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Yan Y, Ou J, Shi H, Sun C, Shen L, Song Z, Shu L, Chen Z. Plantar pressure and falling risk in older individuals: a cross-sectional study. J Foot Ankle Res 2023; 16:14. [PMID: 36941642 PMCID: PMC10029259 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-023-00612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls are commonplace among elderly people. It is urgent to prevent falls. Previous studies have confirmed that there is a difference in plantar pressure between falls and non-falls in elderly people, but the relationship between fall risk and foot pressure has not been studied. In this study, the differences in dynamic plantar pressure between elderly people with high and low fall risk were preliminarily discussed, and the characteristic parameters of plantar pressure were determined. METHODS Twenty four high-fall-risk elderly individuals (HR) and 24 low-fall-risk elderly individuals (LR) were selected using the Berg Balance Scale 40 score. They wore wearable foot pressure devices to walk along a 20-m-long corridor. The peak pressure (PP), pressure time integral (PTI), pressure gradient (maximum pressure gradient (MaxPG), minimum pressure gradient (MinPG), full width at half maximum (FWHM)) and average pressure (AP) of their feet were measured for inter-group and intra-group analysis. RESULTS The foot pressure difference comparing the high fall risk with low fall risk groups was manifested in PP and MaxPG, concentrated in the midfoot and heel (p < 0.05), while the only time parameter, FWHM, was manifested in the whole foot (p < 0.05). The differences between the left and right foot were reflected in all parameters. The differences between the left and right foot in LR were mainly reflected in the heel (p < 0.05), while it in the HR was mainly reflected in the forefoot (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The differences comparing the high fall risk with low fall risk groups were mostly reflected in the midfoot and heel. The HR may have been more cautious when landing. In the intra-group comparison, the difference between the right and left foot of the LR was mainly reflected during heel striking, while it was mainly reflected during pedalling in the HR. The sensitivity of PP, PTI and AP was lower and the newly introduced pressure gradient could better reflect the difference in foot pressure between the two groups. The pressure gradient can be used as a new foot pressure parameter in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Ou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanxue Shi
- School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longbin Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Song
- School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Shu
- School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
- Institute of Modern Industrial Technology of SCUT in Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China.
- Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhuoming Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Effect of Load Carriage Lifestyle on Kinematics and Kinetics of Gait. Appl Bionics Biomech 2023; 2023:8022635. [PMID: 36816755 PMCID: PMC9931482 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8022635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Backpacks are commonly worn by many people for multiple purposes. This study investigated the effects of habitual wearing of backpacks on lower limb kinematics and kinetics. Fourteen participants were recruited for analysis. All participants performed four randomly assigned scenarios, including running and walking at speeds of 3.5 and 1.5 m/s, respectively, with and without load carriage. The motion analysis system and force plate were used to investigate the lower limb kinematics and kinetics. A paired sample t-test was performed for statistical measurement with a significance level of α = .05. The results indicated that active force, breaking force, impact peak, loading rate, active peak, maximum braking, hip flexion, and hip range of motion were substantially higher under load carriage conditions than under walking condition, however, time to peak was lower. Conversely, during load carriage running, active force, braking impulse, time to peak, ankle plantarflexion, and ankle range of motion were all higher than those during running. Carrying a backpack weighing 10% of the body weight induced different foot strike patterns at both speeds; during load carriage walking, the hip tended to flex more; whereas, during load carriage running, the ankle tended to flex more. In conclusion, human body seems to adopt different gait strategies during load carriage walking and running. That is, the hip strategy is used during walking, while the ankle strategy is used during running.
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Yang T, Huang Y, Zhong G, Kong L, Yan Y, Lai H, Zeng X, Huang W, Zhang Y. 6DOF knee kinematic alterations due to increased load levels. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:927459. [PMID: 36213071 PMCID: PMC9533867 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.927459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether load carriage leads to six-degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) knee kinematic alterations remains unclear. Exploring this mechanism may reveal meaningful knee kinematic information that can be used to improve load carriage conditions, the design of protective devices, and the knowledge of the effects of load carriage on knees. We recruited 44 subjects to explore kinematic alterations from an unloaded state to 60% bodyweight (BW) load carriage. A three-dimensional gait analysis system was used to collect the knee kinematic data. One-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to explore the effects of load levels on knee kinematics. The effects of increasing load levels on knee kinematics were smooth with decreased or increased trends. We found that knees significantly exhibited increased lateral tibial translation (up to 1.2 mm), knee flexion angle (up to 1.4°), internal tibial rotation (up to 1.3°), and tibial proximal translation (up to 1.0 mm) when they went from an unloaded state to 60%BW load carriage during the stance phase (p < 0.05). Significant small knee adduction/abduction angle and posterior tibial translation alterations (<1°/mm) were also identified (p < 0.05). Load carriage can cause significant 6DOF knee kinematic alterations. The results showed that knee kinematic environments are challenging during increased load. Our results contain kinematic information that could be helpful for knee-protection-related activities, such as target muscle training to reduce abnormal knee kinematics and knee brace design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Key Laboratory of Trauma & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of PLA, Hospital of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxiang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People’s Hospital of Jiujiang, Affiliated Jiujiang Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Guoqing Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingchuang Kong
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Key Laboratory of Trauma & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of PLA, Hospital of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huahao Lai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Key Laboratory of Trauma & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of PLA, Hospital of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolong Zeng, ; Wenhan Huang, ; Yu Zhang,
| | - Wenhan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Key Laboratory of Trauma & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of PLA, Hospital of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolong Zeng, ; Wenhan Huang, ; Yu Zhang,
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Key Laboratory of Trauma & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of PLA, Hospital of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolong Zeng, ; Wenhan Huang, ; Yu Zhang,
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Sousa MV, Sebastião R, Fonseca P, Morais S, Soares D, de Sousa I, Machado L, Sousa F, Vaz M, Vilas-Boas JP. Can increased load carriage affect lower limbs kinematics during military gait? ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:1194-1201. [PMID: 34930095 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.2021299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if increased load carriage, in male military personnel, can affect the lower limbs kinematics. Twelve male military volunteers from the Portuguese Army were recruited and evaluated in an unloaded and loaded gait condition. Linear kinematics and lower limbs joint angle at heel strike, midstance and toe off were calculated. The stance, swing and double support times were found to be different between load conditions (p < 0.05). There was an interaction between load and limb (p < 0.05) for joint angles, during midstance, with limbs performing different movements in the frontal plane during loaded gait. Load increase had a different effect on the right knee, with a reduction in the abduction (valgus). This study may be beneficial in offering suggestion to improve the performance of gait with load and in an attempt to help prevent possible injuries. Practitioner summary: Increased load can affect lower limbs of male soldiers at the pelvic, hip and knee angles on the frontal plane, which can alter the joint force distribution. While these alterations may indicate protective mechanics, load management procedures should be implemented along with gait monitoring to avoid negative effects in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoela Vieira Sousa
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Sebastião
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonseca
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Morais
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Denise Soares
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Kinesiolab, ISEIT, Piaget Institute of Almada, Almada, Portugal
| | - Inês de Sousa
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leandro Machado
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Sousa
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Vaz
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEGI, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Liu J, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yang J. Effects of personal protective clothing on firefighters' gait analyzed using 3D motion capture system. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35993385 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2115661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of personal protective clothing (PPC) on firefighters' gait were investigated to develop high-performance PPC. METHODS Thirteen participants participated in human trials with three types of PPC (firefighter protective clothing (FPC); semi-enclosed chemical protective clothing (CPC_semi); full-enclosed chemical protective clothing (CPC_full)) and T-shirt (CON). A 3D motion capture system was used to obtain gait parameters (step length, step width, stride frequency, gait speed, and toe-out angle) and the range of motion (ROM) of the joints (hip, knee, and ankle). RESULTS PPCs produced an increase in step width (23.4%, p > 0.05), but the gait speed (9.1%) and stride frequency (6.4%) decreased compared with the CON results. ROM is affected by the PPC type and joint. FPC and CPC_semi had no significant effect in terms of the ROM of the hip and knee besides the landing angle of the knee. However, CPC_full had a significant effect on the maximum extension angle of the hip and maximum flexion angle of the knee, which reached up to 27.2%. CONCLUSION The ROM of the firefighter's lower limbs were limited by PPC. This study offers insights into next-generation PPC design and development, as well as guidelines for training and firefighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikun Liu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yiming Huang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xingming Wang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
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Impact of Backpacks on Ergonomics: Biomechanical and Physiological Effects: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116737. [PMID: 35682317 PMCID: PMC9180465 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: the effects of load carriage packs on human gait biomechanics, physiology and metabolism depend on the weight carried, the design of the pack and its interaction with the user. (2) Methods: An extensive search in the PubMed database was performed to find all the relevant articles using the following keywords: backpack, rucksack, backpack ergonomy and sports backpack; 60 articles were included. (3) Results and significance: Double pack (DP) and T-pack (TP) designs are recommended solutions for school children, compared with backpacks (BP). For soldiers and hikers, a backpack remains the best compromise. A hip belt is recommended for BPs as well as for the back of DPs. Shorter and stiffer shoulder straps combined with a higher and tighter load placement on the back provide the best combination in terms of balance, muscle activation and energy expenditure. It is, therefore, possible to determine guidelines for designing the optimal load carriage system, depending on the application. (4) Conclusions: based on the available evidence, DP and TP are advantageous in terms of posture. DP is better than conventional BPs in terms of balance and muscle activation, but has the disadvantage of limited visibility, thermal sensation and obstructed ventilation. In general, it is desirable not to exceed 40% of body mass (BM).
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Middleton K, Vickery-Howe D, Dascombe B, Clarke A, Wheat J, McClelland J, Drain J. Mechanical Differences between Men and Women during Overground Load Carriage at Self-Selected Walking Speeds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073927. [PMID: 35409609 PMCID: PMC8997774 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have directly compared physical responses to relative loading strategies between men and women during overground walking. This study aimed to compare gait mechanics of men and women during overground load carriage. A total of 30 participants (15 male, 15 female) completed three 10-min walking trials while carrying external loads of 0%, 20% and 40% of body mass at a self-selected walking speed. Lower-body motion and ground reaction forces were collected using a three-dimensional motion capture system and force plates, respectively. Female participants walked with a higher cadence (p = 0.002) and spent less absolute time in stance (p = 0.010) but had similar self-selected walking speed (p = 0.750), which was likely due to the female participants being shorter than the male participants. Except for ankle plantarflexion moments, there were no sex differences in spatiotemporal, kinematic, or kinetic variables (p > 0.05). Increasing loads resulted in significantly lower self-selected walking speed, greater stance time, and changes in all joint kinematics and kinetics across the gait cycle (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there were few differences between sexes in walking mechanics during overground load carriage. The changes identified in this study may inform training programs to increase load carriage performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kane Middleton
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia; (D.V.-H.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Danielle Vickery-Howe
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia; (D.V.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Ben Dascombe
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia;
| | - Anthea Clarke
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia; (D.V.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Jon Wheat
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK;
| | - Jodie McClelland
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia;
| | - Jace Drain
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend 3207, Australia;
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Gaffney CJ, Cunnington J, Rattley K, Wrench E, Dyche C, Bampouras TM. Weighted vests in CrossFit increase physiological stress during walking and running without changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters. ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:147-158. [PMID: 34319864 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1961876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study quantified the physiological and biomechanical effects of the 20 lb (9.07 kg, males) and 14 lb (6.35 kg, females) weighted vest used in CrossFit, and whether they were predisposed to injury. Twenty subjects (10 males, 10 females) undertook walking (0%, 5% and 10% gradient) and running trials in two randomised study visits (weighted vest/no weighted vest). Physiological demand during walking was increased with the vest at 10% but not 5% or 0% with no change in gait variables. In the running trial, the weighted vest increased oxygen uptake (males; females) (+0.22L/min, p < 0.01; +0.07 L/min, p < 0.05), heart rate (+11bpm, p < 0.01; +11bpm, p < 0.05), carbohydrate oxidation (+0.6 g/min, p < 0.001; +0.2 g/min, p < 0.01), and energy expenditure (+3.8 kJ/min, p < 0.001; +1.5 kJ/min, p < 0.05) whilst blood lactate was increased only in males (+0.6 mmol/L, p < 0.05). There was no change in stride length or frequency. Weighted vest training increases physiological stress and carbohydrate oxidation without affecting measured gait parameters. Practitioner summary: We examined the effect of weighted vest training prescribed in CrossFit (20 lb/9.07 kg, males and 14 lb/6.35 kg, females) in a randomised controlled trial. We found that physiological stress is increased in both sexes, although three-fold greater in males, but with no change in biomechanical gait that predisposes to lower-limb injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gaffney
- Human Performance Laboratory, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jack Cunnington
- Human Performance Laboratory, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Kate Rattley
- Human Performance Laboratory, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Elizabeth Wrench
- Human Performance Laboratory, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Chloe Dyche
- Human Performance Laboratory, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Theodoros M Bampouras
- Human Performance Laboratory, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Jiang X, Zhou H, Quan W, Hu Q, Baker JS, Gu Y. Ground Reaction Force Differences between Bionic Shoes and Neutral Running Shoes in Recreational Male Runners before and after a 5 km Run. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189787. [PMID: 34574713 PMCID: PMC8469130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Running-related injuries are common among runners. Recent studies in footwear have shown that designs of shoes can potentially affect sports performance and risk of injury. Bionic shoes combine the functions of barefoot running and foot protection and incorporate traditional unstable structures based on bionic science. The purpose of this study was to investigate ground reaction force (GRF) differences for a 5 km run and how bionic shoes affect GRFs. Sixteen male recreational runners volunteered to participate in this study and finished two 5 km running sessions (a neutral shoe session and a bionic shoe session). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed to determine the differences in GRFs. In the analysis of the footwear conditions of runners, bionic shoes showed significant decreases in vertical impulse, peak propulsive force, propulsive impulse, and contact time, while the braking impulse and vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) increased significantly compared to the neutral shoes. Main effects for a 5 km run were also observed at vertical GRFs and anterior–posterior GRFs. The increases of peak vertical impact force, vertical average loading rate (VALR), VILR, peak braking force and braking impulse were observed in post-5 km running trials and a reduction in peak propulsive force and propulsive impulse. The interaction effects existed in VILR and contact time. The results suggest that bionic shoes may benefit runners with decreasing injury risk during running. The findings of the present study may help to understand the effects of footwear design during prolonged running, thereby providing valuable information for reducing the risk of running injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Jiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (W.Q.)
| | - Huiyu Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (W.Q.)
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland G72 0LH, UK
| | - Wenjing Quan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Qiuli Hu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +86-574-87600456 (Q.H.); +86-574-87600208 (Y.G.)
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +86-574-87600456 (Q.H.); +86-574-87600208 (Y.G.)
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Kongsawasdi S, Brown JL, Boonprasert K, Pongsopawijit P, Wantanajittikul K, Khammesri S, Tajarernmuang T, Thonglorm N, Kanta-In R, Thitaram C. Impact of Weight Carriage on Joint Kinematics in Asian Elephants Used for Riding. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082423. [PMID: 34438880 PMCID: PMC8388651 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Riding elephants is one of the most controversial activities in the tourist industry, with concerns over whether load carrying is physically harmful. Here, we used an empirical approach to test how carrying loads up to 15% of the elephant’s body mass affected gait parameters. The maximal angles of fore- and hindlimb joints of elephants walking at a normal, self-selected speed carrying a mahout only were first evaluated and then compared to those walking with a saddle carrying two people plus added weight to reach a 15% body mass load. Data were analyzed using a computerized three-dimensional inertial measurement system. There were no significant differences between movement angles, including flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the fore- or hindlimbs between these two riding conditions. Thus, we found no evidence that carrying two people in a saddle causes significant changes in gait patterns or potentially affects musculoskeletal function. More studies are needed to further test longer durations of riding on different types of terrain to develop appropriate working guidelines for captive elephants. Nevertheless, elephants appear capable of carrying significant amounts of weight on the back without showing signs of physical distress. Abstract Background: Elephants in Thailand have changed their roles from working in the logging industry to tourism over the past two decades. In 2020, there were approximately 2700 captive elephants participating in activities such as riding and trekking. During work hours, riding elephants carry one or two people in a saddle on the back with a mahout on the neck several hours a day and over varying terrain. A concern is that this form of riding can cause serious injuries to the musculoskeletal system, although to date there have been no empirical studies to determine the influence of weight carriage on kinematics in elephants. Methods: Eight Asian elephants from a camp in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, aged between 21 and 41 years with a mean body mass of 3265 ± 140.2 kg, were evaluated under two conditions: walking at a normal speed without a saddle and with a 15% body mass load (saddle and two persons plus additional weights). Gait kinematics, including the maximal angles of fore- and hindlimb joints, were determined using a novel three-dimensional inertial measurement system with wireless sensors. Results: There were no statistical differences between movement angles and a range of motion of the fore- and hindlimbs, when an additional 15% of body mass was added. Conclusion: There is no evidence that carrying a 15% body mass load causes significant changes in elephant gait patterns. Thus, carrying two people in a saddle may have minimal effects on musculoskeletal function. More studies are needed to further test longer durations of riding on different types of terrain to develop appropriate working guidelines for captive elephants. Nevertheless, elephants appear capable of carrying significant amounts of weight on the back without showing signs of physical distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriphan Kongsawasdi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (T.T.); (N.T.); (R.K.-I.)
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health and Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.L.B.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health and Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.L.B.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (S.K.)
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Khajohnpat Boonprasert
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health and Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.L.B.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Pornsawan Pongsopawijit
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health and Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.L.B.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (S.K.)
- Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kittichai Wantanajittikul
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Siripat Khammesri
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health and Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.L.B.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Tanapong Tajarernmuang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (T.T.); (N.T.); (R.K.-I.)
| | - Nipaporn Thonglorm
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (T.T.); (N.T.); (R.K.-I.)
| | - Rungtiwa Kanta-In
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (T.T.); (N.T.); (R.K.-I.)
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health and Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.L.B.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (S.K.)
- Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-948015
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11
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Bode VG, Frykman PN, Smith NI, Fellin RE, Seay JF. Spatiotemporal and Kinematic Comparisons Between Anthropometrically Paired Male and Female Soldiers While Walking With Heavy Loads. Mil Med 2021; 186:387-392. [PMID: 33215681 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited work comparing the effect of heavier carried loads (greater than 30 kg) between men and women has attributed observed differences to sex with the possibility that anthropometric differences may have contributed to those discrepancies. With the recent decision permitting women to enter Combat Arms roles, knowledge of sex-based differences in gait response to load carriage is more operationally relevant, as military loads are absolute and not relative to body weight. The purpose of this study was to describe differences in gait parameters at light to heavy loads between anthropometrically similar male and female soldiers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight female and 8 male soldiers, frequency-matched (1-to-1) on height (±0.54 cm) and mass (±0.52 kg), walked at 1.34 m∙s-1 for 10-min bouts on a level treadmill while unloaded (BM) and then carrying randomized vest-borne loads of 15, 35, and 55 kg. Spatiotemporal and kinematic data were collected for 30 s after 5 min. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to compare the gait parameter variables between sexes at each load. RESULTS As load increased, overall, the percent double support increased, step frequency increased, stride length decreased, hip and ankle range of motion (ROM) increased, and vertical center of mass (COM) displacement increased. Sex-based significant differences were observed in knee ROM and mediolateral COM displacement. Among the male participants, knee ROM increased significantly for all loads greater than BM. For mediolateral COM displacement, male remained constant as load increased, whereas female values decreased between BM and 35 kg. CONCLUSIONS Spatiotemporal and kinematic differences in gait parameters were primarily because of increases in load magnitude. The observed sex-related differences with increasing loads suggest that women may require a more stable gait to support the additional load carried.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Bode
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Peter N Frykman
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Nathaniel I Smith
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Rebecca E Fellin
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Joseph F Seay
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
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12
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Wills JA, Saxby DJ, Lenton GK, Doyle TLA. Lower Limb Biomechanical Responses During a Standardized Load Carriage Task are Sex Specific. Mil Med 2021; 186:1157-1168. [PMID: 33742660 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate sex-specific lower limb biomechanical adaptations during a standardized load carriage task in response to a targeted physical training program. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five healthy civilians (males [n = 13] and females [n = 12]) completed a load carriage task (5 km at 5.5 km·h-1, wearing a 23 kg vest) before and after a 10-week lower-body-focused training program. Kinematics and ground reaction force data were collected during the task and were used to estimate lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics (i.e., moments and powers). Direct statistical comparisons were not conducted due to different data collection protocols between sexes. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA tested for significant interactions between, and main effects of training and distance marched for male and female data, respectively. RESULTS Primary kinematic and kinetic changes were observed at the knee and ankle joints for males and at the hip and knee joints for females. Knee joint moments increased for both sexes over the 5 km distance marched (P > .05), with males demonstrating significant reductions in peak knee joint extension after training. Hip adduction, internal rotation, and knee internal rotation angles significantly increased after the 5 km load carriage task for females but not males. CONCLUSION Differences in adaptive gait strategies between sexes indicate that physical training needs to be tailored to sex-specific requirements to meet standardized load carriage task demands. The findings highlighted previously unfound sex-specific responses that could inform military training and facilitate the integration of female soldiers into physically demanding military roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie A Wills
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - David J Saxby
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research and Education Alliance (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Gavin K Lenton
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research and Education Alliance (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Timothy L A Doyle
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
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13
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Krammer SM, Drew MD, Brown TN. Effects of prolonged load carriage on angular jerk of frontal and sagittal knee motion. Gait Posture 2021; 84:221-226. [PMID: 33373876 PMCID: PMC7902472 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During training, service members routinely walk with heavy body borne loads for long periods of time. These loads alter knee biomechanics and may produce jerky knee motions that reportedly increase joint loading and risk of musculoskeletal injury. Yet, it is unknown if service members use jerky knee motions during prolong walking with body borne load. RESEARCH QUESTION To quantify the effects of body borne load and duration of walking on the jerkiness of sagittal and frontal plane knee motion. METHODS Eighteen participants had angular jerk of knee motion quantified while they walked (1.3 m/s) for 60-min with three body borne loads (0, 15, and 30 kg). Peak and cost of angular jerk for sagittal and frontal plane knee motion was quantified and submitted to a repeated measures linear model to test the main effects and interaction of load (0, 15, and 30 kg) and time (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min). RESULTS Body borne load increased peak and cost of angular jerk for sagittal plane knee motion up to 35 % and 110 %, respectively, and frontal plane knee motion up to 20 % and 51 %, respectively (all p<0.001), while jerk cost of frontal plane knee motion (p=0.001) increased 31 % after walking 45 min. SIGNIFICANCE Body borne load produced large (between 20 % and 110 %), incremental increases in angular jerk for both sagittal and frontal plane knee motion; whereas, duration of walking led to a 31 % increase in jerkiness of frontal plane knee motion. Service members who often walking for long periods of time with heavy body borne loads may have greater risk of developing musculoskeletal injury and disease due to large increases in jerky knee motions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Micah D. Drew
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Tyler N. Brown
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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14
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Earl-Boehm JE, Poel DN, Zalewski K, Ebersole KT. The effects of military style ruck marching on lower extremity loading and muscular, physiological and perceived exertion in ROTC cadets. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:629-638. [PMID: 32191155 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1745900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Military ruck marching with load carriage increases ground reaction forces, which are related to bone stress injuries (BSI). This study's purpose was to examine whether a ruck march increases impact loading and to describe muscular, physiological and perceived exertion in Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadets. Secondary purposes examined relationships among loading changes after the ruck march and baseline characteristics. Fifteen Army ROTC cadets performed a 4-mile march. Lower extremity loading and muscular, physiological and perceived exertion were measured pre- and post-march. Results indicated significant increases in peak impact force and loading rate and decreases in ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion strength. Factors that might have been related to changes seen in lower extremity loading did not yield any compelling relationships to explain those changes. In conclusion, the ruck march led to increased peak impact force and loading rate, which have been shown to be related to the risk of BSI. Practitioner summary: This study examined ROTC cadets ankle strength and lower extremity loading before and after a ruck march. We found that lower extremity loading increased after the march, and ankle dorsiflexion (DF) strength decreased, despite the cadets not feeling fatigued. These changes are consistent with risk factors for bone stress injuries. Abbreviations: BSI: bone stress injury; ROTC: Reserve Officer Training Corps; PIF: peak impact force; LR: loading rate; RPE: rate of perceived exertion; APFT: Army physical fitness test; DF: dorsiflexors; PF: plantar-flexors; INV: invertors; EV: evertors; HHD: handheld dynamometer; %HRmax: percentage of maximum heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Earl-Boehm
- Department of Kinesiology - Integrated Healthcare and Performance, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel N Poel
- Sanford Sports Science Institute - Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kathryn Zalewski
- School of Health Care Professions, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, USA
| | - Kyle T Ebersole
- Department of Kinesiology - Integrated Healthcare and Performance, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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15
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The relationship between neck angles and ground reaction forces in schoolchildren during backpack carriage. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of carrying backpacks on neck posture and ground reaction forces (GRFs) and to investigate the relationship between neck angles and GRFs during backpack carriage in schoolchildren.
Material and methods: The craniohorizontal angle (CHA), craniovertebral angle (CVA), sagittal shoulder posture (SSP) and GRFs were measured in right-handed schoolchildren (14 male and 12 female) with mean age 10.17 ± 1.15 years during loaded and unloading conditions. The Qualisys motion analysis system with a force plate was used to assess the neck angles and GRFs.
Results: During backpack carriage there was a significant increase in the CHA (p = 0.001), significant decrease in the CVA and SSP (p = 0.001, 0.016 respectively), no significant difference in the normalized (scaled to body weight) vertical GRFs (p > 0.05), and a significant increase in the anterior braking and posterior propulsive GRFs (p = 0.035, 0.002 respectively) compared to the unloading condition. While carrying a backpack there was a moderate negative correlation between the SSP and first vertical GRF (r = –0.464) and a strong negative correlation with the second vertical GRF (r = –0.571) and the posterior propulsive GRF (r = –0.587).
Conclusion: Carrying a backpack weighing 15% of the child’s body weight changes the head posture and increases the normalized value of the anterior-posterior shear force. During backpack carriage, decreasing the SSP is associated with increasing the load acceptance, thrusting and posterior propulsive forces. Increasing the shearing force may lead to development of postural abnormities. Consequently, the ideal backpack weight should be considered by parents and teachers.
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Effects of Backpacks on Ground Reaction Forces in Children of Different Ages When Walking, Running, and Jumping. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245154. [PMID: 31861106 PMCID: PMC6950715 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Backpacks for transporting school loads are heavily utilized by children, and their mechanical advantages have been allowing children to transport heavy loads. These heavy loads may increase ground reaction forces (GRFs), which can have a negative effect on joints and bone health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of backpacks on the GRFs generated by children during walking, running, and jumping. Twenty-one children from the fifth (G-5, n = 9) and ninth (G-9, n = 12) grades walked, ran, and jumped over a force plate. When walking, the G-5 had GRF increments in the first (17.3%; p < 0.001) and second (15.4%; p < 0.001) peak magnitude, and in the total integral of the vertical force (20%; p < 0.001), compared to the control condition (i.e., no backpack), and the G-9 had increments of 10.4%, 9%, and 9% (p < 0.001), respectively. The G-9 did not prolong their total stance time (p > 0.05), unlike the G-5 (p = 0.001). When running, total stance time increased 15% (p < 0.001) and 8.5% (p < 0.001) proportionally to the relative load carried, in the G-5 and G-9, respectively. Peak GRF did not increase in any group when running or landing from a jump over an obstacle. It was found that GRF was affected by the backpack load when walking and running. However, when landing from a jump with the backpack, schoolchildren smoothed the landing by prolonging the reception time and thus avoiding GRF peak magnitudes.
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Talarico MK, Haynes CA, Douglas JS, Collazo J. Spatiotemporal and kinematic changes in gait while carrying an energy harvesting assault pack system. J Biomech 2018; 74:143-149. [PMID: 29752054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Soldiers are fielded with a variety of equipment including battery powered electronic devices. An energy harvesting assault pack (EHAP) was developed to provide a power source to recharge batteries and reduce the quantity and load of extra batteries carried into the field. Little is known about the biomechanical implications of carrying a suspended-load energy harvesting system compared to the military standard assault pack (AP). Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the impact of pack type and load magnitude on spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters while walking at 1.34 m/s on an instrumented treadmill at decline, level, and incline grades. There was greater forward trunk lean while carrying the EHAP and the heavy load (decline: p < 0.001; level: p = 0.009; incline: p = 0.003). As load increased from light to heavy, double support stance time was longer (decline: p = 0.012; level: p < 0.001; incline: p < 0.001), strides were shorter (incline: p = 0.013), and knee flexion angle at heel strike was greater (decline: p = 0.033; level: p = 0.035; incline: p = 0.005). When carrying the EHAP, strides (decline: p = 0.007) and double support stance time (incline: p = 0.006) was longer, the knee was more flexed at heel strike (level: p = 0.014; incline: p < 0.001) and there was a smaller change in knee flexion during weight acceptance (decline: p = 0.0013; level: p = 0.007; incline: p = 0.0014). Carrying the EHAP elicits changes to gait biomechanics compared to carrying the standard AP. Understanding how load-suspension systems influence loaded gait biomechanics are warranted before transitioning these systems into military or recreational environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Talarico
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
| | | | - Julianne S Douglas
- Communications-Electronics, Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Jose Collazo
- Communications-Electronics, Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
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18
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Schuh-Renner A, Grier TL, Canham-Chervak M, Hauschild VD, Roy TC, Fletcher J, Jones BH. Risk factors for injury associated with low, moderate, and high mileage road marching in a U.S. Army infantry brigade. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20 Suppl 4:S28-S33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Physiological and Biomechanical Responses to Prolonged Heavy Load Carriage During Level Treadmill Walking in Females. J Appl Biomech 2017; 33:248-255. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2016-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heavy load carriage has been identified as a main contributing factor to the high incidence of overuse injuries in soldiers. Peak vertical ground reaction force (VGRFMAX) and maximal vertical loading rates (VLRMAX) may increase during heavy prolonged load carriage with the development of muscular fatigue and reduced shock attenuation capabilities. The objectives of the current study were (1) to examine physiological and biomechanical changes that occur during a prolonged heavy load carriage task, and (2) to examine if this task induces neuromuscular fatigue and changes in muscle architecture. Eight inexperienced female participants walked on an instrumented treadmill carrying operational loads for 60 minutes at 5.4 km·h–1. Oxygen consumption (), heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), trunk lean angle, and ground reaction forces were recorded continuously during task. Maximal force and in-vivo muscle architecture were assessed pre- and posttask. Significant increases were observed for VGRFMAX, VLRMAX, trunk lean angle,, heart rate, and RPE during the task. Increased vastus lateralis fascicle length and decreased maximal force production were also observed posttask. Prolonged heavy load carriage, in an inexperienced population carrying operational loads, results in progressive increases in ground reaction force parameters that have been associated with overuse injury.
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20
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Tian M, Park H, Li J, Koo H, Xu Q. Effects of load carriage and work boots on lower limb kinematics of industrial workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2017; 24:582-591. [PMID: 28693378 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2017.1334336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Load and footwear condition are two crucial elements varying the kinematic responses during walking, which probably lead to chronic injury. Fifteen healthy male individuals with no obvious gait abnormalities participated in this study. Apart from a no-load condition, four external load conditions with two load levels were investigated. Work boots were compared with running shoes to determine footwear effects. Significant impacts were found for lower limb range of motion at certain joints when carrying loads. A greater hip and ankle flexion-extension while wearing the work boots indicated that participants needed to lift the leg higher to complete toe clearance off the walking surface. Work boots also increased the vertical excursion of the center of body mass, which may impact body balance and induce falling. No significant influencing pattern of carrying modes was found, which was probably due to the light load and relatively stable mode of shoulder carrying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- a College of Fashion and Design , Donghua University , China.,b Key Laboratory of Clothing Design and Technology , Ministry of Education , China
| | - Huiju Park
- c Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design , Cornell University , USA
| | - Jun Li
- a College of Fashion and Design , Donghua University , China.,b Key Laboratory of Clothing Design and Technology , Ministry of Education , China
| | - Heekwang Koo
- c Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design , Cornell University , USA
| | - Qinwen Xu
- c Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design , Cornell University , USA
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21
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Macadam P, Cronin JB, Simperingham KD. The Effects of Wearable Resistance Training on Metabolic, Kinematic and Kinetic Variables During Walking, Running, Sprint Running and Jumping: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2016; 47:887-906. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Tian M, Park H, Koo H, Xu Q, Li J. Impact of work boots and load carriage on the gait of oil rig workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2016; 23:118-126. [DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2016.1212483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Tay CS, Lee JKW, Teo YS, Foo PQZ, Tan PMS, Kong PW. Using gait parameters to detect fatigue and responses to ice slurry during prolonged load carriage. Gait Posture 2016; 43:17-23. [PMID: 26669946 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined (1) if changes in gait characteristics could indicate the exertional heat stress experienced during prolonged load carriage, and (2) if gait characteristics were responsive to a heat mitigation strategy. In an environmental chamber replicating tropical climatic conditions (ambient temperature 32°C, 70% relative humidity), 16 males aged 21.8 (1.2) years performed two trials of a work-rest cycle protocol consisting two bouts of 4-km treadmill walks with 30-kg load at 5.3km/h separated by a 15-min rest period. Ice slurry (ICE) or room temperature water (29°C) as a control (CON) was provided in 200-ml aliquots. The fluids were given 10min before the start, at the 15(th) and 30(th) min of each work cycle, and during each rest period. Spatio-temporal gait characteristics were obtained at the start and end of each work-rest cycle using a floor-based photocell system (OptoGait) and a high-speed video camera at 120Hz. Repeated-measure analysis of variance (trial×time) showed that with time, step width decreased (p=.024) while percent crossover steps increased (p=.008) from the 40(th) min onwards. Reduced stance time variability (-11.1%, p=.029) step width variability (-8.2%, p=.001), and percent crossover step (-18.5%, p=.010) were observed in ICE compared with CON. No differences in step length and most temporal variables were found. In conclusion, changes in frontal plane gait characteristics may indicate exertional heat stress during prolonged load carriage, and some of these changes may be mitigated with ice slurry ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Tay
- Physical Education & Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616, Singapore
| | - Jason K W Lee
- Combat Protection and Performance Programme, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, 118230, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Ya S Teo
- Combat Protection and Performance Programme, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, 118230, Singapore
| | - Phildia Q Z Foo
- Physical Education & Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616, Singapore
| | - Pearl M S Tan
- Combat Protection and Performance Programme, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, 118230, Singapore
| | - Pui W Kong
- Physical Education & Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616, Singapore.
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Sinitski EH, Herbert-Copley AG, Lemaire ED, Doyle SS, Besemann M, Dudek NL. Center of pressure and total force analyses for amputees walking with a backpack load over four surfaces. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2016; 52:169-176. [PMID: 26360208 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how load carriage affects walking is important for people with a lower extremity amputation who may use different strategies to accommodate to the additional weight. Nine unilateral traumatic transtibial amputees (K4-level) walked over four surfaces (level-ground, uneven ground, incline, decline) with and without a 24.5 kg backpack. Center of pressure (COP) and total force were analyzed from F-Scan insole pressure sensor data. COP parameters were greater on the intact limb than on the prosthetic limb, which was likely a compensation for the loss of ankle control. Double support time (DST) was greater when walking with a backpack. Although longer DST is often considered a strategy to enhance stability and/or reduce loading forces, changes in DST were only moderately correlated with changes in peak force. High functioning transtibial amputees were able to accommodate to a standard backpack load and to maintain COP progression, even when walking over different surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Sinitski
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | | | - Edward D Lemaire
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, 451 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sean S Doyle
- University of Ottawa, School of Human Kinetics, 125 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Markus Besemann
- Canadian Forces Health Services Group, 1745 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa ON, K1A 0K6, Canada
| | - Nancy L Dudek
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, 451 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
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Kinematic and ground reaction force accommodation during weighted walking. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 44:327-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Miranda DL, Hsu WH, Petersen K, Fitzgibbons S, Niemi J, Lesniewski-Laas N, Walsh CJ. Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 48:860-8. [PMID: 26606273 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inclined walking while carrying a loaded backpack induces fatigue, which may destabilize gait and lead to injury. Stochastic resonance (SR) technology has been used to stabilize spatiotemporal gait characteristics of elderly individuals but has not been tested on healthy recreational athletes. Herein, we determined if sustained vigorous walking on an inclined surface while carrying a load destabilizes gait and if SR has a further effect. METHODS Participants were fitted with a backpack weighing 30% of their body weight and asked to walk at a constant self-selected pace while their feet were tracked using an optical motion capture system. Their shoes were fitted with SR insoles that were set at 90% of the participant's sensory threshold. The treadmill incline was increased every 5 min until volitional exhaustion after which the treadmill was returned to a level grade. SR stimulation was turned ON and OFF in a pairwise random fashion throughout the protocol. Spatiotemporal gait characteristics were calculated when SR was ON and OFF for the BASELINE period, the MAX perceived exertion period, and the POST period. RESULTS Vigorous activity increases variability in the rhythmic stepping (stride time and stride length) and balance control (double support time and stride width) mechanisms of gait. Overall, SR increased stride width variability by 9% before, during, and after a fatiguing exercise. CONCLUSION The increased stride time and stride length variability may compromise the stability of gait during and after vigorous walking. However, participants may compensate by increasing double support time and stride width variability to maintain their stability under these adverse conditions. Furthermore, applying SR resulted in an additional increase of stride width variability and may potentially improve balance before, during, and after adverse walking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Miranda
- 1Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA; 2School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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Dames KD, Smith JD. Effects of load carriage and footwear on spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, and metabolic cost of walking. Gait Posture 2015; 42:122-6. [PMID: 25985924 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gait patterns are commonly altered when walking or running barefoot compared to shod conditions. Although controversy exists as to whether barefoot conditions result in lower metabolic costs, it is clear that adding load to the body results in increased metabolic costs. The effects of footwear and backpack loading have been investigated separately, but it is unclear whether manipulating both simultaneously would cause similar outcomes. Twelve healthy individuals (7 female, 5 male) with no obvious gait abnormalities participated in this study (age=24±2 years, height=1.73±0.13 m, and mass=71.1±16.9 kg). Steady state metabolic data and 3D motion capture were collected during treadmill walking at 1.5 ms(-1) in four conditions: Barefoot Unloaded, Shod Unloaded, Barefoot Loaded, and Shod Loaded. Barefoot walking elicited shorter stride lengths, stance and double support times, as well as a slight (≈1%), but not significant, decrease in metabolic cost. Loading increased metabolic costs of walking but did not elicit spatiotemporal changes in either footwear condition. Lower limb kinematic differences were noted in response to both loading and footwear. Changes in spatiotemporal parameters observed when walking barefoot were not exacerbated by the addition of a backpack load. This suggests that the increased metabolic demand associated with the load is met with a similar spatiotemporal pattern whether a person wears a supportive shoe or not. Thus, the discomfort associated with foot strike while barefoot that promotes spatiotemporal changes seems to be independent of load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Dames
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Campus Box 39, Greeley, CO 80639, USA.
| | - Jeremy D Smith
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Campus Box 39, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
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Castro MP, Figueiredo MC, Abreu S, Sousa H, Machado L, Santos R, Vilas-Boas JP. The influence of gait cadence on the ground reaction forces and plantar pressures during load carriage of young adults. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2015; 49:41-46. [PMID: 25766421 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical gait parameters--ground reaction forces (GRFs) and plantar pressures--during load carriage of young adults were compared at a low gait cadence and a high gait cadence. Differences between load carriage and normal walking during both gait cadences were also assessed. A force plate and an in-shoe plantar pressure system were used to assess 60 adults while they were walking either normally (unloaded condition) or wearing a backpack (loaded condition) at low (70 steps per minute) and high gait cadences (120 steps per minute). GRF and plantar pressure peaks were scaled to body weight (or body weight plus backpack weight). With medium to high effect sizes we found greater anterior-posterior and vertical GRFs and greater plantar pressure peaks in the rearfoot, forefoot and hallux when the participants walked carrying a backpack at high gait cadences compared to walking at low gait cadences. Differences between loaded and unloaded conditions in both gait cadences were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo P Castro
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, School of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Activity and Human Movement Study Center/Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Science, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Cristina Figueiredo
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Abreu
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, School of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Sousa
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, School of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Activity and Human Movement Study Center/Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Science, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Leandro Machado
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, School of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rubim Santos
- Activity and Human Movement Study Center/Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Science, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, School of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Seay JF. Biomechanics of Load Carriage. STUDIES IN MECHANOBIOLOGY, TISSUE ENGINEERING AND BIOMATERIALS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2015_185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Mullins AK, Annett LE, Drain JR, Kemp JG, Clark RA, Whyte DG. Lower limb kinematics and physiological responses to prolonged load carriage in untrained individuals. ERGONOMICS 2014; 58:770-780. [PMID: 25428772 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.984775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to simultaneously assess the changes in physiology, and kinematic and spatiotemporal features of gait, during prolonged load carriage in individuals without load carriage experience. Eleven males, representative of new military recruits, walked for 120 min at 5.5 km h(- 1), 0% grade, on a motorised treadmill while carrying a 22 kg load. The load ( ≤ 30% body mass) was distributed over a weighted vest, combat webbing and replica model firearm, to reflect a patrol order load. Oxygen consumption and heart rate increased throughout the trial; however, apart from a minor increase in step length, there were no changes in the kinematic or spatiotemporal parameters, despite an increase in perceived exertion and discomfort. These data suggest that individuals with no experience in load carriage are able to maintain normal gait during 2 h of fixed speed walking, while carrying a patrol order load ≤ 30% body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Mullins
- a School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University , Melbourne, Fitzroy VIC 3065 , Australia
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31
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Brown TN, O’Donovan M, Hasselquist L, Corner B, Schiffman JM. Soldier-relevant loads impact lower limb biomechanics during anticipated and unanticipated single-leg cutting movements. J Biomech 2014; 47:3494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schertzer E, Riemer R. Metabolic rate of carrying added mass: a function of walking speed, carried mass and mass location. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2014; 45:1422-1432. [PMID: 24793822 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effort of carrying additional mass at different body locations is important in ergonomics and in designing wearable robotics. We investigate the metabolic rate of carrying a load as a function of its mass, its location on the body and the subject's walking speed. Novel metabolic rate prediction equations for walking while carrying loads at the ankle, knees and back were developed based on experiments where subjects walked on a treadmill at 4, 5 or 6km/h bearing different amounts of added mass (up to 2kg per leg and 22kg for back). Compared to previously reported equations, ours are 7-69% more accurate. Results also show that relative cost for carrying a mass at a distal versus a proximal location changes with speed and mass. Contrary to mass carried on the back, mass attached to the leg cannot be modeled as an increase in body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliran Schertzer
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Raziel Riemer
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Castro MPD, Soares D, Mendes E, Machado L. Plantar Pressures and Ground Reaction Forces During Walking of Individuals With Unilateral Transfemoral Amputation. PM R 2014; 6:698-707.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Peduzzi de Castro M, Abreu S, Pinto V, Santos R, Machado L, Vaz M, Vilas-Boas JP. Influence of pressure-relief insoles developed for loaded gait (backpackers and obese people) on plantar pressure distribution and ground reaction forces. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2014; 45:1028-1034. [PMID: 24468683 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to test the effects of two pressure relief insoles developed for backpackers and obese people on the ground reaction forces (GRF) and plantar pressure peaks during gait; and to compare the GRF and plantar pressures among normal-weight, backpackers, and obese participants. Based on GRF, plantar pressures, and finite element analysis two insoles were manufactured: flat cork-based insole with (i) corkgel in the rearfoot and forefoot (SLS1) and with (ii) poron foam in the great toe and lateral forefoot (SLS2). Gait data were recorded from 21 normal-weight/backpackers and 10 obese participants. The SLS1 did not influence the GRF, but it relieved the pressure peaks for both backpackers and obese participants. In SLS2 the load acceptance GRF peak was lower; however, it did not reduce the plantar pressure peaks. The GRF and plantar pressure gait pattern were different among the normal-weight, backpackers and obese participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Peduzzi de Castro
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, School of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Activity and Human Movement Study Center/Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Science, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Valente Perfeito, 22, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Abreu
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, School of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Viviana Pinto
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rubim Santos
- Activity and Human Movement Study Center/Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Science, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Valente Perfeito, 22, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Leandro Machado
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, School of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mario Vaz
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, School of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Brown TN, O'Donovan M, Hasselquist L, Corner BD, Schiffman JM. Body borne loads impact walk-to-run and running biomechanics. Gait Posture 2014; 40:237-42. [PMID: 24794647 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to perform a biomechanics-based assessment of body borne load during the walk-to-run transition and steady-state running because historical research has limited load carriage assessment to prolonged walking. Fifteen male military personnel had trunk and lower limb biomechanics examined during these locomotor tasks with three different load configurations (light, ∼6 kg, medium, ∼20 kg, and heavy, ∼40 kg). Subject-based means of the dependent variables were submitted to repeated measures ANOVA to test the effects of load configuration. During the walk-to-run transition, the hip decreased (P=0.001) and knee increased (P=0.004) their contribution to joint power with the addition of load. Additionally, greater peak trunk (P=0.001), hip (P=0.001), and knee flexion (P<0.001) moments and trunk flexion (P<0.001) angle, and reduced hip (P=0.001) and knee flexion (P=0.001) posture were evident during the loaded walk-to-run transition. Body borne load had no significant effect (P>0.05) on distribution of lower limb joint power during steady-state running, but increased peak trunk (P<0.001), hip (P=0.001), and knee (P=0.001) flexion moments, and trunk flexion (P<0.001) posture were evident. During the walk-to-run transition the load carrier may move joint power production distally down the kinetic chain and adopt biomechanical profiles to maintain performance of the task. The load carrier, however, may not adopt lower limb kinematic adaptations necessary to shift joint power distribution during steady-state running, despite exhibiting potentially detrimental larger lower limb joint loads. As such, further study appears needed to determine how load carriage impairs maximal locomotor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Brown
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Belcamp, MD, USA; U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - M O'Donovan
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - L Hasselquist
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - B D Corner
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - J M Schiffman
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, USA
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Majumdar D, Pal MS, Pramanik A, Majumdar D. Kinetic changes in gait during low magnitude military load carriage. ERGONOMICS 2013; 56:1917-1927. [PMID: 24164415 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.835871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indian infantry soldiers carry smaller magnitudes of loads for operational requirements. The ground reaction forces (GRFs) and impulse responses of 10 healthy male Indian infantry soldiers were collected while they walked carrying operational loads between 4.2 and 17.5 kg (6.5-27.2% of mean body weight (BW)) and a control condition of no external load (NL). The GRF and impulse components were normalised for BW, and data for each load condition were compared with NL in each side applying one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's post hoc test. Right foot data were compared with corresponding left foot GRF data for all load conditions and NL. There were significant increases in vertical and anteroposterior GRFs with increase in load. Left and right feet GRF data in corresponding load conditions were significantly different in anteroposterior plane. No significant change was observed in the temporal components of support phase of gait. Changes in impulse parameter were observed in the anteroposterior and vertical planes while carrying load greater than 23 and 16.6% of BW for the right foot and left foot, respectively. Result indicates that smaller magnitudes of loads produced kinetic changes proportional to system weight, similar to heavier loads with the possibility of increased injury risk. Observed smaller asymmetric changes in gait may be considered as postural adjustment due to load. Unique physical characteristics of Indian soldiers and the probable design shortcomings of the existing backpack might have caused significant changes in GRF and peak impulse during smaller load carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Majumdar
- a Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence , Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi , 110 054 , India
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Castro M, Abreu S, Sousa H, Machado L, Santos R, Vilas-Boas JP. Ground reaction forces and plantar pressure distribution during occasional loaded gait. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2013; 44:503-509. [PMID: 23157973 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the ground reaction forces (GRF) and plantar pressures between unloaded and occasional loaded gait. The GRF and plantar pressures of 60 participants were recorded during unloaded gait and occasional loaded gait (wearing a backpack that raised their body mass index to 30); this load criterion was adopted because is considered potentially harmful in permanent loaded gait (obese people). The results indicate an overall increase (absolute values) of GRF and plantar pressures during occasional loaded gait (p < 0.05); also, higher normalized (by total weight) values in the medial midfoot and toes, and lower values in the lateral rearfoot region were observed. During loaded gait the magnitude of the vertical GRF (impact and thrust maximum) decreased and the shear forces increased more than did the proportion of the load (normalized values). These data suggest a different pattern of GRF and plantar pressure distribution during occasional loaded compared to unloaded gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Castro
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, School of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200 450 Porto, Portugal.
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Simpson KM, Munro BJ, Steele JR. Backpack load affects lower limb muscle activity patterns of female hikers during prolonged load carriage. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 21:782-8. [PMID: 21705231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of prolonged load carriage on lower limb muscle activity displayed by female recreational hikers. Electromyography (EMG) signals from vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GM) were recorded for fifteen female hikers carrying four loads (0%, 20%, 30% and 40% body weight (BW)) over 8 km. Muscle burst duration, muscle burst onset relative to initial contact and integrated EMG signals (iEMG) were calculated to evaluate muscle activity, whereas the shift in mean power frequency (MPF) was used to evaluate muscle fatigue. Increased walking distance significantly decreased the MPF of TA; decreased the iEMG for VL, ST and GM; and shortened VL muscle burst duration. Furthermore, carrying 20-40% BW loads significantly increased VL and GM iEMG and increased BF muscle burst duration, whereas a 40% BW load caused a later VL muscle burst onset. The differences observed in muscle activity with increased load mass seem to be adjustments aimed at maintaining balance and attenuating the increased loads placed on the lower limbs during gait. Based on the changes in muscle activity, a backpack load limit of 30% BW may reduce the risk of lower limb injury for female hikers during prolonged walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Simpson
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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