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Wang M, Tang S, Yang X, Xie X, Luo Y, He S, Li X, Feng X. Identification of key genes and pathways in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma comorbidity using bioinformatics approaches. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941547. [PMID: 36059464 PMCID: PMC9428751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and asthma comorbidity (ACRSwNP) present severe symptoms and are more likely to relapse. However, the pathogenesis of ACRSwNP is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying pathogenesis of ACRSwNP using bioinformatics approaches. ACRSwNP-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the analysis of the GSE23552 dataset. The clusterProfiler R package was used to carry out functional and pathway enrichment analysis. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was built using the STRING database to explore key genes in the pathogenesis of ACRSwNP. The bioinformatics analysis results were verified through qRT-PCR. The Connectivity Map (CMap) database was used to predict potential drugs for the treatment of ACRSwNP. A total of 36 DEGs were identified, which were mainly enriched in terms of regulation of immune response and detection sensory perception of taste. Thirteen hub genes including AZGP1, AQP9, GAPT, PIP, and PRR4 were identified as potential hub genes in ACRSwNP from the PPI network. Analysis of the GSE41861 dataset showed that upregulation of CST1 in nasal mucosa was associated with asthma. qRT-PCR detection confirmed the bioinformatics analysis results. Tacrolimus and spaglumic acid were identified as potential drugs for the treatment of ACRSwNP from the CMap database. The findings of this study provide insights into the pathogenesis of ACRSwNP and may provide a basis for the discovery of effective therapeutic modalities for ACRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Feng
- *Correspondence: Xin Feng, ; Xuezhong Li,
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2
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Jo A, Choi TG, Han JY, Tabor MH, Kolliputi N, Lockey RF, Cho SH. Age-Related Increase of Collagen/Fibrin Deposition and High PAI-1 Production in Human Nasal Polyps. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845324. [PMID: 35712705 PMCID: PMC9193225 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Our previous studies showed an age-related increased prevalence of nasal polyps (NP) and reduced production of S100A8/9 in elderly patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with NP (CRSwNP). In this study, we investigated an unbiased age-related gene expression profile in CRSwNP subjects and healthy controls, and further identified the differences in their tissue remodeling. Methods: Microarrays using NP and uncinate tissues from health controls (elderly, age ≥65 vs. non-elderly, age 18-49) were performed, and differentially regulated genes were analyzed. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), Immunostaining, Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), trichrome staining, Western blot, and ELISA were performed for further investigation. Results: Microarrays identified differentially expressed genes according to disease and age; 278 in NP vs. controls, 75 in non-elderly NP vs. non-elderly controls, and 32 in elderly NP vs. elderly controls. qPCR confirmed that the PLAT gene was downregulated and the SERPINB2 gene upregulated in NP vs. controls. The serous glandular cell-derived antimicrobial protein/peptide-related genes such as BPIFB3, BPIFB2, LPO, and MUC7 were remarkably reduced in NP, regardless of age. SERPINE1 gene (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI-1) expression was significantly increased in elderly NP versus elderly controls. IHC and western blot confirmed significantly decreased production of MUC7 and LPO in NP versus controls. There was a trend of age-related reduction of submucosal gland cells in normal controls. Trichrome and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated an age-related increase of collagen and fibrin deposition in NP, consistent with increased PAI-1 production. Conclusion: This study demonstrated age-related differential glandular remodeling patterns and fibrosis in NP and normal controls. PAI-1 expression was significantly increased in elderly NP versus elderly controls, suggesting PAI-1 as a potential treatment target in elderly NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Jo
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Han
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Mark H. Tabor
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Narasaiah Kolliputi
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Richard F. Lockey
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Seong H. Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
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3
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Didehdar M, Khoshbayan A, Vesal S, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Razavi S, Chegini Z, Shariati A. An overview of possible pathogenesis mechanisms of Alternaria alternata in chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104905. [PMID: 33930423 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial disease, and different etiologies like metabolism and immunity disorders, bacterial superantigens, biofilms, and fungal allergens are known to develop this disease, especially the CRS with nasal polyps. Alternaria alternata (Alternaria) is one of the most prevalent airborne fungal species in the nasal discharge, which might have vigorous immunologic activities in nasal epithelial cells and play an essential role in the pathogenesis of CRS. Moreover, the interaction between this fungus and the innate and adaptive immune systems leads to the development of chronic inflammation. This inflammation may consequently instigate the CRS and nasal polyposis. The attenuation of surfactant protein synthesis or intracellular reserves and mucus hypersecretion could prevent the clearance of Alternaria from sinuses and may be correlated with colonization and re-infection of airborne fungi. Furthermore, higher expression of cathelicidin, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, toll-like receptors, and T helper 2-dominant immune responses can result in an IgE-mediated pathway activation and eosinophils degranulation. Moreover, higher local Alternaria-specific IgE was shown to be correlated with eosinophilic cationic proteins and might relate to nasal polyps. However, the role of genetic and environmental factors affecting CRS and nasal polyposis is not well studied. Likewise, further animal and clinical studies are required to better understand the role of Alternaria in CRS disease. The current article reviews the recent findings around the Alternaria-induced CRS and nasal polyposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Amin Khoshbayan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil Vesal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Razavi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lee K, Tai J, Lee SH, Kim TH. Advances in the Knowledge of the Underlying Airway Remodeling Mechanisms in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Based on the Endotypes: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E910. [PMID: 33477617 PMCID: PMC7831322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa that affects up to 10% of the population worldwide. CRS is the most representative disease of the upper respiratory tract where airway remodeling occurs, including epithelial damage, thickening of the basement membrane, fibrosis, goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial edema, and osteitis. CRS is divided into two phenotypes according to the presence or absence of nasal polyps: CRS with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). Based on the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism, CRS is also classified as eosinophilic CRS and non-eosinophilic CRS, owing to Type 2 T helper (Th2)-based inflammation and Type 1 T helper (Th1)/Type 17 T helper (Th17) skewed immune response, respectively. Differences in tissue remodeling in CRS are suggested to be based on the clinical phenotype and endotypes; this is because fibrosis is prominent in CRSsNP, whereas edematous changes occur in CRSwNP, especially in the eosinophilic type. This review aims to summarize the latest information on the different mechanisms of airway remodeling in CRS according to distinct endotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (K.L.); (J.T.); (S.H.L.)
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Watanabe H, Miyake K, Matsuoka T, Kojima R, Sakurai D, Masuyama K, Yamagata Z. LPCAT2 Methylation, a Novel Biomarker for the Severity of Cedar Pollen Allergic Rhinitis in Japan. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020; 35:631-639. [PMID: 33356413 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420983646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the role of the epigenome in allergies has been receiving increasing attention. Although several genes that are methylated in relation to serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration have been reported by epigenome-wide association studies, little is known about the DNA methylation sites associated with the symptoms and severity of cedar pollinosis (CP). OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze the association between DNA methylation and the symptoms and severity of CP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and nasal mucosa scraping cells (NMSCs). METHODS We recruited 70 participants during the cedar pollen dispersal season. IgE levels were measured by a fluorescence enzyme immunoassay. We analyzed DNA methylation of acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 (ACOT7), mucin 4 (MUC4), schlafen 12 (SLFN12), lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2), and interleukin-4 (IL4) in PBMCs and NMSCs using bisulfite next-generation sequencing; the correlation of DNA methylation with non-specific IgE and cedar pollen-specific IgE levels in peripheral blood samples was also investigated. Symptom severity and DNA methylation were investigated in 15 untreated CP patients. RESULTS Non-specific IgE levels showed a significant negative correlation with average IL4 methylation in PBMCs (r = -0.46, P < 0.0001) but not with methylation of ACOT7, MUC4, SLFN12, and LPCAT2. Cedar pollen-specific IgE levels showed a significant negative correlation with average IL4 and MUC4 methylation in PBMCs (r = -0.31, P = 0.01 and r = -0.241, P = 0.046, respectively) but not with methylation of ACOT7, SLFN12, and LPCAT2. The methylation of some genes in NMSCs was not significantly correlated with IgE levels. The mean methylation of LPCAT2 in NMSCs showed a decreasing trend with increasing severity of CP (P = 0.027). CONCLUSION LPCAT2 methylation in NMSCs may reflect the severity of CP and could be used as a novel biomarker to identify suitable treatment options for CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan.,Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuoka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Reiji Kojima
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Daiju Sakurai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Keisuke Masuyama
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Japan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
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Kennel C, Gould EA, Larson ED, Salcedo E, Vickery T, Restrepo D, Ramakrishnan VR. Differential Expression of Mucins in Murine Olfactory Versus Respiratory Epithelium. Chem Senses 2020; 44:511-521. [PMID: 31300812 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins are a key component of the surface mucus overlying airway epithelium. Given the different functions of the olfactory and respiratory epithelia, we hypothesized that mucins would be differentially expressed between these 2 areas. Secondarily, we evaluated for potential changes in mucin expression with radiation exposure, given the clinical observations of nasal dryness, altered mucus rheology, and smell loss in radiated patients. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate expression of mucins 1, 2, 5AC, and 5B in nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelia of control mice and 1 week after exposure to 8 Gy of radiation. Mucins 1, 5AC, and 5B exhibited differential expression patterns between olfactory and respiratory epithelium (RE) while mucin 2 showed no difference. In the olfactory epithelium (OE), mucin 1 was located in a lattice-like pattern around gaps corresponding to dendritic knobs of olfactory sensory neurons, whereas in RE it was intermittently expressed by surface goblet cells. Mucin 5AC was expressed by subepithelial glands in both epithelial types but to a higher degree in the OE. Mucin 5B was expressed by submucosal glands in OE and by surface epithelial cells in RE. At 1-week after exposure to single-dose 8 Gy of radiation, no qualitative effects were seen on mucin expression. Our findings demonstrate that murine OE and RE express mucins differently, and characteristic patterns of mucins 1, 5AC, and 5B can be used to define the underlying epithelium. Radiation (8 Gy) does not appear to affect mucin expression at 1 week. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A (Basic Science Research).IACUC-approved study [Protocol 200065].
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kennel
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric D Larson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ernesto Salcedo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thad Vickery
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vijay R Ramakrishnan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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7
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Liu L, Yan C, Tao S. Association of MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B genes with the recurrence of nasal polyps. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1808-1814. [PMID: 32742413 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mucins were suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis, the correlation between the expression levels of MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2, and the recurrence of nasal polyps, has not been extensively investigated. The present study aimed to investigate the association of the levels of mucin (MUC) 2, MUC5AC and MUC5B with the recurrence of nasal polyps. A total of 56 patients with nasal polyps who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery at the Tianjin Third Central Hospital (Tianjin, China) between June 2007 and June 2010 were included and baseline characteristics were recorded. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis was used to determine the expression levels of the MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B genes at six months following the operation. The recurrence rate was calculated at one year following the operation. Spearman's rank correlation was used to determine the association between the reduction in the expression levels of MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B, and the recurrence rate of nasal polyps. There were no significant differences observed in the baseline characteristics between patients with and without the recurrence of nasal polyps. Prior to treatment, the expression levels of MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2 in patients with nasal polyps were significantly increased compared with those in the paranasal tissues and normal nasal mucosa. The expression levels of MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2 were similar between patients with and without recurrent nasal polyps. In addition, significantly decreased MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2 gene expression levels were observed in patients without recurrence of nasal polyps compared with those with recurrence of nasal polyps at six months following the operation. The decreased values of MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2 in patients with recurrence and without recurrence of nasal polyps compared with baselines were significantly negatively correlated with the recurrence rate of nasal polyps. In conclusion, the present results provided novel data for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with recurrent nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Centre, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Chaohui Yan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Centre, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Shudong Tao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Centre, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
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Cho DY, Skinner D, Lim DJ, Mclemore JG, Koch CG, Zhang S, Swords WE, Hunter R, Crossman DK, Crowley MR, Grayson JW, Rowe SM, Woodworth BA. The impact of Lactococcus lactis (probiotic nasal rinse) co-culture on growth of patient-derived strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:444-449. [PMID: 31922358 PMCID: PMC8058912 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Lactococcus strain of bacteria has been introduced as a probiotic nasal rinse for alleged salubrious effects on the sinonasal bacterial microbiome. However, data regarding interactions with pathogenic bacteria within the sinuses are lacking. The purpose of this study is to assess the interaction between L. lactis and patient-derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS Commercially available probiotic suspension containing L. lactis W136 was grown in an anaerobic chamber and colonies were isolated. Colonies were co-cultured with patient-derived P. aeruginosa strains in the presence of porcine gastric mucin (mimicking human mucus) for 72 hours. P. aeruginosa cultures without L. lactis served as controls. Colony forming units (CFUs) were compared. RESULTS Six P. aeruginosa isolates collected from 5 CRS patients (3 isolates from cystic fibrosis [CF], 1 mucoid strain) and laboratory strain PAO1 were co-cultured with L. lactis. There was no statistical difference in CFUs of 5 P. aeruginosa isolates grown with L. lactis compared to CFUs without presence of L. lactis. CFU counts were much higher when the mucoid strain was co-cultured with L. lactis (CFU+L.lactis = 1.9 × 108 ± 1.44 × 107, CFU-L.lactis = 1.3 × 108 ± 8.9 × 106, p = 0.01, n = 7). L. lactis suppressed the growth of 1 P. aeruginosa strain (CFU+L.lactis = 2.15 × 108 ± 2.9 × 107, CFU-L.lactis = 3.95 × 108 ± 4.8 × 106, p = 0.03, n = 7). CONCLUSION L. lactis suppressed the growth of 1 patient P. aeruginosa isolate and induced growth of another (a mucoid strain) in in vitro co-culture setting in the presence of mucin. Further experiments are required to assess the underlying interactions between L. lactis and P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Daniel Skinner
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Dong Jin Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - John G. Mclemore
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Connor G Koch
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - William E. Swords
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ryan Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michael R. Crowley
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jessica W. Grayson
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Bradford A. Woodworth
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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9
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Zhang Y, Derycke L, Holtappels G, Wang XD, Zhang L, Bachert C, Zhang N. Th2 cytokines orchestrate the secretion of MUC5AC and MUC5B in IL-5-positive chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Allergy 2019; 74:131-140. [PMID: 29802623 DOI: 10.1111/all.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucin over-secretion is a significant characteristic of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Th2 cytokines and MUC5AC or MUC5B, and the mechanism of mucin over-secretion in the type-2 inflammatory endotype of CRSwNP. METHODS Main Th-cell cytokines, associated mediators, and mucins were determined in the homogenates of nasal polyp samples from 21 CRSwNP patients and inferior turbinate samples from 8 controls, by ELISA or UniCAP system. Secretion of MUC5AC and MUC5B was measured in the supernatants of IL-5, IL-4, or IL-13 primed nasal polyp fragments. Co-localization of MUC5AC, MUC5B, and IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) in CRSwNP and controls was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Gene expression of IL-4Rα in the samples was measured by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Baseline protein levels of the Th2-cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B were significantly higher in the IL-5(+) CRSwNP group, compared to control and IL-5(-) CRSwNP groups. MUC5AC and MUC5B secretions were significantly increased in IL-4- or IL-13-primed, but not IL-5-primed fragments of nasal polyps. Immuno-stained serial sections demonstrated that IL-4Rα was widely expressed in the epithelium and submucosal glands in control and nasal polyp tissues. Gene expression of IL-4Rα was elevated in nasal polyp tissues, specifically in the IL-5(+) CRSwNP group. CONCLUSIONS In type-2 inflammatory nasal polyps, characterized by the tissue expression of IL-5, MUC5AC and MUC5B are overexpressed. Both IL-4 and IL-13 may upregulate mucin expression via IL-4Rα, which is also overexpressed in IL-5(+) CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - L. Derycke
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory Department of Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
| | - G. Holtappels
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory Department of Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
| | - X. D. Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology Beijing China
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology Beijing China
| | - C. Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory Department of Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
| | - N. Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory Department of Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
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North ML, Jones MJ, MacIsaac JL, Morin AM, Steacy LM, Gregor A, Kobor MS, Ellis AK. Blood and nasal epigenetics correlate with allergic rhinitis symptom development in the environmental exposure unit. Allergy 2018; 73:196-205. [PMID: 28755526 DOI: 10.1111/all.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic alterations may represent new therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers of allergic rhinitis (AR). Our aim was to examine genome-wide epigenetic changes induced by controlled pollen exposure in the environmental exposure unit (EEU). METHODS 38 AR sufferers and eight nonallergic controls were exposed to grass pollen for 3 hours on two consecutive days. We interrogated DNA methylation at baseline and 3 hours in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using the Infinium Methylation 450K array. We corrected for demographics, cell composition, and multiple testing (Benjamini-Hochberg) and verified hits using bisulfite PCR pyrosequencing and qPCR. To extend these findings to a clinically relevant tissue, we investigated DNA methylation and gene expression of mucin 4 (MUC4), in nasal brushings from a separate validation cohort exposed to birch pollen. RESULTS In PBMCs of allergic rhinitis participants, 42 sites showed significant DNA methylation changes of 2% or greater. DNA methylation changes in tryptase gamma 1 (TPSG1), schlafen 12 (SLFN12), and MUC4 in response to exposure were validated by pyrosequencing. SLFN12 DNA methylation significantly correlated with symptoms (P < 0.05), and baseline DNA methylation pattern was found to be predictive of symptom severity upon grass allergen exposure (P = 0.029). Changes in MUC4 DNA methylation in nasal brushings in the validation cohort correlated with drop in peak nasal inspiratory flow (Spearman's r = 0.314, P = 0.034), and MUC4 gene expression was significantly increased (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION This study revealed novel and rapid epigenetic changes upon exposure in a controlled allergen challenge facility, and identified baseline epigenetic status as a predictor of symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. North
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Division of Allergy & Immunology Department of Medicine Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
- Allergy Research Unit Kingston General Hospital Kingston ON Canada
| | - M. J. Jones
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - J. L. MacIsaac
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - A. M. Morin
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - L. M. Steacy
- Allergy Research Unit Kingston General Hospital Kingston ON Canada
| | - A. Gregor
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Division of Allergy & Immunology Department of Medicine Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | - M. S. Kobor
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - A. K. Ellis
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences and Division of Allergy & Immunology Department of Medicine Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
- Allergy Research Unit Kingston General Hospital Kingston ON Canada
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Lin L, Dai F, Chen Z, Cai L. In Vitro Treatment with 2-APB Inhibits the Inflammation in Nasal Polyps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 153:461-7. [PMID: 26084825 DOI: 10.1177/0194599815589582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoids are considered the main treatment option for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), but their effect rate ranges from 60.9% to 80%. Novel therapeutic means should be studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of Orai1 in nasal polyps (NPs) and the influence of intervention of Orai1 on NPs after in vitro treatment of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB). STUDY DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING University hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Nasal biopsy samples were obtained from normal subjects or subjects with CRSwNP. We studied the localization of Orai1 protein in NPs by using immunohistochemistry. Then these tissues in cultures were maintained in the absence or presence of dexamethasone (DEX) or 2-APB. Orai1 was examined by Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Inflammatory mediators including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-5, eosinophil cation protein (ECP), leukotriene (LT)C4, interferon (IFN)-γ, and dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP)-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) as well as mucins (MUCs) including MUC5B and MUC7 in cultures were analyzed with ELISA and real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS The expression of Orai1 was localized to cytoplasmic membrane of inflammatory cells and submucosal glandular cells and was upregulated in NPs compared with normal nasal mucosa. Orai1 was decreased in NPs after in vitro treatment of 2-APB but not after DEX intervention. The levels of inflammatory mediators and mucins were reduced more after 2-APB treatment when compared with those after DEX treatment. CONCLUSION Orai1 may play crucial roles in NP formation, and the intervention of Orai1 may inhibit NP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Dai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongchun Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Cai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Batzakakis D, Stathas T, Mastronikolis N, Kourousis C, Aletras A, Naxakis S. Adhesion molecules as predictors of nasal polyposis recurrence. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 28:20-2. [PMID: 24717873 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2014.28.3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammation of nasal and paranasal sinuses in the pathogenesis of which adhesion molecules may have a significant role. This study investigates the possible role of certain adhesion molecules, mucins, and oncogenes in nasal polyposis recurrence. METHODS A sample study of 21 individuals (17 men and 4 women) aged 47.44 ± 15.10 years with nasal polyposis who had undergone nasal surgery twice was used. Twenty-one individuals aged 46.9 ± 12.8 years suffering from nasal polyposis who had undergone surgery only once in the same period were used as a control sample. RESULTS Statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed regarding epithelial membrane antigen (EMA/mucin 1) of stromal cells (p < 0.001) and CD86 stromal expression (p = 0.009). No patient of the control group exhibited high (++) CD86 stromal expression, whereas six patients of the resurgery group did so. When EMA and CD86 were included in a logistic regression model, stromal EMA was found to be positively related to recurrence. CONCLUSION Adhesion molecules may relate to nasal polyp prognosis and recurrence rates.
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Mucin gene expression in reflux laryngeal mucosa: histological and in situ hybridization observations. Int J Otolaryngol 2014; 2014:264075. [PMID: 24790604 PMCID: PMC3982410 DOI: 10.1155/2014/264075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives/Hypothesis. To determine if laryngopharyngeal reflux alters mucin gene expression in laryngeal mucosa. Methods. In situ hybridization was employed to study the expression of the 8 well-characterised mucin genes MUC1-4, 5AC, 5B, 6, and 7 in reflux laryngeal mucosa from laryngeal ventricles, posterior commissures, and vocal folds compared to control/normal laryngeal mucosa. Results. MUC1-5 genes are expressed in normal and reflux laryngeal mucosa. MUC1, 3 and 4 are expressed in respiratory and squamous mucosa whereas MUC2 and 5AC are expressed in respiratory mucosa only. MUC3, 4 and 5AC are downregulated in reflux mucosa. MUC5AC expression is significantly reduced in the 3 mucosal sites and when mucosal type was taken into account, this remains significant in combined laryngeal and ventricular mucosa only. Conclusions. MUC3, 4 and 5AC expression is downregulated in laryngopharyngeal reflux. This may be due to laryngeal mucosal metaplasia and/or alteration of mucin gene expression in the preexisting mucosa. Altered mucin gene expression might predispose laryngeal mucosa to the damaging effect of reflux.
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Xia W, Bai J, Wu X, Wei Y, Feng S, Li L, Zhang J, Xiong G, Fan Y, Shi J, Li H. Interleukin-17A promotes MUC5AC expression and goblet cell hyperplasia in nasal polyps via the Act1-mediated pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98915. [PMID: 24892823 PMCID: PMC4043856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies demonstrated that nasal polyps (NP) patients in China and other Asian regions possessed distinct Th17-dominant inflammation and enhanced tissue remodeling. However, the mechanism underlying these observations is not fully understood. This study sought to evaluate the association of interleukin (IL)-17A with MUC5AC expression and goblet cell hyperplasia in Chinese NP patients and to characterize the signaling pathway underlying IL-17A-induced MUC5AC expression in vitro. METHOD We enrolled 25 NP patients and 22 normal controls and examined the expression of IL-17A, MUC5AC and act1 in polyp tissues by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. Moreover, by using an in vitro culture system of polyp epithelial cells (PECs), IL-17A-induced gene expression was screened in cultured PECs by DNA microarray. The expression of IL-17RA, IL-17RC, act1 and MUC5AC and the activation of the MAPK pathway (ERK, p38 and JNK), were further examined in cultured PECs and NCI-H292 cells by qPCR and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS We found that increased IL-17A production was significantly correlated with MUC5AC and act1 expression and goblet cell hyperplasia in polyp tissues (p<0.05). IL-17A significantly stimulated the expression of IL-17RA, IL-17RC, act1 and MUC5AC, and the activation of the MAPK pathway in cultured PECs and NCI-H292 cells (p<0.05). In addition, IL-17RA, IL-17RC and act1 siRNA significantly blocked IL-17A-induced MUC5AC production in vitro (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that IL-17A plays a crucial role in stimulating the production of MUC5AC and goblet cell hyperplasia through the act1-mediated signaling pathway and may suggest a promising strategy for the management of Th17-dominant NP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentong Xia
- Allergy and Cancer Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Allergy and Cancer Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingmei Wu
- Allergy and Cancer Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Allergy and Cancer Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyan Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Allergy and Cancer Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanxia Xiong
- Allergy and Cancer Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunping Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- Allergy and Cancer Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Allergy and Cancer Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Shin SH, Ye MK, Kim JK. Effects of fungi and eosinophils on mucin gene expression in rhinovirus-infected nasal epithelial cells. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013; 6:149-55. [PMID: 24587952 PMCID: PMC3936044 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Fungi, rhinoviruses (RVs), and eosinophils are associated with upper respiratory diseases. We evaluated the effects of fungal stimulation and eosinophil co-culture on the expression of mucin genes in RV-infected nasal polyp epithelial cells. Methods Nasal polyp epithelial cells were obtained from chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Cultured epithelial cells were stimulated with Alternaria and Aspergillus with or without RV-16 infection. The epithelial cells were co-cultured with eosinophils for 16 h. MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC8 mRNA expressions in the epithelial cells were quantified using real-time RT-PCR. To determine the underlying mechanism, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors were used to inhibit mucin gene expression. Results Fungi and RV-16 induced mucin gene expression in nasal polyp epithelial cells. However, there was no synergistic increase in mucin gene expression, with the exception of MUC4 mRNA expression stimulated by 25 µg/mL Aspergillus. When RV-16-infected epithelial cells were stimulated with fungi and then co-cultured with eosinophils, MUC4, MUC5B, and MUC8 mRNA expressions increased. Mucin gene expression was inhibited by NF-κB inhibitors. Conclusions RV-16, airborne fungi, and eosinophils may exacerbate the inflammatory process in nasal mucosal diseases by enhancing mucin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Heon Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Jung JH, Kang IG, Kim DY, Hwang YJ, Kim ST. The effect of Korean red ginseng on allergic inflammation in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:167-75. [PMID: 23717169 PMCID: PMC3659635 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean red ginseng (KRG) is reported to have anti-allergic properties, including beneficial effects on asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, its effect on allergic rhinitis has not been studied extensively. This study examined how KRG affected allergic inflammation of the nasal cavity in an allergic mouse model. A total of 40 Balb/c female mice were divided into four experimental groups according to treatment and allergic state: group 1 (G1), saline only; group 2 (G2), ovalbumin (OVA); group 3 (G3), OVA+KRG; and group 4 (G4), OVA+dexamethasone. Serum IgE levels were significantly lower in the KRG treatment group (G3) than in the allergic group (G2). However, serum IgG1 levels did not differ between G2 and G3. In the nasal lavage fluid, IL-4 and IL-5 levels were significantly lower in G3 than in G2 (p<0.05). H&E and Luna staining revealed that the eosinophil count was lower in G3 and G4 than in G2 (p<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that there were fewer IL-4-, IL- 5-, and MUC5AC-positive cells in G3 and G4 than in G2 (p<0.05). These results indicate that KRG reduces the nasal allergic inflammatory reaction in an allergic murine model by reducing Th2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Gil Medical Center, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 405-760, Korea
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Bernstein JM, Lehman H, Lis M, Sands A, Wilding GE, Shultz L, Bankert R, Bobek L. Humanized mouse model used to monitor MUC gene expression in nasal polyps and to preclinically evaluate the efficacy of montelukast in reducing mucus production. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2012; 121:307-16. [PMID: 22724276 DOI: 10.1177/000348941212100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether MUC gene expression could be down-regulated in nasal polyps by the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast, we developed a system in which nondisrupted human nasal polyps could be successfully implanted into severely immunocompromised mice, and in which the histopathology of the original nasal polyp tissue could be preserved for long periods. In addition, the histopathologic changes in the human nasal polyps were carefully examined to determine the origin of the submucosal glands (SMGs) that develop in true nasal polyps found in the anterior third of the nose. METHODS Small, nondisrupted pieces of human nasal polyp tissues were subcutaneously implanted into NOD-scid IL-2rgamma(null) mice. Xenograft-bearing mice were treated with either montelukast or saline solution. Xenografts at 8 to 12 weeks after implantation were examined histologically, and expression of MUC genes 4, 5AC, and 7 was studied in the polyps before implantation and in the 8-week xenograft. Alzet pumps were inserted into the mice, and montelukast (Singulair) was continuously delivered to determine its effect on goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus production, and the enlargement of nasal polyps over an 8-week period. RESULTS The xenografts were maintained in a viable and functional state for up to 3 months and retained a histopathology similar to that of the original tissue, but with a noticeable increase in goblet cell hyperplasia and marked mucus accumulation in the SMGs. MUC4 and MUC5AC were significantly increased in the xenograft 8 weeks after implantation, but MUC7 was significantly decreased compared to the preimplantation polyps. Inasmuch as MUC7 is found exclusively in serous glands, the findings suggest that serous glands are not found in polyps in the anterior third of the nose. The histopathologic findings confirm the original findings of Tos et al suggesting that the SMGs are derived from pinching-off of the epithelium of the enlarging polyp following inflammatory changes. These SMGs have the same epithelium as surface epithelium and consist of multiple goblet cells that secrete periodic acid Schiff stain-positive mucin into the interior of the SMGs. A progressive increase in the volume of the xenografts was observed, with little or no evidence of mouse cell infiltration into the human leukocyte antigen-positive human tissue. An average twofold increase in polyp volume was found 2 months after engraftment. Montelukast did not decrease the growth of the xenograft in the 8-week NOD-scid mice, nor did it affect MUC gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The use of innate and adaptive immunodeficient NOD-scid mice homozygous for targeted mutations in the IL-2 gamma-chain locus NOD-scid IL-2r gamma(null) for establishing engraftment of nondisrupted pieces of human nasal polyp tissues represents a significant advancement in studying chronic inflammation over a long period of time. In the present study, we utilized this humanized mouse model to confirm our prediction that MUC genes 4 and 5AC are highly expressed and significantly increased over those of preimplanted polyps. The overexpression of these 2 MUC genes correlates with both the goblet cell hyperplasia and the excessive mucus production that are found in nasal polyp xenografts. MUC7, which is primarily associated with the submucosa, as opposed to MUC4 and MUC5AC, which are primarily expressed in the epithelium, was significantly decreased in the nasal polyp xenografts. Montelukast had no significant effect on MUC gene expression in the xenografts. In addition to the MUC gene expression patterns, the histology of the xenografts supports the concept that mucinous glands that are characteristic of true nasal polyps are significantly different from those in the mucosa found in the lateral wall of the nose in patients with chronic sinusitis without nasal polyps. The mucinous glands seen in nasal polyps (which appear to be derived from an invagination of hyperplastic epithelial mucosa containing large numbers of goblet cells) are histologically distinct from the seromucinous glands found in the submucosa of hyperplastic middle turbinates. The data presented here establish a humanized mouse model as a viable approach to study nasal polyp growth, to assess the therapeutic efficacy of various drugs in this chronic inflammatory disease, and to contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Bernstein
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
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Takabayashi T, Kato A, Peters AT, Suh LA, Carter R, Norton J, Grammer LC, Tan BK, Chandra RK, Conley DB, Kern RC, Fujieda S, Schleimer RP. Glandular mast cells with distinct phenotype are highly elevated in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:410-20.e5. [PMID: 22534535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by T(H)2 inflammation, the role of mast cells is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the presence, localization, and phenotype of mast cells in patients with CRS. METHODS We collected nasal tissue and nasal lavage fluid from patients with CRS and control subjects. We analyzed mRNA for the mast cell proteases tryptase, chymase, and carboxypeptidase A3 by using real-time PCR and measured mast cell protease proteins by using ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Tryptase mRNA was significantly increased in nasal polyps (NPs) from patients with CRSwNP (P< .001) compared with uncinate tissue from patients with CRS or control subjects. Tryptase protein was also elevated in NPs and in nasal lavage fluids from patients with CRSwNP. Immnohistochemistry showed increased numbers of mast cells in epithelium and glands but not within the lamina propria in NPs. The mast cells detected in the epithelium in NPs were characterized by the expression of tryptase and carboxypeptidase A3 but not chymase. Mast cells expressing all the 3 proteases were abundant within the glandular epithelium of NPs but were not found in normal glandular structures. CONCLUSIONS Herein we demonstrated a unique localization of mast cells within the glandular epithelium of NPs and showed that mast cells in NPs have distinct phenotypes that vary by tissue location. Glandular mast cells and the diverse subsets of mast cells detected may contribute to the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Takabayashi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Kang IG, Jung JH, Kim ST. Asian sand dust enhances allergen-induced th2 allergic inflammatory changes and mucin production in BALB/c mouse lungs. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012; 4:206-13. [PMID: 22754714 PMCID: PMC3378927 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.4.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Recent studies have reported that Asian sand dust (ASD) has a potential risk of aggravating airway inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ASD on inflammation and mucin production in the airways of allergic mice. Methods Forty BALB/c female mice were divided into four groups: saline (group 1); ASD (group 2); ovalbumin (OVA) alone (group 3); and OVA+ASD (group 4). OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was performed on lung tissues. In addition, immunohistochemical staining for IL-4, IL-5, MUC5AC, and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) was conducted. Results Serum IgE levels were significantly higher in group 4 than in group 3 (P<0.05). IL-4 and IL-5 in BALF were significantly higher in group 4 than in group 3 (P<0.05, respectively). Based on H&E staining, inflammatory cell numbers were significantly greater in group 4 than in the other groups (P<0.05). The number of PAS-positive cells was also significantly greater in groups 3 and 4 than in groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). The numbers of IL-4 and IL-5-positive cells were higher in group 4 than in group 3 (P<0.05). The number of MUC5AC and TGF-α-positive cells were also higher in group 4 than in group 3 (P<0.05). Conclusions Our data suggest that ASD increases cytokine expression and mucin production in an allergic murine model. The increased inflammatory reactions were related to cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Gyu Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gil Hospital, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
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Jung JH, Kang IG, Cha HE, Choe SH, Kim ST. Effect of Asian Sand Dust on Mucin Production in NCI-H292 Cells and Allergic Murine Model. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 146:887-94. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599812439011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the effect of Asian sand dust (ASD) on mucin production in human respiratory epithelial cells in vitro and in allergic murine nasal epithelial cells. Study Design. Controlled, in vitro. Setting. Academic research laboratory. Materials and Methods. Human NCI-H292 cells were treated with ASD and analyzed by immunostaining, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction for MUC5AC mRNA expression, and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Forty female BALB/c mice were classified into 4 groups. Two groups were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA), and 1 of these was treated with ASD (ASD+OVA). The 2 nonsensitized groups were treated with ASD or saline. Then the murine nasal mucosal tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, PAS staining, and immunostaining for MUC5AC and transforming growth factor (TGF)-α proteins. Results. The numbers of MUC5AC-immunopositive NCI-H292 cells and PAS-positive NCI-H292 cells were significantly higher in the ASD-treated cells than in the control cells ( P = .039 and P = .029, respectively). MUC5AC mRNA expression in the cells increased with increasing concentrations of ASD. In the murine nasal epithelial tissues, the numbers of eosinophils and PAS-positive cells were significantly higher in the ASD+OVA group than in the OVA group (H&E staining, P = .037; PAS staining, P = .019). At 2 weeks, the numbers of MUC5AC- and TGF-α–positive cells in the nasal epithelial tissue were significantly higher in the ASD+OVA group than in the OVA group ( P = .031 and P = .033, respectively). Conclusion. ASD can induce mucin production in respiratory epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Korea
| | - Il Gyu Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Korea
| | - Heung Eog Cha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Choe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Korea
| | - Seon Tae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Korea
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Kerschner JE, Khampang P, Samuels T. Extending the chinchilla middle ear epithelial model for mucin gene investigation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 74:980-5. [PMID: 20591507 PMCID: PMC2922454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of recently identified human mucin genes in an in vivo model of the chinchilla middle ear epithelium (CMEE). METHODS CMEE was harvested, RNA was extracted and primers were designed for RT-PCR to assess for expression of mucin genes Muc6, Muc17 and Muc18. Further sequencing of these genes was also accomplished. RESULTS Mucin genes Muc6, Muc17 and Muc18 was assessed and found to be identical to the expression in human and mouse MEE. CONCLUSION This study further characterizes mucin gene expression in the CMEE and provides additional sequence data for chinchilla middle ear genes. The concordance of this gene expression data to that of both the human and mouse models further demonstrates the utility of this animal model in OM investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kerschner
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226,Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - P. Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Tina Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Song SY, Woo HJ, Bae CH, Kim YW, Kim YD. Expression of leptin receptor in nasal polyps: leptin as a mucosecretagogue. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:1046-50. [PMID: 20422702 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone that regulates food intake and metabolic and endocrine functions. Serum leptin levels have been reported to be increased in patients with allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis; however, the explanation for this is unclear. We aimed to demonstrate the differential expression of leptin receptors in normal human nasal mucosa and nasal polyps, and to elucidate the effects of leptin on mucin gene expression in human nasal polyp epithelial cells. STUDY DESIGN Case-control and in vitro study. METHODS Normal ethmoid sinus mucosa was obtained from 10 subjects and used as a control; nasal polyps were obtained from 10 patients. Leptin receptor expression was analyzed using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Leptin-induced expression of major respiratory mucins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) in the human nasal polyp epithelial cells was determined using RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The leptin receptor expression was stronger in the nasal polyps than in the normal nasal mucosa. In human nasal polyp epithelial cells, leptin increased the expression of MUC5AC and MUC5B, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, at the gene and protein levels. Leptin-induced mucin expression was inhibited by the leptin receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS The increased expression of leptin receptors in nasal polyps implies leptin has a certain role in nasal polyposis. In addition, leptin appears to induce the expression of MUC5AC and MUC5B through leptin receptors in the human nasal polyp epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Youn Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
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Significance of susceptible gene expression profiles in nasal polyposis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 1:177-83. [PMID: 19434264 PMCID: PMC2671767 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2008.1.4.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal polyposis (NP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the rhinosinus mucosa and a complex disease with strong genetic and environmental components. During the past 10 to 20 yr, many studies have been performed to determine differential gene expression profiles between NP and normal nasal tissues, in order to identify susceptible genes that are associated with NP-related traits. Despite achievement in the identification of candidate genes and their associated pathogenic pathways, the large challenges remain as the genetic and molecular alterations required for its development and progression are still unclear. Therefore, the development of novel, powerful tools for gene discovery, and a closer integration of genetics and medical biology would provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of NP.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Among the airway mucin genes, the MUC4 gene is an important gene in its response to inflammatory diseases of the upper airway. However, the expression and regulation of the MUC4 gene in the nasal polyps remains unclear. STUDY DESIGN The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of MUC4 mRNA and synthesis of mucin glycoprotein in the nasal polyps before and after treatment with a topical steroid in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Nasal polyps were obtained from 20 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and were subsequently cultured. The level of MUC4 mRNA was measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the amount of the MUC4 mucin glycoprotein was estimated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS The expression of MUC4 mRNA was found to be significantly higher in the nasal polyps than in the inferior turbinate (P < .05). The addition of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the expression of MUC4 mRNA and mucin glycoprotein synthesis in cultured nasal polyp epithelial cells. Treatment with glucocorticoid inhibited the expression of MUC4 mRNA in the nasal polyps; it also inhibited the expression of IL-1 beta and LPS-induced MUC4 mRNA and mucin glycoprotein synthesis in cultured nasal polyp epithelial cells. The inhibitory effects of glucocorticoid were restored by treatment with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU-486). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the MUC4 gene is expressed in the nasal polyps and that glucocorticoid can control the expression of the MUC4 gene and mucin glycoprotein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Bai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
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Sridhar S, Schembri F, Zeskind J, Shah V, Gustafson AM, Steiling K, Liu G, Dumas YM, Zhang X, Brody JS, Lenburg ME, Spira A. Smoking-induced gene expression changes in the bronchial airway are reflected in nasal and buccal epithelium. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:259. [PMID: 18513428 PMCID: PMC2435556 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable death and a significant cause of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Prior studies have demonstrated that smoking creates a field of molecular injury throughout the airway epithelium exposed to cigarette smoke. We have previously characterized gene expression in the bronchial epithelium of never smokers and identified the gene expression changes that occur in the mainstem bronchus in response to smoking. In this study, we explored relationships in whole-genome gene expression between extrathorcic (buccal and nasal) and intrathoracic (bronchial) epithelium in healthy current and never smokers. RESULTS Using genes that have been previously defined as being expressed in the bronchial airway of never smokers (the "normal airway transcriptome"), we found that bronchial and nasal epithelium from non-smokers were most similar in gene expression when compared to other epithelial and nonepithelial tissues, with several antioxidant, detoxification, and structural genes being highly expressed in both the bronchus and nose. Principle component analysis of previously defined smoking-induced genes from the bronchus suggested that smoking had a similar effect on gene expression in nasal epithelium. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that this set of genes was also highly enriched among the genes most altered by smoking in both nasal and buccal epithelial samples. The expression of several detoxification genes was commonly altered by smoking in all three respiratory epithelial tissues, suggesting a common airway-wide response to tobacco exposure. CONCLUSION Our findings support a relationship between gene expression in extra- and intrathoracic airway epithelial cells and extend the concept of a smoking-induced field of injury to epithelial cells that line the mouth and nose. This relationship could potentially be utilized to develop a non-invasive biomarker for tobacco exposure as well as a non-invasive screening or diagnostic tool providing information about individual susceptibility to smoking-induced lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Sridhar
- Pathology Program, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Albany Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank Schembri
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Albany Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Zeskind
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University School of Engineering, Cummington Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vishal Shah
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University School of Engineering, Cummington Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam M Gustafson
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University School of Engineering, Cummington Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katrina Steiling
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Albany Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Albany Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yves-Martine Dumas
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Albany Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Albany Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jerome S Brody
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Albany Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Albany Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Albany Street, Boston, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University School of Engineering, Cummington Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Avrum Spira
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Albany Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University School of Engineering, Cummington Street, Boston Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
CONCLUSION Membrane-bound mucin MUC4 represents the predominant mucin expressed in the adenoid epithelium followed by MUC5AC (gel-forming mucin). This may suggest that membrane-bound mucins could be involved in pathogen binding and immunological stimulation. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate mucin expression in hypertrophic adenoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adenoidal samples were obtained from 12 children. The expression of eight mucin genes, MUC1-4, MUC5AC, 5B, 6 and 7 was studied by in situ hybridization utilizing digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide probes. RESULTS The dominant mucin genes were MUC4, 3 and 5AC, while MUC1, 2, 5B and 7 were sparsely expressed and MUC6 was not expressed. Expression patterns were very different from those in the upper airways. Most samples expressed two membrane-bound mucins (MUC4 and 3) and one secretory mucin (MUC5AC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S Ali
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gel-like properties of mucus depend primarily on its content of mucins. The protein backbones of mucins are encoded by mucin genes. Of the currently known 20 mucin genes that encode protein backbone of mucins, 16 have been identified in the airways. METHOD We explored the current knowledge about upper airway mucin expression in health and disease conditions using a Medline search. We have also studied upper airway mucin gene expression and compared our results with the results from other studies. RESULTS MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC2 are the principal gel-forming mucins secreted in the airway. However, the spectrum of mucin expression in chronic upper airway diseases such as nasal polyps, chronic sinusitis, middle ear effusion, and cystic fibrosis is generally wide and variable. DISCUSSION The wide spectrum of upper airway mucin expression is possibly caused by various anatomic and histologic features as well as physiologic and pathologic variables. These variables have not been fully explored yet, and the majority of airway mucin expression studies used small numbers of samples. CONCLUSION Studies including adequate numbers of samples (patients) are more likely to reveal a clearer profile and more precise expression patterns. Generating a clear profile of mucin expression patterns in health and disease requires the analysis of different variables, which can alter that expression. It is also essential to understand the various molecular mechanisms controlling mucin gene and protein expression. This could lead to the invention of novel therapeutic modalities to treat upper airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S Ali
- Epithelial Group, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with advanced head and neck cancer are being treated with chemo-radiotherapy, and life is being prolonged, with or without persistent disease, for longer than was previously. Hypercalcaemia may present in patients with advanced or disseminated head and neck cancer, and, as such, these patients may present to a larger variety of clinicians for advice concerning their symptoms and illness. Modes of presentation of hypercalcaemia and treatment strategies are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS There were previously few large series of head and neck cancer patients diagnosed with hypercalcaemia, which may or may not have been related to their cancer being treated. Investigations, by way of blood/serum calcium level, may identify such patients. Patients with cancer-related hypercalcaemia have a poor prognosis, but many may respond temporarily to treatment when offered, with an improvement of their quality of life and death. SUMMARY Hypercalcaemia should and must be considered in all patients who have or possibly have a diagnosis of a head and neck cancer and who present unwell with symptoms of fatigue, lethargy and somnolence. Investigation must include serum calcium (corrected for serum albumin binding) and parathyroid hormone level. Patients may be treated by a combination of rehydration and bisulphonate therapy until the serum calcium is reduced to a level below 3 mmol/l. The majority of patients diagnosed with hypercalcaemia due to head and neck malignancy die of their diseases in the short term, but some may enjoy a prolongation of life with reasonable quality if diagnosed and treated aggressively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Bradley
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
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