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Frost A, Collins A, Chung EO, Escobar Carias MS, Hagaman A, Gupta S, Bibi A, Sikander S, Maselko J. Trauma exposure among young children in rural Pakistan: Associations with gender, mental health, and cognitive skills. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:454. [PMID: 39183356 PMCID: PMC11346172 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of childhood trauma (violence, injury/illness, loss) in low-resource settings is high, although the effect of trauma on children's mental and cognitive health is under-researched. Child gender may moderate the association between trauma and outcomes; boys are more likely to experience trauma, but girls are more likely to show distress following trauma. METHODS We draw on data from the Bachpan cohort (n = 888), a sample of mother-child dyads in rural Pakistan, to investigate these associations among 6-year-old children in a South Asian, low-resource setting. Mothers reported on children's lifetime exposure to 15 possible traumas and their current mental health. In addition, children were assessed for their verbal skills, working memory, and inhibitory control. We estimated trauma prevalence and used generalized estimating equations to test the association between number of traumatic events and child mental health and cognitive skills in the overall sample and by gender. RESULTS 90.5% of children experienced at least one trauma. The most common traumas were death of a loved one (47%) and hearing about war/terrorism on the TV/radio (48%). On average, boys experienced more traumas (M = 3.00) than girls (M = 2.67). Specifically, boys were more likely than girls to experience an injury or hospitalization (30% vs. 21%, p < .05) and to hear about war/terrorism on the TV/radio (52% vs. 43%, p < .05). Trauma was associated with increased mental health difficulties and increased anxiety scores. There was little evidence that trauma exposure was associated with child cognitive skills. The strength of association between trauma and outcomes was similar for boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS Findings show that childhood trauma exposure is common in this setting and associated with worse mental health problems among young boys and girls. Results suggest that trauma-informed interventions are important for supporting child mental health in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Frost
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Amanda Collins
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley Hagaman
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sugandh Gupta
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Amina Bibi
- Human Development Research Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Global Institute of Human Development, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Siham Sikander
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Joanna Maselko
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Spaegele N, Ditzer J, Rodrigues M, Talmon A. The experience of bearing a child: implications on body boundaries and their link to preterm birth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:110. [PMID: 38317091 PMCID: PMC10840167 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth, which occurs when a baby is born before 37 weeks, has enormous implications for public health. It is the leading cause of infant death and mortality in children under the age of five. Unfortunately, the multifaceted causes of preterm birth are not fully understood. One construct that has received increasing attention in women's transition to motherhood is body boundaries, i.e., the metaphorical barriers that separate the self from the outer, surrounding "not self." This study aims to examine the role of well-defined and disturbed body boundaries in predicting preterm birth. METHODS A sample of 655 Israeli pregnant women reported their sense of body boundaries (BBS, as measured by the Sense of Body Boundaries Survey) pre- and postnatally. We performed a General Linear Model (GLM) testing the effect of the BBS total score on the days women delivered before their due date and controlling for whether it was the women's first child. RESULTS Our GLMs controlling for whether it was the women's first child showed that the BBS total mean exhibited a significant predictive effect on the number of days delivered before the due date (F(57,313) = 3.65, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate heterogeneity in women's sense of body boundaries during pregnancy and are the first to disentangle a link between disturbed body boundaries and preterm birth. Mediating mechanisms in this relation, e.g., psychosocial stress, as well as clinical implications are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Spaegele
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia Ditzer
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Faculty of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Anat Talmon
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 91905, Israel.
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Quail KR, Ward CL. Using Non-Violent Discipline Tools: Evidence Suggesting the Importance of Attunement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7187. [PMID: 38131738 PMCID: PMC10742770 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20247187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Training in non-violent discipline is important to prevent violence against children and ensure that their caregivers remain a safe base for them. This paper aims to deepen understanding of non-violent discipline by exploring attunement as a mechanism in the effectiveness of non-violent discipline tools. Attunement describes the sensitive responsiveness of caregivers towards their children and has been found to be central to the formation of secure attachment bonds and development of self-regulation. It includes understanding or being "in tune with" the child's needs and signals, matching these with appropriate responses. The objective of this paper is to explore attunement in relation to non-violent discipline. Peer-reviewed systematic reviews previously included in a systematic overview of evidence on non-violent discipline options were screened for information relevant to attunement. All reviews were published in English between 1999 and 2018 and offered evidence on at least one non-violent discipline tool. Although no reviews explicitly addressed attunement, evidence was found suggesting its importance in the use and effectiveness of discipline methods. Research directly investigating attunement in discipline is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Quail
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
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Yoon S, Sattler K, Knox J, Xin Y. Longitudinal examination of resilience among child welfare-involved adolescents: The roles of caregiver-child relationships and deviant peer affiliation. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1069-1078. [PMID: 34766899 PMCID: PMC9345746 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing attention to resilience following childhood maltreatment, it remains unclear how the development of resilience unfolds over time among child welfare-involved adolescents. Further, little is known about the immediate and enduring effects of two important attachments in children's lives, namely caregiver-child relationship and deviant peer affiliation, on resilience development over time. This study sought to examine the ways in which caregiver-child relationships and deviant peer affiliation shape developmental trajectories of resilience among child welfare-involved youth. Data were drawn from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. Latent growth curve modeling was conducted on a sample of 711 adolescents. The results revealed that adolescents' resilience increased across a 36-month period since initial contact with Child Protective Services. Better caregiver-child relationships were associated with a higher initial level of resilience among adolescents, whereas higher deviant peer affiliation was associated with a lower initial level of resilience. Significant lagged effects were also found; caregiver-child relationship quality and deviant peer affiliation at baseline were associated with resilience at 18 months after. The findings suggest that interventions that aim to promote positive caregiver-child relationships and prevent deviant peer relationships may help foster resilience among adolescents who have experienced child maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kierra Sattler
- School of Health and Human Sciences, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Jerica Knox
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yitong Xin
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Faure-Walker D, Hunt N. The Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Children and Adolescents Who Display Harmful Sexual Behaviour: A Review of the Existing Research. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:1051-1061. [PMID: 36439657 PMCID: PMC9684385 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is no systematic review focusing on the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among children and adolescents who display harmful sexual behaviour (HSB). This study addresses this gap to further our understanding of the aetiology of HSB among children and adolescents. The full text of 87 articles was retrieved and assessed for eligibility, following which 10 articles were deemed relevant for inclusion in the review. These 10 studies were then subjected to quality assessment, data extraction and synthesis. The present review included only studies that used data pertaining to both males and females, and some studies provided a comparison between males and females. There were higher rates of sexual victimisation among females who display HSB. Additionally, child sexual abuse perpetrated by female caregivers is likely to be higher than most of the existing body of research suggests. The findings of the present review corroborate many of the hypotheses discussed in the introduction, emphasising that children and adolescents who display HSB are more likely to have come from backgrounds of trauma, signaling the importance of multi-agency responses, early intervention and the importance of protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulcie Faure-Walker
- National Clinical Assessment and Treatment Service (NCATS), The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC), London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nigel Hunt
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Kerley L, Meredith P, Harnett P. Investigating autonomic biomarkers of sensory processing patterns in young adults. Br J Occup Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03080226221089845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Autonomic nervous system functioning is theorised to underpin individual differences in sensory processing, with a small amount of supporting evidence. Despite recognition of the need to measure the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, most studies have measured only one of these systems. This study investigated whether sensory processing patterns are related to autonomic balance for young adults at rest and in response to a sensory-based stressor. Method In this cross-sectional laboratory study, 100 young adults completed the adolescent/adult sensory profile. Heart rate variability and pre-ejection period were recorded before, during and after a coldpressor task. Results Relationships between sensory processing patterns and autonomic balance varied by gender. In males, low sensory thresholds were generally related to a state of reciprocal sympathetic activation. In females, low thresholds were associated with greater autonomic reactivity in response to the coldpressor. Conclusion This study showed, for the first time in young adults, that sensory processing patterns may be linked to patterns of autonomic balance. Therapists should be aware that young men with low sensory thresholds may be more likely than others to exhibit a resting state of sympathetic hyperarousal and further research should investigate whether this impacts their daily functioning and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Kerley
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Pamela Meredith
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Sunshine Coast University, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Harnett
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
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Bielawski T, Drapała J, Krowicki P, Stańczykiewicz B, Frydecka D. Trauma Disrupts Reinforcement Learning in Rats-A Novel Animal Model of Chronic Stress Exposure. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:903100. [PMID: 35663358 PMCID: PMC9157238 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.903100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma, as well as chronic stress that characterizes a modern fast-paced lifestyle, contributes to numerous psychopathologies and psychological problems. Psychiatric patients with traumas, as well as healthy individuals who experienced traumas in the past, are often characterized by diminished cognitive abilities. In our protocol, we used an animal model to explore the influence of chronic trauma on cognitive abilities and behavior in the group of 20 rats (Rattus norvegicus). The experimental group was introduced to chronic (12 consecutive days) exposure to predator odor (bobcat urine). We measured the reinforcement learning of each individual before and after the exposition via the Probabilistic Selection Task (PST) and we used Social Interaction Test (SIT) to assess the behavioral changes of each individual before and after the trauma. In the experimental group, there was a significant decrease in reinforcement learning after exposure to a single trauma (Wilcoxon Test, p = 0.034) as well as after 11 days of chronic trauma (Wilcoxon-test, p = 0.01) in comparison to pre-trauma performance. The control group, which was not exposed to predator odor but underwent the same testing protocol, did not present significant deterioration in reinforcement learning. In cross-group comparisons, there was no difference between the experimental and control group in PST before odor protocol (U Mann-Whitney two-sided, p = 0.909). After exposure to chronic trauma, the experimental group deteriorated in PST performance compared to control (U Mann-Whitney Two-sided, p = 0.0005). In SIT, the experimental group spent less time in an Interaction Zone with an unfamiliar rat after trauma protocol (Wilcoxon two-sided test, p = 0.019). Major strengths of our models are: (1) protocol allows investigating reinforcement learning before and after exposition to chronic trauma, with the same group of rats, (2) translational scope, as the PST is displayed on touchscreen, similarly to human studies, (3) protocol delivers chronic trauma that impairs reward learning, but behaviorally does not induce full-blown anhedonia, thus rats performed voluntarily throughout all the procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bielawski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Drapała
- Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Krowicki
- Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Management, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Fares-Otero NE, Trautmann S. Addressing the Interactive Effects of Maltreatment and COVID-19 Related Stressors on the Neuropsychological Functioning in Children. Front Psychol 2021; 12:764768. [PMID: 34899509 PMCID: PMC8653797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.764768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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9
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Hammarlund M, Granqvist P, Forslund T. Mothers With Mild Levels of Intellectual Disability: Emotion-Interpretation, Traumatization, and Child Attachment Representations. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 126:341-356. [PMID: 34161561 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-126.4.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prior research indicates links between parents' experiences of interpersonal trauma and emotion-interpretation difficulties, and between such difficulties and child attachment insecurity and disorganization. Although mothers with mild levels of intellectual disability (ID) are at heightened risk for trauma and emotion-interpretation difficulties, and their children for attachment insecurity, corresponding links in this population have not been examined. We therefore investigated emotional interpretations among mothers with mild levels of ID (n = 23) and matched comparison mothers without ID (n = 25), in relation to mothers' experiences of trauma and their children's attachment representations. Mothers with mild levels of ID were not less accurate than comparison mothers with regard to general positive and negative emotion-interpretation accuracy, but they were significantly more likely to misinterpret shame and anger. Among mothers with mild levels of ID, misinterpretations of shame were positively related to maternal experiences of trauma, and to child attachment insecurity and disorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pehr Granqvist
- Mårten Hammarlund and Pehr Granqvist, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Tommie Forslund
- Tommie Forslund, Stockholm University and the SUF Resource Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Maramis MM, Setiawati Y, Febriyanti N, Fitriah M, Atika, Salim R, Kristianto B, Sumiati N, Pradanita VN, Dewi EC, Gautama SM, Nugroho MS, Pantouw JG. Effects of Playing Angklung and Practicing Silence on Emotion, Cognition and Oxytocin Levels in Children: A Preliminary Study. Malays J Med Sci 2021; 28:105-117. [PMID: 34285649 PMCID: PMC8260063 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Playing angklung, an Indonesian traditional musical instrument and practicing silence have been shown to exert beneficial effects on emotion and cognition; the mechanism of such an effect possibly involve oxytocin. To date, only a few clinical and biomolecular studies have investigated the effects of playing angklung and practicing silence. This study aimed to examine the effects of playing angklung and practicing silence on human emotion and cognition and on oxytocin levels. Methods This experimental study involved 61 Fourth Grade students from Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. The participants were divided into two groups: the angklung intervention group and silence intervention group. The two interventions were performed for 15 min before the morning classes for 2 months. The control group attended their classes as usual. Clinical parameters, namely, emotion and cognition, as well as the saliva oxytocin levels were measured. Results No significant differences were observed among the three groups in terms of concentration and cognitive flexibility. However, changes in oxytocin levels significantly differed among the three groups (P < 0.001) and the oxytocin levels were highest in the silence intervention group. Conclusion Practicing silence significantly increased the oxytocin levels, but it did not elicit changes in cognitive function and emotion of the students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita M Maramis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yunias Setiawati
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nining Febriyanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Munawaroh Fitriah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Atika
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rasyid Salim
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Budi Kristianto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nyoman Sumiati
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Elisabet Citra Dewi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sheila Maryam Gautama
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - My Safira Nugroho
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Jakobus Gerick Pantouw
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Charbonneau S, deLeyer-Tiarks J, Caterino LC, Bray M. A meta-analysis of school-based interventions for student refugees, migrants, and immigrants. J Prev Interv Community 2021; 50:1-16. [PMID: 34107239 DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2021.1935190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
How do mental health practitioners and educators support child migrants, child immigrants, child refugees, and their families? This article examines the scope of current interventions for these populations. A meta-analysis of interventions used in schools over the last two decades is discussed to provide an overview of the current evidence base in this area worldwide. Recommendations are made to facilitate the application of these interventions to support child-migrants, child-immigrants, and child-refugees in the schools, and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Charbonneau
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Johanna deLeyer-Tiarks
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Linda C Caterino
- Department of Educational Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Melissa Bray
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Reuille-Dupont S. Applications of somatic psychology: movement and body experience in the treatment of dissociative disorders. BODY MOVEMENT AND DANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17432979.2020.1844295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Coetzer W. Verhelderende perspektiewe vir die pastoraat vanuit traumanavorsing rakende getraumatiseerde kinders. KOERS - BULLETIN FOR CHRISTIAN SCHOLARSHIP 2020. [DOI: 10.19108/koers.85.1.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The title of this article is: “Illuminating perspectives for the pastorate from trauma research on traumatized children.” This article focuses on the profound long-term implications of unresolved trauma during childhood. These implications can be physical, emotional or spiritual in nature. The important role of recurring traumatic memories is discussed as well as a number of further typical behavioural patterns as well as acting out behaviours. Exposure to the unresolved trauma using various exposure techniques during the counselling process is also discussed. Important aspects regarding a number of therapeutic strategies are then discussed, while also reflecting on possible pastoral implications. In this regard, for example, the focus is on the use of a journal, predictable routines and rituals, child-centred play, the child's identity in Christ, the importance of listening to the child, setting a timeline and the therapeutic value of drawing tasks.
From the results of research in the field of trauma, it eventually appears that there are a variety of useful components and perspectives that can be effectively incorporated by pastoral counsellors and pastoral play therapists into the pastoral counselling and guidance of traumatized children.
Key concepts: Traumatized children; Pastorate; Trauma research
Opsomming
In hierdie artikel word daar op die ingrypende langtermyn implikasies van onverwerkte trauma gedurende die kinderjare gefokus. Hierdie implikasies kan liggaamlik, emosioneel of geestelik van aard wees. Die belangrike rol van herhalende traumatiese herinneringe word vervolgens aan die orde gestel asook ʼn aantal verdere tipiese gedragspatrone asook uitreageergedrag. Blootstelling aan die onverwerkte trauma aan die hand van verskeie blootstellingstegnieke tydens die begeleidingsproses word ook bespreek. Belangrike aspekte met betrekking tot ʼn aantal terapeutiese strategieë kom vervolgens aan die orde terwyl moontlike pastorale implikasies deurgaans gereflekteer word. In hierdie verband word byvoorbeeld op die gebruik van ʼn joernaal, voorspelbare roetines en rituele, kind-gesentreerde spel, die kind se identiteit in Christus, die belangrikheid van na die kind te luister, die opstel van ʼn tydlyn en die terapeutiese waarde van tekentake gefokus. Vanuit die resultate van navorsing op die gebied van trauma blyk uiteindelik dat daar ʼn verskeidenheid van bruikbare komponente en perspektiewe is wat effektief deur pastorale beraders en spelterapeute in die pastorale begeleiding van getraumati-seerde kinders geïnkorporeer kan word.
Binne God se volmaakte plan het Hy die gesin en dan ook die uitgebreide familie as ʼn veilige hawe en milieu daargestel waarbinne hierdie kind veronderstel is om alles te ontvang ten einde uiteindelik tot ʼn jong volwasse persoon te kan ontwikkel wat vir die uitdagings van die wêreld daar buite toegerus is. Soos wat egter vanuit die res van hierdie artikel sal blyk, het hierdie Goddelike plan in talle kinders se lewens, as gevolg van ʼn verskeidenheid van redes, nie altyd gerealiseer nie. Talle van hierdie kinders is in ʼn vroeë stadium in hul lewens reeds moedeloos en talle het al ʼn einde aan alles gemaak.
Kernbegrippe: Getraumatiseerde kinders, Pastoraat, Traumanavorsing
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Touloumakos AK, Barrable A. Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Protective and Therapeutic Potential of Nature. Front Psychol 2020; 11:597935. [PMID: 33324297 PMCID: PMC7726132 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.597935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are prevalent in many western populations. Large studies have put the likelihood of having at least one ACE above 50% of the general population. ACEs and the associated experience of chronic stress, moreover, have been consistently linked with a variety of negative physical and psychological health outcomes across the lifespan from behavioral problems and cognitive difficulties early on, to greater chance of suffering from a mental health disorder and engaging in self destructing behaviors. The literature puts forward several protective factors, such as mother-child relations, parental health, and community engagement. In this perspective paper we put forward the potential of regular nature engagement as a possible additional protective factor. Nature's therapeutic potential has been well documented, for many psychopathologies and mental health difficulties. Yet studies looking at the protective and therapeutic potential of nature with people with ACEs are remarkably limited in numbers. In this perspective piece we conduct a search of the literature to find previous applications of nature as a protective or therapeutic intervention for people with ACEs. We highlight the gap in the current literature, and put forward various mechanisms of action that justify a closer exploration of this area in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Touloumakos
- Department of Psychology, Panteion University, Athens, Greece
- Centre on Skills, Knowledge and Organisational Performance, Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Education Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexia Barrable
- School of Education and Social Work, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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A review of school trauma-informed practice for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and youth. THE EDUCATIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/edp.2020.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Levenson J. Translating Trauma-Informed Principles into Social Work Practice. SOCIAL WORK 2020; 65:288-298. [PMID: 32676655 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trauma-informed social work is characterized by client-centered practices that facilitate trust, safety, respect, collaboration, hope, and shared power. Many agencies have adopted trauma-informed care (TIC) initiatives and many social workers are familiar with its basic principles, but it is challenging to infuse these ideals into real-world service delivery. This article offers 10 trauma-informed practices (TIPs) for translating TIC concepts into action by (a) conceptualizing client problems, strengths, and coping strategies through the trauma lens and (b) responding in ways that avoid inadvertently reinforcing clients' feelings of vulnerability and disempowerment (re-traumatization). TIPs guide workers to consider trauma as an explanation for client problems, incorporate knowledge about trauma into service delivery, understand trauma symptoms, transform trauma narratives, and use the helping relationship as a tool for healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Levenson
- is professor of social work, Barry University, 11300 NE 2nd Avenue, Miami Shores, FL 33161
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17
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Psychosocial risk factors and outcomes associated with suicide attempts in childhood: A retrospective study. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 125:129-135. [PMID: 32278224 PMCID: PMC7217666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine factors differentiating individuals whose first suicide attempt was during childhood (ages 5-12 yrs) from those who first attempted suicide during adolescence (13-19 yrs) and during adulthood (≥20 yrs). METHOD A sample of 418 participants (ages 18-64 yrs) with a mood disorder and ≥1 lifetime suicide attempt was divided into three groups according to age of first suicide attempt (childhood: N = 43, adolescent: N = 149, adulthood: N = 226) and compared on demographics, childhood adversity, parental psychopathology, comorbid lifetime axis I diagnoses, self-harm and characteristics of first attempt. RESULTS Participants in the Childhood Attempt group were more likely to report childhood adversity, parental alcohol use disorder and subsequent suicide attempts than the two other groups. They were also more likely to have a depressed mother, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) during childhood and adolescence, lifetime PTSD and aggressive behavior than the Adulthood Attempt group. The Adolescent Attempt group had more childhood adversity, parental suicidal behavior, lifetime PTSD and NSSI during adolescence than the Adulthood Attempt group. The groups differed on methods of first attempt, and its lethality was related to age of attempt. CONCLUSIONS Early adversity and parental psychopathology are particularly prominent in those who make childhood suicide attempts, suggesting that this group may represent a suicidal behavior subtype.
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18
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May-Benson TA, Teasdale A. Safe Place: Clinical Utility and Feasibility of a Multi-Disciplinary Intervention for Children with Sensory Processing Disorder and Complex Trauma - a Feasibility Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2020; 13:207-216. [PMID: 32549932 PMCID: PMC7289940 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-019-00281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Issues of feasibility, acceptability, satisfaction, safety, and fidelity were examined in a single case program review as an initial step to assessment of the clinical utility of the SAFE PLACE program, a unique multi-disciplinary intervention program for children with complex trauma and sensory processing disorder. The feasibility of conducting a pilot intervention study was also examined. A mixed methods, single-case, program review was conducted. The intervention was the 12-week SAFE PLACE program with pre and post-intervention baseline periods. Random intervention sessions were assessed for fidelity. Post-program interviews and questionnaires were utilized to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on feasibility, acceptability, satisfaction, and safety. The SAFE PLACE fidelity measure demonstrated the intervention was safe and implemented with fidelity to the intervention model. The intervention was acceptable to the family with an average rating of 4.3 (between acceptable and perfectly acceptable) on a five-point scale. The family was very satisfied with the intervention and its outcomes with a rating of 4.75 (between satisfied and very satisfied). Numerous positive qualitative comments about participation in the program and outcomes of the intervention were spontaneously provided by the family. Staff satisfaction rating was 4.3. Scheduling, staffing and financial reimbursement feasibility challenges were identified. Preliminary outcomes of the intervention suggested positive results and provided guidance for selection of future clinical and research outcome measures. The SAFE PLACE intervention was found to be a safe, acceptable intervention with high caregiver satisfaction that could be delivered with fidelity. The program was deemed feasible for future research studies but scheduling, staffing and financial reimbursement challenges may inhibit implementation in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Teasdale
- Spiral Foundation at OTA, 74 Bridge St., Newton, MA 02458 USA
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Fjeldsted R, Teasdale TW, Bach B. Childhood trauma, stressful life events, and suicidality in Danish psychiatric outpatients. Nord J Psychiatry 2020; 74:280-286. [PMID: 31833427 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1702096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence points to an association between adverse life experiences and suicide risk, which include childhood trauma and maltreatment as well as recent stressful life events. Accordingly, the assessment of childhood trauma and recent stressful life events might contribute to the detection of suicidal risk in a clinical setting.Aim: To investigate the association of childhood trauma and current stressful life events with suicidal behavior and improve identification of suicidality in psychiatric outpatients.Method: The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Stressful Life Events (SLE) questionnaire, and the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) were administered to 103 psychiatric outpatients (77% women). We employed binary logistic regression analysis to estimate the statistical risk of suicide attempt for patients being exposed to childhood trauma and the influence of recent stresssful life events. A ROC-analysis was used to estimate the ability of CTQ to predict suicidal behavior.Results: A substantial association between suicidal behavior and severe childhood trauma was found (OR = 3.68), whereas no significant association was found for recent stressful life events. The result was tested against possible confounding demographic factors (sex, age, job status, educational level and marital status). Childhood trauma was found to explain around 15% of the total variance in suicidality.Conclusion: The findings partially supported our hypothesis that childhood traumas (but not recent stressful life events) may play a substantial role in suicidality, and therefore assessment of childhood trauma may contribute to the detection of suicidal behavior in a psychiatric outpatient population. However, longitudinal research and replication in other populations are warranted for more conclusive findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Fjeldsted
- Psychiatric Clinic Slagelse, Psychiatric Services Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark.,Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bo Bach
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatric Services Region Zealand, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Quirk SE, Stuart AL, Brennan-Olsen SL, Pasco JA, Berk M, Chanen AM, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Kotowicz MA, Lukkala PS, Williams LJ. Physical health comorbidities in women with personality disorder: Data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 34:29-35. [PMID: 26928343 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAssociations between common psychiatric disorders, psychotic disorders and physical health comorbidities are frequently investigated. The complex relationship between personality disorders (PDs) and physical health is less understood, and findings to date are varied. This study aims to investigate associations between PDs with a number of prevalent physical health conditions.MethodsThis study examined data collected from women (n = 765; ≥ 25 years) participating in a population-based study located in south-eastern Australia. Lifetime history of psychiatric disorders was assessed using the semi-structured clinical interviews (SCID-I/NP and SCID-II). The presence of physical health conditions (lifetime) were identified via a combination of self-report, medical records, medication use and clinical data. Socioeconomic status, and information regarding medication use, lifestyle behaviors, and sociodemographic information was collected via questionnaires. Logistic regression models were used to investigate associations.ResultsAfter adjustment for sociodemographic variables (age, socioeconomic status) and health-related factors (body mass index, physical activity, smoking, psychotropic medication use), PDs were consistently associated with a range of physical health conditions. Novel associations were observed between Cluster A PDs and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD); Cluster B PDs with syncope and seizures, as well as arthritis; and Cluster C PDs with GORD and recurrent headaches.ConclusionsPDs were associated with physical comorbidity. The current data contribute to a growing evidence base demonstrating associations between PDs and a number of physical health conditions independent of psychiatric comorbidity, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Longitudinal studies are now required to investigate causal pathways, as are studies determining pathological mechanisms.
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21
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Blanchard AR, Comfort WE. Keeping in Touch with Mental Health: The Orienting Reflex and Behavioral Outcomes from Calatonia. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E182. [PMID: 32235727 PMCID: PMC7139622 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical and psychological therapy based on touch has been gradually integrated into broader mental health settings in the past two decades, evolving from a variety of psychodynamic, neurobiological and trauma-based approaches, as well as Eastern and spiritual philosophies and other integrative and converging systems. Nevertheless, with the exception of a limited number of well-known massage therapy techniques, only a few structured protocols of touch therapy have been standardized and researched to date. This article describes a well-defined protocol of touch therapy in the context of psychotherapy-the Calatonia technique-which engages the orienting reflex. The orienting reflex hypothesis is explored here as one of the elements of this technique that helps to decrease states of hypervigilance and chronic startle reactivity (startle and defensive reflexes) and restore positive motivational and appetitive states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Edgar Comfort
- Social and Cognitive Science Laboratory, Centre for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo 01241, Brazil;
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22
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Segal A, Collin-Vézina D. Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Language Skills and Promising School Interventions. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0829573519856818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on the developing child across several domains of functioning has much theoretical and empirical support. Yet, surprisingly, the impact of ACEs on the development of language skills specifically remains somewhat understudied. The present report provides a brief review of research on ACEs and associated impacts on brain functioning and on language skills development specifically. Trauma-informed practices are discussed, with a specific focus on school-based trauma-informed programs. Next steps to explore in future research are then provided.
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23
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Suh ES. The effects of therapeutic group drumming with Korean middle school students on aggression as related to school violence prevention. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2019.101583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Meulewaeter F, De Pauw SSW, Vanderplasschen W. Mothering, Substance Use Disorders and Intergenerational Trauma Transmission: An Attachment-Based Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:728. [PMID: 31681040 PMCID: PMC6813727 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A growing body of research underlines that interpersonal trauma in childhood leads to heightened susceptibility for substance use disorders (SUDs) in later life. Little research has been conducted on parenting experiences of mothers in recovery from substance use, taking into account their own upbringing as a child and the potential aftermath of interpersonal childhood trauma. Methods: Through in-depth qualitative interviews, 23 mothers with SUDs reflected on parenting experiences and parent-child bonding, related to both their children and parents. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and data were analyzed adopting thematic analysis. Results: Throughout the narratives, consequences of trauma on mothers' sense of self and its subsequent impact on parenting arose as salient themes. Five latent mechanisms of intergenerational trauma transmission were identified: 1) early interpersonal childhood trauma experiences in mothers; 2) trauma as a precursor of substance use; 3) substance use as a (self-fooling) enabler of parental functioning; 4) continued substance use impacting parental functioning; and 5) dysfunctional parental functioning and its relational impact upon offspring. Discussion: Findings suggest disruptive attachment can increase the vulnerability for SUDs on the one hand, but can be an expression of underlying trauma on the other, hence serving as a covert mechanism by which trauma can be transmitted across generations. Results indicate the need for preventive, attachment-based and trauma-sensitive interventions targeted at disruptive intergenerational patterns.
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25
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Mulloy CW. Learning to yield: body psychotherapy and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. BODY MOVEMENT AND DANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17432979.2019.1673822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte W. Mulloy
- Graduate School of Counselling and Psychology, Somatic Counselling, Naropa University Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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26
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Stack A, Lucyshyn J. Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Experience of Traumatic Events: Review of the Current Literature to Inform Modifications to a Treatment Model for Children with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:1613-1625. [PMID: 30539370 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism incur trauma and have increased vulnerabilities for experiencing trauma. This paper summarizes the current literature in the study of trauma in typically developing children and those with autism. A treatment model for children with autism, drawing on components from cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), trauma-focused CBT, and CBT to teach emotion regulation and treat anxiety in children with autism is suggested. Components include: (a) Functional Behavior Assessment; (b) behavior plans and behavioral skills training; (c) teaching emotion regulation; (d) exposure therapy; (e) cognitive restructuring; (f) parent and child support between sessions; (g) safety plan; and (h) programming for generalization and maintenance. Future research should establish evidence-based treatment of trauma in this population by evaluating the modified treatment package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Stack
- A Block Above Behavioral Consulting, 3185 Sunnyhurst Rd., North Vancouver, BC, V7K 2G4, Canada.
| | - Joseph Lucyshyn
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, 2125 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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27
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Geerling I, Roberts RM, Sved Williams A. Impact of infant crying on mothers with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder: A qualitative study. Infant Ment Health J 2019; 40:405-421. [PMID: 30964954 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mothers with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and their infants often have compromised relationships. To further understand the complexities, this study explored (a) the experiences of mothers with BPD in response to infant crying and (b) how these parenting responses impact on mothers' interpersonal functioning with significant others. Six mothers with clinical BPD were recruited from a mother-baby psychiatric unit and interviewed using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach. Transcripts of the semistructured interviews were coded for themes and subthemes. Dominant themes revealed that mothers with BPD entered motherhood in a psychologically fragile state, hypersensitive to experiencing intense physiological-emotional pain and cognitive chaos in response to infant crying. Automatic maladaptive flight-fright responses including suicide attempts were common. A novel theme revealed some mothers' split identity, and only the "mother" part could attend to infant crying. Finally, the data provided an understanding of the detrimental domino effect on close family. Mothers also highlighted gaps in accessibility of current mental health services and parenting programs, and their desire to prevent the intergenerational transmission of attachment problems and BPD symptoms to offspring. Clinical implications include antenatal BPD screening, psychoeducation about infant crying, and greater access for programs supporting the whole family to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Geerling
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rachel M Roberts
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anne Sved Williams
- Women's & Children's Health Network, Adelaide, Australia.,Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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28
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Carr ER, Hamlett N, Hillbrand M. When Sexual Trauma Survivors with Severe Psychiatric Disabilities Experience Institutional Care. J Trauma Dissociation 2019; 20:179-196. [PMID: 30095379 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2018.1502716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with severe psychiatric disabilities face many challenges from their experience of mental health problems, but also from disenfranchisement, marginalization, and stigmatization from a sociocultural experience. Those who are sexual trauma survivors also have unique challenges and intersecting experiences, which are not historically well understood, acknowledged, or treated in U.S. systems of care. Both in historic and modern mental health systems there have been methods thought of as interventions that have been or are currently reported as traumatizing to those who experience them. This article highlights the specific challenges, needs, and organizational shifts that U.S. systems of care need to be aware of and embark upon in order to provide treatment that is more efficacious with and cognizant of the experiences of those who are sexual trauma survivors. Furthermore, new paradigms for providing mental health treatment are offered in the context of providing trauma-informed as well as trauma treatment to those who are sexual trauma survivors and experience severe psychiatric disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika R Carr
- a Yale School of Medicine/CMHC , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Nakia Hamlett
- b Psychology Department , Connecticut College , New London , Connecticut , USA
| | - Marc Hillbrand
- a Yale School of Medicine/CMHC , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
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29
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An X, Zhang F, Liu Y, Yang P, Yu D. Remote fear memory is sensitive to reconditioning. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:723-730. [PMID: 30240637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of some individuals to recurring traumatic events from the same perpetrator or situation, such as during child abuse or domestic violence, is quite prevalent. Studies have shown that the number of traumatic events experienced is positively related to the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental disorders. Using a contextual fear conditioning (Cond1) and reconditioning (Cond2) paradigm, which were separated by either 1 or 35 days, we examined fear responses to immediate extinction and retrieval-extinction procedures after repeated fear conditioning stress. Based on the time interval between Cond1 and Cond2, the animals were divided into recent and remote fear memory groups. We observed that when Cond2 was performed in the original conditioning context in which Cond1 was performed, the reconditioned remote fear memory was resistant to the disruptive effect of immediate extinction and retrieval-extinction paradigms. Furthermore, the resistance to disruptive effects could be induced by very low shock intensities, which cannot even induce any fear response in naive animals. When Cond2 was performed in a novel context, animals with remote fear memory acquired a significantly higher fear response to the novel context. Our findings suggest that remote fear memory may be more sensitive to reconditioning and resistant to post-reconditioning disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli An
- School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fenfen Zhang
- School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.
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30
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Fellin LC, Callaghan JE, Alexander JH, Harrison-Breed C, Mavrou S, Papathanasiou M. Empowering young people who experienced domestic violence and abuse: The development of a group therapy intervention. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 24:170-189. [PMID: 30156129 DOI: 10.1177/1359104518794783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the development of a group-based therapeutic intervention for young people (YP) who have lived with domestic violence and abuse. The intervention was informed by interviews with 107 YP, focused on their experiences of coping, resilience and agency. The intervention draws on resources from systemic, creative and narrative approaches to group work, and aims to facilitate YP's expression of distress in a way that recognizes that it is embodied, contextual and relational. The intervention also explores YP's existing strategies for coping and maintaining a sense of agency, and works to harness, enhance and further develop those skills. We report on the pilot of this intervention, and its development and application across four European countries (the United Kingdom, Greece, Italy and Spain). We outline the goals, strengths and limitations of this group intervention, as well as the main challenges, hindrances and ethical dilemmas experienced by the research and intervention team. Implications for therapeutic practice and training are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Em Callaghan
- 2 Centre for Child Wellbeing and Protection, University of Stirling, UK
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31
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Talmon A, Ginzburg K. Chased by the Past: The Relation Between Childhood Maltreatment and Fear of Childbirth. SEX ROLES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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32
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Kaiser S, Zimmet M, Fraser J, Liddle K, Roberts G. Recognition of attachment difficulties and developmental trauma is the responsibility of all paediatricians. J Paediatr Child Health 2018; 54:1110-1116. [PMID: 30294995 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of attachment theory, developmental trauma and trauma-informed care for paediatricians. The impact of difficult or impoverished parent-child relationships on brain development and long-term health is now well known. Recent neuroscience research reveals the adverse neurological impacts of developmental trauma and supports the biological basis of attachment theory. There is also an increasing body of evidence that childhood adversity is common and impacts physical and mental health throughout the life-span. Comprehensive paediatric assessment should include an understanding of attachment difficulties and developmental trauma. Viewing children and their families through a 'trauma-informed lens' can provide critical insights into their clinical presentation and care needs. All paediatricians should be providing and practicing trauma-informed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Kaiser
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioural Paediatric Society of Australasia (https://nbpsa.org/).,Child Development Service, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marcel Zimmet
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioural Paediatric Society of Australasia (https://nbpsa.org/).,FASD Service, The CICADA Centre NSW, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jolene Fraser
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioural Paediatric Society of Australasia (https://nbpsa.org/).,Craigieburn Health Service, Northern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Liddle
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioural Paediatric Society of Australasia (https://nbpsa.org/).,Inala Indigenous Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gehan Roberts
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioural Paediatric Society of Australasia (https://nbpsa.org/).,Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Finn H, Warner E, Price M, Spinazzola J. The Boy Who Was Hit in the Face: Somatic Regulation and Processing of Preverbal Complex Trauma. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2018; 11:277-288. [PMID: 32318157 PMCID: PMC7163863 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-017-0165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Examination of novel treatment for complexly traumatized youth, in particular, those exposed to preverbal trauma, is necessary given challenges associated with effective intervention for this population. Therapies that facilitate somatic regulation have demonstrated benefit for some trauma survivors. The current article briefly reviews the emerging literature on symptoms of and treatments for complex and preverbal child trauma and describes Sensory Motor Arousal Regulation Therapy (SMART), an intervention for child and adolescent trauma with preliminary empirical support. SMART aims to enhance sensory motor engagement and promote affective, behavioral and physiological regulation using somatic regulation and sensory integration techniques. Utilizing case study methodology, the article illustrates application of SMART in treatment of a latency-aged child with history of exposure to complex and preverbal traumatic experiences. Case analysis suggests the potential contribution of enhanced somatic regulation in traumatized children toward increased relational engagement, behavioral and emotional regulation, and trauma processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Finn
- The Trauma Center at Justice Resource Institute, 1269 Beacon Street, Brookline, MA 02446 USA
| | - Elizabeth Warner
- The Trauma Center at Justice Resource Institute, 1269 Beacon Street, Brookline, MA 02446 USA
| | - Maggi Price
- The Trauma Center at Justice Resource Institute, 1269 Beacon Street, Brookline, MA 02446 USA
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA USA
| | - Joseph Spinazzola
- The Trauma Center at Justice Resource Institute, 1269 Beacon Street, Brookline, MA 02446 USA
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA USA
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34
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Whiting CC. Trauma and the role of the school-based occupational therapist. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, SCHOOLS, & EARLY INTERVENTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19411243.2018.1438327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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Sessa B. The 21st century psychedelic renaissance: heroic steps forward on the back of an elephant. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:551-560. [PMID: 28831571 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the plethora of new studies and published papers in the scientific press and the increasingly emerging presence of articles about positive psychedelic experiences appearing in the popular media, there is little doubt that we are in the midst of a Psychedelic Renaissance. The classical psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin and the entactogen MDMA are showing promise as tools to assist psychotherapy for a wide range of mental disorders, with multiple pilot studies demonstrating their safety and efficacy. In this article, the author describes how MDMA in particular has inherent characteristics that make it well suited for assisting trauma-focused psychotherapy in a population of patients who have experienced child abuse. But despite these advances, there remain many obstacles ahead of the widespread mainstream acceptance of psychedelic medicines. The author argues that the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 is one such obstacle. Other impediments include a prevailing attitude of pseudoscience and rigidity from within the non-scientific psychedelic community itself. Resolution of these conflicts must be sought if medicine and society are to see psychedelics gaining a place in mainstream culture and science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sessa
- Consultant Child and Adolescent and Addictions Psychiatrist Imperial College, London, UK.
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Talmon A, Ginzburg K. "Body self" in the shadow of childhood sexual abuse: The long-term implications of sexual abuse for male and female adult survivors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 76:416-425. [PMID: 29241116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may have long-term negative outcomes for victims' body representations. In this study we examined a model in which the relation between CSA and an individual's discomfort when in close proximity to others is mediated by disrupted body boundaries, and the relation between CSA and body shame is mediated by body self-objectification. Since most of these variables were conceptualized and assessed primarily among women, gender differences regarding the proposed model were examined. Study participants were 843 college/university students (536 women and 307 men). Results from structural equation modeling analyses indicated that in both genders, disrupted body boundaries mediated the relations between CSA and an individual's discomfort when in close proximity to others, as well as between CSA and body shame. Body self-objectification was not associated with history of CSA. Finally, we discuss the role these findings may play in the detrimental long-term effects of CSA on both male and female survivors, and refer to their common underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Talmon
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Karni Ginzburg
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Abstract
Since the late 1980s the psychoactive drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has had a well-known history as the recreationally used drug ecstasy. What is less well known by the public is that MDMA started its life as a therapeutic agent and that in recent years an increasing amount of clinical research has been undertaken to revisit the drug's medical potential. MDMA has unique pharmacological properties that translate well to its proposed agent to assist trauma-focused psychotherapy. Psychological trauma-especially that which arises early in life from child abuse-underpins many chronic adult mental disorders, including addictions. Several studies of recent years have investigated the potential role of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder, with ongoing plans to see MDMA therapy licensed and approved within the next 5 years. Issues of safety and controversy frequently surround this research, owing to MDMA's often negative media-driven bias. However, accurate examination of the relative risks and benefits of clinical MDMA-in contrast to the recreational use of ecstasy-must be considered when assessing its potential benefits and the merits of future research. In this review, the author describes these potential benefits and explores the relatives risks of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in the context of his experience as a child and adolescent psychiatrist, having seen the relative limitations of current pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies for treating complex post-traumatic stress disorder arising from child abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sessa
- Psychopharmacology Department, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London University, Burlington Danes Building, 160 Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Guo J, Mrug S, Knight DC. Emotion socialization as a predictor of physiological and psychological responses to stress. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:119-129. [PMID: 28377196 PMCID: PMC5487265 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactivity patterns to acute stress are important indicators of physical and mental health. However, the relationships between emotion socialization and stress responses are not well understood. This study aimed to examine whether parental responses to negative emotions predicted physiological and psychological responses to acute stress in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, and whether these relationships varied by gender and ethnicity. Participants were 973 individuals (mean age=19.20years; 50% male; 63% African American, 34% European American) who reported on parental emotion socialization. Participants completed a standardized social stress test (the Trier Social Stress Test; TSST). Heart rate, blood pressure and salivary samples were assessed from baseline throughout the task and during recovery period. Psychological responses to stress were measured immediately after the TSST. Unsupportive parental responses to children's negative emotions were associated with blunted cortisol reactivity and greater negative emotions to a psychosocial stress task in females and African American youth, whereas supportive parental responses predicted greater cortisol reactivity and lower negative emotions to stress in European American youth, as well as less negative emotions in males. However, parental responses to negative emotions did not predict heart rate or SBP reactivity to the TSST. Findings suggest that parental emotion socialization may be an important factor influencing HPA axis reactivity and psychological responses to stress, with important differences across gender and ethnic youth subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Guo
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - David C Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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Hu N, Taylor CL, Li J, Glauert RA. The impact of child maltreatment on the risk of deliberate self-harm among adolescents: A population-wide cohort study using linked administrative records. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 67:322-337. [PMID: 28347932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents exposed to maltreatment have an elevated risk of deliberate self-harm (DSH). The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinally the effects of the number, timing, and type of maltreatment allegations on adolescent risk of having a DSH-related hospital admission, using linked data in Western Australia. A total of 351,372 children born between 1986 and 2000 were followed from birth up to the year 2010. Cox regression models were utilized, while controlling for a range of psychosocial covariates. Compared to children without allegations of maltreatment, children with unsubstantiated allegations only (aHR=1.04, 95%CI: 1.00-1.08, p<.01) and children with a substantiated allegation (aHR=1.10, 95%CI: 1.06-1.15, p<.001) all had significantly increased risk of DSH in adolescence. Among children with a substantiated allegation of maltreatment, the greater the number of allegations, the longer the exposure to maltreatment, and the more types of maltreatment experienced by a child, the higher the child's risk of DSH. However, this dose-response pattern was not found among children with unsubstantiated allegations only. This study calls for the early identification of children who are vulnerable to maltreatment, the better identification of the duration and severity of maltreatment experiences, and the provision of continued care and support, to reduce the child's DSH risk in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Telethon Kids Institute, the University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; The School of Population Health, the University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Catherine L Taylor
- Telethon Kids Institute, the University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia.
| | - Jianghong Li
- Telethon Kids Institute, the University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia; WZB Berlin Social Research Center, Reichpietschufer 50, D-10785 Berlin, Germany; Centre for Population Health Research, the Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Building 400 Level 4, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Rebecca A Glauert
- Telethon Kids Institute, the University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia.
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Abstract
One of the most devastating long-term outcomes of childhood maltreatment is a sense of shame, which is connected to distress and reduced well-being. The aim of the current study was to examine a dual-path model and to test the relations between childhood maltreatment, shame, and well-being as mediated by both self-objectification and a sense of disrupted body boundaries among 531 female college/university students living in Israel. Results from the structural equation modeling analyses indicated that both self-objectification and disrupted body boundaries significantly mediated the association between childhood maltreatment and sense of shame. In addition, both were associated with reduced levels of well-being, through the mediating role of shame. Finally, we discuss the role these paths may play in the detrimental long-term effects of childhood maltreatment and how they may be targeted in clinical interventions for adult survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Talmon
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karni Ginzburg
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Denton R, Frogley C, Jackson S, John M, Querstret D. The assessment of developmental trauma in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 22:260-287. [PMID: 26940119 DOI: 10.1177/1359104516631607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of children and young people with history of complex developmental trauma presents a significant challenge to services. Traditional diagnostic categories such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are argued to be of limited value, and while the proposed 'Developmental Trauma Disorder' definition attempts to address this debate, associated assessment tools have yet to be developed. This review builds on a previous review of assessment measures, undertaken in 2005. AIM To identify trauma assessment tools developed or evaluated since 2004 and determine which are developmentally appropriate for children or adolescents with histories of complex trauma. METHOD A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted with explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS A total of 35 papers were identified evaluating 29 measures assessing general functioning and mental health ( N = 10), PTSD ( N = 7) and trauma symptomatology outside, or in addition to, PTSD ( N = 11). Studies were evaluated on sample quality, trauma/adversity type, as well as demographic and psychometric data. Distinction was made between measures validated for children (0-12 years) and adolescents (12-18 years). CONCLUSION Few instruments could be recommended for immediate use as many required further validation. The Assessment Checklist questionnaires, designed with a developmental and attachment focus, were the most promising tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Denton
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK
| | | | - Sue Jackson
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK.,2 Psychology, University of the West of England, UK
| | - Mary John
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK
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Geulayov G, Metcalfe C, Gunnell D. Parental suicide attempt and offspring educational attainment during adolescence in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2097-2107. [PMID: 27063954 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the impact of parental suicide attempt (SA) on offspring outcomes other than mental health. We investigated the association of parental SA with offspring educational attainment in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). METHOD Parental SA was prospectively recorded from pregnancy until the study children were 11 years old. National school test results (ages 11-16 years) were obtained by record linkage. Multilevel regression models quantified the association between parental SA and offspring outcomes. RESULTS Data were available for 6667 mother-child and 3054 father-child pairs. Adolescents whose mothers had attempted suicide were less likely than their peers to achieve the expected educational level by age 14 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41-0.95] in models controlling for relevant confounders, including parental education and depression. At age 16 years, adolescents whose mothers had attempted suicide were less likely to obtain the expected educational level (five or more qualifications at grade A*-C) (aOR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43-1.00) in models controlling for relevant confounders and parental education; however, after additionally controlling for maternal depression the results were consistent with chance (aOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.48-1.13). Findings in relation to paternal SA were consistent with those of maternal SA but power was limited due to lower response rate amongst fathers. CONCLUSIONS Maternal SA was associated with diminished educational performance at age 14 years. Educational attainment during adolescence can have substantial effect on future opportunities and well-being and these offspring may benefit from interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Geulayov
- School of Social and Community Medicine,University of Bristol,Bristol,UK
| | - C Metcalfe
- School of Social and Community Medicine,University of Bristol,Bristol,UK
| | - D Gunnell
- School of Social and Community Medicine,University of Bristol,Bristol,UK
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Wong CF, Clark LF, Marlotte L. The Impact of Specific and Complex Trauma on the Mental Health of Homeless Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2016; 31:831-854. [PMID: 25392379 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514556770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the relative impact of trauma experiences that occurred prior to and since becoming homeless on depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and self-injurious behaviors among a sample of homeless youth (N = 389). Youth (aged 13 to 25) who had been homeless or precariously housed in the past year completed a survey about housing history, experiences of violence and victimization, mental health, and service utilization. In addition to examining the impact associated with specific trauma types, we also considered the effect of "early-on" poly-victimization (i.e., cumulative number of reported traumas prior to homelessness) and the influence of a compound sexual trauma variable created to represent earlier complex trauma. This created-variable has values ranging from no reported trauma, single trauma, multiple non-sexual traumas, and multiple traumas that co-occurred with sexual abuse. Multivariate analyses revealed that specific traumatic experiences prior to homelessness, including sexual abuse, emotional abuse/neglect, and adverse home environment, predicted greater mental health symptoms. Poly-victimization did not add to the prediction of mental health symptoms after the inclusion of specific traumas. Results with early compound sexual trauma revealed significant differences between lower-order trauma exposures and multiple-trauma exposures. Specifically, experience of multiple traumas that co-occurred with sexual trauma was significantly more detrimental in predicting PTSD symptoms than multiple traumas of non-sexual nature. Findings support the utility of an alternate/novel conceptualization of complex trauma, and support the need to carefully evaluate complex traumatic experiences that occurred prior to homelessness, which can impact the design and implementation of mental health care and services for homeless youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn F Wong
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leslie F Clark
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kaplan I, Stolk Y, Valibhoy M, Tucker A, Baker J. Cognitive assessment of refugee children: Effects of trauma and new language acquisition. Transcult Psychiatry 2016; 53:81-109. [PMID: 26563891 DOI: 10.1177/1363461515612933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Each year, approximately 60,000 children of refugee background are resettled in Western countries. This paper reviews the effects of the refugee experience on cognitive functioning. The distinctive influences for these children include exposure to traumatic events and the need to acquire a new language, factors that need to be considered to avoid overdiagnosis of learning disorders and inappropriate educational placements. Prearrival trauma, psychological sequelae of traumatic events, developmental impact of trauma, and the quality of family functioning have been found to influence cognitive functioning, learning, and academic performance. In addition, the refugee child may be semiproficient in several languages, but proficient in none, whilst also trying to learn a new language. The influence that the child's limited English proficiency, literacy, and school experience may have on academic and test performance is demonstrated by drawing on the research on refugees' English language acquisition, as well as the more extensive literature on bilingual English language learners. Implications for interventions are drawn at the level of government policy, schools, and the individual. The paper concludes with the observation that there is a major need for longitudinal research on refugee children's learning and academic performance and on interventions that will close the academic gap, thereby enabling refugee children to reach their educational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kaplan
- Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture, Australia
| | | | | | - Alan Tucker
- La Trobe University, AustraliaVictoria University, Australia
| | - Judy Baker
- Victoria State Government Department of Education and Training, Australia
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Sitzer DL, Stockwell AB. The art of wellness: A 14-week art therapy program for at-risk youth. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
This paper describes Doing Anger Differently (DAD), a group treatment for young adolescent boys with high levels of anger. The approach is school-based, 10 weeks long, and utilizes music in the form of percussion to engage this difficult to treat population into treatment and to represent the experience of anger. A tri-level intervention is described: the experience of anger and its influence on action; the formation of meaning and identity resulting from anger and aggression; and the emphasis on group work and the interpersonal basis of anger. Techniques used throughout the group are discussed and illustrative case vignettes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Currie
- School of Behavioural Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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Levenson JS, Willis GM, Prescott DS. Adverse childhood experiences in the lives of female sex offenders. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2015; 27:258-283. [PMID: 25210107 DOI: 10.1177/1079063214544332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the prevalence of early trauma in a sample of U.S. female sexual offenders (N = 47) using the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) scale. Compared with females in the general population, sex offenders had more than three times the odds of child sexual abuse, four times the odds of verbal abuse, and more than three times the odds of emotional neglect and having an incarcerated family member. Half of the female sex offenders had been sexually abused as a child. Only 20% endorsed zero adverse childhood experiences (compared with 35% of the general female population) and 41% endorsed four or more (compared with 15% of the general female population). Higher ACE scores were associated with having younger victims. Multiple maltreatments often co-occurred in households with other types of dysfunction, suggesting that many female sex offenders were raised within a disordered social environment by adults with problems of their own who were ill-equipped to protect their daughters from harm. By enhancing our understanding of the frequency and correlates of early adverse experiences, we can better devise trauma-informed interventions that respond to the clinical needs of female sex offender clients.
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Viezel KD, Freer BD, Lowell A, Castillo JA. COGNITIVE ABILITIES OF MALTREATED CHILDREN. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.21809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dyregrov K, Endsjø M, Idsøe T, Dyregrov A. Suggestions for the ideal follow-up for bereaved students as seen by school personnel. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2014.955676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Pat-Horenczyk R, Shi CSW, Schramm-Yavin S, Bar-Halpern M, Tan LJ. Building Emotion and Affect Regulation (BEAR): Preliminary Evidence from an Open Trial in Children’s Residential Group Homes in Singapore. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-014-9276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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