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Loryan I, Reichel A, Feng B, Bundgaard C, Shaffer C, Kalvass C, Bednarczyk D, Morrison D, Lesuisse D, Hoppe E, Terstappen GC, Fischer H, Di L, Colclough N, Summerfield S, Buckley ST, Maurer TS, Fridén M. Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, K p,uu,brain-a Game Changing Parameter for CNS Drug Discovery and Development. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1321-1341. [PMID: 35411506 PMCID: PMC9246790 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE More than 15 years have passed since the first description of the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) by Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes, which was enabled by advancements in experimental methodologies including cerebral microdialysis. Since then, growing knowledge and data continue to support the notion that the unbound (free) concentration of a drug at the site of action, such as the brain, is the driving force for pharmacological responses. Towards this end, Kp,uu,brain is the key parameter to obtain unbound brain concentrations from unbound plasma concentrations. METHODS To understand the importance and impact of the Kp,uu,brain concept in contemporary drug discovery and development, a survey has been conducted amongst major pharmaceutical companies based in Europe and the USA. Here, we present the results from this survey which consisted of 47 questions addressing: 1) Background information of the companies, 2) Implementation, 3) Application areas, 4) Methodology, 5) Impact and 6) Future perspectives. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS From the responses, it is clear that the majority of the companies (93%) has established a common understanding across disciplines of the concept and utility of Kp,uu,brain as compared to other parameters related to brain exposure. Adoption of the Kp,uu,brain concept has been mainly driven by individual scientists advocating its application in the various companies rather than by a top-down approach. Remarkably, 79% of all responders describe the portfolio impact of Kp,uu,brain implementation in their companies as 'game-changing'. Although most companies (74%) consider the current toolbox for Kp,uu,brain assessment and its validation satisfactory for drug discovery and early development, areas of improvement and future research to better understand human brain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics translation have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Bo Feng
- DMPK, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | | | - Christopher Shaffer
- External Innovation, Research & Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cory Kalvass
- DMPK-BA, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dallas Bednarczyk
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Edmund Hoppe
- DMPK, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Holger Fischer
- Translational PK/PD and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Scott Summerfield
- Bioanalysis Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Tristan S Maurer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Fridén
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Saha D, Kharbanda A, Yan W, Lakkaniga NR, Frett B, Li HY. The Exploration of Chirality for Improved Druggability within the Human Kinome. J Med Chem 2020; 63:441-469. [PMID: 31550151 PMCID: PMC10536157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is important in drug discovery because stereoselective drugs can ameliorate therapeutic difficulties including adverse toxicity and poor pharmacokinetic profiles. The human kinome, a major druggable enzyme class has been exploited to treat a wide range of diseases. However, many kinase inhibitors are planar and overlap in chemical space, which leads to selectivity and toxicity issues. By exploring chirality within the kinome, a new iteration of kinase inhibitors is being developed to better utilize the three-dimensional nature of the kinase active site. Exploration into novel chemical space, in turn, will also improve drug solubility and pharmacokinetic profiles. This perspective explores the role of chirality to improve kinome druggability and will serve as a resource for pioneering kinase inhibitor development to address current therapeutic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Anupreet Kharbanda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Brendan Frett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
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3
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Schubert JW, Harrison ST, Mulhearn J, Gomez R, Tynebor R, Jones K, Bunda J, Hanney B, Wai JM, Cox C, McCauley JA, Sanders JM, Magliaro B, O'Brien J, Pajkovic N, Huszar Agrapides SL, Taylor A, Gotter A, Smith SM, Uslaner J, Browne S, Risso S, Egbertson M. Discovery, Optimization, and Biological Characterization of 2,3,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridine‐Containing M
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Positive Allosteric Modulators. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:943-951. [PMID: 30920765 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott T. Harrison
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - James Mulhearn
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Robert Gomez
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Robert Tynebor
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Kristen Jones
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Jaime Bunda
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Barbara Hanney
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | | | - Chris Cox
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - John A. McCauley
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - John M. Sanders
- Department of Computational and Structural ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Brian Magliaro
- Department of In Vitro PharmacologyMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Julie O'Brien
- Department of In Vitro PharmacologyMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Natasa Pajkovic
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug MetabolismMerck & Co., Inc West Point PA USA
| | | | - Anne Taylor
- Department of In Vivo PharmacologyMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Anthony Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience ResearchMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Sean M. Smith
- Department of Neuroscience ResearchMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Jason Uslaner
- Department of Neuroscience ResearchMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Susan Browne
- Department of In Vivo PharmacologyMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Stefania Risso
- Department of Neuroscience ResearchMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Melissa Egbertson
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
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4
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Sanchez RI, Fillgrove KL, Yee KL, Liang Y, Lu B, Tatavarti A, Liu R, Anderson MS, Behm MO, Fan L, Li Y, Butterton JR, Iwamoto M, Khalilieh SG. Characterisation of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and mass balance of doravirine, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in humans. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:422-432. [PMID: 29557716 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1451667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of doravirine (MK-1439), a novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, were investigated. Two clinical trials were conducted in healthy subjects: an oral single dose [14 C]doravirine (350 mg, ∼200 µCi) trial (n = 6) and an intravenous (IV) single-dose doravirine (100 µg) trial (n = 12). In vitro metabolism, protein binding, apparent permeability and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport studies were conducted to complement the clinical trials. Following oral [14 C]doravirine administration, all of the administered dose was recovered. The absorbed dose was eliminated primarily via metabolism. An oxidative metabolite (M9) was the predominant metabolite in excreta and was the primary circulating metabolite (12.9% of circulating radioactivity). Following IV administration, doravirine clearance and volume of distribution were 3.73 L/h (95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.09, 4.49) and 60.5 L (95% CI 53.7, 68.4), respectively. In vitro, doravirine is not highly bound to plasma proteins (unbound fraction 0.24) and has good passive permeability. The metabolite M9 was generated by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A)4/5-mediated oxidation. Doravirine was a P-gp substrate but P-gp efflux is not expected to play a significant role in limiting doravirine absorption or to be involved in the elimination of doravirine. In conclusion, doravirine is a low clearance drug, primarily eliminated by CYP3A-mediated metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ka Lai Yee
- a Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | | | - Bing Lu
- a Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Li Fan
- a Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Yun Li
- a Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
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5
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Yin L, Li H, Liu W, Yao Z, Cheng Z, Zhang H, Zou H. A highly potent CDK4/6 inhibitor was rationally designed to overcome blood brain barrier in gliobastoma therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:1-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Daublain P, Feng KI, Altman MD, Martin I, Mukherjee S, Nofsinger R, Northrup AB, Tschirret-Guth R, Cartwright M, McGregor C. Analyzing the Potential Root Causes of Variability of Pharmacokinetics in Preclinical Species. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1634-1645. [PMID: 28329443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to assess variability in pharmacokinetic profiles (PK variability) in preclinical species and identify the risk factors associated with the properties of a drug molecule that contribute to the variability. Exposure data in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey for a total of 16,592 research compounds studied between 1999 and 2013 were included in the analysis. Both in vivo study parameters and in silico/experimental physicochemical properties of the molecules were analyzed. Areas under the plasma concentration vs time curves (AUC) were used to assess PK variability. PK variability was calculated as the ratio of the highest AUC within a defined set of AUC values (AUCmax) over the lowest AUC within that set (AUCmin). Both intra- and inter-animal variability were analyzed, with intra-animal exposures found to be more variable than inter-animal exposures. While several routes of administration were initially studied, the analysis was focused on the oral route, which corresponds to the large majority of data points and displays higher variability than the subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous routes. The association between inter-animal PK variability and physical properties was studied, and low solubility, high administered dose, high preclinical dose number (PDo), and pH-dependent solubility were found to be associated with high variability in exposures. Permeability-as assessed by the measured permeability coefficient in the LLC-PK1 cell line-was also considered but appeared to only have a weak association with variability. Consistent with these findings, BCS class I and III compounds were found to be less prone to PK variability than BCS class II and IV compounds. A modest association of PK variability with clearance was observed while the association with bioavailability, a higher PK variability for compounds with lower bioavailability, appeared to be more pronounced. Finally, two case studies that highlight PK variability issues are described, and successful mitigation strategies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Daublain
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kung-I Feng
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael D Altman
- Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Iain Martin
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Suman Mukherjee
- Biochemical Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Rebecca Nofsinger
- Biopharmaceutics & Specialty Dosage Forms, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Alan B Northrup
- Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard Tschirret-Guth
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark Cartwright
- Drug Safety, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Caroline McGregor
- Analytical Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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7
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Scott JD, DeMong DE, Greshock TJ, Basu K, Dai X, Harris J, Hruza A, Li SW, Lin SI, Liu H, Macala MK, Hu Z, Mei H, Zhang H, Walsh P, Poirier M, Shi ZC, Xiao L, Agnihotri G, Baptista MAS, Columbus J, Fell MJ, Hyde LA, Kuvelkar R, Lin Y, Mirescu C, Morrow JA, Yin Z, Zhang X, Zhou X, Chang RK, Embrey MW, Sanders JM, Tiscia HE, Drolet RE, Kern JT, Sur SM, Renger JJ, Bilodeau MT, Kennedy ME, Parker EM, Stamford AW, Nargund R, McCauley JA, Miller MW. Discovery of a 3-(4-Pyrimidinyl) Indazole (MLi-2), an Orally Available and Selective Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitor that Reduces Brain Kinase Activity. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2983-2992. [PMID: 28245354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large, multidomain protein which contains a kinase domain and GTPase domain among other regions. Individuals possessing gain of function mutations in the kinase domain such as the most prevalent G2019S mutation have been associated with an increased risk for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Given this genetic validation for inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity as a potential means of affecting disease progression, our team set out to develop LRRK2 inhibitors to test this hypothesis. A high throughput screen of our compound collection afforded a number of promising indazole leads which were truncated in order to identify a minimum pharmacophore. Further optimization of these indazoles led to the development of MLi-2 (1): a potent, highly selective, orally available, brain-penetrant inhibitor of LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Scott
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Duane E DeMong
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Thomas J Greshock
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kallol Basu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xing Dai
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joel Harris
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alan Hruza
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sarah W Li
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sue-Ing Lin
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Megan K Macala
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hong Mei
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Honglu Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Paul Walsh
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marc Poirier
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhi-Cai Shi
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gautam Agnihotri
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Marco A S Baptista
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Columbus
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lynn A Hyde
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reshma Kuvelkar
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yinghui Lin
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christian Mirescu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John A Morrow
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhizhang Yin
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ronald K Chang
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark W Embrey
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John M Sanders
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Heather E Tiscia
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Robert E Drolet
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jonathan T Kern
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sylvie M Sur
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John J Renger
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark T Bilodeau
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eric M Parker
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew W Stamford
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi Nargund
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John A McCauley
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael W Miller
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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8
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Guo L, Parker DL, Zang Y, Sweis RF, Liu W, Sherer EC, Buist N, Terebetski J, Kelly T, Bugianesi R, Priest BT, Dingley KH, Li X, Mitelman S, Salituro G, Trujillo ME, Pachanski M, Kirkland M, Powles MA, Eiermann GJ, Feng Y, Shang J, Howard AD, Ujjainwalla F, Sinz CJ, Debenham JS, Edmondson SD, Nargund RP, Hagmann WK, Li D. Discovery and Optimization of a Novel Triazole Series of GPR142 Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1107-1111. [PMID: 27994747 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR142 has been identified as a potential glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A class of triazole GPR142 agonists was discovered through a high throughput screen. The lead compound 4 suffered from poor metabolic stability and poor solubility. Lead optimization strategies to improve potency, efficacy, metabolic stability, and solubility are described. This optimization led to compound 20e, which showed significant reduction of glucose excursion in wild-type but not in GPR142 deficient mice in an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) study. These studies provide strong evidence that reduction of glucose excursion through treatment with 20e is GPR142-mediated, and GPR142 agonists could be used as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqin Guo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dann L. Parker
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yi Zang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ramzi F. Sweis
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Edward C. Sherer
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicole Buist
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jenna Terebetski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Terri Kelly
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Randal Bugianesi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Birgit T. Priest
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karen H. Dingley
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stan Mitelman
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Maria E. Trujillo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michele Pachanski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Melissa Kirkland
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mary Ann Powles
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - George J. Eiermann
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yue Feng
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jin Shang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew D. Howard
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feroze Ujjainwalla
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christopher J. Sinz
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John S. Debenham
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Scott D. Edmondson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - William K. Hagmann
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Derun Li
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Pharmacokenetics Pharmacodynamics Drug Metabolism, ∥Diabetes Research, and #Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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9
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Kennedy ME, Stamford AW, Chen X, Cox K, Cumming JN, Dockendorf MF, Egan M, Ereshefsky L, Hodgson RA, Hyde LA, Jhee S, Kleijn HJ, Kuvelkar R, Li W, Mattson BA, Mei H, Palcza J, Scott JD, Tanen M, Troyer MD, Tseng JL, Stone JA, Parker EM, Forman MS. The BACE1 inhibitor verubecestat (MK-8931) reduces CNS -amyloid in animal models and in Alzheimers disease patients. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:363ra150. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Heffron
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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11
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Mandal M, Wu Y, Misiaszek J, Li G, Buevich A, Caldwell JP, Liu X, Mazzola RD, Orth P, Strickland C, Voigt J, Wang H, Zhu Z, Chen X, Grzelak M, Hyde LA, Kuvelkar R, Leach PT, Terracina G, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Michener MS, Smith B, Cox K, Grotz D, Favreau L, Mitra K, Kazakevich I, McKittrick BA, Greenlee W, Kennedy ME, Parker EM, Cumming JN, Stamford AW. Structure-Based Design of an Iminoheterocyclic β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme (BACE) Inhibitor that Lowers Central Aβ in Nonhuman Primates. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3231-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihirbaran Mandal
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jeffrey Misiaszek
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John P. Caldwell
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert D. Mazzola
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Peter Orth
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Corey Strickland
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Grzelak
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn A. Hyde
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reshma Kuvelkar
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Prescott T. Leach
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria S. Michener
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brad Smith
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Cox
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Diane Grotz
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Leonard Favreau
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Irina Kazakevich
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian A. McKittrick
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jared N. Cumming
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew W. Stamford
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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12
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Cui D, Cabalu T, Yee KL, Small J, Li X, Liu B, Maciolek C, Smith S, Liu W, McCrea JB, Prueksaritanont T. In vitro and in vivo characterisation of the metabolism and disposition of suvorexant in humans. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:882-95. [PMID: 26864332 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1129565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Suvorexant (MK-4305, Belsomra®) is a first-in-class dual orexin receptor antagonist approved in the USA and Japan for the treatment of insomnia. The current studies describe suvorexant's absorption, disposition and potential for CYP-mediated drug interactions in humans. 2. Following single oral administration of [(14)C]suvorexant to healthy human subjects, 90% of the radioactivity was recovered (66% in faeces, 23% in urine), primarily as oxidative metabolites. 3. In plasma, suvorexant and M9 were predominant, accounting for 30 and 37% of the total radioactivity, respectively. Metabolite M17 became more prominent (approaching 10%) following multiple daily doses of unlabelled suvorexant. M9 and M17 are not expected to contribute to the pharmacological activity of suvorexant due to reduced orexin receptor binding affinity and limited brain penetration. 4. CYP3A was determined to be the predominant enzyme mediating suvorexant oxidation. In vitro, suvorexant demonstrated reversible inhibition of CYP3A4 and 2C19 (IC50 ∼ 4-5 μM), and weak time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 (KI = 12 μM, kinact = 0.14 min(-1)). Suvorexant was also a weak inducer of CYP3A4, 1A2 and 2B6. Given the low plasma concentrations at clinical doses, suvorexant was not anticipated to cause significant drug interactions via inhibition and/or induction of major CYPs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Cui
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co, Inc , West Point , PA , USA
| | - Tamara Cabalu
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co, Inc , West Point , PA , USA
| | - Ka Lai Yee
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co, Inc , West Point , PA , USA
| | - James Small
- b Structure Elucidation NMR Group, Process Chemistry, Merck & Co, Inc , West Point , PA , USA
| | - Xiaodong Li
- c Bristol-Myers Squibb, Full Development Statistics, Global Biometrics Science , Hopewell , NJ , USA , and
| | - Bo Liu
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co, Inc , West Point , PA , USA
| | - Cheri Maciolek
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co, Inc , West Point , PA , USA
| | - Sheri Smith
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co, Inc , West Point , PA , USA
| | - Wen Liu
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co, Inc , West Point , PA , USA
| | - Jacqueline B McCrea
- d Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (CPET) , Merck & Co, Inc , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Thomayant Prueksaritanont
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co, Inc , West Point , PA , USA
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13
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McElroy WT, Tan Z, Ho G, Paliwal S, Li G, Seganish WM, Tulshian D, Tata J, Fischmann TO, Sondey C, Bian H, Bober L, Jackson J, Garlisi CG, Devito K, Fossetta J, Lundell D, Niu X. Potent and Selective Amidopyrazole Inhibitors of IRAK4 That Are Efficacious in a Rodent Model of Inflammation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:677-82. [PMID: 26101573 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
IRAK4 is a critical upstream kinase in the IL-1R/TLR signaling pathway. Inhibition of IRAK4 is hypothesized to be beneficial in the treatment of autoimmune related disorders. A screening campaign identified a pyrazole class of IRAK4 inhibitors that were determined by X-ray crystallography to exhibit an unusual binding mode. SAR efforts focused on the identification of a potent and selective inhibitor with good aqueous solubility and rodent pharmacokinetics. Pyrazole C-3 piperidines were well tolerated, with N-sulfonyl analogues generally having good rodent oral exposure but poor solubility. N-Alkyl piperidines exhibited excellent solubility and reduced exposure. Pyrazoles possessing N-1 pyridine and fluorophenyl substituents were among the most active. Piperazine 32 was a potent enzyme inhibitor with good cellular activity. Compound 32 reduced the in vivo production of proinflammatory cytokines and was orally efficacious in a mouse antibody induced arthritis disease model of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. McElroy
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zheng Tan
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ginny Ho
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sunil Paliwal
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guoqing Li
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - W. Michael Seganish
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Deen Tulshian
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James Tata
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thierry O. Fischmann
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christopher Sondey
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hong Bian
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Loretta Bober
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James Jackson
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Charles G. Garlisi
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kristine Devito
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James Fossetta
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniel Lundell
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoda Niu
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Chemistry, §In Vitro Pharmacology, and ∥Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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14
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Construction of P-glycoprotein incorporated tethered lipid bilayer membranes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 2:115-122. [PMID: 29124152 PMCID: PMC5668657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate drug–membrane protein interactions, an artificial tethered lipid bilayer system was constructed for the functional integration of membrane proteins with large extra-membrane domains such as multi-drug resistance protein 1 (MDR1). In this study, a modified lipid (i.e., 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG)) was utilized as a spacer molecule to elevate lipid membrane from the sensor surface and generate a reservoir underneath. Concentration of DSPE-PEG molecule significantly affected the liposome binding/spreading and lipid bilayer formation, and 0.03 mg/mL of DSPE-PEG provided optimum conditions for membrane protein integration. Further, the incorporation of MDR1 increased the local rigidity on the platform. Antibody binding studies showed the functional integration of MDR1 protein into lipid bilayer platform. The platform allowed to follow MDR!-statin-based drug interactions in vitro. Each binding event and lipid bilayer formation was monitored in real-time using Surface Plasmon Resonance and Quartz Crystal Microbalance–Dissipation systems, and Atomic Force Microscopy was used for visualization experiments. An artificial lipid bilayer system for large integral membrane proteins. Multi-drug resistance protein embedded in lipid bilayers was used as a model system. Interaction between pravastatin and a membrane protein was examined in vitro system. Characterization by surface sensitive methods such as SPR, QCM, liqAFM.
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15
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Shah SK, He S, Guo L, Truong Q, Qi H, Du W, Lai Z, Liu J, Jian T, Hong Q, Dobbelaar P, Ye Z, Sherer E, Feng Z, Yu Y, Wong F, Samuel K, Madiera M, Karanam BV, Reddy VB, Mitelman S, Tong SX, Chicchi GG, Tsao KL, Trusca D, Feng Y, Wu M, Shao Q, Trujillo ME, Eiermann GJ, Li C, Pachanski M, Fernandez G, Nelson D, Bunting P, Morissette P, Volksdorf S, Kerr J, Zhang BB, Howard AD, Zhou YP, Pasternak A, Nargund RP, Hagmann WK. Discovery of MK-1421, a Potent, Selective sstr3 Antagonist, as a Development Candidate for Type 2 Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:513-7. [PMID: 26005524 PMCID: PMC4434471 DOI: 10.1021/ml500514w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
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The imidazolyl-tetrahydro-β-carboline
class of sstr3 antagonists
have demonstrated efficacy in a murine model of glucose excursion
and may have potential as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. The first
candidate in this class caused unacceptable QTc interval prolongation
in oral, telemetrized cardiovascular (CV) dogs. Herein, we describe
our efforts to identify an acceptable candidate without CV effects.
These efforts resulted in the identification of (1R,3R)-3-(4-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-(1-ethyl-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3H-2-one-5-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline
(17e, MK-1421).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guillermo Fernandez
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Donald Nelson
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Patricia Bunting
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Pierre Morissette
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sylvia Volksdorf
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Janet Kerr
- Department
of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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16
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Johnson TW, Richardson PF, Bailey S, Brooun A, Burke BJ, Collins MR, Cui JJ, Deal JG, Deng YL, Dinh D, Engstrom LD, He M, Hoffman J, Hoffman RL, Huang Q, Kania RS, Kath JC, Lam H, Lam JL, Le PT, Lingardo L, Liu W, McTigue M, Palmer CL, Sach NW, Smeal T, Smith GL, Stewart AE, Timofeevski S, Zhu H, Zhu J, Zou HY, Edwards MP. Discovery of (10R)-7-Amino-12-fluoro-2,10,16-trimethyl-15-oxo-10,15,16,17-tetrahydro-2H-8,4-(metheno)pyrazolo[4,3-h][2,5,11]-benzoxadiazacyclotetradecine-3-carbonitrile (PF-06463922), a Macrocyclic Inhibitor of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) and c-ros Oncogene 1 (ROS1) with Preclinical Brain Exposure and Broad-Spectrum Potency against ALK-Resistant Mutations. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4720-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500261q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ted W. Johnson
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul F. Richardson
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Simon Bailey
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alexei Brooun
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Burke
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael R. Collins
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - J. Jean Cui
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Judith G. Deal
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ya-Li Deng
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dac Dinh
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lars D. Engstrom
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mingying He
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacqui Hoffman
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert L. Hoffman
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Qinhua Huang
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert S. Kania
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John C. Kath
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hieu Lam
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Justine L. Lam
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Phuong T. Le
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Laura Lingardo
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michele McTigue
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Cynthia L. Palmer
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Neal W. Sach
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tod Smeal
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Graham L. Smith
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Albert E. Stewart
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sergei Timofeevski
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Huichun Zhu
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jinjiang Zhu
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Helen Y. Zou
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Martin P. Edwards
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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17
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Design of prodrugs to enhance colonic absorption by increasing lipophilicity and blocking ionization. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:207-19. [PMID: 24566521 PMCID: PMC3942693 DOI: 10.3390/ph7020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are chemistry-enabled drug delivery modifications of active molecules designed to enhance their pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and/or biopharmaceutical properties. Ideally, prodrugs are efficiently converted in vivo, through chemical or enzymatic transformations, to the active parent molecule. The goal of this work is to enhance the colonic absorption of a drug molecule with a short half-life via a prodrug approach to deliver sustained plasma exposure and enable once daily (QD) dosing. The compound has poor absorption in the colon and by the addition of a promoiety to block the ionization of the molecule as well as increase lipophilicity, the relative colonic absorption increased from 9% to 40% in the retrograde dog colonic model. A combination of acceptable solubility and stability in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) as well as permeability was used to select suitable prodrugs to optimize colonic absorption.
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18
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Caruso A, Alvarez-Sánchez R, Hillebrecht A, Poirier A, Schuler F, Lavé T, Funk C, Belli S. PK/PD assessment in CNS drug discovery: Prediction of CSF concentration in rodents for P-glycoprotein substrates and application to in vivo potency estimation. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1684-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Discovery of selective biaryl ethers as PDE10A inhibitors: improvement in potency and mitigation of Pgp-mediated efflux. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7371-5. [PMID: 23149228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a novel series of biaryl ethers as potent and selective PDE10A inhibitors. Structure-activity studies improved the potency and decreased Pgp-mediated efflux found in the initial compound 4. X-ray crystallographic studies revealed two novel binding modes to the catalytic site of the PDE10A enzyme.
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20
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Graham TH, Shen HC, Liu W, Xiong Y, Verras A, Bleasby K, Bhatt UR, Chabin RM, Chen D, Chen Q, Garcia-Calvo M, Geissler WM, He H, Lassman ME, Shen Z, Tong X, Tung EC, Xie D, Xu S, Colletti SL, Tata JR, Hale JJ, Pinto S, Shen DM. The discovery of non-benzimidazole and brain-penetrant prolylcarboxypeptidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:658-65. [PMID: 22079761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors with nanomolar IC(50) values were prepared by replacing the previously described dichlorobenzimidazole-substituted pyrrolidine amides with a variety of substituted benzylamine amides. In contrast to prior series, the compounds demonstrated minimal inhibition shift in whole serum and minimal recognition by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporters. The compounds were also cell permeable and demonstrated in vivo brain exposure. The in vivo effect of compound (S)-6e on weight loss in an established diet-induced obesity (eDIO) mouse model was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Graham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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21
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Lévesque JF, Bleasby K, Chefson A, Chen A, Dubé D, Ducharme Y, Fournier PA, Gagné S, Gallant M, Grimm E, Hafey M, Han Y, Houle R, Lacombe P, Laliberté S, MacDonald D, Mackay B, Papp R, Tschirret-Guth R. Impact of passive permeability and gut efflux transport on the oral bioavailability of novel series of piperidine-based renin inhibitors in rodents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5547-51. [PMID: 21784634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An oral bioavailability issue encountered during the course of lead optimization in the renin program is described herein. The low F(po) of pyridone analogs was shown to be caused by a combination of poor passive permeability and gut efflux transport. Substitution of pyridone ring for a more lipophilic moiety (logD>1.7) had minimal effect on rMdr1a transport but led to increased passive permeability (P(app)>10 × 10(-6) cm/s), which contributed to overwhelm gut transporters and increase rat F(po). LogD and in vitro passive permeability determination were found to be key in guiding SAR and improve oral exposure of renin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lévesque
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Québec, Canada H9H 3L1.
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22
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Wager TT, Villalobos A, Verhoest PR, Hou X, Shaffer CL. Strategies to optimize the brain availability of central nervous system drug candidates. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:371-81. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.564158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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Curran RE, Claxton CRJ, Hutchison L, Harradine PJ, Martin IJ, Littlewood P. Control and Measurement of Plasma pH in Equilibrium Dialysis: Influence on Drug Plasma Protein Binding. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:551-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.036988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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24
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Tang C, Kuo Y, Pudvah NT, Ellis JD, Michener MS, Egbertson M, Graham SL, Cook JJ, Hochman JH, Prueksaritanont T. Effect of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations in rhesus monkeys. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:642-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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