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Chen G, Zhang K, Tian G, Bai S, Ding X, Wang J, Lv L, Tan Q, Zhao W, Zeng Q. Determination of Time Progression and Sensitive Biomarkers of Maternal Zinc Depletion in Broiler Chickens and Pekin Ducks Fed a Zinc-Deficient Diet. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 201:3438-3445. [PMID: 36094695 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to assess maternal zinc (Zn) depletion in broiler chickens and Pekin ducks fed a Zn-deficient diet. The time of Zn depletion was assessed based on growth performance, and sensitive biomarkers were determined based on tissue Zn content via a linear regression model. A total of 200 1-day-old male broiler chickens (experiment 1) and 200 1-day-old male Pekin ducks (experiment 2) were randomly allocated to 2 diets with 10 replicate cages (10 birds/cage). The two diets were a zinc-deficient diet (ZnD, 20.42 mg Zn/kg) and a control zinc diet (CON, 84.77 mg Zn/kg). In experiment 1, compared to CON, ZnD decreased (P < 0.05) the body weight (days 7, 14, and 21), body weight gain, feed intake (days 1-7, 1-14, and 1-21), and the Zn content of plasma (days 7 and 21), pancreas (days 7, 14, and 21), and tibia in broiler chickens. The R2 of a linear model was greater at day 7 than at day 14 or day 21 for pancreatic Zn content in broiler chickens. In experiment 2, compared to CON, ZnD also decreased (P < 0.05) the body weight (days 7, 14, and 21), body weight gain (days 1-7, 1-14, and 1-21), and feed intake (days 1-14 and 1-21) and increased (P < 0.05) the feed-to-gain ratio (days 1-7 and 1-14) in ducks. Compared with CON, ZnD reduced (P < 0.05) the Zn content of the pancreas (days 7, 14, and 21), tibia (days 7, 14, and 21), and skin (days 14 and 21) and increased (P < 0.05) the Zn content of the plasma (day 21) and skin (day 7) in ducks. The R2 of a linear model was greater at day 7 than at days 14 or 21 for skin Zn content in ducks. The results indicated that the maternal Zn was depleted by 7 days of age in both birds; the sensitive biomarker for broiler chickens is pancreatic Zn content, and for ducks, it is skin Zn content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiping Bai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Ding
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Lv
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Quan Tan
- Novus International Trading (Shanghai), Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Novus International Trading (Shanghai), Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Qiufeng Zeng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Marín-García PJ, Llobat L, López-Lujan MC, Cambra-López M, Blas E, Pascual JJ. Urea Nitrogen Metabolite Can Contribute to Implementing the Ideal Protein Concept in Monogastric Animals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182344. [PMID: 36139206 PMCID: PMC9495106 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Can urea nitrogen metabolite contribute to implementing the ideal protein concept in monogastric animals? This work aims to critically analyse how this metabolite can contribute to accurately implementing the ideal protein concept in monogastric animals, particularly in pig, poultry, and rabbit nutrition. This information will contribute to evaluating its potential and limitations as biomarker, as well as to standardizing the use of this metabolite in precise amino acidic monogastric nutrition. Abstract The ideal protein concept refers to dietary protein with an amino acid profile that exactly meets an animal’s requirement. Low-quality protein levels in the diet have negative implications for productive and reproductive traits, and a protein oversupply is energetically costly and leads to an excessive N excretion, with potentially negative environmental impact. Urea Nitrogen (UN), which corresponds to the amount of nitrogen in the form of urea circulating in the bloodstream, is a metabolite that has been widely used to detect amino acid imbalances and deficiencies and protein requirements. This review aims to critically analyse how UN can contribute to accurately implementing the ideal protein concept in monogastric animals, particularly in pig, poultry, and rabbit nutrition (14,000 animals from 76 published trials). About 59, 37, and 4% of trials have been conducted in pigs, poultry, and rabbits, respectively. UN level was negatively correlated to main performance traits (Pearson Correlation Coefficient [PCC] of −0.98 and −0.76, for average daily gain and feed conversion ratio, respectively), and lower UN level was related to higher milk yield and concentration. High level of UN was positively correlated to N excretion (PCC = 0.99) and negatively correlated to protein retention (PCC = −0.99). Therefore, UN in blood seems to be a proper indicator of amino acid imbalance in monogastric animals. Great variability in the use of UN was observed in the literature, including uses as determination medium (blood, plasma, or serum), units, and feeding system used (ad libitum or restricted), among others. A standardization of the methods in each of the species, with the aim to harmonize comparison among works, is suggested. After review, UN measurement in plasma and, whenever possible, the utilization of the same nutritional methodology (ad libitum conditions or restriction with blood sampling after refeeding at standardised time) are recommended. More studies are necessary to know the potential of UN and other bioindicators for amino acid deficiencies evaluation to get closer to the ideal protein concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.J.M.-G.); (L.L.)
| | - Lola Llobat
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.J.M.-G.); (L.L.)
| | - Mari Carmen López-Lujan
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Cambra-López
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Blas
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan José Pascual
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Noetzold T, Vieira S, Xavier B, Olabarriaga Y, Fireman A. Supplemental effects of amino acid-complexed trace minerals on broiler breeder hen performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Güz BC, de Jong IC, Bol UE, Kemp B, van Krimpen M, Molenaar R, van den Brand H. Effects of organic macro and trace minerals in fast and slower growing broiler breeders' diet on offspring growth performance and tibia characteristics. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101647. [PMID: 34998228 PMCID: PMC8749331 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate effects of source of macro and trace minerals (inorganic vs. organic) in fast and slower growing broiler breeders' diets on egg and hatchling mineral content and on offspring tibia morphological, biophysical, and mechanical characteristics. After 10 wk feeding the breeders (at 30 wk of age), eggs were collected and incubated. Eggs and hatchlings were analysed on mineral content. Male chickens were assigned to 32 pens with 12 chickens per pen. At approximately 1,700 and 2,600 gram BW, three chickens per pen were slaughtered. Tibia characteristics were determined. Organic minerals in the broiler breeder diet resulted in higher Fe and Se concentration in the egg and in higher Se concentration in the hatchling. Despite effects of mineral source on mineral concentration in the eggs and hatchlings were limited, organic minerals in the slower-growing broiler breeder diet resulted in higher offspring BW (d 42, Δ = 115 g; P = 0.03) and advanced tibia development (higher thickness (∆ = 0.38 cm; P < 0.001), osseous volume (∆ = 5.1 cm3; P = 0.01), and mineral density (Δ = 0.13 g/cm3; P = 0.03) at 2,600 g BW), but this was not observed in fast-growing chickens. This suggests that 1) the difference in feed intake of the breeders between strains might affect offspring performance, which might indicate that current slower-growing breeder diets might be suboptimal in minerals or that transgenerational mineral availability in slower growing chickens appears to be more effective on bone development, which might be related to time available for bone development. 2) transgenerational mineral availability in offspring appears to play a role via other mechanisms than via absolute mineral concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Güz
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands.
| | - I C de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - U E Bol
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - M van Krimpen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - R Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
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Halgrain M, Bernardet N, Crepeau M, Même N, Narcy A, Hincke M, Réhault-Godbert S. Eggshell decalcification and skeletal mineralization during chicken embryonic development: defining candidate genes in the chorioallantoic membrane. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101622. [PMID: 34959155 PMCID: PMC8717587 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During chicken embryonic development, skeleton calcification mainly relies on the eggshell, whose minerals are progressively solubilized and transported to the embryo via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). However, the molecular components involved in this process remain undefined. We assessed eggshell demineralization and calcification of the embryo skeleton after 12 and 16 d of incubation, and analyzed the expression of several candidate genes in the CAM: carbonic anhydrases that are likely involved in secretion of protons for eggshell dissolution (CA2, CA4, CA9), ions transporters and regulators (CALB1, SLC4A1, ATP6V1B2, SGK1, SCGN, PKD2) and vitamin-D binding protein (GC). Our results confirmed that eggshell weight, thickness, and strength decreased during incubation, with a concomitant increase in calcification of embryonic skeletal system. In the CAM, the expression of CA2 increased during incubation while CA4 and CA9 were expressed at similar levels at both stages. SCL4A1 and SCGN were expressed, but not differentially, between the two stages, while the expression of ATP6V1B2 and PKD2 genes decreased. The expression of SGK1 and TRPV6 increased over time, although the expression of the latter gene was barely detectable. In parallel, we analyzed the expression of these candidate genes in the yolk sac (YS), which mediates the transfer of yolk minerals to the embryo during the first half of incubation. In YS, CA2 expression increases during incubation, similar to the CAM, while the expression of the other candidate genes decreases. Moreover, CALB1 and GC genes were found to be expressed during incubation in the YS, in contrast to the CAM where no expression of either was detected. This study demonstrates that the regulation of genes involved in the mobilization of egg minerals during embryonic development is different between the YS and CAM extraembryonic structures. Identification of the full suite of molecular components involved in the transfer of eggshell calcium to the embryo via the CAM should help to better understand the role of this structure in bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nathalie Même
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Agnès Narcy
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Maxwell Hincke
- Departments of Innovation in Medical Education and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; LE STUDIUM Research Consortium, Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans-Tours, France
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Nutrition and Digestive Physiology of the Broiler Chick: State of the Art and Outlook. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102795. [PMID: 34679817 PMCID: PMC8532940 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The first week after hatch is the most challenging period in the life of broilers. The digestive tract of the newly hatched chick is immature and must undergo dramatic changes before it can efficiently digest and absorb nutrients. The gut is the vital organ where nutrient digestion and absorption take place. Ontogenic changes that accompany improved digestion and absorption include increased secretion of digestive enzymes, increase in the gut absorptive surface area, and enhanced nutrient transporters. The obvious limiting factors are the secretion and activities of digestive enzymes, and the surface area for absorption. These limitations are overcome as the birds grow older, with concurrent improvements in nutrient utilization. In addition, substantial changes also take place in the physical and functional development of the immune system and intestinal microbial ecology. However, the focus of the current review was on nutrition-related challenges and nutritional approaches to assist the chick during this highly demanding period. Abstract Because the intestine is the primary nutrient supply organ, early development of digestive function in newly hatched chick will enable it to better utilize nutrients, grow efficiently, and achieve the genetic potential of contemporary broilers. Published data on the growth and digestive function of the gastrointestinal tract in neonatal poultry were reviewed. Several potential strategies to improve digestive tract growth and function in newly hatched chick are available and the options include breeder nutrition, in ovo feeding, early access to feed and water, special pre-starter diets, judicious use of feed additives, and early programming.
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Afrouziyeh M, Zukiwsky NM, Zuidhof MJ. Intergenerational effects of maternal growth strategies in broiler breeders. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101090. [PMID: 33975037 PMCID: PMC8131725 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal growth patterns affect broiler growth performance. The current study investigated the impact of lesser growth restriction, compared to the breeder-recommended target growth, during the prepubertal growth phase and earlier pubertal growth in breeders on their offspring growth and carcass traits. In a randomized controlled trial, a total of 40 female broiler breeders were randomly assigned to 10 unique growth trajectories with 2 levels of maternal BW gain (MW) in prepubertal phase and 5 levels of maternal pubertal growth inflection (MI) for each level of the MW. Growth parameters (MW and MI) were estimated by fitting a 3-phase Gompertz model to the breeder-recommended BW target (Standard MW; SMW), or 10% higher (HMW). Maternal pubertal inflection was advanced by 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% in both SMW and HMW groups. Maternal growth trajectories were implemented from 0 to 42 wk of age using a precision feeding (PF) system. The current study consisted of two cohorts that varied in maternal age (MA) of 35 and 42 wk. The broiler chicks were fed to 35 d of age, also with the PF system. Analysis of covariance was conducted on all dependent variables (BW, FCR, carcass traits) with MA, MW, and offspring sex as categorical variables and MI as a continuous predictor variable. Chicks from 42 wk old hens had higher 0 (hatch), 14, 21, and 28 d BW, liver, and heart weight, and lower FCR from 7 to 35 d of age than those from the 35 wk old hens. Compared to SMW hens, HMW hens produced female offspring with lower FCR, and male offspring with heavier gut weight. Advancing MI increased hatch BW in both sexes and 35 d BW in male broilers. For every week that the MI was advanced, hatch BW increased by 0.26 g in females and 0.39 g in males; however, 21 and 35 d BW decreased by 6.85 and 17.29 g/wk in females and increased by 10.53 and 25.94 g/wk in males, respectively. Overall, a lesser degree of growth restriction during prepubertal and earlier pubertal growth increased male offspring growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afrouziyeh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Nicole M Zukiwsky
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Martin J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5.
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Comparison of early growth and survivability in indigenous guinea fowls from Northern Ghana. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:89. [PMID: 33415538 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Three guinea fowl populations from Northern Ghana were compared in terms of their body weight, growth rates, and survivability during the first 11 weeks of life. Keets (n = 865) were hatched from eggs collected from 32 sampling areas divided into eleven subpopulations within three populations in Northern Ghana. Together with an experimental flock maintained at Animal Research Institute (ARI flock), these birds were raised and appraised for weekly body weights, weekly growth rates, and survivability. Weekly body weights did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among the three populations, although ARI flock were significantly heavier (p ˂ 0.05) compared to the main populations until the fourth week. In contrast, among the subpopulations, significant differences emerged in body weights from the second week and were more pronounced from the sixth week. Growth rates measured as weekly weight gains also differed significantly among subpopulations beyond the second week, although differences in growth rates were not significantly different among whole populations. The mean values for total feed intake, daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) between the populations. Therefore, although the variations in body weight and growth rates were limited among the populations, there existed significant variations among subpopulations, creating opportunities to establish genetically divergent populations for growth rate and to improve early growth rates and body weights in local guinea fowls by selection. High survivability observed in the ARI flock compared to keets from the three populations of Northern Ghana was likely due to good breeder stock management practices despite their common ancestry.
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Butler LD, Scanes CG, Rochell SJ, Mauromoustakos A, Caldas JV, Keen CA, Owens CM, Kidd MT. Effect of pullet body weight and hen dietary amino acid treatments on their progeny fed high and low amino acid diets. Poult Sci 2020; 100:159-173. [PMID: 33357678 PMCID: PMC7772652 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four studies were conducted on Cobb 700 broilers to evaluate the dietary protein and any maternal effects on live production and processing parameters. Day-old Cobb 700 broiler breeder pullets were reared to conform to 2 different BW curves (control BW and increased BW) with 8 replicate pens per treatment. Birds were fed common diets from 1 d of age until first egg (24 wk). At 24 wk, 12 pens of each pullet treatment were given different amino acid (AA) diets (low = 14% CP, high = 15% CP). The performance of female and male progeny from 32 and 45 wk hens were evaluated on low AA and high AA density diets. The 4 progeny trial designs were identical factorial 2 × 2 × 2 designs, with 2 pullet BW curves (control BW and increased BW), 2 dam CP diet levels (low and high), and 2 progeny CP diets (low and high), with 6 replicates each containing 18 birds, for a total of 108 broiler progeny per treatment. Broiler chickens on the higher AA density feed exhibited consistent improvement in mid-growth BW and FCR and white meat yield percentage. Some maternal effects were noted, including increased carcass yield in female broilers from 32 wk old hens. There were 3-way interactions of pullet BW × hen dietary AA × progeny dietary AA treatments for female progeny carcass yield (from 32-week-old hens) and male tender yield (from 45-week-old hens). There were 2-way interactions of pullet BW x hen dietary AA treatments effect on female and male progeny drumstick yield from 32-week-old hens, pullet BW × progeny dietary AA treatments effect on male 27 d BW from 32-week-old hens, and hen dietary AA × progeny dietary AA treatments effect on male thigh yield from 45-week-old hen. The epigenetic effects of maternal pullet BW and dietary AA treatments were seen in processing yields suggesting, the need of dietary CP changes of the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Butler
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701; World Technical Support, Cobb-Vantress, Inc., Siloam Springs, AR 72761.
| | - C G Scanes
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - S J Rochell
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - A Mauromoustakos
- Agricultural Statistics Lab, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - J V Caldas
- World Technical Support, Cobb-Vantress, Inc., Siloam Springs, AR 72761
| | - C A Keen
- World Technical Support, Cobb-Vantress, Inc., Siloam Springs, AR 72761
| | - C M Owens
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - M T Kidd
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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Güz BC, Molenaar R, de Jong IC, Kemp B, van den Brand H, van Krimpen M. Effects of dietary organic minerals, fish oil, and hydrolyzed collagen on growth performance and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6552-6563. [PMID: 31392338 PMCID: PMC6870562 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is a crucial factor for growth and bone development in broiler chickens. Adjustments in dietary ingredients might affect bone development and consequently locomotion related problems. This study was designed to evaluate effects of dietary organic minerals (ORM), fish oil (FISH), and hydrolyzed collagen (COL) on growth performance and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. A total of three hundred eighty four 1-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were used in a complete randomized block design with 4 diet groups and 8 replicates per diet group. In the ORM diet, the inorganic macro and trace minerals were replaced by their organic varieties. In the FISH diet, palm oil and soybean oil were partly replaced by FISH. In the COL diet, soybean meal was partly replaced by COL. Results showed that the ORM and COL diet groups reached a higher body weight (BW) at 42 D of age than the FISH diet group, whereas the control group was in between. The feed conversion ratio between day 1 and 42 was lower in the ORM and COL diet groups than in both other diet groups. On day 28, 35, and 42, gait score (GS), Varus Valgus deformity, tibia length (TL), thickness, femoral and metatarsal head thickness (THT), mineral content (TMC), mineral density (TMD), breaking strength (TBS), stiffness (TSF), and energy to fracture (TEF) were measured (n = 3/replicate). The ORM diet group had higher TL at day 42, higher THT at day 28, higher TMC at day 42, higher TMD at day 28, 35, and 42, higher TBS at day 42, higher TSF at day 35 and 42, and higher TEF at day 42 compared to the FISH diet group, with the COL and control diet groups in between. It can be concluded that replacing dietary inorganic macro and trace minerals by their organic varieties seems to stimulate tibia dimensions, strength, and mineral content of broiler chickens. On the contrary, FISH appears to negatively affect tibia characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Güz
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - R Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - I C de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - M van Krimpen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
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Thanabalan A, Moats J, Kiarie EG. Effects of feeding broiler breeder hens a coextruded full-fat flaxseed and pulses mixture without or with multienzyme supplement. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2616-2623. [PMID: 32359597 PMCID: PMC7597534 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of coextruded full-fat flaxseed and pulses (FFF; 1:1 wt/wt) mixture on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enrichment in egg yolk, hepatic attributes, apparent retention (AR) of components, and ceca metabolites were evaluated in broiler breeder hens. The diets were as follows: 1) corn–soybean control, 2) control diet plus 18% FFF (FFF−), and 3) FFF plus enzyme supplement (FFF+) containing galactanase, protease, mannanase, glucanase, xylanase, amylase, and cellulase activities. Twenty-six-week-old Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens were allocated to 30 identical cages (2 hens/cage) and given 1-week adaptation period. The 3 diets were assigned to 10 replicate cages based on postadaptation BW and fed based on breeder curve for 30 D. Excreta samples were collected from day 24 to 27 for determination of AR of components, and eggs were collected from day 28 to 30 for yolk polyunsaturated fatty acids analyses. On day 30, birds were weighed, killed via cervical dislocation, liver weighed, and stored for fat analyses. Ceca digesta samples were taken for concentration of short-chain fatty acids. Liver and yolk weights as well as total yolk FA were not influenced by diets (P > 0.05). Control birds had lower yolk concentration of α-linolenic acid than birds fed either FFF− or FFF+ (P < 0.01) corresponding to 7.5, 36.8, and 37.3 mg/g for the control, FFF−, and FFF+, respectively. Control birds also exhibited lower yolk concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (P < 0.01). Control birds had higher hepatic concentration of crude fat and apparent retention of dry matter and crude protein compared with either the FFF− or FFF+ birds (P < 0.05). Birds fed FFF- diet had lower ceca digesta concentration of lactic acid than control and FFF+ (P < 0.05) birds. Results showed broiler breeder hens enriched egg yolk with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids without effects on the liver while the supplemental enzyme did not improve the utilization of FFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizwarya Thanabalan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Janna Moats
- Department of Research and Development, O&T Farms Ltd., Regina, SK S4R 8R7, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
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Araújo CSS, Hermes RG, Bittencourt LC, Silva CC, Araújo LF, Granghelli CA, Pelissari PH, Roque FA, Leite BGS. Different dietary trace mineral sources for broiler breeders and their progenies. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4716-4721. [PMID: 30993341 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different trace mineral supplementation sources in the diet of broiler breeders on their performance and on their progenies. In total, 128 Cobb 500 broiler breeders were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in 2 experimental treatments. The control group was fed a diet supplemented with inorganic trace minerals (ITM), while the other group was fed a diet supplemented with reduced levels of trace minerals in the organic form. Eggs were collected when breeders were 35, 47, and 53 wk old. Their progeny (450 hatchlings) were divided according to trace mineral supplementation source from the maternal diet, creating 2 treatments with 16 replicates of 15 birds each. Organic trace mineral (OTM) supplementation improved broiler breeder performance, as shown by higher egg production and better eggshell quality of OTM-fed hens compared with those fed ITM. Egg fertility and hatchability were not influenced by the treatments. As to progeny performance, higher weight gain, and consequently, better feed conversion ratio, were obtained in the 41-day-old progenies of OTM-fed breeders, independently of hen age. Maternal diet trace mineral source did not affect broiler carcass, breast meat, or leg yields. The results of the present study show that supplementing broiler breeder diets with organic trace mineral sources enhances the performance of breeders and their progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S S Araújo
- Departament of Animal Nutrition and Production, Universidade de São Paulo, 13635900 Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - R G Hermes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo 13635900 Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - L C Bittencourt
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo 13635900 Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - C C Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo 13635900 Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - L F Araújo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - C A Granghelli
- Departament of Animal Nutrition and Production, Universidade de São Paulo, 13635900 Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - P H Pelissari
- Departament of Animal Nutrition and Production, Universidade de São Paulo, 13635900 Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - F A Roque
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - B G S Leite
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Effect of pre-incubation and incubation conditions on hatchability, hatch time and hatch window, and effect of post-hatch handling on chick quality at placement. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gao J, Nie W, Xing K, Guo Y. Comparative Study of Different Maternal Zinc Resource Supplementation on Performance and Breast Muscle Development of their Offspring. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:197-207. [PMID: 30269197 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Maternal zinc supplementation has a pivotal role in enhancing breast muscle development of the offspring. What is poorly defined is the impact of supplemental zinc from different sources on the offspring. Broiler breeders at 24-week-old were randomly divided into three treatments with six replicates of 40 hens each and respectively fed for 8 weeks with supplemental 0-(group Zn/C), 100 mg/kg organic-(group Zn/O), and 100 mg/kg inorganic-(group Zn/I) zinc. The male offspring from each nutritional treatment were allocated into eight cages of 14 birds each, and a commercial diet supplemented with zinc from ZnSO4 at 20 mg/kg was fed to the offsprings. Results showed that eggs from Zn/O group had the highest zinc deposition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, maternal zinc supplementation promoted breast muscle yield; increased serum insulin and IGF-I concentration; upregulated AKT, mTOR, and P70S6K mRNA levels; and improved the phosphorylation of AKT at Serine 473 residue, mTOR at Serine 2448 residue, and FOXO at Serine 256 residue in the breast muscles of the offspring. In contrast, hens' diet supplemented with zinc could result in downregulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA levels in the breast muscle of the offspring. Additionally, no significant effect on breast muscle development post-hatch was observed between organic and inorganic zinc supplementation. In conclusion, maternal organic zinc supplementation improved zinc deposition in egg; however, no significant difference was detected in breast muscle development of the offspring of broiler breeder between organic and inorganic zinc supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Kun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
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Saber SN, Kutlu HR. Effect of including n-3/ n-6 fatty acid feed sources in diet on fertility and hatchability of broiler breeders and post-hatch performance and carcass parameters of progeny. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:305-312. [PMID: 31010967 PMCID: PMC6946961 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The present trial was conducted to determine the influence of different dietary fatty acid (omega-3 and omega-6) sources on reproductive performance of female broiler breeders and growth performance and carcass traits of their progeny. Methods Two hundred and twenty, 25 weeks old Ross-308 male (20) and female (200) broiler breeders were used in the experiment for the period of 6 weeks. All birds were randomly divided into four dietary treatments (containing 2% soybean oil, 2% sunflower oil, 2% flaxseed oil, and 2% fish oil) each with five replicates of one male and ten females. Throughout this experiment hatching performance of broiler breeders, progeny growth performance and carcass parameters were recorded. Results The results showed that the inclusion of different fatty acid sources in female broiler breeders diet had no significant effects (p>0.05) on number of fertile eggs, post-hatch mortality, and fertility rate. The soybean oil supplemented group had significantly (p<0.05) higher late embryonic mortality compared to other three treatments. Conclusion It was concluded that inclusion of 2% of different sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (especially 2% flax seed oil) in broiler breeders’ diet can reduce late embryonic mortality. The other reproductive characteristics of parents and growth and carcass characteristics of progeny remained unaltered by dietary sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Naeim Saber
- Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, 1330, Turkey
| | - Hasan Rustu Kutlu
- Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, 1330, Turkey
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Hopcroft RL, Cowieson AJ, Muir WI, Groves PJ. Changes to mineral levels in the yolk of meat chicken embryos during incubation. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1511-1516. [PMID: 30500924 PMCID: PMC6377440 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 864 settable Cobb 500 eggs were used to explore changes in yolk mineral content during incubation. Eggs were individually weighed and then placed in a commercial incubator. On embryonic day (ED) 0, 6.5, 13.5, and 17.5, 36 eggs were sampled and yolk weight and mineral content were determined. The concentration of iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) declined (P < 0.05) from ED0 to ED17.5. The concentration of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and strontium (Sr) increased (P < 0.05) from ED0 to ED17.5. The concentration of copper (Cu), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) increased initially (ED0 to ED6.5) but declined thereafter. There was no change (P > 0.05) in the concentration of yolk manganese (Mn) from ED0 to ED17.5. Substantial changes in yolk mineral concentration occur during incubation and are presumably associated with mobilization of shell reserves and flux between albumen and yolk. These data may be useful in designing in ovo interventions, optimizing meat chicken breeder premix formulation or assembly of suitable neonatal or pre-starter diets for meat chicken chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Hopcroft
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - W I Muir
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - P J Groves
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Gao J, Nie W, Wang F, Guo Y. Maternal Selenium Supplementation Enhanced Skeletal Muscle Development Through Increasing Protein Synthesis and SelW mRNA Levels of their Offspring. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018. [PMID: 29524195 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the influence of maternal selenium supplementation on the skeletal muscle development of the offspring. A total of 720 Ross 308 broiler breeders at 24-week-old were allocated into 3 treatments with 6 replicates of 40 hens each and fed with 0 mg/kg-(group Se/C), 0.5 mg/kg organic-(group Se/O), and 0.5 mg/kg inorganic-(group Se/I) selenium, respectively for 8 weeks. The male offspring from each nutritional treatment were divided and housed into 8 cages of 12 birds each and fed with a commercial diet supplemented with selenium from Na2SeO3 at 0.15 mg/kg. Results showed that Se/O group had the highest selenium deposition (P < 0.05) in the egg yolk and albumen. Furthermore, maternal selenium supplementation promoted breast muscle yield; increased serum insulin and IGF-I concentration; upregulated AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), P70S6K, Myf5, MyoD, MyoG, and SelW mRNA levels; and improved the phosphorylation of AKT at Serine 473 residue, mTOR at Serine 2448 residue, and FOXO at Serine 256 residue in skeletal muscles of the offspring. In contrast, the hens' diet supplemented with selenium could result in reduction of uric acid level in serum and downregulation of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA levels in the skeletal muscle of the offspring. Additionally, no significant effect on the skeletal muscle development post-hatch was observed between organic and inorganic selenium supplementation. In conclusion, maternal organic selenium supplementation improved selenium deposition in egg; however, no significant effect has been detected on the breast muscle development of the offspring of broiler breeder compared with inorganic selenium supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Fenglai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
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Lesuisse J, Schallier S, Li C, Bautil A, Li B, Leblois J, Buyse J, Everaert N. Multigenerational effects of a reduced balanced protein diet during the rearing and laying period of broiler breeders. 2. Zootechnical performance of the F1 broiler offspring. Poult Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Ren Z, Zeng Q, Wang J, Ding X, Bai S, Su Z, Xuan Y, Zhang K. Effects of maternal dietary canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation on antioxidant status and calcium-phosphate metabolism of progeny ducks. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1361-1367. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Araujo L, Bonato M, Barbalho R, Araujo C, Zorzetto P, Granghelli C, Pereira R, Kawaoku A. Evaluating hydrolyzed yeast in the diet of broiler breeder hens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Khoobbakht Z, Mohammadi M, Mehr MRA, Mohammadghasemi F, Sohani MM. Comparative effects of zinc oxide, zinc oxide nanoparticle and zinc-methionine on hatchability and reproductive variables in male Japanese quail. Anim Reprod Sci 2018. [PMID: 29525207 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to examine the effect of different dietary zinc sources on reproduction of male Japanese quail. A total of 512 quail chicks (day-old) were divided into four groups with four replications for a period of 42 days. After this period, excess chicks were removed to attain the ratio of one male to three females and 16 quail in each subgroup. At 52 to 60 d of age, the eggs were collected and incubated. The basal diet (control) contained no zinc and the other three experimental diets were supplemented with 25 and 50 mg/kg zinc from zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) and zinc-methionine (Zn-Met) for 1 to 35 and 36 to 60 days, respectively. On day 42, two males from each replicate were euthanized. Males from the ZnO and Zn-Met treatments had an increase (P < 0.05) in seminiferous tubule diameters (STD) and germinal epithelium thickness (GET) compared with the control and ZnONP treatments. Cloacal gland index (CGI) was greatest (P < 0.05) for the Zn-Met compared with the other groups. Testosterone concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in the ZnO and Zn-Met compared with the other groups. Addition of Zn-Met to the diet enhanced (P < 0.05) fertility, hatchability and hatched chick weight compared with the other groups. Early and late embryonic death was greater (P < 0.05) in the control and ZnONP groups, respectively, compared with the other groups. This study indicated that supplementing diets with the Zn-Met source improves male Japanese quail reproductive performance and hatchability traits while zinc oxide nanoparticles have detrimental effects on male Japanese quail reproduction and reduces hatchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Khoobbakht
- Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mohammadi
- Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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Joshua PP, Valli C, Balakrishnan V. Effect of in ovo supplementation of nano forms of zinc, copper, and selenium on post-hatch performance of broiler chicken. Vet World 2016; 9:287-94. [PMID: 27057113 PMCID: PMC4823290 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.287-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Nanoparticles can bypass conventional physiological ways of nutrient distribution and transport across tissue and cell membranes, as well as protect compounds against destruction prior to reaching their targets. In ovo administration of nanoparticles, may be seen as a new method of nano-nutrition, providing embryos with an additional quantity of nutrients. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of in ovo supplementation of nano forms of zinc, copper and selenium on the hatchability and post hatch performance of broiler chicken. Materials and Methods: Nano form of zinc at 20, 40, 60 and 80 µg/egg, nano form of copper at 4, 8, 12 and 16 µg/egg and nano form of selenium at 0.075, 0.15, 0.225 and 0.3 µg/egg were in ovo supplemented (18th day incubation, amniotic route) in fertile broiler eggs. Control group in ovo fed with normal saline alone was also maintained. Each treatment had thirty replicates. Parameters such as hatchability, hatch weight and post hatch performance were studied. Results: In ovo feeding of nano minerals were not harmful to the developing embryo and did not influence the hatchability. Significantly (p<0.05) best feed efficiency for nano forms of zinc (2.16), copper (2.46) and selenium (2.51) were observed, when 40, 4 and 0.225 µg/egg respectively were in ovo supplemented. Except in nano form of copper at 12 µg per egg which had significantly (p<0.05) highest breast muscle percentage there was no distinct trend to indicate that dressing percentage or breast muscle yield was influenced in other treatments. Conclusion: Nano forms of zinc, copper and selenium can be prepared at laboratory conditions. In ovo feeding of nano forms of zinc, copper and selenium at 18th day of incubation through amniotic route does not harm the developing embryo, does not affect hatchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Patric Joshua
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Valli
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Balakrishnan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chang A, Halley J, Silva M. Can feeding the broiler breeder improve chick quality and offspring performance? ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of nutrition on the performance of broiler breeders in terms of bodyweight profile, egg production, egg size and shell quality, mortality, fertility and hatchability has been well documented. However, studies on the direct effects of breeder nutrition on subsequent chick quality and offspring performance are limited. The present paper reviews the nutritional factors in broiler breeders that may improve chick quality and progeny performance. Recent research has suggested that the feeding of low crude protein and medium to high energy breeder diets in both rearing and laying period will not only have a positive impact on egg production, egg size, breeder fertility, hatchability and embryonic livability, but also on offspring performance. Improvements include better chick quality, higher chick weight, lower mortality, increased immune responses, enhanced litter quality and broiler growth. Breast-meat yield in the progeny can be improved as the energy to protein ratio increases from the rearing phase to the laying phase, indicating that nutrition of pullets can also affect growth and yields. The effects of maternal diet on offspring performance may depend on the sex of the progeny, with male broilers responding more than female broilers to breeders’ dietary protein and energy concentrations. However, little work has been conducted on the effects of individual amino acids in breeder diets on the subsequent generation. There seems to be some benefits with the use of long-chain poly-unsaturated fats in breeder diets on carcass quality of offspring, but these effects appear inconsistent at this stage. There is substantial evidence that confirms the direct effects of vitamin D and E, and trace minerals, especially in organic form, such as selenium, zinc and manganese, on chick quality and progeny performance. In fact, the impact of breeder nutrition on progeny performance in the field is more likely to be greater under conditions of poor breeder-flock uniformity, low vitamin and trace mineral contents or certain types of stress in the broiler house.
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Koppenol A, Delezie E, Wang Y, Franssens L, Willems E, Ampe B, Buyse J, Everaert N. Effects of maternal dietary EPA and DHA supplementation and breeder age on embryonic and post-hatch performance of broiler offspring: age and n-3 pufa affect embryonic and post-hatch performance. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 99 Suppl S1:36-47. [PMID: 25865421 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Breeder age and nutrition are amongst the most important factors affecting progeny growth and development. The present experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of n-3 fatty acid (FA), with special emphasis on the ratio of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6 n-3) acid, provided to the diet of ageing broiler breeder hens at different ratios, on the incubation parameters and the performance of the offspring. Four hundred and eighty Ross-308 broiler breeder hens were fed one of four different diets (120/treatment), with an equal fat content. The control diet was a basal diet, rich in n-6 FAs (CON). Blends of fish oil were used to enrich the three other diets in n-3 FA and to obtain different EPA/DHA ratios of 1/1 (EPA=DHA), 1/2 (DHA) or 2/1 (EPA). Every 5 weeks, incubation parameters were assessed. Every 15 weeks, offspring was reared until slaughter age on a standard diet. Breeder age affected almost all incubation and post-hatch parameters, whereas n-3 FA treatment only lowered egg weight (p < 0.0001) and consequently hatched chick weight (p < 0.0001). Supplementation of EPA resulted in a higher proportional liver weight (p = 0.0219) at hatch, a lower body weight up to 28 days post-hatch (p = 0.0418), a lower daily weight gain (p = 0.0498) and a higher feed conversion ratio (p = 0.0395) during the starter period (p = 0.0498), resulting in a higher overall offspring feed conversion ratio (p = 0.0317) compared to the control diet. DHA supplementation, on the other hand, resulted in a lower residual yolk weight (p = 0.0220) and a higher overall offspring mortality (p = 0.0125). In conclusion, supplementation of n-3 FA could not counter the adverse effect of breeder flock age, but did not harm incubation or improve post-hatch performance, either. EPA and DHA affected offspring development differently during early post-hatch life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koppenol
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO) Animal Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
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Eusebio-Balcazar P, Oviedo-Rondón EO, Wineland MJ, Osborne J, Brake J. Effect of broiler breeder feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on broiler progeny growth performance and leg health. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:345-60. [PMID: 25811235 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1019830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet type, maternal feeding programme at 29 weeks of age and breeder feeder space change at photostimulation on broiler progeny performance and leg health at 6 weeks of age. 2. Fast-feathering Cobb 500 broiler breeders were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets that had been formulated to have similar nutrient composition during growing and layer phases. Two feeding programmes, fast or flow, were used from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space was either similar to that in rearing (6.3 to 6.5 cm/female) or was increased from 6.3 to 8.4 cm/female. Eggs produced at 32 and 44 weeks of age were collected and incubated for two broiler experiments. A total of 16 male and 16 female one-d-old chicks were placed in floor pens in two experiments, respectively, with 6 and 4 replicate pens. Broiler gait scores and leg problem prevalence were evaluated at 6 weeks of age. 3. Data were analysed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with diet type, feeding programme and feeder space change as main factors. 4. The wheat diet increased the probability of observing crooked toes in broiler progeny compared to the use of maize, but only when breeders were fed according to the fast feeding programme and given similar feeder space as during rearing. 5. Breeders given more feeder space in the laying period produced progeny with more locomotion problems compared with those provided similar feeder space, but only when maize was used and the slow feeding programme was applied to the breeders. 6. The maternal feeding programme interacted with other factors to influence progeny leg health, but it did not solely influence walking ability or leg problems of progeny. 7. In conclusion, an increased probability of observing walking impairment of broiler progeny was detected when breeders were given greater feeder space at photostimulation rather than no change and fed according to the slow feeding programme using maize diets in breeders and progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eusebio-Balcazar
- a Prestage Department of Poultry Science , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
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27
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Moraes T, Pishnamazi A, Mba E, Wenger I, Renema R, Zuidhof M. Effect of maternal dietary energy and protein on live performance and yield dynamics of broiler progeny from young breeders. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2818-26. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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28
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Eusebio-Balcazar P, Oviedo-Rondón E, Wineland M, Pérez Serrano M, Brake J. Effects of broiler breeder-feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on eggshell properties and progeny bone development. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:380-90. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.921665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Kidd M, Araujo L, Araujo C, McDaniel C, McIntyre D. A study assessing hen and progeny performance through dam diet fortification with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2013-00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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30
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Kadam MM, Barekatain MR, Bhanja SK, Iji PA. Prospects of in ovo feeding and nutrient supplementation for poultry: the science and commercial applications--a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:3654-3661. [PMID: 23847062 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In ovo supplementation of poultry embryos was first reported several decades ago, but it is only recently that concerted research has been directed at developing the technology for this process to be routinely used by the poultry industry. Although the technology of in ovo feeding was patented more than 10 years ago, it has not been widely adopted by the poultry industry. This review examines the early development of the enteric system of the poultry embryo; defines and distinguishes between in ovo feeding and in ovo nutrient administration; highlights the importance of early feeding of the chick; and discusses the development of in ovo feeding technology and its effects on hatchability, growth, gut health and immune response of chicks. The range of possible nutrients that can be administered is also explored. The limitations associated with embryo development and nutrient metabolism are highlighted, leading to the prediction of the future role of in ovo feeding in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund M Kadam
- Department of Poultry Science, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University, Nagpur, 440 006, India; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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31
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Oviedo-Rondón E, Leandro N, Ali R, Koci M, Moraes V, Brake J. Broiler breeder feeding programs and trace minerals on maternal antibody transfer and broiler humoral immune response. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Ciacciariello M, Tyler N. The effects of maternal dietary lysine intake on offspring performance to 21 days of age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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33
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Yair R, Shahar R, Uni Z. Prenatal nutritional manipulation by in ovo enrichment influences bone structure, composition, and mechanical properties. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2784-93. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Yair
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - R. Shahar
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Z. Uni
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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34
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Mejia L, McDaniel C, Kidd M, Lopez K, Corzo A. Evaluation of carryover effects of dietary lysine intake by Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:709-18. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Favero A, Vieira S, Angel C, Bess F, Cemin H, Ward T. Reproductive performance of Cobb 500 breeder hens fed diets supplemented with zinc, manganese, and copper from inorganic and amino acid-complexed sources. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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36
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Favero A, Vieira S, Angel C, Bos-Mikich A, Lothhammer N, Taschetto D, Cruz R, Ward T. Development of bone in chick embryos from Cobb 500 breeder hens fed diets supplemented with zinc, manganese, and copper from inorganic and amino acid-complexed sources. Poult Sci 2013; 92:402-11. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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37
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Zhu C, Jiang ZY, Jiang SQ, Zhou GL, Lin YC, Chen F, Hong P. Maternal energy and protein affect subsequent growth performance, carcass yield, and meat color in Chinese Yellow broilers. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1869-78. [PMID: 22802180 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment was carried out to investigate effects of maternal ME and CP levels on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of broiler offspring. A total of 1,134 thirty-week-old Chinese Yellow broiler breeders was randomly assigned to 3 dietary ME levels (11.09, 11.51, and 11.92 MJ/kg) and 3 CP levels (15.5, 16.5, and 17.5%) in a 3×3 factorial arrangement. Each dietary treatment had 6 replicates with 21 hens per replicate. At 39 wk of age, 30 settable eggs per replicate were selected for hatching. All broiler offspring were fed the same diets. There were significant ME×CP interactions in egg CP and ether extract (EE) contents, BW at d 1, 22 to 42 d ADG, ADFI during 1 to 21 d and 43 to 63 d, shear force, plasma albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides contents of broiler offspring. Dietary ME at 11.92 MJ/kg increased average egg weight, egg EE content, and broiler 1-d-old BW compared with 11.09 MJ/kg group at 16.5%, 15.5%, and 17.5% CP levels, respectively (P<0.05). Maternal 11.51 and 11.92 MJ/kg of ME increased 1 to 21-d ADFI, and 11.51 MJ/kg of ME decreased lightness (L*) value of broiler offspring compared with 11.09 MJ/kg group at 17.5 and 16.5% CP levels, respectively (P<0.05). Broiler breeder dietary CP at 17.5% decreased egg EE content, increased average egg weight, egg CP content, BW at d 1, and 1 to 21-d ADFI of broiler offspring compared with 15.5% CP group at 11.92 MJ/kg of ME level (P<0.05). Maternal dietary 15.5% CP increased dressing percentage and decreased yellowness (b*) value of broiler offspring compared with 16.5% and 17.5% CP groups at 11.51 MJ/kg of ME level, respectively (P<0.05). Collectively, the results indicate that maternal diets composed of 11.51 to 11.92 MJ/kg of ME and 17.5% CP at 39 wk of age increased growth performance during 1 to 21 d in Chinese Yellow broiler, whereas 11.51 MJ/kg of ME and 15.5% CP improved carcass dressing percentage and meat color of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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38
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Uni Z, Yadgary L, Yair R. Nutritional limitations during poultry embryonic development. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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39
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Effects of Maternal and Posthatch Dietary Oils and Vitamin E on Antioxidant Capability and Muscle Quality of the Progeny Broilers. J Poult Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.011108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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40
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Leandro N, Ali R, Koci M, Moraes V, Malheiros R, Wineland M, Oviedo-Rondón E. Effects of broiler breeder genetic, diet type, and feeding program on maternal antibody transfer and development of lymphoid tissues in chicken progeny. J APPL POULTRY RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2010-00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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41
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Leandro N, Ali R, Koci M, Moraes V, Eusebio-Balcazar P, Jornigan J, Malheiros R, Wineland M, Brake J, Oviedo-Rondón E. Maternal antibody transfer to broiler progeny varies among strains and is affected by grain source and cage density. Poult Sci 2011; 90:2730-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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42
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Yair R, Uni Z. Content and uptake of minerals in the yolk of broiler embryos during incubation and effect of nutrient enrichment. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1523-31. [PMID: 21673168 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although embryo and chicken growth and development rely on mineral nutrition, information on mineral levels in the egg compartments during incubation is limited. Accordingly, we examined P, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn levels in the yolk of breeder eggs during incubation and the effect of embryonic mineral (with specific nutrients) enrichment on yolk mineral levels and consumption. First, fertile eggs were examined on day of setting (DOS), embryonic day (E) 11, E13, E15, E17, E19, E20, and day of hatch (DOH) for the mineral content in the yolk (and albumen on DOS) by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Results showed that on DOS, the yolk is the major origin for Mn, P, Fe, Ca, Cu, and Zn. Interestingly, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were mostly consumed from the yolk until E17, after which their consumption was very low. Consumption of P was constant until E17 and then decreased until E20. Consumption of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn was medium to mild until E11, increased between E11 and E17, and minimal between E17 and DOH. Enrichment treatment, where fertile eggs were divided into 2 groups [nonenriched (control) and enriched (with minerals, vitamins, and carbohydrates on E17 using the in ovo feeding method)] showed that the enriched group had higher Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn levels than the nonenriched group and exhibited higher consumption of Fe, Zn, and Mn between E20 and DOH. Analysis of the shell mineral composition along incubation showed that the shell released low amounts of P, Fe, and Mn in comparison with the yolk mineral content. Therefore, we concluded that the shell is a minor source of these minerals. Studying the mineral resources and consumption of embryos can lead to a better understanding of the mineral limitations of embryos during incubation. Additionally, because minerals are important for the development of the embryo, the higher mineral levels and consumption observed in the enriched group may affect the development of critical organs, such as the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yair
- Department of Animal Science, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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43
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Yassin H, Velthuis AGJ, Boerjan M, van Riel J. Field study on broilers' first-week mortality. Poult Sci 2009; 88:798-804. [PMID: 19276423 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Dutch poultry meat production chain, first week mortality (FWM) of the chicks is an important measure to quality and is therefore highly related to the price of the chicks that the broiler farm has to pay to the hatchery. Therefore, next to the total number of broiler eggs produced per hen and hatchability, this figure is often used as a measure of efficiency in the breeder-hatchery-broiler production chain. In this study, factors that are related to chick mortality in the first week at broiler farms were investigated. Field data obtained from 2 commercial Dutch hatcheries, for which 482 broiler farms voluntarily recorded FWM of 16,365 flocks of broiler chicks over the years 2004, 2005, and 2006, were analyzed. These represented 79% of the total number of day-old chicks delivered to separate broiler farms. First week mortality was significantly related to breeder age, egg storage length at the hatchery, season, strain, feed company of the breeder farm, year, and hatchery. Furthermore, FWM differed significantly between chicks originating from eggs of different breeder flocks and which were kept for grow-out at different broiler farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yassin
- Business Economics, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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44
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Peebles ED, Kidd MT, McDaniel CD, Tanksley JP, Parker HM, Corzo A, Woodworth JC. Effects of breeder hen age and dietaryL-carnitine on progeny embryogenesis. Br Poult Sci 2007; 48:299-307. [PMID: 17578692 DOI: 10.1080/00071660701261278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Ross 308 broiler breeder hens were given diets containing 0 or 25 mg L-carnitine/kg (8 replications per treatment) from 21 weeks of age. 2. Hens were inseminated with semen from Ross broiler breeder males. In a common facility, subsequent progeny hatchability and embryonic mortality at 25, 30, 32, and 38 weeks of breeder age were evaluated. 3. Subsequent egg component weights, incubational egg water loss, progeny embryo growth, and embryo, yolk sac and liver composition through 18 d of incubation at 27, 32, and 38 weeks of breeder age were evaluated. 4. Calculated additions of L-carnitine were in agreement with analysed contents of 3.5 and 31.1 mg free L-carnitine/kg of diet, respectively, and total L-carnitine concentrations increased by 48.6, 21.7, and 10.0% in 0-d yolk, 18-d yolk sac, and 18-d liver samples, respectively, due to the addition of dietary L-carnitine. 5. Supplemental L-carnitine resulted in increased (0.6%) relative 0-d egg yolk weight across weeks 27, 32, and 38, and reduced (0.38%) 18-d yolk sac palmitoleic acid concentration at week 27 without altering embryogenesis. 6. In conclusion, dietary L-carnitine (25 mg/kg of the diet) was deposited in the yolks of broiler breeder hens and was subsequently transferred to the embryonic liver via yolk sac absorption through 18 d of incubation. Furthermore, dietary L-carnitine supplementation increased ovarian follicle yolk deposition in 27-, 32-, and 38-week-old breeder hens, and influenced yolk sac fatty acid beta-oxidation in embryos from 27-week-old breeder hens causing yolk sac palmitoleic acid concentrations to be reduced by 18 d of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, MS 39762-9665, USA.
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45
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Calini F, Sirri F. Breeder nutrition and offspring performance. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2007000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - F Sirri
- University of Bologna, Italy
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46
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Angel R. Metabolic Disorders: Limitations to Growth of and Mineral Deposition into the Broiler Skeleton after Hatch and Potential Implications for Leg Problems. J APPL POULTRY RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/16.1.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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47
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Pappas AC, Acamovic T, Surai PF, McDevitt RM. Maternal organo-selenium compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids affect progeny performance and levels of selenium and docosahexaenoic acid in the chick tissues. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1610-20. [PMID: 16977847 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.9.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of supplementing broiler breeder diets with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and organo-Se compounds on the levels of Se and PUFA in chick tissues and on chick performance were assessed. Prepeak (23 wk) and peak (27 wk) production broiler breeders were fed 1 of 4 diets: a wheat-based commercial diet with soybean oil or fish oil but no added Se, and each diet with added Se as Sel-Plex (soybean oil + Se, fish oil + Se; Alltech Inc, Nicholasville, KY). The diets were designed to contain less than 0.1 mg of Se/kg and about 0.5 mg/kg for the nonsupplemented and the supplemented diets, respectively. As-hatched chicks from the 4 parental treatments were fed a nutritionally high quality diet (ME = 12.57 MJ/kg; CP = 228.7 g/kg) or a low quality diet (ME = 10.28 MJ/kg; CP = 182.8 g/kg), resulting in 8 dietary treatments. Performance was better and mortality lower in chicks from 27-wk-old breeders compared with those from 23-wk-old breeders. Fish oil in the maternal diet increased progeny mortality and reduced chick body mass at hatch. Body mass at 7 and 14 d posthatch was lower in chicks fed the low quality diet compared with chicks fed the high quality diet. At hatch, and for up to 14 d posthatch, chicks from hens fed diets high in PUFA had higher concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the brain and liver compared with chicks hatched from hens fed diets low in PUFA. The DHA content of the tissues of chicks from breeders fed diets supplemented with Se was higher than that in chicks from breeders fed unsupplemented diets. Even after 14 d of being fed a diet with identical levels of Se, chicks hatched from parents fed diets high in Se had higher tissue Se concentrations than those hatched from parents fed diets low in Se. Supplementation of the maternal diet of chicks with organo-Se appears to enhance the DHA concentration of the chick brain, which may improve brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Pappas
- Avian Science Research Centre, Animal Health Group, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK
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48
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Pappas AC, Acamovic T, Sparks NHC, Surai PF, McDevitt RM. Effects of supplementing broiler breeder diets with organic selenium and polyunsaturated fatty acids on egg quality during storage. Poult Sci 2005; 84:865-74. [PMID: 15971522 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.6.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effects of supplementation of broiler breeder diets with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and organic Se on hatching egg quality during storage. Broiler breeders (n = 352) were fed 1 of 4 diets: SO (soybean oil with no added Se), SO with Se (SO+Se), fish oil (FO), or FO and Se (FO+Se). Eggs from prepeak (23 wk) and peak production (27 wk) breeders were stored for 14 d under typical (15 degrees C, 78% RH) conditions. Eggs were analyzed for albumen Haugh units (HU) and pH, shell characteristics, egg component weight, Se content, and fatty acid (FA) profile. The efficiency of transfer of Se into the egg was greater in low Se treatments compared with in high Se treatments. The majority of Se from the low Se treatments was deposited in the yolk, whereas in high Se treatments, the Se was deposited evenly in the yolk and albumen. In the low Se treatments, the Se content of yolk and albumen was lower than in the high Se treatments and decreased as age increased. Albumen HU decreased with increased storage, although high Se treatments had greater HU compared with low Se treatments. Eggs from the FO treatment were smaller with thinner eggshells compared with the SO treatment, but addition of Se to the FO diets ameliorated some of these effects. The egg yolk FA profile from the SO+Se treatment was altered compared with that from the SO treatment, perhaps due to interactions between dietary PUFA and Se-dependent enzyme systems. Hatching egg quality during storage was affected by dietary PUFA and Se content, as well as broiler breeder age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Pappas
- Avian Science Research Centre, Animal Health Group, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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49
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Kidd MT, McDaniel CD, Peebles ED, Barber SJ, Corzo A, Branton SL, Woodworth JC. Breeder hen dietary L-carnitine affects progeny carcase traits. Br Poult Sci 2005; 46:97-103. [PMID: 15835258 DOI: 10.1080/00071660400024027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
(1) Ross 308 broiler breeder hens were given diets containing 0 or 25 mg L-carnitine/kg from 21 weeks of age. (2) Hens were inseminated with semen from Ross broiler breeder males and subsequent growth performance and carcase traits, of progeny obtained from hatches at 30, 35 and 37 weeks of age, were evaluated. (3) Progeny were hatched in a common facility and separated by gender. Experimental treatments employed for the 30-, 35- and 37-week hatches, respectively, were: hen diet and progeny gender (16 replications with two subplots); hen diet, progeny diet (0 and 50 mg L-carnitine/kg of diet) and progeny gender (16 replications with 4 subplots); and hen diet and progeny diet (high and low density; 16 replications with two subplots). (4) Females had lower growth rate and less breast meat, but greater proportions of carcase fat and breast meat than males. Growth performance measurements of progeny were not affected by hen L-carnitine, but hen L-carnitine decreased abdominal fat in progeny. Increasing diet density in the chick diets increased growth and carcase weights. Hen and progeny dietary L-carnitine interacted to increase male mortality. However, dietary hen L-carnitine decreased carcase fat and increased breast meat in progeny fed on high nutrient density diets. (5) In conclusion, L-carnitine in the diet of hens affected carcase traits of their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Kidd
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9665, USA.
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