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Gaskins AJ, Schisterman EF. The effect of lipid adjustment on the analysis of environmental contaminants and the outcome of human health risks. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2010; 580:371-81. [PMID: 19784610 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-325-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Past literature on exposure to lipophilic agents such as organochlorines (OCs) is conflicting, posing challenges for the interpretation of their potential human health risks. Since blood is often used as a proxy for adipose tissue, it is necessary to model serum lipids when assessing health risks of OCs. Using a simulation study, we evaluated four statistical models (unadjusted, standardized, adjusted, and two-stage) for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure, serum lipids, and health outcome risk. Eight candidate true causal scenarios, depicted by directed acyclic graphs, were used to illustrate the ramifications of misspecification of underlying assumptions when interpreting results. Biased results were produced when statistical models that deviated from the underlying causal assumptions were used with the lipid standardization method found to be particularly prone to bias. We concluded that investigators must consider biology, biological medium, laboratory measurement, and other underlying modeling assumptions when devising a statistical model for assessing health outcomes in relation to environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J Gaskins
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Schriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
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Schisterman EF, Whitcomb BW, Louis GMB, Louis TA. Lipid adjustment in the analysis of environmental contaminants and human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:853-7. [PMID: 16002372 PMCID: PMC1257645 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The literature on exposure to lipophilic agents such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is conflicting, posing challenges for the interpretation of potential human health risks. Laboratory variation in quantifying PCBs may account for some of the conflicting study results. For example, for quantification purposes, blood is often used as a proxy for adipose tissue, which makes it necessary to model serum lipids when assessing health risks of PCBs. Using a simulation study, we evaluated four statistical models (unadjusted, standardized, adjusted, and two-stage) for the analysis of PCB exposure, serum lipids, and health outcome risk (breast cancer). We applied eight candidate true causal scenarios, depicted by directed acyclic graphs, to illustrate the ramifications of misspecification of underlying assumptions when interpreting results. Statistical models that deviated from underlying causal assumptions generated biased results. Lipid standardization, or the division of serum concentrations by serum lipids, was observed to be highly prone to bias. We conclude that investigators must consider biology, biologic medium (e.g., nonfasting blood samples), laboratory measurement, and other underlying modeling assumptions when devising a statistical plan for assessing health outcomes in relation to environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique F Schisterman
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Quintana PJE, Delfino RJ, Korrick S, Ziogas A, Kutz FW, Jones EL, Laden F, Garshick E. Adipose tissue levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:854-61. [PMID: 15175172 PMCID: PMC1242012 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this nested case-control study we examined the relationship between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and organochlorine pesticide exposure. We used a data set originally collected between 1969 and 1983 in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Human Adipose Tissue Survey. Adipose samples were randomly collected from cadavers and surgical patients, and levels of organochlorine pesticide residues were determined. From the original study population, 175 NHL cases were identified and matched to 481 controls; 173 controls were selected from accident victims, and 308 from cases with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Cases and controls were mainly from cadavers (> 96%) and were matched on sex, age, region of residence within the United States, and race/ethnicity. Conditional logistic regression showed the organochlorine pesticide residue heptachlor epoxide to be significantly associated with NHL [compared with the lowest quartile: third quartile odds ratio (OR) = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-3.28; fourth quartile OR = 3.41, 95% CI, 1.89-6.16]. The highest quartile level of dieldrin was also associated with elevated NHL risk (OR = 2.70; 95% CI, 1.58-4.61), as were higher levels of oxychlordane, p,p'-DDE [p,p'-1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], and ss-benzene hexachloride (ORs = 1.79, 1.99, and 2.47, respectively). The p-values for trends for these associations were significant. In models containing pairs of pesticides, only heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin remained significantly associated with risk of NHL. Limitations of this study include collection of samples after diagnosis and a lack of information on variables affecting organochlorine levels such as diet, occupation, and body mass index. Given the persistence of pesticides in the environment, these findings are still relevant today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J E Quintana
- San Diego State University Graduate School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4162, USA.
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Rathore M, Bhatnagar P, Mathur D, Saxena GN. Burden of organochlorine pesticides in blood and its effect on thyroid hormones in women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2002; 295:207-215. [PMID: 12186288 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Man has utilized a wide variety of pesticides to combat the crop pests and vectors of human diseases. However, in this process, he has overlooked the darker side of these noxious chemicals, the concentrations of which have reached the environment and pose serious threats, such as mutagenesis, teratogenesis, carcinogenesis and endocrine dysfunction in various components of the ecosystem. The present study was planned to assess the burden of organochlorine pesticides and their influence on thyroid function in women. The study included a total of 123 women from Jaipur City who visited the Thyroid clinic in SMS Medical College and Hospital. One hundred women showed normal thyroid hormone levels while the remaining 23 women had depleted T4 and high TSH levels. The qualitative and quantitative estimation of organochlorine pesticides was carried out by gas chromatography. Out of the analyzed pesticides, the concentration of p,p'-DDT and its metabolites was higher in all the subjects, but dieldrin was found to be significantly high in the hypothyroid women. The correlation analysis for dieldrin and depleted T4 levels in hypothyroid women elicited an inverse relationship between them.
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Haddad S, Poulin P, Krishnan K. Relative lipid content as the sole mechanistic determinant of the adipose tissue:blood partition coefficients of highly lipophilic organic chemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2000; 40:839-843. [PMID: 10718576 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The adipose tissue:blood partition coefficient (PCat:b) refers to the ratio of chemical concentration or solubility in adipose tissue and blood. The solubility of a chemical in adipose tissue or whole blood is equal to the sum total of its solubility in lipid and water fractions of these matrices. For highly lipophilic organic chemicals (HLOCs, i.e., chemicals with log n-octanol:water partition coefficients (PCo:w) greater than four), their solubility in the water fractions of both tissue and blood is negligible, and therefore their solubility in lipid fractions of tissue and blood alone determines PCat:b. Since the numerical value representing chemical solubility in lipids is likely to be the same for both blood lipids and adipose tissue lipids, the PCat:b values should be hypothetically, equal to the ratio of lipid content of adipose tissue and blood. The objective of the present study was therefore to verify whether the PCat:bs of HLOCs (volatile organics, dioxins, PCBs, PBBs, DDT) are equal to the ratio of adipose tissue and blood lipid levels. The data on lipid content of rat and human blood and adipose tissues were obtained from the literature. The calculated tissue:blood lipid ratios were comparable to the human and rat PCat:b of volatile organic chemicals, dioxins, PCBs, PBBs and/or DDT obtained from the literature. These results then suggest that, regardless of the identity and PCo:w of HLOCs, their PCat:b is equal to the ratio of lipid in adipose tissues and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haddad
- Groupe de recherche en toxicologie humaine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, PQ, Canada
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Greizerstein HB, Stinson C, Mendola P, Buck GM, Kostyniak PJ, Vena JE. Comparison of PCB congeners and pesticide levels between serum and milk from lactating women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1999; 80:280-286. [PMID: 10092447 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1999.3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Samples of blood and milk were obtained from lactating women participating in the New York State Angler study. A total of seven women gave one blood and one milk sample at time intervals between blood and milk collection different for each woman. The time between samples varied from 3 to 318 days. One subject provided a second milk sample 219 days after the first milk sample. The samples were analyzed for 69 PCB congeners, DDE (a metabolite of DDT), Mirex, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Lipid content was determined by gravimetric analysis. The congener profiles in serum and milk were similar for each individual but different among all subjects. The sum of the concentrations of the congeners present above the limit of detection was used to estimate the total PCB concentration that was in the range of 2.6 to 5.8 ng/g of serum and 3.5 to 14.1 ng/g of milk. The ratio of serum to milk concentrations varied from 0.18 to 1.66 with a mean of 0.65+/-0.49 showing no consistency among individuals prior to adjusting the data for lipid content. The total PCB levels normalized for lipid content were 320-728 ng/g of serum lipid and 239-428 ng/g of milk lipid. The range of the lipid adjusted serum/milk ratio was 1.1 to 2.8 and the mean+/-SD serum/milk ratio was 1.9+/-0.5. The ranges of lipid adjusted serum concentration of DDE, HCB, and Mirex were 95 to 591, 8 to 48, and 3 to 29 ng/g lipid, respectively. The ranges of lipid adjusted milk concentration of DDE, HCB, and Mirex were 90 to 577, 11 to 22, and 1 to 10 ng/g lipid, respectively. For DDE, HCB, and Mirex, the means of the individual lipid adjusted serum to milk ratios were 1.5+/-0.7, 2.5+/-1.5, and 5. 3+/-4.6, respectively. Considerable differences were found among lipid adjusted concentrations of these environmental pollutants in serum and milk samples from the same individual. This suggests that body burden estimates in lactating women using different matrices may not be equivalent even when lipid adjusted values are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Greizerstein
- Toxicology Research Center, State University of New York at Buffalo, 111 Farber Hall, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Kutz FW, Wood PH, Bottimore DP. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1991; 120:1-82. [PMID: 1899728 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3080-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds are highly lipophilic chemicals that are persistent in the environment as a result of their use and chemical stability. Some of these compounds are also present in the environment as metabolites or oxidation products of a parent compound or as by-products formed in the production of chlorinated compounds. Chronic exposure to the general population results mainly through the food chain. Because they are lipophilic, and because many are metabolized slowly, these chemicals tend to concentrate in body fat tissue. This contribution has described these halogenated organic compounds, discussed their use, regulation and prohibition throughout the world, and reviewed published studies on the levels of these chemicals found in the adipose tissue of humans and animals. For many years, residues of halogenated organic compounds have been detected in the human adipose tissue of individuals in a number of countries, including those in Europe, Asia, and Africa, as well as in the U.S. The levels detected have been used as an index of the level of general population exposure of these compounds over time. Over the past two decades, most countries have observed a steady decline of this level of exposure, reflecting a reduction in the use of these compounds, restrictions on or banning of their use, and a corresponding decrease in their environmental levels. The levels of concentrations vary from chemical to chemical as well as from isomer to isomer. Since the use of aldrin and dieldrin has now been banned or restricted in the U.S. and a number of other countries, residue levels have slowly decreased. Mean values in human adipose tissue in the U.S. and some foreign countries ranged from 0.04 to 0.40 ppm for dieldrin. Aldrin was detected only in Argentina and Poland in the 1970s and endrin was not detected anywhere at anytime. By 1978, all products containing BHC registered in the U.S. has been either discontinued or reformulated to incorporate lindane rather than BHC. The potential for exposure to BHC is virtually nonexistent in the U.S.; however, exposure to lindane is possible since products containing this chemical are still marketed, and used particularly in the manufacture of human medicine. DDT was banned for agricultural purposes in the U.S. in 1972, although it is still used elsewhere for public health vector control. Since the decline in use of DDT, however, the average levels of concentration have also declined. Heptachlor, chlordane, and trans-nonachlor (a component of both heptachlor and chlordane) are chlorinated cyclodienes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Kutz
- Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
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Stehr-Green PA. Demographic and seasonal influences on human serum pesticide residue levels. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1989; 27:405-21. [PMID: 2760935 DOI: 10.1080/15287398909531312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was intended to characterize more fully the distribution of serum concentrations of 16 pesticide residues with regard to key demographic and seasonal variables in a subsample of persons from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between the ages of 12 and 74 yr old. Blood sera in 2-ml aliquots were analyzed, and the results were confirmed for 5994 persons. Almost all participants (99.5%) had p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) concentrations greater than or equal to 1 ppb, ranging as high as 378.6 ppb. For the other pesticide residues, only beta-benzene hexachloride (beta-BHC) (quantified in 17.2% of the sera), dieldrin (10.6%), and another DDT-related residue, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) (35.7%) were found at quantifiable levels in more than 10% of the serum specimens. Of the remaining analytes, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trans-nonachlor (TNC), and heptachlor epoxide (HE) were found at quantifiable concentrations in 1-10% of the specimens, whereas o,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, mirex, alpha-BHC, gamma-BHC, heptachlor, delta-BHC, and aldrin were found in less than 1% of the serum specimens. Results showed that increasing age, residing on a farm, or being a male conferred increased risks of exposure to most of the pesticide residues, independent of all other demographic and seasonal factors. In a pattern less consistent across the different pesticide residues and for fewer of the pesticides, persons who lived below the national poverty level, were nonwhite, resided in the South or West, or were examined in the spring or winter also seemed to have an increased likelihood of having quantifiable serum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Stehr-Green
- Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Phillips DL, Pirkle JL, Burse VW, Bernert JT, Henderson LO, Needham LL. Chlorinated hydrocarbon levels in human serum: effects of fasting and feeding. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1989; 18:495-500. [PMID: 2505694 DOI: 10.1007/bf01055015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Twenty healthy adult humans had serum samples drawn on four occasions within a 24-hr period: after a 12 hr overnight fast, 4-5 hr after a high fat breakfast, at midafternoon, and the next morning after another 12 hr fast. Nonfasting samples had 22% to 29% higher mean concentrations (p less than 0.05) than did fasting samples for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, 4.81 vs 3.74 ng/g serum wt), hexachlorobenzene (HCB, 0.163 vs 0.134 ng/g serum wt), and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE, 6.74 vs 5.37 ng/g serum wt) measured by electron capture gas liquid chromatography. Total serum lipids were estimated from measurements of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids and were 20% higher in nonfasting samples than in fasting samples (7.05 g/L vs 5.86 g/L). When PCBs, HCB, and p,p'-DDE concentrations were corrected by total serum lipids, results from fasting and non-fasting samples were not statistically different. Because of the differences in these chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations observed with different sample collection regimens, meaningful comparison of analytical results requires standardizing collection procedures or correcting by total serum lipid levels.
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Bryan AM, Olafsson PG, Stone WB. Disposition of low and high environmental concentrations of PCBs in snapping turtle tissues. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1987; 38:1000-5. [PMID: 3107636 DOI: 10.1007/bf01609087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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Bazulić D, Stampar-Plasaj B, Bujanovic V, Stojanovski N, Nastev B, Rudelić I, Sisul N, Zuzek A. Organochlorine pesticide residues in the serum of mothers and their newborns from three Yugoslav towns. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1984; 32:265-268. [PMID: 6713118 DOI: 10.1007/bf01607496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Roan CC, Matanoski GE, McIlnay CQ, Olds KL, Pylant F, Trout JR, Wheeler P, Morgan DP. Spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and birth defects in families of agricultural pilots. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1984; 39:56-60. [PMID: 6712286 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1984.10545834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Families engaged in Agricultural Aviation (314) and cooperating sibling families, not occupationally exposed to pesticides (178) provided information, in response to a questionnaire, on their general health status and pregnancy outcomes. These two groups were comparable in age, height, weight, and years of education. Statistical evaluation confirmed the null hypothesis with respect to total pregnancies, number of male or female children, spontaneous abortions, and birth defects.
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Spindler M. DDT: health aspects in relation to man and risk/benefit assessment based thereupon. RESIDUE REVIEWS 1983; 90:1-34. [PMID: 6364281 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5606-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Shivanandappa T, Krishnakumari MK, Majumder SK. Inhibition of steroidogenic activity in the adrenal cortex of rats fed benzene hexachloride (hexachlorocyclohexane). EXPERIENTIA 1982; 38:1251-3. [PMID: 6183143 DOI: 10.1007/bf01959770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kaphalia B, Seth T. Organochlorine pesticide contamination in some species of fodder grasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0143-148x(82)90064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Soine PJ, Blanke RV, Guzelian PS, Schwartz CC. Preferential binding of chlordecone to the protein and high density lipoprotein fractions of plasma from humans and other species. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1982; 9:107-18. [PMID: 6174734 DOI: 10.1080/15287398209530146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The preferential distribution of the relatively nonpolar pesticide chlordecone (CD) to liver rather than to fat tissues in humans suggests that it may be transported in plasma differently from other organochlorine pesticides. The plasma binding of [14C] CD was investigated in vitro in human, rat, and pig plasma and in vivo in rat plasma. Protein and lipoprotein fractions were separated by serial ultracentrifugation. Heparin-manganese precipitation and agarose gel electrophoresis were also carried out to determine whether separation techniques altered CD binding to plasma components. In human plasma, the distribution of [14C] CD among proteins and high density, low density, and very low density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, and VLDL) was 46, 30, 20, and 6%, respectively. The distribution of cholesterol in the same plasma fractions was 4, 20, 63, and 7%, respectively. In the pig and rat the order of binding was similar to that in humans, with protein greater than or equal to HDL greater than LDL greater than or equal to VLDL. Separation by heparin-Mn precipitation confirmed the results obtained by ultracentrifugation. The distribution of [14C] CD in rat lipoprotein was similar whether the CD was administered in vivo or incubated with plasma in vitro, with approximately 80% bound to HDL, 11% to LDL, and 9% to VLDL in either case. Agarose gel electrophoresis of plasma-bound [14C] CD indicated that albumin was the major component of the protein fraction responsible for CD binding. Preferential binding of CD by albumin and HDL may explain its unusual tissue distribution compared to other organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin and dieldrin, which bind preferentially to VLDL and LDL and distribute preferentially to fat tissues.
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Albert L, Cebrián ME, Méndez F, Portales A. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human adipose tissue in Mexico: results of a preliminary study in three Mexican cities. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1980; 35:262-9. [PMID: 7447495 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1980.10667503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The results of a preliminary search to determine the levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in the adipose tissue of the inhabitants of three Mexican cities of different socioeconomic characteristics are described herein. The concentrations and percent occurrence of nine compounds found are reported. In general, the samples analyzed had a large number of different organochlorine residues per sample. The results indicate that the inhabitants have been heavily exposed to 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chloro-phenyl) ethane (DDT), and to a lesser degree, to 1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC). The mean concentration of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) in one of the groups (18.36 ppm lipid basis) was one of the highest reported in the literature. It is also noteworthy that DDT was found in only 63, 89, and 55% of the samples from the three cities.
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Skalsky HL, Fariss MW, Blanke RV, Guzelian PS. The role of plasma proteins in the transport and distribution of chlordecone (Kepone) and other polyhalogenated hydrocarbons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979; 320:231-7. [PMID: 88201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Domanski JJ, Nelson LA, Guthrie FE, Domanski RE, Mark R, Postlethwait RW. Relation between smoking and levels of DDT and dieldrin in human fat. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1977; 32:196-9. [PMID: 911198 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1977.10667280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adipose tissue of humans with known patterns of cigarette smoking was collected during 1973-74 and analyzed for DDT components and dieldrin. Although smokers are exposed to high levels of insecticides from smoke of cigarettes and some of these compounds can be stored in adipose tissue, it could not be demonstrated that a relationship exists between smoking habit and residual levels of DDT found in fat. Smokers seem able, through induction of enzymes by substances in tobacco smoke, to metabolize these insecticides at a rate approximately equal to the rate of their intake in the smoke. Dieldrin residues in black male subjects were found to be linearly related to the number of cigarettes smoked, but the factors governing this relationship were not obvious.
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Kraul I, Karlog O. Persistent organochlorinated compounds in human organs collected in Denmark 1972-73. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 1976; 38:38-48. [PMID: 814787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1976.tb03097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kazen C, Bloomer A, Welch R, Oudbier A, Price H. Persistence of pesticides on the hands of some occupationally exposed people. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1974; 29:315-8. [PMID: 4279630 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1974.10666605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Oloffs PC, Hardwick DF, Szeto SY, Moerman DG. DDT, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide in humans with liver cirrhosis. Clin Biochem 1974; 7:297-306. [PMID: 4138989 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(74)92494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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The Metabolism of Ddt in Man. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-107605-4.50009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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Mughal HA, Rahman MA. Organochlorine pesticide content of human adipose tissue in Karachi. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1973; 27:396-8. [PMID: 4127612 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1973.10666411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Vogel E. [Investigations on the mutagenicity of DDT and the DDt-metabolites DDE, DDD, DDOM and DDA in Drosophila melanogaster]. Mutat Res 1972; 16:157-64. [PMID: 4627533 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(72)90176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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28
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Abbott DC, Collins GB, Goulding R. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human fat in the United Kingdom 1969-71. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1972; 2:553-6. [PMID: 5032781 PMCID: PMC1788137 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5813.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During the period 1969-71 samples of human body fat were taken during routine necropsies on 201 subjects over 5 years old and 20 stillborn babies and infants under 5 years old, and analysis was carried out for organochlorine pesticide residues. By comparing the results from this period with those from similar studies undertaken in 1963-4 and 1965-7, it is clear that a downward trend continues.
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Bishara R, Born G, Christian J. Radiotracer Distribution and Excretion Study of Chlorophenothane in Rats. J Pharm Sci 1972. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600611206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Morgan DP, Roan CC. Absorption, storage, and metabolic conversion of ingested DDT and DDT metabolites in man. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1971; 22:301-8. [PMID: 5541487 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1971.10665848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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