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Li M, Cai M, Zhong H, Liu H. Comparisons of academic achievements of one-only children vs. children with siblings in China. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marx BP, Thompson-Hollands J, Lee DJ, Resick PA, Sloan DM. Estimated Intelligence Moderates Cognitive Processing Therapy Outcome for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Behav Ther 2021; 52:162-169. [PMID: 33483114 PMCID: PMC8439555 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although patient intelligence may be an important determinant of the degree to which individuals may comprehend, comply with, and ultimately benefit from trauma-focused treatment, no prior studies have examined the impact of patient intelligence on benefit from psychotherapies for PTSD. We investigated the degree to which educational achievement, often used as a proxy for intelligence, and estimated full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) scores themselves moderated treatment outcomes for two effective psychotherapies for PTSD: Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Written Exposure Therapy (WET). Participants, 126 treatment-seeking adults with PTSD (52% male; mean age = 43.9, SD = 14.6), were equally randomized to CPT and WET; PTSD symptom severity was measured at baseline and 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, and 60-weeks following the first treatment session. Multilevel models revealed that participants with higher FSIQ scores experienced significantly greater PTSD symptom reduction through the 24-week assessment in CPT but not WET; this effect did not persist through the 60-week assessment. Educational achievement did not moderate symptom change through either 24- or 60-weeks. Individuals with higher FSIQ who are treated with CPT may experience greater symptom improvement in the early stages of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Denise M Sloan
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston University School of Medicine
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Arshad H, Husky MM, Goelitz D, Bitfoi A, Carta MG, Koç C, Lesinskiene S, Mihova Z, Otten R, Fermanian C, Kovess-Masfety V. Birth rank as a determinant of academic achievement:results from a European survey of primary school children. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2019.1700108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathilde M. Husky
- Laboratoire de Psychologie EA4139, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dietmar Goelitz
- Social Sciences and Theology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Faculty of Humanities, Nunberg, Germany
| | - Adina Bitfoi
- The Romanian League for Mental Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mauro Giovanni Carta
- Centro di Psichiatria di Consulenza e Psicosomatica Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ceren Koç
- Yeniden Health and Education Society, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sigita Lesinskiene
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Zlatka Mihova
- Bulgarian Institute for Human relations, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Pluryn, Research & Development, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Howie EK, Daniels BT, Guagliano JM. Promoting Physical Activity Through Youth Sports Programs: It's Social. Am J Lifestyle Med 2018; 14:78-88. [PMID: 31903087 DOI: 10.1177/1559827618754842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Youth sport is a key physical activity opportunity for children and adolescents. Several factors influence youth sport participation, including social factors, but this has not to date been clearly delineated. This study is a scoping review to survey the literature on the influence of family and peers on youth sports participation. The review identified 111 articles of which the majority were cross-sectional, included boys and girls, and were conducted primarily in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. The articles were grouped into 8 research themes: (1) reasons for participation, (2) social norms, (3) achievement goal theory, 4) family structure, (5) sports participation by family members, (6) parental support and barriers, (7) value of friendship, and (8) influence of teammates. Friendships were key to both initiation and maintenance of participation, parents facilitated participation, and children with more active parents were more likely to participate in sport. Less is known on how family structure, sibling participation, extended family, and other theoretical frameworks may influence youth sport. The review suggests that social influences are important factors for ensuring participation, maximizing the quality of the experience, and capitalizing on the benefits of youth sport. Future research studies, programs, and policies promoting and developing evidence-based youth sporting experiences should consider social influences on youth sport participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Howie
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas (EKH, BD).,School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (EKH).,MRC Epidemiology Unit & UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR).,University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK (JMG)
| | - Bryce T Daniels
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas (EKH, BD).,School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (EKH).,MRC Epidemiology Unit & UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR).,University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK (JMG)
| | - Justin M Guagliano
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas (EKH, BD).,School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (EKH).,MRC Epidemiology Unit & UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR).,University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK (JMG)
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Hoogeveen L, van Hell JG, Verhoeven L. Social-emotional characteristics of gifted accelerated and non-accelerated students in the Netherlands. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 82:585-605. [PMID: 23025394 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the studies of acceleration conducted so far a multidimensional perspective has largely been neglected. No attempt has been made to relate social-emotional characteristics of accelerated versus non-accelerated students in perspective of environmental factors. AIMS In this study, social-emotional characteristics of accelerated gifted students in the Netherlands were examined in relation to personal and environmental factors. SAMPLES Self-concept and social contacts of accelerated (n = 148) and non-accelerated (n = 55) gifted students, aged 4 to 27 (M = 11.22, SD = 4.27) were measured. METHOD Self-concept and social contacts of accelerated and non-accelerated gifted students were measured using a questionnaire and a diary, and parents of these students evaluated their behavioural characteristics. Gender and birth order were studied as personal factors and grade, classroom, teachers' gender, teaching experience, and the quality of parent-school contact as environmental factors. RESULTS The results showed minimal differences in the social-emotional characteristics of accelerated and non-accelerated gifted students. The few differences we found favoured the accelerated students. We also found that multiple grade skipping does not have negative effects on social-emotional characteristics, and that long-term effects of acceleration tend to be positive. As regards the possible modulation of personal and environmental factors, we merely found an impact of such factors in the non-accelerated group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study strongly suggest that social-emotional characteristics of accelerated gifted students and non-accelerated gifted students are largely similar. These results thus do not support worries expressed by teachers about the acceleration of gifted students. Our findings parallel the outcomes of earlier studies in the United States and Germany in that we observed that acceleration does not harm gifted students, not even in the case of multiple grade skipping. On the contrary, there is a suggestion in the data that accelerated students are more socially competent than non-accelerated students. The findings in this study can reassure those parents and teachers who worry about the social-emotional consequences of acceleration in school: If a student is gifted, acceleration seems to be a sound and, in many cases, appropriate measure in gifted education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Hoogeveen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Mancillas A. Challenging the Stereotypes About Only Children: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Practice. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Taylor JL, Hurd HD, Seltzer MM, Greenberg JS, Floyd FJ. Parenting with mild intellectual deficits: parental expectations and the educational attainment of their children. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2010; 115:340-54. [PMID: 20563292 PMCID: PMC2885813 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-115.4.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined how the educational expectations that parents with mild intellectual deficits had for their children shaped their children's attainment, and how parents' own intellectual limitations affected this process. We identified 612 parents with mild intellectual deficits and 2,712 comparison parents from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, a prospective longitudinal study in which participants were followed from ages 18 to 64. Compared to the norm, parents with mild intellectual deficits expected their children to complete less education, even after controlling for sociodemographic background variables, and children of parents with mild intellectual deficits did, in fact, complete fewer years of education. For both groups, parental expectations were the strongest predictor of attainment. Results suggest that disparities in education are shaped in part by parents' beliefs about educational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lounds Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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Abstract
The representation of firstborns among 1,293 (650 women, 643 men) university freshmen in Kenya ( M age = 20.8 yr., SD = 1.9) was explored. In a situation where university admission is very competitive, it was hypothesized that firstborns would be numerically more represented than later borns. The results indicated (a) an overall preponderance of the firstborns (20%), (b) only children and lastborns were the least represented groups at 1 and 5%, respectively, and (c) firstborns tended to come from relatively smaller families than the later borns. The findings were discussed in relation to previous studies, family size, and implications for future research in a subsistence society.
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Hughes TF, Ganguli M. Modifiable Midlife Risk Factors for Late-Life Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY REVIEWS 2009; 5:73-92. [PMID: 19946443 PMCID: PMC2782871 DOI: 10.2174/157340009788167347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The baby boom generation is approaching the age of greatest risk for cognitive impairment and dementia. There is growing interest in strategies to modify the environment in midlife to increase the probability of maintaining cognitive health in late life. Several potentially modifiable risk factors have been studied in relation to cognitive impairment and dementia in late life, but methodological limitations of observational research have resulted in some inconsistencies across studies. The most promising strategies are maintaining cardiovascular health, engagement in mental, physical, and social activities, using alcohol in moderation, abstaining from tobacco use, and following a heart-healthy diet. Other factors that may influence cognitive health are occupational attainment, depression, personality, exposure to general anesthesia, head injury, postmenopausal hormone therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and nutritional supplements such as antioxidants. Some long-term observational studies initiated in midlife or earlier, and some randomized controlled trials, have examined the effects of specific cognitive health promotion behaviors in midlife on the risk of cognitive impairment in late life. Overall, these studies provide limited support for risk reduction at this time. Recommendations and challenges for developing effective strategies to reduce the burden of cognitive impairment and dementia in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany F. Hughes
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.F.H., M.G.) and Neurology (M.G.), School of Medicine, and the Department of Epidemiology (M.G.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary Ganguli
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (T.F.H., M.G.) and Neurology (M.G.), School of Medicine, and the Department of Epidemiology (M.G.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Smith KR, Mineau GP, Garibotti G, Kerber R. Effects of childhood and middle-adulthood family conditions on later-life mortality: evidence from the Utah Population Database, 1850-2002. Soc Sci Med 2009; 68:1649-58. [PMID: 19278766 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examine how key early family circumstances affect mortality risks decades later. Early-life conditions are measured by parental mortality, parental fertility (e.g., offspring sibship size, parental age at offspring birth), religious upbringing, and parental socioeconomic status. Prior to these early-life conditions are familial and genetic factors that affect life span. Accordingly, we consider the role of parental and familial longevity on adult mortality risks. We analyze the large Utah Population Database which contains a vast amount of genealogical and other vital/health data that contain full life histories of individuals and hundreds of their relatives. To control for unobserved heterogeneity, we analyze sib-pair data for 12,000 sib-pairs using frailty models. We found modest effects of key childhood conditions (birth order, sibship size, parental religiosity, parental SES, and parental death in childhood). Our measures of familial aggregation of longevity were large and suggest an alternative view of early-life conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken R Smith
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.
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Melby JN, Conger RD, Fang SA, Wickrama KAS, Conger KJ. Adolescent family experiences and educational attainment during early adulthood. Dev Psychol 2008; 44:1519-36. [PMID: 18999319 PMCID: PMC2735855 DOI: 10.1037/a0013352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the authors investigated the degree to which a family investment model would help account for the association between family of origin socioeconomic characteristics and the later educational attainment of 451 young adults (age 26) from 2-parent families. Parents' educational level, occupational prestige, and family income in 1989 each had a statistically significant direct relationship with youths' educational attainment in 2002. Consistent with the theoretical model guiding the study, parents' educational level and family income also demonstrated statistically significant indirect effects on later educational attainment through their associations with growth trajectories for supportive parenting, sibling relations, and adolescent academic engagement. Supportive parenting and sibling relations were linked to later educational attainment through their association with adolescent academic engagement. Academic engagement during adolescence was associated with educational attainment in young adulthood. These basic processes operated similarly regardless of youths' gender, target youths' age relative to a near-age sibling, gender composition of the sibling dyad, or gender of parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet N Melby
- Institute for Social and Behavioral Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010-8615, USA.
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Abstract
Research findings obtained over the past 20 years suggest that Alzheimer disease (AD) may have its origins in early life. In this review, we consider the evidence for early-life risk factors for this illness. We propose that risk factors that predict neuropathology are largely distinct from those related to the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. Early-life risk factors for pathology include genes, chromosomal abnormalities, head injury, insulin resistance, and inflammation. With regard to risk factors for clinical expression of Alzheimer disease, six general groups of childhood exposures are reviewed: (1) perinatal conditions, (2) early-life brain development, (3) early-life body growth, (4) early-life socioeconomic conditions, (5) environmental enrichment, and (6) cognitive reserve. The literature reviewed suggests that risk of Alzheimer disease is probably not determined in any single time period but results from the complex interplay between genetic and environmental exposures throughout the life course. Enhancement or preservation of brain or cognitive reserve could delay the onset of Alzheimer disease and in some cases prevent the disease from occurring altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Borenstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Abstract
The equity heuristic is a decision rule specifying that parents should attempt to subdivide resources more or less equally among their children. This investment rule coincides with the prescription from optimality models in economics and biology in cases in which expected future return for each offspring is equal. In this article, the authors present a counterintuitive implication of the equity heuristic: Whereas an equity motive produces a fair distribution at any given point in time, it yields a cumulative distribution of investments that is unequal. The authors test this analytical observation against evidence reported in studies exploring parental investment and show how the equity heuristic can provide an explanation of why the literature reports a diversity of birth order effects with respect to parental resource allocation.
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Marjoribanks K. Ordinal Position, Family Environment, and Status Attainment Among Australian Young Adults. The Journal of Social Psychology 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/00224549709595454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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