066090 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
African savanna elephants use pre-ingestive olfactory cues when making dietary choices, and previous research has observed that elephant diet choice is negatively correlated with vegetation species that contain high concentrations of monoterpenes. However, the frequency and concentration of monoterpenes can vary dramatically across plant species. Thus, we aimed to explore the effects that the odours of individual monoterpenes have on elephant diet choice and how these effects vary with concentration. To do this, we conducted three odour-based choice experiments focusing on eight common monoterpenes found in the woody plants in Southern African savannas. In the first experiment, we tested whether elephant diet choice for a frequently consumed plant (Euclea crispa) was influenced by the addition of the odour of an individual monoterpene at a set concentration. In the second experiment, we explored the relative deterrence of each monoterpene. Lastly, we tested how elephant diet choice varied as a function of the addition of individual monoterpene odours at 5%, 10%, and 20% concentrations. We found that the elephants avoided most individual monoterpenes at high concentrations, with the exception being α-pinene. Furthermore, we found that the odours of some individual monoterpenes were, in fact, more deterrent than others. In the third experiment, we found that the elephants avoided β-pinene, limonene, ocimene, γ-terpinene, and terpinolene across all concentrations, but only avoided sabinene and linalool at high concentrations. Ultimately, our results show that the odour of individual monoterpenes may deter elephant consumption, but that this deterrent effect depends on both the monoterpene and its concentration.
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Measuring the Impact of Forest Edges on the Highly Arboreal Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur Sahamalaza, in North-Western Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The progressive fragmentation of forest habitat is causing an increase in edge areas that may differ structurally and in quality from forest interiors. We investigated the impact of edge effects on habitat structure, behaviour, and ecology of the small, nocturnal, and highly arboreal Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Lepilemur sahamalaza. To understand edge effects, we established edge-to-interior gradients using temperature, humidity, and light intensity measurements along transects. From 773 h of behavioural observations on 14 individual sportive lemurs between 2015 and 2016, we compared home range sizes, activity budgets, and habitat use of animals inhabiting the edge area and those in the core forest. We found that microclimatic edge effects penetrated the forest up to 165 m, but that there was no significant edge effect on vegetation; forest vegetation was structurally variable throughout. Individual sportive lemurs living in the edge area used more trees with a diameter at breast height of less than 5 cm but showed no other behavioural differences to individuals inhabiting the core forest. The study shows that this species may not be impacted by edge effects, at least in situations in which vegetation structure is not affected, despite microclimatic differences.
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Pisias MT, Bakala HS, McAlvay AC, Mabry ME, Birchler JA, Yang B, Pires JC. Prospects of Feral Crop De Novo Redomestication. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1641-1653. [PMID: 35639623 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern agriculture depends on a narrow variety of crop species, leaving global food and nutritional security highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and population expansion. Crop improvement using conventional and molecular breeding approaches leveraging plant genetic diversity using crop wild relatives (CWRs) has been one approach to address these issues. However, the rapid pace of the global change requires additional innovative solutions to adapt agriculture to meet global needs. Neodomestication-the rapid and targeted introduction of domestication traits using introgression or genome editing of CWRs-is being explored as a supplementary approach. These methods show promise; however, they have so far been limited in efficiency and applicability. We propose expanding the scope of neodomestication beyond truly wild CWRs to include feral crops as a source of genetic diversity for novel crop development, in this case 'redomestication'. Feral crops are plants that have escaped cultivation and evolved independently, typically adapting to their local environments. Thus, feral crops potentially contain valuable adaptive features while retaining some domestication traits. Due to their genetic proximity to crop species, feral crops may be easier targets for de novo domestication (i.e. neodomestication via genome editing techniques). In this review, we explore the potential of de novo redomestication as an application for novel crop development by genome editing of feral crops. This approach to efficiently exploit plant genetic diversity would access an underutilized reservoir of genetic diversity that could prove important in support of global food insecurity in the face of the climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Pisias
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Harmeet Singh Bakala
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Alex C McAlvay
- Institute of Economic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Makenzie E Mabry
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - James A Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - J Chris Pires
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Oortwijn T, de Fouw J, Petersen JM, van Gils JA. Sulfur in lucinid bivalves inhibits intake rates of a molluscivore shorebird. Oecologia 2022; 199:69-78. [PMID: 35486255 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A forager's energy intake rate is usually constrained by a combination of handling time, encounter rate and digestion rate. On top of that, food intake may be constrained when a forager can only process a maximum amount of certain toxic compounds. The latter constraint is well described for herbivores with a limited tolerance to plant secondary metabolites. In sulfidic marine ecosystems, many animals host chemoautotrophic endosymbionts, which store sulfur compounds as an energy resource, potentially making their hosts toxic to predators. The red knot Calidris canutus canutus is a molluscivore shorebird that winters on the mudflats of Banc d'Arguin, where the most abundant bivalve prey Loripes orbiculatus hosts sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. In this system, we studied the potential effect of sulfur on the red knots' intake rates, by offering Loripes with various sulfur content to captive birds. To manipulate toxicity, we starved Loripes for 10 days by removing them from their symbiont's energy source sulfide. As predicted, we found lower sulfur concentrations in starved Loripes. We also included natural variation in sulfur concentrations by offering Loripes collected at two different locations. In both cases lower sulfur levels in Loripes resulted in higher consumption rates in red knots. Over time the red knots increased their intake rates on Loripes, showing their ability to adjust to a higher intake of sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Oortwijn
- Department Coastal Systems (COS), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands.
| | - Jimmy de Fouw
- Department Coastal Systems (COS), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands
- Faculty of Science, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jillian M Petersen
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan A van Gils
- Department Coastal Systems (COS), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Grazing Ecology of Sheep and Its Impact on Vegetation and Animal Health in Pastures Dominated by Common Ragwort ( Senecio jacobaea L.)-Part 1: Vegetation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12081000. [PMID: 35454247 PMCID: PMC9026376 DOI: 10.3390/ani12081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Common ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) is a worldwide established plant containing toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), which can lead to liver cirrhosis in livestock, especially cattle and horses. Controlling ragwort, particularly in conservation areas, is difficult. As sheep seem more resistant to PA, sheep might be a natural defense against the observed spread of ragwort. We tested this in a two-year study on a ragwort-rich pasture with 12 sheep/hectare from May to October 2020–2021. We addressed three questions: (1) To what extent do sheep voluntarily ingest ragwort? (2) In what respect do feeding behavior and nutritional parameters correlate? (3) What impact does grazing have on the yield proportion and number of flowers of dominant plants? We showed that sheep preferred ragwort without any harmful effects. The more ragwort was available and the more it contained sugar, the higher the amount ingested by the sheep. Ragwort accounted for a significantly lower yield proportion of ingested biomass in the second year even though its number of flowers doubled. The yield of biomass of other herbs increased. From the point of view of animal health and nature conservation, sheep grazing on ragwort might be an option to reduce the amount of ragwort in pastures. Abstract Species-rich pastures naturally contain potentially toxic plants such as common ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.), whose pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) impose a risk, mainly for cattle and horses. Although in vitro studies showed detoxification capacity of PA in sheep, few field data are available to ascertain whether grazing sheep can both tolerate and reduce ragwort. In a two-year study in a ragwort-rich pasture with a stocking density of 12 sheep/hectare, we documented (1) the extent of voluntarily ingested ragwort, (2) the correlation of nutritional parameters and feeding behavior, and (3) the impact of grazing on the yield proportion and number of flowers of dominant plants. Every six weeks the vegetation underwent a botanical survey and a chemical analysis. Sheep continuously ingested ragwort between 1.2 and 4.9 kg (2020) and 1.0 and 2.2 kg (2021) per individual per day without any impact on animal health. The more biomass ragwort produced, the more it contained sugar (r = 0.59–0.74), and the more sheep ingested it (r = 0.94–0.95). Other herbs increased their yield proportion from 23.3 to 36.5%, while that of ragwort decreased from 26.3 to 18.8% (2020/2021), doubling its flowers. Sheep preferred and tolerated ragwort, making their grazing an option to control ragwort from both an animal health and a nature conservation perspective.
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Schulte BA, LaDue CA. The Chemical Ecology of Elephants: 21st Century Additions to Our Understanding and Future Outlooks. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2860. [PMID: 34679881 PMCID: PMC8532676 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical signals are the oldest and most ubiquitous means of mediating intra- and interspecific interactions. The three extant species of elephants, the Asian elephant and the two African species, savanna and forest share sociobiological patterns in which chemical signals play a vital role. Elephants emit secretions and excretions and display behaviors that reveal the importance of odors in their interactions. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction of research in elephant chemical ecology leading up to the 21st century, and then we summarize the body of work that has built upon it and occurred in the last c. 20 years. The 21st century has expanded our understanding on elephant chemical ecology, revealing their use of odors to detect potential threats and make dietary choices. Furthermore, complementary in situ and ex situ studies have allowed the careful observations of captive elephants to be extended to fieldwork involving their wild counterparts. While important advances have been made in the 21st century, further work should investigate the roles of chemical signaling in elephants and how these signals interact with other sensory modalities. All three elephant species are threatened with extinction, and we suggest that chemical ecology can be applied for targeted conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Schulte
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Chase A. LaDue
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
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Zhu L, Zhang Y, Cui X, Zhu Y, Dai Q, Chen H, Liu G, Yao R, Yang Z. Host Bias in Diet-Source Microbiome Transmission in Wild Cohabitating Herbivores: New Knowledge for the Evolution of Herbivory and Plant Defense. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0075621. [PMID: 34406815 PMCID: PMC8552726 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00756-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly understood that dietary nutrition will influence the composition and function of the animal gut microbiome. However, the transmission of organisms from the diet-source microbiome to the animal gut microbiome in the natural environment remains poorly understood, and elucidating this process may help in understanding the evolution of herbivores and plant defenses. Here, we investigated diet-source microbiome transmission across a range of herbivores (insects and mammals) living in both captive and wild environments. We discovered a host bias among cohabitating herbivores (leaf-eating insects and deer), where a significant portion of the herbivorous insect gut microbiome may originate from the diet, while in deer, only a tiny fraction of the gut microbiome is of dietary origin. We speculated that the putative difference in the oxygenation level in the host digestion systems would lead to these host biases in plant-source (diet) microbiome transmission due to the oxygenation living condition of the dietary plant's symbiotic microbiome. IMPORTANCE We discovered a host bias among cohabitating herbivores (leaf-eating insects and deer), where a significant portion of the herbivorous insect gut microbiome may originate from the diet, while in deer, only a tiny fraction of the gut microbiome is of dietary origin. We speculated that the putative difference in the oxygenation level in the host digestion systems would lead to these host biases in plant-source (diet) microbiome transmission due to the oxygenation living condition of the dietary plant's symbiotic microbiome. This study shed new light on the coevolution of herbivory and plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Norma University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongyong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Norma University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyuan Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Norma University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yudong Zhu
- Sichuan Liziping National Nature Reserve, Shimian, China
- Shimian Research Center of Giant Panda Small Population Conservation and Rejuvenation, Shimian, China
| | - Qinlong Dai
- Sichuan Liziping National Nature Reserve, Shimian, China
- Shimian Research Center of Giant Panda Small Population Conservation and Rejuvenation, Shimian, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Mingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqi Liu
- Mingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Norma University, Nanjing, China
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Goeke JA, Armitage AR. Coastal woody encroachment reduces food quality for basal consumers. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janelle A. Goeke
- Department of Marine Biology Texas A&M University at Galveston Galveston Texas77553USA
| | - Anna R. Armitage
- Department of Marine Biology Texas A&M University at Galveston Galveston Texas77553USA
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Sefidkon F, Emami Bistgani Z. Integrative review on ethnobotany, essential oil, phytochemical, agronomy, molecular and pharmacological properties of Satureja species. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2021.1885512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sefidkon
- Research Division of Medicinal Plants, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Emami Bistgani
- Assistant Professor in Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran
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Morris P, Carter EB, Hauck B, Hughes JW, Allison G, Theodorou MK. Responses of Lotus corniculatus to environmental change. 4: Root carbohydrate levels at defoliation and regrowth climatic conditions are major drivers of phenolic content and forage quality. PLANTA 2021; 253:38. [PMID: 33464416 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Differential accumulation of root carbohydrates at defoliation have a higher impact than regrowth environmental conditions on the phenolic content and feed quality of the perennial forage legume Lotus corniculatus. The unpredictable nature of proanthocyanidin (condensed tannin) accumulation in regrowth vegetation of the perennial forage legume Lotus corniculatus represents a dilemma to the wider use of this species in agriculture, and a potential problem in the nutritional ecology of some terrestrial herbivores, as variable condensed tannin levels can result in either beneficial or detrimental effects on animal nutrition. However, the source of this variation has not been extensively explored. High levels of carbon allocation to roots during low-temperature preconditioning of clonal plants were found to significantly increase condensed tannin and flavonol levels in regrowth foliage, while low levels of carbon allocation to roots during periods of high-temperature preconditioning significantly decreased condensed tannin and flavonol levels. Phenolic accumulation and tissue digestibility were also differentially affected by regrowth of these defoliated plants at high CO2 concentrations and by drought. Lower rates of digestion generally paralleled increases in tannin levels in regrowth leaves under the different environmental conditions, with rates of digestion falling in high tannin plants, despite correspondingly higher levels of leaf carbohydrates. Differential accumulation of root carbohydrates between seasons and years may therefore explain some of the variability found in the nutritional quality of the forage of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Morris
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK.
| | - Eunice B Carter
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Barbara Hauck
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - John-Wayne Hughes
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Gordon Allison
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Michael K Theodorou
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, Agriculture Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
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Florsheim EB, Sullivan ZA, Khoury-Hanold W, Medzhitov R. Food allergy as a biological food quality control system. Cell 2021; 184:1440-1454. [PMID: 33450204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Food is simultaneously a source of essential nutrients and a potential source of lethal toxins and pathogens. Consequently, multiple sensory mechanisms evolved to monitor the quality of food based on the presence and relative abundance of beneficial and harmful food substances. These include the olfactory, gustatory, and gut chemosensory systems. Here we argue that, in addition to these systems, allergic immunity plays a role in food quality control by mounting allergic defenses against food antigens associated with noxious substances. Exaggeration of these defenses can result in pathological food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther B Florsheim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zuri A Sullivan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - William Khoury-Hanold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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15
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Barrere J, Boulanger V, Collet C, Walker E, Siat V, Henry L, Saïd S. How does oak mast seeding affect the feeding behavior of sympatric red and roe deer? Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Baungratz AR, Haas J, Otalakoski J, Takahashi SE, Potrich M. Toxicity assessment of marjoram and pomegranate aqueous extracts for Cobb chicken, non-target organisms of pest control. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3331-3335. [PMID: 32766994 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate the effect of 5% aqueous extracts of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) on Cobb chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus L.), as a model to birds as non-target organisms for pest control. The extracts were prepared using dried ground leaves. The powder obtained was then added to distilled water to obtain 5% extract (w/v). After 48 h, the plant extracts were filtered and added to the feed of 36 female birds. For that, the chicken (12 days old) were acclimated for 3 days before starting the experiment. The plant extracts were administered for 6 days, always preceded by at least 14-h starvation. The birds were evaluated for 11 days, assessing behaviour, feed consumption and animal performance. After sacrificing the birds, histopathological examination was performed, and intestinal villi were measured. No death nor any alteration occurred during the experiment. There was no statistical difference among the treatments regarding feed consumption and performance even though there was intestinal villi reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Radtke Baungratz
- Programa de pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Jucelaine Haas
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Josiane Otalakoski
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Sementes, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Michele Potrich
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
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Greene LK, Williams CV, Junge RE, Mahefarisoa KL, Rajaonarivelo T, Rakotondrainibe H, O'Connell TM, Drea CM. A role for gut microbiota in host niche differentiation. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1675-1687. [PMID: 32238913 PMCID: PMC7305313 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
If gut microbes influence host behavioral ecology in the short term, over evolutionary time, they could drive host niche differentiation. We explored this possibility by comparing the gut microbiota of Madagascar's folivorous lemurs from Indriidae and Lepilemuridae. Occurring sympatrically in the eastern rainforest, our four, target species have different dietary specializations, including frugo-folivory (sifakas), young-leaf folivory (indri and woolly lemurs), and mature-leaf folivory (sportive lemurs). We collected fecal samples, from 2013 to 2017, and used amplicon sequencing, metagenomic sequencing, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively, to integrate analyses of gut microbiome structure and function with analysis of the colonic metabolome. The lemurs harbored species-specific microbiomes, metagenomes, and metabolomes that were tuned to their dietary specializations: Frugo-folivores had greater microbial and metagenomic diversity, and harbored generalist taxa. Mature-leaf folivores had greater individual microbiome variation, and taxa and metabolites putatively involved in cellulolysis. The consortia even differed between related, young-leaf specialists, with indri prioritizing metabolism of fiber and plant secondary compounds, and woolly lemurs prioritizing amino-acid cycling. Specialized gut microbiota and associated gastrointestinal morphologies enable folivores to variably tolerate resource fluctuation and support nutrient extraction from challenging resources (e.g., by metabolizing plant secondary compounds or recalcitrant fibers), perhaps ultimately facilitating host species' diversity and specialized feeding ecologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia K Greene
- University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Cathy V Williams
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Ambatovy Minerals, S.A., Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Randall E Junge
- Ambatovy Minerals, S.A., Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, 9990 Riverside Drive, Columbus, OH, 43065, USA
| | - Karine L Mahefarisoa
- Ambatovy Minerals, S.A., Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Vet Care Clinic Madagascar, IVC II Ambatomitsangana, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Tsiky Rajaonarivelo
- Ambatovy Minerals, S.A., Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Vetclinic, Ampandrianomby, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Thomas M O'Connell
- Department of Otolaryngology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Christine M Drea
- University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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HUNDAL JS, WADHWA M, BAKSHI MPS, CHATLI MK. Effect of herbal feed additive containing saponins on the performance of goat kids. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i2.98813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was taken up to assess the effect of supplementing Macrotyloma uniflorum (an herbal feed additive; HFA) on nutrient utilization, productive performance and meat quality of goat kids. Eight male Beetal goat kids (5 months old; body weight 14.05±0.41 kg) divided in to 2 equal groups were either fed a control total mixed ration (TMR) containing concentrate and green fodder in 50: 50 ratio on DM basis or control TMR supplemented with M. uniflorum @ 2.0% of DM intake for 90 days. Simultaneously, rumen studies were conducted on three rumen fistulated male bucks. Higher total-N, trichloroacetic acid precipitable nitrogen (TCA-N) and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) concentration was observed in strained rumen contents (SRC) of animals fed M. uniflorum supplemented TMR as compared to control. Supplementation of TMR with M. uniflorum increased the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and fermentation efficiency while efficiency of conversion of hexose to methane decreased in M. uniflorum supplemented TMR in comparison to control TMR. Nutrients digestibility, N-retention, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, blood profile and average daily gain were comparable in both the groups. The higher ready to cook (RTC) carcass percentage resulted in higher RTC carcass yield in M. uniflorum supplemented group. Overall, the weight of most of the primal cuts expressed as per cent of dressed weight improved in goat kids fed TMR supplemented with M. uniflorum as compared to those fed control diet. Hence, the higher weight of most of the primal cuts can be achieved in Beetal goat kids by supplementing the TMR with M. uniflorum (kulthi) at 2% of DM intake.
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Boath JM, Dakhal S, Van TTH, Moore RJ, Dekiwadia C, Macreadie IG. Polyphasic Characterisation of Cedecea colo sp. nov., a New Enteric Bacterium Isolated from the Koala Hindgut. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E309. [PMID: 32102268 PMCID: PMC7074957 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cedecea genus is comprised of six rarely isolated species within the Enterobacteriaceae family. Representatives are Gram-negative motile bacilli, and are typically oxidase-negative, lipase-positive and resistant to colistin and cephalothin. In this study, a putative novel Cedecea species (designated strain ZA_0188T), isolated from the koala hindgut, was characterised using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Maximum average nucleotide identity (ANI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) similarity scores well below thresholds of species demarcation were reported, at 81.1% and 97.9%, respectively. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis indicated strain ZA_0188T was most similar to but divergent from recognised Cedecea species. The isolate's genomic G+C content was determined as 53.0 mol%, >1% lower than previously reported in Cedecea. Phenotypically, strain ZA_0188T was distinct from recognised Cedecea species such as colistin- and cephalothin-sensitive, lipase-, sorbitol-, sucrose-, and Voges-Proskauer-negative, and melibiose-, arabinose-, arginine-, and rhamnose-positive. In preliminary experiments, strain ZA_0188T exhibited cellulase activity and high-level tolerance to eucalyptus oil compared to other enteric species surveyed. Collectively, these findings suggest that strain ZA_0188T represents a novel enteric species, for which the name Cedecea colo is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarryd M. Boath
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (J.M.B.); (S.D.); (T.T.H.V.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Sudip Dakhal
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (J.M.B.); (S.D.); (T.T.H.V.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (J.M.B.); (S.D.); (T.T.H.V.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Robert J. Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (J.M.B.); (S.D.); (T.T.H.V.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- Australian Microscopy & Microanalysis Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;
| | - Ian G. Macreadie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (J.M.B.); (S.D.); (T.T.H.V.); (R.J.M.)
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20
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Champagne E, Royo AA, Tremblay JP, Raymond P. Phytochemicals Involved in Plant Resistance to Leporids and Cervids: a Systematic Review. J Chem Ecol 2019; 46:84-98. [PMID: 31858366 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-nutritive phytochemicals (secondary metabolites and fibre) can influence plant resistance to herbivores and have ecological impacts on animal and plant population dynamics. A major hindrance to the ecological study of these phytochemicals is the uncertainty in the compounds one should measure, especially when limited by cost and expertise. With the underlying goal of identifying proxies of plant resistance to herbivores, we performed a systematic review of the effects of non-nutritive phytochemicals on consumption by leporids (rabbits and hares) and cervids (deer family). We identified 133 out of 1790 articles that fit our selection criteria (leporids = 33, cervids = 97, both herbivore types = 3). These articles cover 18 species of herbivores, on four continents. The most prevalent group of phytochemicals in the selected articles was phenolics, followed by terpenes for leporids and by fibre for cervids. In general, the results were variable but phenolic concentration seems linked with high resistance to both types of herbivores. Terpene concentration is also linked to high plant resistance; this relationship seems driven by total terpene content for cervids and specific terpenes for leporids. Tannins and fibre did not have a consistent positive effect on plant resistance. Because of the high variability in results reported and the synergistic effects of phytochemicals, we propose that the choice of chemical analyses must be tightly tailored to research objectives. While researchers pursuing ecological or evolutionary objectives should consider multiple specific analyses, researchers in applied studies could focus on a fewer number of specific analyses. An improved consideration of plant defence, based on meaningful chemical analyses, could improve studies of plant resistance and allow us to predict novel or changing plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Champagne
- Département de biologie & Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada. .,Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, QC, Québec, Canada.
| | - Alejandro A Royo
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, 335 National Forge Road, Irvine, PA, 16365, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Tremblay
- Département de biologie & Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia Raymond
- Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, QC, Québec, Canada
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Skopec MM, Adams RP, Muir JP. Terpenes May Serve as Feeding Deterrents and Foraging Cues for Mammalian Herbivores. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:993-1003. [PMID: 31755019 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes, volatile plant secondary compounds produced by woody plants, have historically been thought to act as feeding deterrents for mammalian herbivores. However, three species of woodrats, Neotoma stephensi, N. lepida, and N. albigula, regularly consume juniper, which is high in terpenes, and N. stephensi and N. lepida are considered juniper specialists. By investigating the terpene profiles in Juniperus monosperma and J. osteosperma, which are browsed or avoided by woodrats in the field, and recording the caching and consumption of juniper foliage by woodrats in the lab, we have evidence that terpenes may serve as feeding and/or foraging cues. The obligate specialist N. stephensi chose to forage on trees higher in p-cymene and preferred to consume juniper rather than caching it in a laboratory setting. These observations provide evidence that terpenes serve as a feeding cue and that the obligate specialist's physiological mechanism for metabolizing the terpenes present in juniper may negate the need for caching. The facultative specialist N. lepida chose to forage on trees lower in four terpenes and cached more juniper than the obligate specialist N. stephensi, providing evidence that terpenes serve as a feeding deterrent for N. lepida and that this woodrat species relies on behavioral mechanisms to minimize terpene intake. The generalist N. albigula foraged on trees with higher terpenes levels but consumed the least amount of juniper in the lab and preferred to cache juniper rather than consume it, evidence that terpenes act as foraging but not feeding cues in the generalist. Our findings suggest that volatile plant secondary compounds can act as feeding and/or foraging cues and not just feeding deterrents in mammalian herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Skopec
- Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson Dr., Ogden, UT, 84408, USA.
| | | | - James P Muir
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Stephenville, TX, USA
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22
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Schmitt MH, Shuttleworth A, Shrader AM, Ward D. The role of volatile plant secondary metabolites as pre‐ingestive cues and potential toxins dictating diet selection by African elephants. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Schmitt
- School of Life Sciences, Univ. of KwaZulu‐Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
- South African Environmental Observation Network Ndlovu Node Phalaborwa South Africa
| | - Adam Shuttleworth
- School of Life Sciences, Univ. of KwaZulu‐Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
| | - Adrian M. Shrader
- School of Life Sciences, Univ. of KwaZulu‐Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
- Mammal Research Inst., Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - David Ward
- School of Life Sciences, Univ. of KwaZulu‐Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
- Biological Sciences, Kent State Univ Kent OH USA
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Lethality of Sesquiterpenes Reprogramming Red Palm Weevil Detoxification Mechanism for Natural Novel Biopesticide Development. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091648. [PMID: 31027367 PMCID: PMC6539850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural biopesticide development for invasive populations of red palm weevils is mainly responsible for the destruction of date palms and demands an extensive screening program of plant secondary metabolites. In the current study, the pesticidal potential of sesquiterpenes (C15 H24), an important class of plant secondary metabolites primarily composed of three isoprene units, was evaluated by laboratory toxicity, feeding performance bioassays, and host detoxification gene expression patterns. Dose-mortality response bioassays performed against mid-aged eighth-instar red palm weevil larvae revealed dose-dependent mortality. Only three sesquiterpenes, including Farnesol (LD50 = 6559 ppm) and Farnesyl acetate (LD50 = 7867 ppm), are considered to have significant toxicity, with Picrotoxin (LD50 = 317 ppm) being the most toxic. Furthermore, highly toxic sesquiterpene (Picrotoxin) established in the current study tremendously reduced the feeding performance indices, including the efficacy of conversion of digested food (ECD) (81.74%) and the efficacy of conversion of ingested food (ECI) (73.62%). The least toxic sesquiterpenes, including β-Caryophyllene, (+)-Cedrol, Nerolidol, (+)-Nootkatone, and Parthenolide, observed in the current study failed to impart significant reductions of ECI and ECD indices. Lethality of the least toxic sesquiterpenes was overcome by greatly inducing gene expressions of Glutathione S transferase (GST) and Cytochrome P450. These encouraging results enabled us to suggest Picrotoxin as a promising biopesticide for the control of red palm weevil infestations.
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Negreiros AA, Pohlit AM, Baccaro F, Koolen HH, Barnett AA. The bitter end: primate avoidance of caterpillar-infested trees in a central Amazon flooded forest. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal–plant interactions are often mediated by chemical compounds. It has been widely reported that herbivore damage to plants induces chemical defenses which may then affect subsequent interactions with both invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores. Our study investigated the effects of the interaction between larvae of an unidentified nymphalid butterfly and the tanimbuca tree (Buchenavia ochroprumna Eichl.; Combretaceae) on subsequent folivory by a primate, the golden-backed uacari (Cacajao ouakary (Spix, 1823); Pitheciidae). Primate-feeding observations, records of the extent of nymphalid – B. ochroprumna interactions, and tree distribution occurred in Jaú National Park, Amazonas State, Brazil. The values of Ivlev’s electivity index showed that C. ouakary strongly rejected trees infested by caterpillars (−0.68), whereas non-infested trees were highly selected by them (+0.84). Given this behavior, we suggest that C. ouakary may be deterred by (i) caterpillars, (ii) change in leaf chemical composition induced by caterpillars, or (iii) a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allana A. Negreiros
- Biodiversity Studies Department, National Amazonian Research Institute, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adrian M. Pohlit
- Amazonian Active Principles Laboratory, National Amazonian Research Institute, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Baccaro
- Department of Biology, Amazonas Federal University, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Héctor H.F. Koolen
- Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Amazonas State University, 69079-030, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adrian A. Barnett
- Biodiversity Studies Department, National Amazonian Research Institute, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Amazonas Federal University, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- School of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, SW15 4JD, London, U.K
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Leparmarai PT, Sinz S, Kunz C, Liesegang A, Ortmann S, Kreuzer M, Marquardt S. Transfer of total phenols from a grapeseed-supplemented diet to dairy sheep and goat milk, and effects on performance and milk quality. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:skz046. [PMID: 30783678 PMCID: PMC6447266 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are known to affect digestion of ruminants, whereas there is little information about their metabolic effects. In a 2 × 2-factorial experiment the effects of supplementing a phenolic grapeseed extract were compared in 11 East Friesian dairy sheep and 9 Saanen goats. The concentrate supplemented with 7.4 g/100 g DM grapeseed extract had contents of 3.5 g additional phenols/100 g DM and was compared with a low phenolic control concentrate. Performance, total phenols in blood, milk, urine and feces, antioxidant capacity of the blood, and saliva properties were examined. The experiment lasted for 11 wk from parturition to late lactation, with an initial adaptation phase of 1 wk. Milk yield was measured daily after weaning at about 7 wk after parturition. Blood, milk, saliva, feces and urine were sampled 4, 3, 2, 2 and 2 times per animal, respectively. The phenolic diet increased phenol concentrations in blood (+10% and 17% in wk 5 and wk 11, respectively) and in milk (+32% in wk 5) on some of the sampling weeks. There were no clear species differences in phenol concentrations in blood plasma, milk, urine and feces. However, at the end of the experiment the supplemented goats had a higher (48%) urinary phenol concentrations than the non-supplemented goats. A weak relationship (P < 0.05) was found between phenol intake and phenol excretion with milk for sheep but not goats. The phenolic diet did not influence blood antioxidant capacity and tannin binding capacity of the saliva. The saliva of the goats had a higher tannin binding capacity than sheep saliva. The effects of the extract on milk yield were inconsistent between sheep and goats. In general, goats had higher feed and nutrient intakes, were heavier, and yielded more milk. Additionally, milk protein and lactose contents were lower and milk urea content was higher in goats than sheep. In conclusion, supplementing grapeseed extract to sheep and goats elevated phenol concentrations in milk and blood to a certain extent, but most of the phenols were lost via urine. The study gave another indication that goats seem to have developed coping mechanisms like a higher salivary tannin binding capacity, mechanisms which are less pronounced in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Sinz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Kunz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Liesegang
- University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Evolutionary Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Marquardt
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Mazingira Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
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Arowolo MA, He J. Use of probiotics and botanical extracts to improve ruminant production in the tropics: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:241-249. [PMID: 30175251 PMCID: PMC6116326 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ruminant production, especially in the tropics and developing countries suffers a setback when compared with the temperate and developed countries, which is attributable to the kinds of available feed resources in the region of production. In the tropics, ruminants are restricted to grazing on low-quality forages, crop residues and agro-industrial by-products with very little or no concentrate diets, which adversely affect the animals in exhibiting their full production potential. Considering this fact, there is an increasing interest in improving the digestibility of these feed resources. In recent years, researchers have explored several methods to enhance the functions of rumen microflora, improve digestion and fermentation processes, as well as increase bioavailability and utilization of nutrients through feed supplementation. This review aims to explore the positive effects of supplementation of ruminant diets with probiotics or botanical extracts and their metabolites on the productivity of the animals. Moreover, the functions of these non-pathogenic and non-toxic live microorganisms (probiotics) and plant biologically active compounds (botanical extract) are explored because of the ban on non-therapeutic use of antibiotics as growth promoters coupled with the critical preference of consumers to high quality and safe animal products. It has been reported that these alternative supplemental products have a beneficial impact on both animal health and productivity, which is affecting stabilization of rumen environment, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria proliferation in gastro-intestinal tract, modulation of immune response, increase in fibre degradation and fermentation, nutrients availability and utilization, animal growth performance and milk production, among others. However, long-term in vivo studies are still required to determine the synergetic effects of these 2 safe supplemental products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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27
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Felton AM, Wam HK, Stolter C, Mathisen KM, Wallgren M. The complexity of interacting nutritional drivers behind food selection, a review of northern cervids. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annika M. Felton
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Faculty of Forest Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 49 Alnarp SE‐230 53 Sweden
| | - Hilde K. Wam
- Division of Forestry and Forest Resources NIBIO P.O. Box 115 Ås NO‐1431 Norway
| | - Caroline Stolter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation Institute of Zoology University of Hamburg Hamburg 20146 Germany
| | - Karen M. Mathisen
- Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences Institute of Forestry and Wildlife Management ‐ Evenstad Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences P.O. Box 400 Elverum NO‐2418 Norway
| | - Märtha Wallgren
- Forestry Research Institute of Sweden Uppsala Science Park Uppsala SE‐751 83 Sweden
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Faculty of Forest Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå SE‐901 83 Sweden
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Ejsmond MJ, Provenza FD. Is doping of cognitive performance an anti-herbivore adaptation? Alkaloids inhibiting acetylcholinesterase as a case. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej J. Ejsmond
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; ul. Gronostajowa 7 Kraków 30-387 Poland
- Department of Arctic Biology; The University Centre in Svalbard; Longyearbyen N-9171 Norway
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Kitanovic S, Orr TJ, Spalink D, Cocke GB, Schramm K, Wilderman PR, Halpert JR, Dearing MD. Role of cytochrome P450 2B sequence variation and gene copy number in facilitating dietary specialization in mammalian herbivores. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:723-736. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Teri J. Orr
- Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Daniel Spalink
- Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
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Garnick S, Di Stefano J, Moore BD, Davis NE, Elgar MA, Coulson G. Interspecific and intraspecific relationships between body mass and diet quality in a macropodid community. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garnick
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Di Stefano
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naomi E Davis
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Elgar
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme Coulson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Leow CH, Fischer K, Leow CY, Cheng Q, Chuah C, McCarthy J. Single Domain Antibodies as New Biomarker Detectors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2017; 7:diagnostics7040052. [PMID: 29039819 PMCID: PMC5745390 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics7040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are defined as indicators of biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers have been widely used for early detection, prediction of response after treatment, and for monitoring the progression of diseases. Antibodies represent promising tools for recognition of biomarkers, and are widely deployed as analytical tools in clinical settings. For immunodiagnostics, antibodies are now exploited as binders for antigens of interest across a range of platforms. More recently, the discovery of antibody surface display and combinatorial chemistry techniques has allowed the exploration of new binders from a range of animals, for instance variable domains of new antigen receptors (VNAR) from shark and variable heavy chain domains (VHH) or nanobodies from camelids. These single domain antibodies (sdAbs) have some advantages over conventional murine immunoglobulin owing to the lack of a light chain, making them the smallest natural biomarker binders thus far identified. In this review, we will discuss several biomarkers used as a means to validate diseases progress. The potential functionality of modern singe domain antigen binders derived from phylogenetically early animals as new biomarker detectors for current diagnostic and research platforms development will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Katja Fischer
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Scabies Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Qin Cheng
- Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane 4051, Australia.
| | - Candy Chuah
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
| | - James McCarthy
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia.
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Chan SY, Snow JW. Uptake and impact of natural diet-derived small RNA in invertebrates: Implications for ecology and agriculture. RNA Biol 2017; 14:402-414. [PMID: 27763816 PMCID: PMC5411125 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1248329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The putative transfer and gene regulatory activities of diet-derived small RNAs (sRNAs) in ingesting animals are still debated. The existence of natural uptake of diet-derived sRNA by invertebrate species could have significant implication for our understanding of ecological relationships and could synergize with efforts to use RNA interference (RNAi) technology in agriculture. Here, we synthesize information gathered from studies in invertebrates using natural or artificial dietary delivery of sRNA and from studies of sRNA in vertebrate animals and plants to review our current understanding of uptake and impact of natural diet-derived sRNA on invertebrates. Our understanding has been influenced and sometimes confounded by the diversity of invertebrates and ingested plants studied, our limited insights into how gene expression may be modulated by dietary sRNAs at the mechanistic level, and the paucity of studies focusing directly on natural uptake of sRNA. As such, we suggest 2 strategies to investigate this phenomenon more comprehensively and thus facilitate the realization of its potentially broad impact on ecology and agriculture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Y. Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Catanese F, Fernández P, Villalba JJ, Distel RA. The physiological consequences of ingesting a toxic plant (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) influence subsequent foraging decisions by sheep (Ovis aries). Physiol Behav 2016; 167:238-247. [PMID: 27650920 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Toxins and nutrients interact and define herbivores' experiences with toxic plants. However, there are still open questions about the mechanisms by which nutrient-toxin interactions affect experience and as a consequence foraging decisions by consumers. This study provides a deeper insight into such mechanisms by using supplemental nutrients, a toxic plant typically avoided by herbivores (wild rocket; Diplotaxis tenuifolia), and a small ruminant (sheep; Ovis aries) as models. Thirty-six sheep were randomly assigned to four treatments (n=9) where animals consumed: wild rocket ("DT"), wild rocket followed by a protein supplement ("DT+P"), wild rocket followed by a protein supplement+a mineral supplement containing iodine and copper ("DT+P+M"), or alfalfa pellets in amounts that paired the ingestion of wild rocket by DT ("CTRL"). Towards the end of the phase of exposure (day 35), DT showed the lowest intake of wild rocket, as well as reduced levels of plasma thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), alanine aminotransferase, and a trend towards reduced hemoglobin relative to DT+P and DT+P+M. Total concentration of serum proteins and albumins were greater in sheep fed the protein supplements, which have probably elicited a protective effect on toxin ingestion. Foraging behavior was then evaluated in an experimental arena where animals could select among randomly distributed buckets containing a fixed amount of wild rocket or variable amounts of barley grain (a preferred food). Regardless of barley grain availability, DT showed lower intake and lower times spent eating wild rocket than DT+P and DT+P+M. Unexpectedly, CTRL (without previous experience with wild rocket) ingested amounts of wild rocket comparable to those observed by DT+P and DT+P+M. A negative feeding experience with wild rocket is needed for animals to display the typical pattern of aversion commonly observed in grazing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Catanese
- CERZOS, CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - P Fernández
- CERZOS, CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J J Villalba
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA
| | - R A Distel
- CERZOS, CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Machado RAR, McClure M, Hervé MR, Baldwin IT, Erb M. Benefits of jasmonate-dependent defenses against vertebrate herbivores in nature. eLife 2016; 5:e13720. [PMID: 27352734 PMCID: PMC4927296 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous jasmonates are important regulators of plant defenses. If and how they enable plants to maintain their reproductive output when facing community-level herbivory under natural conditions, however, remains unknown. We demonstrate that jasmonate-deficient Nicotiana attenuata plants suffer more damage by arthropod and vertebrate herbivores than jasmonate-producing plants in nature. However, only damage by vertebrate herbivores translates into a significant reduction in flower production. Vertebrate stem peeling has the strongest negative impact on plant flower production. Stems are defended by jasmonate-dependent nicotine, and the native cottontail rabbit Sylvilagus nuttallii avoids jasmonate-producing N. attenuata shoots because of their high levels of nicotine. Thus, endogenous jasmonates enable plants to resist different types of herbivores in nature, and jasmonate-dependent defenses are important for plants to maintain their reproductive potential when facing vertebrate herbivory. Ecological and evolutionary models on plant defense signaling should aim at integrating arthropod and vertebrate herbivory at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo AR Machado
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark McClure
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Washington, United States
| | - Maxime R Hervé
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institut de Génétique, Environment et Protection des Plantes, Le Rheu, France
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Egea A, Allegretti L, Paez Lama S, Grilli D, Fucili M, Guevara J, Villalba J. Diet mixing and condensed tannins help explain foraging preferences by Creole goats facing the physical and chemical diversity of native woody plants in the central Monte desert (Argentina). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chan WK, Tan LTH, Chan KG, Lee LH, Goh BH. Nerolidol: A Sesquiterpene Alcohol with Multi-Faceted Pharmacological and Biological Activities. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050529. [PMID: 27136520 PMCID: PMC6272852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerolidol (3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol) is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene alcohol that is present in various plants with a floral odor. It is synthesized as an intermediate in the production of (3E)-4,8-dimethy-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), a herbivore-induced volatile that protects plants from herbivore damage. Chemically, nerolidol exists in two geometric isomers, a trans and a cis form. The usage of nerolidol is widespread across different industries. It has been widely used in cosmetics (e.g., shampoos and perfumes) and in non-cosmetic products (e.g., detergents and cleansers). In fact, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also permitted the use of nerolidol as a food flavoring agent. The fact that nerolidol is a common ingredient in many products has attracted researchers to explore more medicinal properties of nerolidol that may exert beneficial effect on human health. Therefore, the aim of this review is to compile and consolidate the data on the various pharmacological and biological activities displayed by nerolidol. Furthermore, this review also includes pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies of nerolidol. In summary, the various pharmacological and biological activities demonstrated in this review highlight the prospects of nerolidol as a promising chemical or drug candidate in the field of agriculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Keong Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, 56000 Phayao, Thailand.
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, 56000 Phayao, Thailand.
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Kurnath P, Merz ND, Dearing MD. Ambient temperature influences tolerance to plant secondary compounds in a mammalian herbivore. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20152387. [PMID: 26763703 PMCID: PMC4721095 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that plant secondary compounds (PSCs) ingested by mammals become more toxic at elevated ambient temperatures, a phenomenon known as temperature-dependent toxicity. We investigated temperature-dependent toxicity in the desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida), a herbivorous rodent that naturally encounters PSCs in creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), which is a major component of its diet. First, we determined the maximum dose of creosote resin ingested by woodrats at warm (28-29°C) or cool (21-22°C) temperatures. Second, we controlled the daily dose of creosote resin ingested at warm, cool and room (25°C) temperatures, and measured persistence in feeding trials. At the warm temperature, woodrats ingested significantly less creosote resin; their maximum dose was two-thirds that of animals at the cool temperature. Moreover, woodrats at warm and room temperatures could not persist on the same dose of creosote resin as woodrats at the cool temperature. Our findings demonstrate that warmer temperatures reduce PSC intake and tolerance in herbivorous rodents, highlighting the potentially adverse consequences of temperature-dependent toxicity. These results will advance the field of herbivore ecology and may hone predictions of mammalian responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kurnath
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - N D Merz
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - M D Dearing
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Rodríguez-Chávez JL, Coballase-Urrutia E, Sicilia-Argumedo G, Ramírez-Apan T, Delgado G. Toxicological evaluation of the natural products and some semisynthetic derivatives of Heterotheca inuloides Cass (Asteraceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 175:256-265. [PMID: 26344038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Heterotheca ineuloides Cass (Asteraceae), popularly known as árnica mexicana, is widely used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat bruises, dermatological problems, rheumatic pains, and other disorders as cancer. The major constituents in H. inuloides are cadinane type sesquiterpenes, flavonoids and phytosterols. Compounds with a cadinane skeleton have been proved to possess cytotoxic activity against human-tumor cell lines and brine shrimp, and display toxic effects in different animal species. Although this plant has been widely used, there is little available information on the safety and toxicity especially of pure compounds. AIM OF THIS STUDY Evaluate the potential toxicity of the natural products isolated from H. inuloides and some semisynthetic derivatives. MATERIALS AND METHODS The toxic aspects of the following natural products isolated from dried flowers of H. inuloides: 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydrocadalene (1), 7-hydroxycadalene (2), 3,7-dihydroxy-3(4H)-isocadalen-4-one (3), (1R,4R)-1-hydroxy-4H-1,2,3,4- tetrahydrocadalen-15-oic acid (4), D-chiro-inositol (5), quercetin (6), quercetin-3,7,3'-trimethyl ether (7), quercetin-3,7,3',4'-tetramethyl ether (8), eriodictyol-7,4'-dimethyl ether (9), α-spinasterol (10), caryolan-1,9β-diol (11) and 7-(3,3-dimethylallyloxy)-coumarin (12) as well as the toxic aspects of the semisynthetic compounds 7-acetoxy-3,4-dihydrocadalene (13), 7-benzoxy-3,4-dihydrocadalene (14), 7-acetoxycadalene (15), 7-benzoxycadalene (16), quercetin pentaacetate (17), 7-hydroxycalamenene (18), 3,8-dimethyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1,2-naphthoquinone (19), and 4-isopropyl-1,6-dimethylbenzo[c]oxepine-7,9-dione (20). Toxic activities of compounds were determined by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, Artemia salina assay, RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Additionally, the acute toxicity in mouse of compound 1, the major natural sesquiterpene isolated from the acetone extract, was evaluated. RESULTS The best cytotoxicity activity was observed for mansonone C (19) on K562 cell line with IC50 1.45 ± 0.14 μM, for 7-hydroxycadalene (2) on HCT-15 cell line with IC50 18.89 ± 1.2 μM, and for quercetin pentaacetate (17) on MCF-7 cell line with IC50 22.57 ± 2.4 μM. Sesquiterpenes mansonone C (19) and 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydrocadalene (1) caused the strongest deleterious effects against A. salina with IC50 39.4 ± 1.07, and 45.47 ± 1.74 μM, respectively. The number of viable RAW 264.7 cells was reduced with sesquiterpenes 1 and 2 by more than 90%. In addition, the acute study of 1 revealed no lethal effects at 300 mg/kg body weight, however, a reduction in the body weight of mice, morphological changes in the tissues of the liver and kidney and toxic signs were observed at very high doses (2000 mg/kg). CONCLUSION The results provided evidence for the cytotoxicity of Mexican arnica (H. inuloides) metabolites and may be correlated with one of the popular uses of this plant, in traditional Mexican medicine, as anticancer remedy. Among the active compounds contained in the acetone extract, the cytotoxic activity is mainly ascribable to cadinene type sesquiterpenes. In addition, evidence of acute toxicity suggests that 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydrocadalene (1) may lead to toxicity at very high doses.
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Key Words
- 3,8-dimethyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1,2-naphthoquinone (PubChem CID: 21742)
- 7-(3,3-dimethylallyloxy)-coumarin (PubChem CID: 320362)
- 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydrocadalene (PubChem CID: 163563874)
- 7-hydroxycadalene (PubChem CID: 608115)
- Acute toxicity
- Cadinanes
- Cytotoxicity
- Heterotheca inuloides
- Mexican arnica
- RAW264.7 macrophages
- eriodictyol-7,4′-dimethyl ether (PubChem CID: 320054)
- quercetin (PubChem CID: 5280343)
- quercetin pentaacetate (PubChem CID: 14005)
- quercetin-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethyl ether (PubChem CID: 5352005)
- quercetin-3,7,3′-trimethyl ether (PubChem CID: 12303)
- α-spinasterol (PubChem CID: 5281331)
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Rodríguez-Chávez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Elvia Coballase-Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700C Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, 04530 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Gloria Sicilia-Argumedo
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700C Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, 04530 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Teresa Ramírez-Apan
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Guillermo Delgado
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., Mexico.
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Pu X, Lam L, Gehlken K, Ulappa AC, Rachlow JL, Forbey JS. ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF WYOMING BIG SAGEBRUSH ( ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SSP. WYOMINGENSIS) VARIES SPATIALLY AND IS NOT RELATED TO THE PRESENCE OF A SAGEBRUSH DIETARY SPECIALIST. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2015; 75:78-87. [PMID: 26582971 DOI: 10.3398/064.075.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) in North America is an abundant native plant species that is ecologically and evolutionarily adapted to have a diverse array of biologically active chemicals. Several of these chemicals, specifically polyphenols, have antioxidant activity that may act as biomarkers of biotic or abiotic stress. This study investigated the spatial variation of antioxidant capacity, as well as the relationship between a mammalian herbivore and antioxidant capacity in Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis). We quantified and compared total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of leaf extracts from sagebrush plants from different spatial scales and at different levels of browsing by a specialist mammalian herbivore, the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis). We found that antioxidant capacity of sagebrush extracts was positively correlated with total polyphenol content. Antioxidant capacity varied spatially within and among plants. Antioxidant capacity in sagebrush was not related to either browsing intensity or duration of association with rabbits. We propose that the patterns of antioxidant capacity observed in sagebrush may be a result of spatial variation in abiotic stress experienced by sagebrush. Antioxidants could therefore provide a biomarker of environmental stress for sagebrush that could aid in management and conservation of this plant in the threatened sagebrush steppe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Pu
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725.
| | - Lisa Lam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725
| | - Kristina Gehlken
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725
| | - Amy C Ulappa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725. ; School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Janet L Rachlow
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
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Condensed tannins reduce browsing and increase grazing time of free-ranging goats in semi-arid savannas. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Taiwo OE, Joel OO. Acute toxicity and histopathological assessment of methanol extract of Cleome viscosa (Linn.) whole plant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2014.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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42
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Moore BD, Wiggins NL, Marsh KJ, Dearing MD, Foley WJ. Translating physiological signals to changes in feeding behaviour in mammals and the future effects of global climate change. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammals cannot avoid ingesting secondary metabolites, often in significant amounts. Thus, their intake must be regulated to avoid intoxication. Three broad mechanisms have been described by which this can be achieved. These are conditioned aversions mediated by nausea, non-conditioned aversions and the recognition of limits to detoxification. Although there is some overlap between these, we know little about the way that mechanisms of toxin avoidance interact with regulation of nutrient intake and whether one has priority over the other. Nonetheless, regulation of meal length and inter-meal length allows the intake of some plant secondary metabolites to be matched with an animal’s capacity for detoxification and its nutritional requirements. Toxicity itself is not a fixed limitation and recent work suggests that ambient temperature can be a major determinant of the toxicity of plant secondary metabolites, largely through effects on liver function. These effects are likely to be of major importance in predicting the impact of global climate change on herbivores.
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Kumar N, D G, Gupta G, Karnati R. Chebulagic acid from Terminalia chebula causes G1 arrest, inhibits NFκB and induces apoptosis in retinoblastoma cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:319. [PMID: 25169718 PMCID: PMC4158129 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Plants are the valuable source of natural products with important medicinal properties. Most of the approved anti cancer drugs have a natural product origin or are natural products. Retinoblastoma is the most common ocular cancer of children. Although chemotherapy is the preferred mode of therapy, a successful treatment for retinoblastoma requires enucleation. Chebulagic acid (CA) from Terminalia chebula was shown to have anti-proliferative properties in the studies on cancerous cell lines. Due to anti cancer properties of CA and due to limitation in treatment options for retinoblastoma, the present study is undertaken to understand the role of CA on the proliferation of retinoblastoma cells. Methods Anti proliferative potential of CA was determined by MTT assay. The expression levels of various cell death mediators in retinoblastoma cells with CA treatment were assessed by Western blotting. Flowcytometer analysis was used to estimate the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and to determine the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis. Results The present study showed CA inhibited the proliferation of retinoblastoma cells in a dose dependent manner. CA modulated MMP, induced release of Cytochrome c, activated caspase 3 and shifted the ratio of BAX and Bcl2 towards cell death. G1 arrest, noticed in CA treated cells, is mediated by the increase in the expression of CDK inhibitor p27. CA treatment also decreased the levels of NFκB in the nucleus. This decrease is mediated by suppression in degradation of IκBα. Conclusion CA has shown significant anti proliferative potential on retinoblastoma cells. Our findings clearly demonstrate that CA induces G1 arrest, inhibits NFκB and induces apoptosis of retinoblastoma cells.
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Seasonal changes in the concentrations of plant secondary metabolites and their effects on food selection by Microtus oeconomus. Mamm Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Garnick S, Di Stefano J, Elgar MA, Coulson G. Inter- and intraspecific effects of body size on habitat use among sexually-dimorphic macropodids. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garnick
- Dept of Zoology; Univ. of Melbourne; Gate 13 Royal Parade Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Julian Di Stefano
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, Dept of Forest and Ecosystem Science; University of Melbourne; Building 716, Creswick Campus Victoria 3363 Australia
| | - Mark A. Elgar
- Dept of Zoology; Univ. of Melbourne; Gate 13 Royal Parade Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Graeme Coulson
- Dept of Zoology; Univ. of Melbourne; Gate 13 Royal Parade Victoria 3010 Australia
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Mittasch J, Böttcher C, Frolova N, Bönn M, Milkowski C. Identification of UGT84A13 as a candidate enzyme for the first committed step of gallotannin biosynthesis in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 99:44-51. [PMID: 24412325 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding the ester-forming hydroxybenzoic acid glucosyltransferase UGT84A13 was isolated from a cDNA library of Quercus robur swelling buds and young leaves. The enzyme displayed high sequence identity to resveratrol/hydroxycinnamate and hydroxybenzoate/hydroxycinnamate glucosyltransferases from Vitis species and clustered to the phylogenetic group L of plant glucosyltransferases, mainly involved in the formation of 1-O-β-D-glucose esters. In silico transcriptome analysis confirmed expression of UGT84A13 in Quercus tissues which were previously shown to exhibit UDP-glucose:gallic acid glucosyltransferase activity. UGT84A13 was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli as N-terminal His-tagged protein. In vitro kinetic measurements with the purified recombinant enzyme revealed a clear preference for hydroxybenzoic acids as glucosyl acceptor in comparison to hydroxycinnamic acids. Of the preferred in vitro substrates, protocatechuic, vanillic and gallic acid, only the latter and its corresponding 1-O-ß-D-glucose ester were found to be accumulated in young oak leaves. This indicates that in planta UGT84A13 catalyzes the formation of , 1-O-galloyl-ß-D-glucose, the first committed step of gallotannin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Mittasch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Crop Plant Research, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Nadezhda Frolova
- Interdisciplinary Center for Crop Plant Research, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Bönn
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Carsten Milkowski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Crop Plant Research, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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DeGabriel JL, Moore BD, Felton AM, Ganzhorn JU, Stolter C, Wallis IR, Johnson CN, Foley WJ. Translating nutritional ecology from the laboratory to the field: milestones in linking plant chemistry to population regulation in mammalian browsers. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Shaw RF, Pakeman RJ, Young MR, Iason GR. Microsite affects willow sapling recovery from bank vole (Myodes glareolus) herbivory, but does not affect grazing risk. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:731-9. [PMID: 23798601 PMCID: PMC3736771 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large herbivores are often removed or reduced as part of vegetation restoration programmes, but the resultant increase in vegetation biomass and changes in vegetation structure may favour small mammals. Small mammals may have large impacts on plant community composition via granivory and sapling herbivory, and increased small mammal populations may reduce any benefits of large herbivore removal for highly preferred species. This study tested the impacts of small mammal herbivory, microsite characteristics and their interaction on growth and survival of three montane willow species with differing chemical compositions, Salix lapponum, S. myrsinifolia and S. arbuscula. METHODS In two separate years, 1-year-old saplings were planted within a 180 ha, large-mammal scrub regeneration exclosure, and either experimentally protected from or exposed to small mammals (bank voles). Saplings were planted in one of two microsite treatments, vegetation mown (to mimic a grazed sward) or disturbed (all above- and below-ground competition removed), and monitored throughout the first year of growth. KEY RESULTS Approximately 40 % of saplings planted out in each year were damaged by bank voles, but direct mortality due to damage was very low (<2 %). There were no strong species differences in susceptibility to vole damage. Microsite treatment had no impact on the proportion of saplings attacked, but in 2004 saplings in mown microsites were more severely damaged and had smaller increases in size than those in disturbed microsites. In 2003, saplings in mown microsites had smaller increases in stem diameter following attack than those in disturbed microsites. CONCLUSIONS Planting 1-year-old willow saplings into disturbed microsites may aid growth, reduce the severity of small mammal damage and improve recovery following sub-lethal small mammal damage. Restoration management of montane willow scrub should therefore consider manipulating the planting site to provide disturbed areas of soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind F Shaw
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK.
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Lavecchia T, Rea G, Antonacci A, Giardi MT. Healthy and adverse effects of plant-derived functional metabolites: the need of revealing their content and bioactivity in a complex food matrix. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:198-213. [PMID: 23072533 PMCID: PMC3662084 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.520829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, both food quality and its effect on human health have become a fundamental issue all over the world. As a consequence of this new and increased awareness, American, European, and Asian policymakers have strongly encouraged the research programs on food quality and safety thematic. Attempts to improve human health and to satisfy people's desire for healthcare without intake of pharmaceuticals, has led the food industry to focus attention on functional or nutraceutical food. For a long time, compounds with nutraceutical activity have been produced chemically, but the new demands for a sustainable life have gradually led the food industry to move towards natural compounds, mainly those derived from plants. Many phytochemicals are known to promote good health, but, sometimes, undesirable effects are also reported. Furthermore, several products present on the market show few benefits and sometimes even the reverse - unhealthy effects; the evidence of efficacy is often unconvincing and epidemiological studies are necessary to prove the truth of their claims. Therefore, there is a need for reliable analytical control systems to measure the bioactivity, content, and quality of these additives in the complex food matrix. This review describes the most widespread nutraceutics and an analytical control of the same using recently developed biosensors which are promising candidates for routine control of functional foods.
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Abstract
N-alkanes are long-chain saturated hydrocarbons occurring in plant cuticles that can be used as chemical markers for estimating the diet composition of herbivores. An important constraint of using n-alkanes to estimate diet composition with currently employed mathematical procedures is that the number of markers must be equal or larger than the number of diet components. This is a considerable limitation when dealing with free-ranging herbivores feeding on complex plant communities. We present a novel approach for the estimation of diet composition using n-alkanes which applies equally to cases where the number of markers is lower, equal or greater than the number of plant species in the diet. The model uses linear programming to estimate the minimum and maximum proportions of each plant in the diet, and avoids the need for grouping species in order to reduce the number of estimated dietary components. We illustrate the model with two data sets of n-alkane content of plants and faeces obtained from a sheep grazing experiment conducted in Australia and a red deer study in Portugal. Our results are consistent with previous studies on those data sets and provide additional information on the proportions of individual species in the diet. Results show that sheep included in the diet high proportions of white clover (from 0.25 to 0.37), and relatively high proportions of grasses (e.g. brome from 0.14 to 0.26) but tended to avoid Lotus spp. (always less than 0.04 of the diet). For red deer we found high proportions of legumes (e.g. Trifolium angustifolium and Vicia sativa reaching maximum proportions of 0.42 and 0.30 of the diet, respectively) with grasses being less important and Cistus ladanifer, a browse, also having relevance (from 0.21 to 0.42 of the diet).
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