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Youhanna S, Kemas AM, Preiss L, Zhou Y, Shen JX, Cakal SD, Paqualini FS, Goparaju SK, Shafagh RZ, Lind JU, Sellgren CM, Lauschke VM. Organotypic and Microphysiological Human Tissue Models for Drug Discovery and Development-Current State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:141-206. [PMID: 35017176 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of successful drug development projects has been stagnant for decades despite major breakthroughs in chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Unreliable target identification and poor translatability of preclinical models have been identified as major causes of failure. To improve predictions of clinical efficacy and safety, interest has shifted to three-dimensional culture methods in which human cells can retain many physiologically and functionally relevant phenotypes for extended periods of time. Here, we review the state of the art of available organotypic culture techniques and critically review emerging models of human tissues with key importance for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. In addition, developments in bioprinting and microfluidic multiorgan cultures to emulate systemic drug disposition are summarized. We close by highlighting important trends regarding the fabrication of organotypic culture platforms and the choice of platform material to limit drug absorption and polymer leaching while supporting the phenotypic maintenance of cultured cells and allowing for scalable device fabrication. We conclude that organotypic and microphysiological human tissue models constitute promising systems to promote drug discovery and development by facilitating drug target identification and improving the preclinical evaluation of drug toxicity and pharmacokinetics. There is, however, a critical need for further validation, benchmarking, and consolidation efforts ideally conducted in intersectoral multicenter settings to accelerate acceptance of these novel models as reliable tools for translational pharmacology and toxicology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Organotypic and microphysiological culture of human cells has emerged as a promising tool for preclinical drug discovery and development that might be able to narrow the translation gap. This review discusses recent technological and methodological advancements and the use of these systems for hit discovery and the evaluation of toxicity, clearance, and absorption of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Aurino M Kemas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Lena Preiss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Joanne X Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Selgin D Cakal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Francesco S Paqualini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Sravan K Goparaju
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Reza Zandi Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Johan Ulrik Lind
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
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Prediction of the Oral Bioavailability Correlation Between Humans and Preclinical Animals. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 45:771-783. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Youhanna S, Lauschke VM. The Past, Present and Future of Intestinal In Vitro Cell Systems for Drug Absorption Studies. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:50-65. [PMID: 32628951 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium acts as a selective barrier for the absorption of water, nutrients and orally administered drugs. To evaluate the gastrointestinal permeability of a candidate molecule, scientists and drug developers have a multitude of cell culture models at their disposal. Static transwell cultures constitute the most extensively characterized intestinal in vitro system and can accurately categorize molecules into low, intermediate and high permeability compounds. However, they lack key aspects of intestinal physiology, including the cellular complexity of the intestinal epithelium, flow, mechanical strain, or interactions with intestinal mucus and microbes. To emulate these features, a variety of different culture paradigms, including microfluidic chips, organoids and intestinal slice cultures have been developed. Here, we provide an updated overview of intestinal in vitro cell culture systems and critically review their suitability for drug absorption studies. The available data show that these advanced culture models offer impressive possibilities for emulating intestinal complexity. However, there is a paucity of systematic absorption studies and benchmarking data and it remains unclear whether the increase in model complexity and costs translates into improved drug permeability predictions. In the absence of such data, conventional static transwell cultures remain the current gold-standard paradigm for drug absorption studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Naritomi Y, Sanoh S, Ohta S. Utility of Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver for Predicting Human Pharmacokinetics in Drug Discovery: Comparison with in Vitro– in Vivo Extrapolation and Allometric Scaling. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:327-336. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Naritomi
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Nonhuman Primate Models of Immunosenescence. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121907 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to a dramatic increase in life expectancy, the number of individuals aged 65 and older is rapidly rising. This presents considerable challenges to our health care system since advanced age is associated with a higher susceptibility to infectious diseases due to immune senescence. However, the mechanisms underlying age-associated dysregulated immunity are still incompletely understood. Advancement in our comprehension of mechanisms of immune senescence and development of interventions to improve health span requires animal models that closely recapitulate the physiological changes that occur with aging in humans. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are invaluable preclinical models to study the underlying causal mechanism of pathogenesis due to their outbred nature, high degree of genetic and physiological similarity to humans, and their susceptibility to human pathogens. In this chapter, we review NHP models available for biogerontology research, advantages and challenges they present, and advances they facilitated. Furthermore, we emphasize the utility of NHPs in characterizing immune senescence, evaluating interventions to reverse aging of the immune system, and development of vaccine strategies that are better suited for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Yaksh TL, Fisher CJ, Hockman TM, Wiese AJ. Current and Future Issues in the Development of Spinal Agents for the Management of Pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:232-259. [PMID: 26861470 PMCID: PMC5412694 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160307145542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting analgesic drugs for spinal delivery reflects the fact that while the conscious experience of pain is mediated supraspinally, input initiated by high intensity stimuli, tissue injury and/or nerve injury is encoded at the level of the spinal dorsal horn and this output informs the brain as to the peripheral environment. This encoding process is subject to strong upregulation resulting in hyperesthetic states and downregulation reducing the ongoing processing of nociceptive stimuli reversing the hyperesthesia and pain processing. The present review addresses the biology of spinal nociceptive processing as relevant to the effects of intrathecally-delivered drugs in altering pain processing following acute stimulation, tissue inflammation/injury and nerve injury. The review covers i) the major classes of spinal agents currently employed as intrathecal analgesics (opioid agonists, alpha 2 agonists; sodium channel blockers; calcium channel blockers; NMDA blockers; GABA A/B agonists; COX inhibitors; ii) ongoing developments in the pharmacology of spinal therapeutics focusing on less studied agents/targets (cholinesterase inhibition; Adenosine agonists; iii) novel intrathecal targeting methodologies including gene-based approaches (viral vectors, plasmids, interfering RNAs); antisense, and toxins (botulinum toxins; resniferatoxin, substance P Saporin); and iv) issues relevant to intrathecal drug delivery (neuraxial drug distribution), infusate delivery profile, drug dosing, formulation and principals involved in the preclinical evaluation of intrathecal drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. Yaksh
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Casey J. Fisher
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tyler M. Hockman
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ashley J. Wiese
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
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Peters SA, Jones CR, Ungell AL, Hatley OJD. Predicting Drug Extraction in the Human Gut Wall: Assessing Contributions from Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporter Proteins using Preclinical Models. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:673-96. [PMID: 26895020 PMCID: PMC4875961 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal metabolism can limit oral bioavailability of drugs and increase the risk of drug interactions. It is therefore important to be able to predict and quantify it in drug discovery and early development. In recent years, a plethora of models-in vivo, in situ and in vitro-have been discussed in the literature. The primary objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge in the quantitative prediction of gut-wall metabolism. As well as discussing the successes of current models for intestinal metabolism, the challenges in the establishment of good preclinical models are highlighted, including species differences in the isoforms; regional abundances and activities of drug metabolizing enzymes; the interplay of enzyme-transporter proteins; and lack of knowledge on enzyme abundances and availability of empirical scaling factors. Due to its broad specificity and high abundance in the intestine, CYP3A is the enzyme that is frequently implicated in human gut metabolism and is therefore the major focus of this review. A strategy to assess the impact of gut wall metabolism on oral bioavailability during drug discovery and early development phases is presented. Current gaps in the mechanistic understanding and the prediction of gut metabolism are highlighted, with suggestions on how they can be overcome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Annie Peters
- Translational Quantitative Pharmacology, BioPharma, R&D Global Early Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, F130/005, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | | | - Anna-Lena Ungell
- Investigative ADME, Non-Clinical Development, UCB New Medicines, BioPharma SPRL, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Oliver J D Hatley
- Simcyp Limited (A Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
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Gigliuto C, De Gregori M, Malafoglia V, Raffaeli W, Compagnone C, Visai L, Petrini P, Avanzini MA, Muscoli C, Viganò J, Calabrese F, Dominioni T, Allegri M, Cobianchi L. Pain assessment in animal models: do we need further studies? J Pain Res 2014; 7:227-36. [PMID: 24855386 PMCID: PMC4020878 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s59161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, animal models have become important tools in understanding and treating pain, and in predicting analgesic efficacy. Although rodent models retain a dominant role in the study of pain mechanisms, large animal models may predict human biology and pharmacology in certain pain conditions more accurately. Taking into consideration the anatomical and physiological characteristics common to man and pigs (median body size, digestive apparatus, number, size, distribution and communication of vessels in dermal skin, epidermal-dermal junctions, the immunoreactivity of peptide nerve fibers, distribution of nociceptive and non-nociceptive fiber classes, and changes in axonal excitability), swines seem to provide the most suitable animal model for pain assessment. Locomotor function, clinical signs, and measurements (respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, electromyography), behavior (bright/quiet, alert, responsive, depressed, unresponsive), plasma concentration of substance P and cortisol, vocalization, lameness, and axon reflex vasodilatation by laser Doppler imaging have been used to assess pain, but none of these evaluations have proved entirely satisfactory. It is necessary to identify new methods for evaluating pain in large animals (particularly pigs), because of their similarities to humans. This could lead to improved assessment of pain and improved analgesic treatment for both humans and laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Gigliuto
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - William Raffaeli
- ISAL Foundation, Institute for Research on Pain, Torre Pedrera, Rimini, Italy
| | - Christian Compagnone
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Parma, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Tissue Engineering (CIT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy ; Department of Occupational Medicine, Ergonomy and Disability, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica 'G Natta' and Unità di Ricerca Consorzio INSTM, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico "San Matteo", Pavia, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Department of Health Science, University Magna Grecia of Catanzaro and Centro del Farmaco, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Jacopo Viganò
- University of Pavia, Department of Surgical, Clinical, Paediatric and Diagnostic Science, General Surgery 1, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Calabrese
- University of Pavia, Department of Surgical, Clinical, Paediatric and Diagnostic Science, General Surgery 1, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Dominioni
- University of Pavia, Department of Surgical, Clinical, Paediatric and Diagnostic Science, General Surgery 1, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Allegri
- Pain Therapy Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia ; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cobianchi
- University of Pavia, Department of Surgical, Clinical, Paediatric and Diagnostic Science, General Surgery 1, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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Grobler L, Grobler A, Haynes R, Masimirembwa C, Thelingwani R, Steenkamp P, Steyn HS. The effect of the Pheroid delivery system on the in vitro metabolism and in vivo pharmacokinetics of artemisone. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:313-25. [PMID: 24511903 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.885503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives were to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of artemisone and artemisone formulated in the Pheroid® drug delivery system in primates and to establish whether the formulation affects the in vitro metabolism of artemisone in human and monkey liver and intestinal microsomes. METHODS For the PK study, a single oral dose of artemisone was administered to vervet monkeys using a crossover design. Plasma samples were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For the in vitro metabolism study, clearance was determined using microsomes and recombinant CYP3A4 enzymes, and samples were analyzed by means of ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS Artemisone and M1 plasma levels were unexpectedly low compared to those previously recorded in rodents and humans. The in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) of the reference formulation with monkey liver microsomes was much higher (1359.33 ± 103.24 vs 178.86 ± 23.42) than that of human liver microsomes. The in vitro data suggest that microsomal metabolism of artemisone is inhibited by the Pheroid delivery system. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo results obtained in this study indicate that the Pheroid delivery system improves the PK profile of artemisone. The in vitro results indicate that microsomal metabolism of artemisone is inhibited by the Pheroid delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Grobler
- North-West University, Faculty of Health Sciences, DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform , Potchefstroom , South Africa +27 18 299 2281, +27 18 299 4467 ; +27 18 285 2233 ; ;
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Atienzar FA, Novik EI, Gerets HH, Parekh A, Delatour C, Cardenas A, MacDonald J, Yarmush ML, Dhalluin S. Predictivity of dog co-culture model, primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells for the detection of hepatotoxic drugs in humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 275:44-61. [PMID: 24333257 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of attrition during early and late stage drug development. Consequently, there is a need to develop better in vitro primary hepatocyte models from different species for predicting hepatotoxicity in both animals and humans early in drug development. Dog is often chosen as the non-rodent species for toxicology studies. Unfortunately, dog in vitro models allowing long term cultures are not available. The objective of the present manuscript is to describe the development of a co-culture dog model for predicting hepatotoxic drugs in humans and to compare the predictivity of the canine model along with primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. After rigorous optimization, the dog co-culture model displayed metabolic capacities that were maintained up to 2 weeks which indicates that such model could be also used for long term metabolism studies. Most of the human hepatotoxic drugs were detected with a sensitivity of approximately 80% (n=40) for the three cellular models. Nevertheless, the specificity was low approximately 40% for the HepG2 cells and hepatocytes compared to 72.7% for the canine model (n=11). Furthermore, the dog co-culture model showed a higher superiority for the classification of 5 pairs of close structural analogs with different DILI concerns in comparison to both human cellular models. Finally, the reproducibility of the canine system was also satisfactory with a coefficient of correlation of 75.2% (n=14). Overall, the present manuscript indicates that the dog co-culture model may represent a relevant tool to perform chronic hepatotoxicity and metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck A Atienzar
- UCB Pharma SA, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Eric I Novik
- Hμrel Corporation, 675 U.S. Highway 1, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Helga H Gerets
- UCB Pharma SA, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Amit Parekh
- Hμrel Corporation, 675 U.S. Highway 1, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Claude Delatour
- UCB Pharma SA, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Alvaro Cardenas
- UCB Pharma SA, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - James MacDonald
- Chrysalis Pharma Consulting, LLC, 385 Route 24, Suite 1G, Chester, NJ 07930, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Stéphane Dhalluin
- UCB Pharma SA, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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11
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The use of ROC analysis for the qualitative prediction of human oral bioavailability from animal data. Pharm Res 2013; 31:720-30. [PMID: 24072264 PMCID: PMC4250569 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To develop and evaluate a tool for the qualitative prediction of human oral bioavailability (Fhuman) from animal oral bioavailability (Fanimal) data employing ROC analysis and to identify the optimal thresholds for such predictions. Methods A dataset of 184 compounds with known Fhuman and Fanimal in at least one species (mouse, rat, dog and non-human primates (NHP)) was employed. A binary classification model for Fhuman was built by setting a threshold for high/low Fhuman at 50%. The thresholds for high/low Fanimal were varied from 0 to 100 to generate the ROC curves. Optimal thresholds were derived from ‘cost analysis’ and the outcomes with respect to false negative and false positive predictions were analyzed against the BDDCS class distributions. Results We successfully built ROC curves for the combined dataset and per individual species. Optimal Fanimal thresholds were found to be 67% (mouse), 22% (rat), 58% (dog), 35% (NHP) and 47% (combined dataset). No significant trends were observed when sub-categorizing the outcomes by the BDDCS. Conclusions Fanimal can predict high/low Fhuman with adequate sensitivity and specificity. This methodology and associated thresholds can be employed as part of decisions related to planning necessary studies during development of new drug candidates and lead selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-013-1193-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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13
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Bueters T, Juric S, Sohlenius-Sternbeck AK, Hu Y, Bylund J. Rat poorly predicts the combined non-absorbed and presystemically metabolized fractions in the human. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:607-16. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.752117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Ogawa K, Kato M, Houjo T, Ishigai M. A new approach to predicting human hepatic clearance of CYP3A4 substrates using monkey pharmacokinetic data. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:468-78. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.733831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Xu CH, Cheng G, Liu Y, Tian Y, Yan J, Zou MJ. Effect of the timing of food intake on the absorption and bioavailability of carbamazepine immediate-release tablets in beagle dogs. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 33:30-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-hong Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Wenhua Road 103; Shenyang; 110016; Liaoning Province; PR China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Wenhua Road 103; Shenyang; 110016; Liaoning Province; PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Wenhua Road 103; Shenyang; 110016; Liaoning Province; PR China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Wenhua Road 103; Shenyang; 110016; Liaoning Province; PR China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Wenhua Road 103; Shenyang; 110016; Liaoning Province; PR China
| | - Mei-juan Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Wenhua Road 103; Shenyang; 110016; Liaoning Province; PR China
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Glogowski S, Ward KW, Lawrence MS, Goody RJ, Proksch JW. The use of the African green monkey as a preclinical model for ocular pharmacokinetic studies. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2012; 28:290-8. [PMID: 22235843 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2011.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This investigation evaluated the ocular and systemic pharmacokinetics of besifloxacin in African green monkeys compared with cynomolgus monkeys following topical ocular dosing. METHODS A suspension formulation containing 0.6% besifloxacin was administered to African green and cynomolgus monkeys. Animals were euthanized at predetermined time intervals, and ocular tissue and systemic blood samples were collected and analyzed by LC/MS/MS. RESULTS In both African green and cynomolgus monkeys, high concentrations of besifloxacin were detected in anterior segment tissues, while levels in posterior segment tissues and plasma were low. Mean concentration versus time profiles of besifloxacin were generally similar between species, with rapid absorption into ocular tissues after a single dose. In anterior segment tissues, concentrations of besifloxacin were measurable throughout the 24-h sampling period in both species. Quantitatively, concentrations were consistently higher in the conjunctiva of African green monkeys compared with cynomolgus monkeys. Besifloxacin levels were also higher during the first 3 h following dosing in the tear fluid of African green monkeys, but lower in the iris/ciliary body during this timeframe. However after the 3-h time point, concentrations in the tear fluid and iris/ciliary body were similar between species. Exposure in cornea tended to be higher in African green monkeys, but the difference was less pronounced than for conjunctiva. Exposure in aqueous humor was comparable between species. In posterior segment tissues, exposure to besifloxacin tended to be higher in cynomolgus monkeys. Systemic exposure also tended to be higher in cynomolgus monkeys, but measurable levels were present in the plasma of both species throughout the 24-h sampling period. With the exception of iris/ciliary body and vitreous humor, mean ocular tissue weights were generally similar between species although a small, but statistically significant, difference was also observed in the choroid. CONCLUSIONS African green monkeys may be a suitable model for preclinical ocular pharmacokinetic studies. Additional studies using a variety of compounds would be useful in determining whether the quantitative differences in ocular exposures and ocular tissue weights observed in the present investigation reflect slight variations in the procedures used in these separate experiments, or true physiological and anatomical differences between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shellise Glogowski
- Global Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, New York 14609, USA.
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Beaumont K, Gardner I, Chapman K, Hall M, Rowland M. Toward an integrated human clearance prediction strategy that minimizes animal use. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4518-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ohtsuka T, Yoshikawa T, Kozakai K, Tsuneto Y, Uno Y, Utoh M, Yamazaki H, Kume T. Alprazolam as an In Vivo Probe for Studying Induction of CYP3A in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1806-13. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.032656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Seymour M. The best model for humans is human -- how to accelerate early drug development safely. Altern Lab Anim 2010; 37 Suppl 1:61-5. [PMID: 19807205 DOI: 10.1177/026119290903701s09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the choice of which candidate compounds to take forward into development has been based on pre-clinical data. However, lack of predictivity of the human clinical situation in the models used has led to poor decision-making, and the later in the development process that such mistakes are realised, the more costly and time-consuming it is to correct them. Furthermore, compounds that may have made perfectly good drugs, have been dropped due to poor pharmacokinetics in animal models. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is an ultra-sensitive detection technique that can be used to quantify carbon-14. By administering very small amounts of (14)C-labelled compounds, AMS can be used to obtain human clinical data very early in the drug development process. Such studies: a) can be helpful in understanding human pharmacokinetics using microdosing; b) can provide early human metabolism information, to validate the choice of animal species used in pre-clinical safety testing and identify unique or disproportionate human metabolites during Phase 1; and c) can provide fundamental human pharmacokinetic data, including absolute bioavailability, by facilitating a scientifically optimal and cost-effective study design. The provision of these clinical insights at the earliest possible opportunity can lead to improved decision-making, and therefore can reduce the time and cost involved in the drug development process.
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Ward KW, Coon DJ, Magiera D, Bhadresa S, Struharik M, Lawrence MS. Exploration of the African green monkey as a preclinical pharmacokinetic model: oral pharmacokinetic parameters and drug–drug interactions. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:266-72. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802657718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Species Difference in Intestinal Absorption Mechanism of Etoposide and Digoxin between Cynomolgus Monkey and Rat. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2467-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Do Carmo GP, Polt R, Bilsky EJ, Rice KC, Negus SS. Behavioral pharmacology of the mu/delta opioid glycopeptide MMP2200 in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:939-48. [PMID: 18511649 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.138180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
H(2)N-Tyr-D-Thr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Ser-(O-beta-D-lactose)-CONH(2) (MMP2200) is a novel glycopeptide opioid agonist with similar affinities for mu and delta receptors. Glycosylation promoted brain penetration and production of centrally mediated behavioral effects in mice; however, it is unknown whether the magnitude of enhanced brain penetration is sufficient to permit central mediation of drug effects and production of synergistic mu/delta antinociceptive interactions after systemic administration in primates. To address this issue, the present study compared the effects of MMP2200 and the mu-agonist morphine in four behavioral procedures in rhesus monkeys. In an assay of thermal nociception, morphine (1.0-5.6 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent antinociception, whereas MMP2200 (10-56 mg/kg) was ineffective. In an assay of capsaicin-induced thermal allodynia, both morphine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) and MMP2200 (0.032-3.2 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent antiallodynic effects. MMP2200-induced antiallodynia was blocked by the moderately mu-selective antagonist naltrexone (0.01 mg/kg), the delta-selective antagonist naltrindole (1.0 mg/kg), and the peripherally selective opioid antagonist quaternary naltrexone (0.32 mg/kg). In an assay of schedule-controlled behavior, both morphine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) and MMP2200 (10-56 mg/kg) decreased response rates. Morphine effects were antagonized by naltrexone (0.001-0.01 mg/kg); however, the effects of MMP2200 were not antagonized by either naltrexone (0.01 mg/kg) or naltrindole (1.0 mg/kg). In an assay of drug self-administration, morphine (0.0032-0.32 mg/kg/injection) produced reinforcing effects, whereas MMP2200 (0.032-0.32 mg/kg/injection) did not. These results suggest that systemically administered MMP2200 acted as a peripheral, mu/delta-opioid agonist with limited distribution to the central nervous system in rhesus monkeys. These results also suggest the existence of species differences in the pharmacokinetics and brain penetration of glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Pereira Do Carmo
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
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Cheng KC, Li C, Uss AS. Prediction of oral drug absorption in humans – from cultured cell lines and experimental animals. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:581-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.5.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Komura H, Iwaki M. Species Differences in In Vitro and In Vivo Small Intestinal Metabolism of CYP3A Substrates. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:1775-800. [PMID: 17853429 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal first-pass metabolism has a great impact on the bioavailability of CYP3A substrates in humans, and the in vivo impact has quantitatively been evaluated using CYP3A inhibitors or inducers. In vitro and in vivo preclinical investigations for intestinal metabolism are essential in clarifying pharmacokinetic behavior in animal species and predicting the effect of intestinal metabolism in the human. In this review, we will discuss species differences in intestinal CYP3A enzymes, and CYP3A-mdediated intestinal elimination. Identical CYP3A4 enzyme is expressed in human intestine and liver, but different CYP3A enzymes in both tissues of the mouse and rat are found, that is, respective intestinal enzyme is considered as cyp3a13 and CYP3A62. There is little information on CYP3A enzymes in the monkey and dog intestine, unlike the liver. In vitro metabolic activities of midazolam and nisoldipine are higher in the human and monkey than in the rat. In vivo assessment of cyclosporine, midazolam, nifedipine, tacrolimus, and verapamil has been reported in various species (monkey, rat, mouse, and/or dog) including the human. For midazolam, the monkey shows significant in vivo intestinal metabolism, as evidenced in the human. The monkey might be an appropriate animal model for evaluating small intestinal first-pass metabolism of CYP3A substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Komura
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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25
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Ward KW, Coon DJ, Magiera D, Bhadresa S, Nisbett E, Lawrence MS. Exploration of the African Green Monkey as a Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Model: Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:715-20. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.019315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Huang C, Zheng M, Yang Z, Rodrigues AD, Marathe P. Projection of Exposure and Efficacious Dose Prior to First-in-Human Studies: How Successful Have We Been? Pharm Res 2007; 25:713-26. [PMID: 17899327 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preclinical and clinical data for 35 proprietary Bristol-Myers Squibb discovery compounds (years 1997 to 2005) were collected and analyzed. In each case, exposure and efficacy in human subjects were projected at the time of nomination (for development) prior to first-in-human dosing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Projections of area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) in humans involved the use of one or more methods: (1) allometric scaling of animal pharmacokinetic data; (2) clearance projection employing in vitro data (liver microsomes and hepatocytes); (3) chimpanzee as an animal model; (4) the species-invariant time method; and (5) the Css-mean residence time or "Css-MRT" method. Whenever possible, prior clinical experience with lead compounds enabled the selection of the most appropriate method(s). Multiple approaches were also available at the time of the human efficacious dose projections: (1) efficacious exposure from animal efficacy models; (2) in vitro potency; and (3) prior experience with clinical leads. RESULTS Over the 8 year period described, AUC in humans was projected within 2-fold (20 out of 35 compounds; 57%), greater than 2-fold to 4-fold (11 out of 35 compounds; 32%), and greater than 4-fold (4 out of 35 compounds; 11%) of the observed value. At the time of writing, clinical efficacy data were available for 10 compounds only. In this instance, the efficacious doses were also projected within 2-fold (7 out of 10 compounds; 70%), greater than 2-fold to 4-fold (2 out of 10 compounds; 20%), and greater than 4-fold (1 out of 10 compounds; 10%) of the actual clinical dose. CONCLUSION Overall, it was possible to project human exposure and efficacious dose within 4-fold of observed clinical values for about 90% of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Huang
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., PO Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA.
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27
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Nishimura T, Amano N, Kubo Y, Ono M, Kato Y, Fujita H, Kimura Y, Tsuji A. Asymmetric Intestinal First-Pass Metabolism Causes Minimal Oral Bioavailability of Midazolam in Cynomolgus Monkey. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1275-84. [PMID: 17470527 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.013037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral bioavailability of some drugs is substantially lower in cynomolgus monkeys than in various other species, including humans. In the present study, midazolam was used as a model drug to investigate the reason for the lower bioavailability in these monkeys. The bioavailability of midazolam after oral administration was minimal in monkeys and rats, being only 2.1 and 1.1%, respectively. In monkeys, this low bioavailability could not be explained simply in terms of a hepatic first-pass effect. To examine the roles of intestinal metabolism and transport, we evaluated apical-to-basal and basal-to-apical transport of midazolam, and the formation of metabolites in small intestinal tissues using an Ussing-type chamber. The values of mucosal extraction ratio were estimated to be 0.97, 0.93, and 0.89 during apical-to-basal transport in the upper, middle, and lower small intestine of monkeys, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for rats were close to zero, indicating that extensive metabolism of midazolam occurs, particularly in the upper region of the small intestine in monkeys, but not rats. Interestingly, formation of the metabolites was much greater during transport in the apical-to-basal direction than in the basal-to-apical direction, and this could be well explained by a mathematical model based on the assumption that extensive metabolism is associated with the uptake process of midazolam from the apical cell surface. Thus, we conclude that an asymmetric distribution of metabolic activity in the small intestine, leading to extensive metabolism during uptake from the apical cell surface, accounts for the minimal oral bioavailability of midazolam in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nishimura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Howgate EM, Rowland Yeo K, Proctor NJ, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Prediction of in vivo drug clearance from in vitro data. I: impact of inter-individual variability. Xenobiotica 2006; 36:473-97. [PMID: 16769646 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600683197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Simcyp Population-Based ADME Simulator was used to predict median drug clearances and their associated variance from in vitro data. Fifteen drugs satisfied the entry criteria for the study and the relevant information (in vitro metabolism data and in vivo human clearance values) were collated from the literature. Predicted values of median clearances fell within 2-fold of observed values for 73% of the drugs (oral route) and 78% of the drugs (intravenous route) when microsomal binding was disregarded, and for 93% (oral) and 100% (intravenous) when it was considered. Irrespective of whether microsomal binding was considered, the predicted fold variability fell within 2-fold of the observed variability for 80% (oral) and 67% (intravenous) of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Howgate
- Simcyp Ltd, Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
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Nadon NL. Of Mice and Monkeys: National Institute on Aging Resources Supporting the Use of Animal Models in Biogerontology Research. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61:813-5. [PMID: 16912097 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.8.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The preponderance of our understanding of the biological changes that occur with aging has come from studies using rodents. Rodents are a valuable model for biogerontology research because of similarities to humans in the physiology and cell biology of aging. There are, however, many differences between rodents and humans, so application of findings in rodents to human aging requires the use of a model that is closer to humans at the genetic and physiological level. In aging research, the macaque has filled this need. There are many challenges associated with using nonhuman primates in aging research, not the least of which are the limited availability of aged monkeys and the cost of using them. To facilitate this research, the National Institute on Aging has developed several resources to assist investigators and promote the use of the nonhuman primate model in aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Nadon
- Biology of Aging Program, National Institute on Aging/NIH, 7201 Wisconsin Avenue, GW 2C231, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ward KW. Recent advances in pharmacokinetic extrapolation from preclinical data to humans. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2005; 1:583-94. [PMID: 16863426 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.1.4.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The early characterisation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties of new chemical entities plays a key role in the pharmaceutical industry's effort to reduce attrition. Specifically, a major goal of early DMPK studies is to accurately predict the behaviour of new chemical entities in humans, thus allowing likely failures to be terminated rapidly and resource to be placed on molecules most likely to succeed. The present review summarises progress over the past several years in the key technologies used in the pharmaceutical industry to achieve these goals: namely, in vivo, in vitro and in silico/computational tools. The limitations of the various assays are discussed, with attention also given to likely future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Ward
- Bausch & Lomb, Global Preclinical Development, Rochester, NY 14603, USA.
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