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Characterization of Pharmacokinetics in the Göttingen Minipig with Reference Human Drugs: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2565-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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2
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Safety and efficacy of secondary alicyclic saturated and unsaturated alcohols, ketones, ketals and esters with ketals containing alicyclic alcohols or ketones and esters containing secondary alicyclic alcohols from chemical group 8 when used as flavourings for all animal species. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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3
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Safety and efficacy of eight compounds belonging to chemical group 31 (aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons) when used as flavourings for all animal species and categories. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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4
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Jones R, Marschmann M, Keller M, Qiu NH, Fowler S, Singer T, Schuler F, Funk C, Schadt S. Shedding light on minipig drug metabolism - elevated amide hydrolysis in vitro. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:483-94. [PMID: 26405846 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1089452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. In recent years, the minipig is increasingly used as a test species in non-clinical assessment of drug candidates. While there is good scientific evidence available concerning cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism in minipig, the knowledge of other metabolic pathways is more limited. 2. The aim of this study was to provide an understanding of when, why, and how drug metabolism in minipig differs from other species commonly used in non-clinical studies. In-house cross-species metabolite profile comparisons in hepatocytes and microsomes of 38 Roche development compounds were retrospectively analyzed to compare the metabolism among minipig, human, rat, dog, monkey, rabbit and mouse. 3. A significant contributor to the elevated metabolism observed for certain compounds in minipig was identified as amide hydrolysis. The hepatic amide hydrolysis activity in minipig was further investigated in subcellular liver fractions and a structure-activity relationship was established. When structural motifs according to the established SAR are excluded, coverage of major human metabolic pathways was shown to be higher in minipig than in dog, and only slightly lower than in cynomolgus monkey. 4. A strategy is presented for early identification of drug compounds which might not be suited to further investigation in minipig due to excessive hydrolytic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Jones
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel , Switzerland and
| | - Michaela Marschmann
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel , Switzerland and
| | - Michael Keller
- b Institut fuer Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Na Hong Qiu
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel , Switzerland and
| | - Stephen Fowler
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel , Switzerland and
| | - Thomas Singer
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel , Switzerland and
| | - Franz Schuler
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel , Switzerland and
| | - Christoph Funk
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel , Switzerland and
| | - Simone Schadt
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel , Switzerland and
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5
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (chemical group 31) when used as flavourings for all animal species. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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6
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A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of the Minipig: Data Compilation and Model Implementation. Pharm Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Zhang H, Prisinzano TE, Donovan MD. Permeation and metabolism of cocaine in the nasal mucosa. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 37:255-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-012-0085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Kuper CF, Ernst H, van Oostrum LCM, Rittinghausen S, Penninks AH, Ganderup NC, Wolterbeek APM. Nasal passages of Göttingen minipigs from the neonatal period to young adult. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:656-66. [PMID: 22301951 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311436175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological examination of the nasal passages requires a standardized approach for recording lesion distribution patterns. Nasal diagrams provide guidance to map the lesions. Information on lesions exists for rodents, dogs, and monkeys, which all have been used in inhalation studies. Recently, minipigs have garnered interest as an inhalation model because minipigs resemble humans in many features of anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry and may be a good alternative to monkeys and dogs. The present work explored the microanatomy and histology of the nasal passages of Göttingen minipigs from postnatal day 1 until 6 months of age. Six nasal levels were selected, which allow examination of the squamous, transitional (nonciliated) and ciliated respiratory, and olfactory epithelia; the nasopharynx; and relevant structures such as the vomeronasal organ, olfactory bulb, and nasal/nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Frieke Kuper
- TNO Research Group Quality and Safety, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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9
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Liu ZY, Dai MH, Tao YF, Chen DM, Yuan ZH. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2A participating in coumarin 7-hydroxylation in pig liver microsomes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:424-9. [PMID: 21244437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Five commonly used human cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors were examined for their effects on coumarin 7-hydroxylase (CYP2A) activity in pig liver microsomes. The K(m) and V(max) values for coumarin 7-hydroxylation in pig liver microsomes were estimated to be 1 μm and 0.26 nmol·mg/min, respectively. The following human CYP inhibitors caused little or no inhibition of CYP2A as defined by a K(i) > 200 μm: quinidine (CYP2D6), troleandomycin (CYP3A4), and sulfaphenazole (CYP2C9). The other two human CYP inhibitors were classified as strong inhibitors of CYP2A: 8-methoxypsoralen (CYP2A6) and α-naphthoflavone (CYP1A1/2). In the absence of a preincubation period, 8-MOP inhibited the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin with a K(i) value of 1.1 μm, which decreased to 0.1 μm when 8-MOP was preincubated with pig liver microsomes for 3 min. α-Naphthoflavone inhibited the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin with a K(i) value of 32 μm, which did not increase ability to inhibitor CYP2A when α-naphthoflavone was preincubated with pig liver microsomes for 3 min. These results of this study suggest that 8-MOP is a potent, mechanism-based inhibitor of pig CYP2A activity in pig liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MAO Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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10
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Bode G, Clausing P, Gervais F, Loegsted J, Luft J, Nogues V, Sims J. The utility of the minipig as an animal model in regulatory toxicology. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 62:196-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Messina A, Nannelli A, Fiorio R, Longo V, Gervasi PG. Expression and inducibility of CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1 by beta-naphthoflavone and CYP2B22, 3A22, 3A29, 3A46 by rifampicin in the respiratory and olfactory mucosa of pig. Toxicology 2009; 260:47-52. [PMID: 19464568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence and inducibility of specific CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2B22, 3A22, 3A29 and 3A46) and the related transcriptional factors (AhR, CAR, PXR, and HNF4alpha) were investigated, at activity and/or transcriptional level, in liver, respiratory and olfactory mucosa of control and beta-naphthoflavone (betaNF)-treated pigs an agonist of AhR, or rifampicin (RIF), an agonist of PXR. Experiments with real-time PCR showed that CYP1A1 mRNA was enhanced by betaNF, although at different extent, in liver, respiratory and olfactory tissues, whereas mRNAs of CYP1A2 and 1B1 were increased only in liver. Accordingly, in microsomes of both nasal tissues, the transcriptional activation of CYP1A1 was accompanied by an induction of ethoxyresorufin deethylase activity (a marker of this isoform) but not of methoxyresorufin demethylase activity (a marker of CYP1A2). The rifampicin treatment resulted in a transcriptional activation of CYP2B22 and CYP3As genes in liver but not in respiratory and olfactory mucosa. In parallel, the marker activity of CYP2B (ethoxy 4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin deethylase) and CYP3As (6beta-testosterone hydroxylase and benzyloxyquinoline debenzylase) were induced in liver microsomes but not in the nasal ones. Considering the transcriptional factors, the basal expression of AhR mRNA was found to be as high in liver as in both nasal tissues but not susceptible to induction by betaNF. Also PXR mRNA was found, aside liver, well expressed in the nasal tissues, whereas CAR and HNF4alpha mRNAs were barely detected. In any case, these transcripts appeared to be enhanced by RIF treatment. Our results demonstrated that in the respiratory and olfactory mucosa of pig, although the presence of AhR, only CYP1A1, but not 1A2 and 1B1 resulted to be inducible by betaNF. Similarly, it was observed that in these nasal tissues, although the presence of PXR, neither CYP2B22 nor any CYP3A resulted to be inducible by RIF. Thus, the regulation mechanism of CYP1A2, 1B1, 2B22, 3A22, 3A29, and 3A46, in the nasal mucosa involves tissue-enriched transcriptional factors others than AhR, CAR, PXR, and HNF4alpha, which are fundamental in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Messina
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica CNR, Area della Ricerca CNR, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Boiani M, Merlino A, Gerpe A, Porcal W, Croce F, Depaula S, Rodríguez M, Cerecetto H, González M. o-Nitroanilines as major metabolic products of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi5-phenylethenylbenzofuroxans in microsomal and cytosolic fractions of rat hepatocytes and in whole parasitic cells. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:236-48. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802691535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Messina A, Chirulli V, Gervasi PG, Longo V. Purification, molecular cloning, heterologous expression and characterization of pig CYP1A2. Xenobiotica 2009; 38:1453-70. [PMID: 18949657 DOI: 10.1080/00498250802474437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the hepatic microsomes of beta-naphthoflavone-treated male pigs. In a reconstituted system, this enzyme showed a good catalytic activity towards caffeine, acetanilide, and methoxyresorufin, all known markers of mammalian CYP1A2. Using 3'- and 5'-rapid amplification of coding DNA (cDNA) ends (RACE), we amplified from the liver RNA of control pigs a full-length 1827 bp cDNA containing an open reading frame of 1548 bp which encoded a putative CYP1A2 protein of 516 amino acids and an estimated Mr of 58 380 Da. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) experiments showed that the messenger RNA (mRNA) of CYP1A2 was expressed in liver, heart and nasal mucosa but not in lung, small intestine, kidney and brain. Using the pCW vector containing a N-terminal modified cDNA, pig CYP1A2 was expressed in Escherichia coli. 3-[(3-Chloroamidopropyl)dimethylmmonio]-1-propane-sulfonate (CHAPS)-solubilized E. coli preparations expressing CYP1A2 produced a functionally isoform which, in a reconstituted system, was catalytically active toward ethoxyresorufin and methoxyresorufin showing K(m)'s similar to those obtained with CYP1A2 purified from pig liver or human recombinant CYP1A2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that domestic pigs have a functionally active CYP1A2 gene well expressed in the liver with biochemical properties quite similar to those corresponding to the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Messina
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Area della Ricerca CNR, Pisa, Italy
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14
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Nannelli A, Chirulli V, Longo V, Gervasi PG. Expression and induction by rifampicin of CAR- and PXR-regulated CYP2B and CYP3A in liver, kidney and airways of pig. Toxicology 2008; 252:105-12. [PMID: 18786598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcript levels of CYP2B22, 3A22, 3A29, 3A46, CAR, PXR and HNF4alpha were investigated in liver, kidney and airways from control and rifampicin-treated male pigs. The presence and induction of CYP genes transcription were studied by RT-PCR, real-time PCR, Western blotting and enzymatic activity whereas the expression of receptors was studied by RT-PCR or real-time PCR. Pretreatment with rifampicin resulted in a transcriptional activation, although to different extents, of all the CYP3A genes in liver but not in kidney, lung, bronchi or trachea. In the hepatic microsomes, the induction of CYP3A genes was accompanied by an increase of CYP3As marker activities and of two protein bands immunoreactive with anti-human CYP3A4. The CYP2B22 transcript was found to be markedly induced only in liver and kidney. In parallel, a protein band immunoreactive with anti-rat CYP2B1 was elevated while enhanced CYP2B marker activities were observed in hepatic and renal microsomes. As expected, based on human data, the basal expression of CAR, PXR and HNF4alpha was found to be high in liver and low in airways and not susceptible to induction by rifampicin. A significant expression of these transcriptional factors was also demonstrated in kidney. Thus, it is likely that rifampicin induced CYP2B22 both in liver and kidney of pig, not via activation of CAR, but via PXR, through a cross-talk mechanism, as previously observed in human liver. Taken together, our results demonstrated a differential expression and regulation of three individual CYP3As, CYP2B22, CAR, PXR and HNF4alpha genes in liver, kidney and airways of pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Nannelli
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, CNR, Area della Ricerca CNR, via Moruzzi, 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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15
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Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Gerry Brooks and epoxide hydrolases: four decades to a pharmaceutical. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:594-609. [PMID: 18383502 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The pioneering work of Gerry Brooks on cyclodiene insecticides led to the discovery of a class of enzymes known as epoxide hydrolases. The results from four decades of work confirm Brooks' first observations that the microsomal epoxide hydrolase is important in foreign compound metabolism. Brooks and associates went on to be the first to carry out a systematic study of the inhibition of this enzyme. A second role for this enzyme family was in the degradation of insect juvenile hormone (JH). JH epoxide hydrolases have now been cloned and expressed from several species, and there is interest in developing inhibitors for them. Interestingly, the distantly related mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase has emerged as a promising pharmacological target for treating hypertension, inflammatory disease and pain. Tight-binding transition-state inhibitors were developed with good ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion). These compounds stabilize endogenous epoxides of fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, which have profound therapeutic effects. Now EHs from microorganisms and plants are used in green chemistry. From his seminal work, Dr Brooks opened the field of epoxide hydrolase research in many directions including xenobiotic metabolism, insect physiology and human health, as well as asymmetric organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and UCD, Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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16
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Klimmeck D, Mayer U, Ungerer N, Warnken U, Schnölzer M, Frings S, Möhrlen F. Calcium-signaling networks in olfactory receptor neurons. Neuroscience 2007; 151:901-12. [PMID: 18155848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory neuroepithelium represents a unique interface between the brain and the external environment. Olfactory function comprises a distinct set of molecular tasks: sensory signal transduction, cytoprotection and adult neurogenesis. A multitude of biochemical studies has revealed the central role of Ca(2+) signaling in the function of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). We set out to establish Ca(2+)-dependent signaling networks in ORN cilia by proteomic analysis. We subjected a ciliary membrane preparation to Ca(2+)/calmodulin-affinity chromatography using mild detergent conditions in order to maintain functional protein complexes involved in olfactory Ca(2+) signaling. Thus, calmodulin serves as a valuable tool to gain access to novel Ca(2+)-regulated protein complexes. Tandem mass spectrometry (nanoscale liquid-chromatography-electrospray injection) identified 123 distinct proteins. Ninety-seven proteins (79%) could be assigned to specific olfactory functions, including 32 to sensory signal transduction and 40 to cytoprotection. We point out novel perspectives for research on the Ca(2+)-signaling networks in the olfactory system of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Klimmeck
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Tydén E, Olsén L, Tallkvist J, Tjälve H, Larsson P. Cytochrome P450 3A, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5 in the upper airways in horse. Res Vet Sci 2007; 85:80-5. [PMID: 17980394 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene and protein expression as well as catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A were studied in the nasal olfactory and respiratory mucosa and the tracheal mucosa of the horse. We also examined the activity of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH P450 reductase), the amount of cytochrome b(5) and the total CYP content in these tissues. Comparative values for the above were obtained using liver as a control. The CYP3A related catalytic activity in the tissues of the upper airways was considerably higher than in the liver. The CYP3A gene and protein expression, on the other hand, was higher in the liver than in the upper airway tissues. Thus, the pattern of CYP3A metabolic activity does not correlate with the CYP3A gene and protein expression. Our results showed that the activity of NADPH P450 reductase and the level of cytochrome b(5) in the relation to the gene and protein expression of CYP3A were higher in the tissues of the upper airways than in the liver. It is concluded that CYP3A related metabolism in horse is not solely dependent on the expression of the enzyme but also on adequate levels of NADPH P450 reductase and cytochrome b(5).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tydén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, Uppsala, S-750 07, Sweden.
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Chirulli V, Marvasi L, Zaghini A, Fiorio R, Longo V, Gervasi PG. Inducibility of AhR-regulated CYP genes by β-naphthoflavone in the liver, lung, kidney and heart of the pig. Toxicology 2007; 240:25-37. [PMID: 17804143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence and inducibility of CYP enzymes belonging to the family 1 (CYP 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1) and AhR have been studied in liver, lung, kidney and heart of control and beta-naphthoflavone (beta NF)-treated pigs. Segments of so far undescribed genes for porcine CYP 1A2, 1B1 and AhR were identified by RT-PCR and their sequences found to be highly homologous to those of the corresponding human genes. The mRNA level of CYP 1A1 was induced by beta NF, although to a different extent, in liver, lung, kidney and heart. This transcriptional activation of CYP 1A1 was accompanied in microsomes of all these organs by an induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase activity (a marker of this isoform) and an increase in a protein band immunoreactive with anti-rat CYP 1A1. An increase in CYP 1A2 transcription and in activity of microsomal 7-methoxyresorufin demethylase and acetanilide 4-hydroxylase (both markers of 1A2) was observed in the liver and, to a very small extent, in the lung but not in kidney and heart. As to CYP 1B1, its transcription was detected in liver, lung and heart only following the beta NF treatment; however this mRNA expression did result in any detectable microsomal 17beta-estradiol 4-hydroxylase activity (a marker of this isoform). The CYPs induced by beta NF were further investigated by using some other marker activities. It was found that porcine CYP 1A1 and 1A2, unlike the human counterparts, could only deethylate 7-ethoxycomarin to a very small extent, if at all, whereas 7-ethoxy 4-trifluoromethylcoumarin was a good substrate for pig CYP 1A1. Overall, our results demonstrated a differential expression and regulation of the AhR-mediated CYP genes in liver, lung, kidney and heart of the pig.naphthoflavone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chirulli
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Fransén N, Espefält Westin U, Nyström C, Björk E. The in vitro transport of dihydroergotamine across porcine nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosa and the effect of a novel powder formulation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(07)50094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kandimalla KK, Donovan MD. Carrier mediated transport of chlorpheniramine and chlorcyclizine across bovine olfactory mucosa: Implications on nose‐to‐brain transport. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:613-24. [PMID: 15666293 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Delivery to the CNS via the nasal cavity has been pursued as a means to circumvent the blood-brain barrier (BBB), yet the mechanism of drug transport across this novel route is not well understood. Hydroxyzine and triprolidine have been reported to readily reach the CNS following nasal administration, whereas no measurable amounts of chlorcyclizine or chlorpheniramine, structurally similar antihistamines, were observed in the CSF. The permeation of chlorpheniramine and chlorcyclizine in vitro across the bovine olfactory mucosa was studied to investigate the biological and physicochemical characteristics that contribute to the limited CNS disposition of these compounds following nasal administration. The submucosal to mucosal fluxes (J(s-m)) of chlorcyclizine and chlorpheniramine across the olfactory mucosa were significantly greater than the mucosal to submucosal fluxes (J(m-s)). Moreover, the submucosal-mucosal permeability of both compounds was temperature dependent and saturable. In the presence of metabolic inhibitors (ouabain and 2,4-dinitrophenol) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp)/multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) inhibitors (quinidine and verapamil), the J(m-s) increased and J(s-m) decreased significantly. These results indicate that chlorpheniramine and chlorcyclizine are effluxed from the olfactory mucosa by efflux transporters such as P-gp and MRP1. Transport studies across inert polymeric membranes demonstrated that the permeability of chlorpheniramine and chlorcyclizine decreased at donor concentrations higher than 3 mM suggesting that physicochemical properties such as self-aggregation also play a role in the reduced olfactory mucosal permeability of these compounds at higher concentrations.
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Abstract
Associations between genotypes of phase 2 enzymes and cancer risk are extracted from epidemiological studies, namely case-control studies. Variant alleles in glutathione S-transferase (GST), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), sulfotransferase (SULT), and N-acetyltransferase (NAT) have been used as molecular genetic biomarkers of risk. GSTM(my)1 has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and bladder cancer and GSTP(pi)1 with prostate cancer. UGT1A1*28 and *37 are both associated with an increased risk of breast cancer as is SULT1A1*2. The presence of UGT1A1*28 results in an increased risk of ovarian cancer and NAT2 of colorectal and lung cancer. A high frequency of SULT1A1*1 has been identified in patients with breast cancer; the role in colorectal cancer is more controversial. This chapter discusses the balance between carcinogen activation and detoxification in relation to phase 2 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Dalhoff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, H:S Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Anzenbacherová E, Anzenbacher P, Svoboda Z, Ulrichová J, Květina J, Zoulová J, Perlík F, Martínková J. Minipig as a model for drug metabolism in man: Comparison of in vitro and in vivo metabolism of propafenone. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2003. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2003.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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Weech M, Quash M, Walters E. Characterization of the mouse olfactory glutathione S-transferases during the acute phase response. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:679-85. [PMID: 12929135 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR) has been shown to alter expression and activity of biotransformation enzymes, such as the phase I cytochromes p450 and phase II glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). The cytochromes p450 and GSTs are expressed abundantly and colocalized to non-neuronal cells of the olfactory mucosa. Previous studies indicate that olfactory cytochromes p450 expression and activity is altered during periods of localized inflammation and infection. Little is understood, however, about the influence of the APR on olfactory GST enzymes. This study investigated effects of the APR on olfactory GST isozymes expression and activity in mouse olfactory mucosa after 24-hr treatment with the acute phase inducer, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (polyIC). Western blot analysis using antibodies directed against specific GST isoforms alpha (A1-1), micro (M1-1), and pi (P1-1) demonstrated that their expression was unaltered by polyIC treatment. In contrast, olfactory p450 2E1 expression was significantly decreased. Enzymatic activity of the olfactory GSTs toward the general substrate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was unchanged during the APR. Analysis of olfactory glutathione content during the APR showed that it was also unaffected by polyIC. The insensitivity of these olfactory GST isoforms during the APR may play a significant role toward limiting the impact of infection and inflammation on the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Weech
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal administration of opioids may be an alternative route to intravenous, subcutaneous, oral transmucosal, oral or rectal administration in some patients. Key features may be self-administration, combined with rapid onset of action. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the present base of knowledge on this topic. METHODS The review is based on human studies found in Medline or in the reference list of these papers. The physiology of the nasal mucosa and some pharmaceutical aspects of nasal administration are described. The design of each study is described, but not systematically evaluated. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic studies in volunteers are reported for fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, butorphanol, oxycodone and buprenorphine. Mean times for achieving maximum serum concentrations vary from 5 to 50 min, while mean figures for bioavailability vary from 46 to 71%. Fentanyl, pethidine and butorphanol have been studied for postoperative pain. Mean onset times vary from 12 to 22 min and times to peak effect from 24 to 60 min. There is considerable interindividual variation in pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome. This may partly be due to lack of optimization of nasal formulations. Patient-controlled nasal analgesia is an effective alternative to intravenous PCA. Adverse effects are mainly those related to the opioids themselves, rather than to nasal administration. Some experience with nasal opioids in outpatients and for chronic pain has also been reported. CONCLUSION Nasal administration of opioids has promising features, but is still in its infancy. Adequately designed clinical studies are needed. Improvements of nasal sprayer devices and opioid formulations may improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dale
- Department of Anesthesia and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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25
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Osth K, Gråsjö J, Björk E. A new method for drug transport studies on pig nasal mucosa using a horizontal Ussing chamber. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:1259-73. [PMID: 11977102 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The horizontal Ussing chamber method described here allows performance of transport studies on pig nasal respiratory mucosa under conditions simulating reality in that it mimics the air-mucosa interface. The transport of testosterone and mannitol through pig nasal mucosa in the horizontal Ussing chamber was investigated using both liquid and air mucosal interfaces. There were no significant differences in either the bioelectrical parameters (transmucosal electrical resistance, R, potential difference, PD, and short circuit current, I(sc)) or the apparent permeability (P(app)) of the mucosa to testosterone or mannitol between the liquid and air interface experiments. The histological study showed that the epithelial cell layer tolerates exposure to the air interface well. The P(app) equation was developed to correct for substance binding to the wall of the receiver chamber. The mean values +/- SD of R, PD, and I(sc) for the mucosae in the study were 75.0 +/- 28.0 Omegacm(2), (-4.53) +/- 3.46 mV and 58.6 +/- 28.8 microA/cm(2), respectively. The corrected P(app) for testosterone with and without the mucosal air interface were 9.82. 10(-6) +/- 11.41. 10(-6) cm/s and 32.24. 10(-6) +/- 31.12. 10(-6) cm/s, respectively. The P(app) values for mannitol with and without the air interface were 2.26. 10(-6) +/- 1.42. 10(-6) cm/s and 3.12. 10(-6) +/- 1.72. 10(-6) cm/s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Osth
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Soucek P, Zuber R, Anzenbacherová E, Anzenbacher P, Guengerich FP. Minipig cytochrome P450 3A, 2A and 2C enzymes have similar properties to human analogs. BMC Pharmacol 2001; 1:11. [PMID: 11737866 PMCID: PMC60991 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2001] [Accepted: 12/05/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for an optimal experimental model in pharmacology is recently focused on (mini)pigs as they seem not only to be an alternative source of cells and tissues for xenotherapy but also an alternative species for studies on drug metabolism in man due to similarities between (mini) pig and human drug metabolizing systems. The purpose of this work is to characterize minipig liver microsomal cytochromes P450 (CYPs) by comparing their N-terminal sequences with corresponding human orthologs. RESULTS The microsomal CYPs exhibit similar activities to their human orthologous enzymes (CYP3A4, nifedipine oxidation; 2A6, coumarin 7-hydroxylation; 2D6, bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation; 2E1, p-nitrophenol hydroxylation; and 2C9, tolbutamide hydroxylation). Specific minipig CYP (2A, 2C and 3A) enzymes were partially purified and proteins identified by immunostaining (using antibodies against the respective human CYPs) were used for N-terminal amino acid sequencing. From comparisons, it can be concluded that the sequence of the first 20 amino acids at the N-terminus of minipig CYP2A is highly similar to human CYP2A6 (70% identity). The N-terminal sequence of CYP2C shared about 50% similarity with human 2C9. The results on the minipig liver microsomal CYP3A yielded identical data with those obtained for amino acid sequences of the pig CYP3A29 showing 60% identity with human CYP3A4. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our results further support the view that minipigs may serve as model animals in pharmacological/toxicological studies with substrates of human CYP enzymes, namely, of the CYP3A and CYP2A forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Soucek
- Group of Biotransformations, Center for Occupational Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 48, Praha 10, 100 42, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Zuber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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27
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Marini S, Longo V, Zaccaro C, De Matteis F, Gervasi PG. Selective inactivation of rat and bovine olfactory cytochrome P450 by three haloethanes. Toxicol Lett 2001; 124:83-90. [PMID: 11684360 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of halothane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) and 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b) on the P450 system in olfactory and hepatic microsomes of bovine and rat have been investigated. In the in vitro experiments, all three compounds decreased olfactory CYP-dependent activities in microsomes from both species, especially under anaerobic conditions, halothane showing the greatest effect. Hepatic activities were not affected. A selective olfactory CYP depletion was also observed in vivo after treatment with halothane, but not with HCFC-123 or HCFC-141b. A loss of olfactory ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase activity was also found both in vitro and in vivo experiments, suggesting that a CYP2A isoform may be the main target of inactivation. The present results therefore suggest that CYP2A, the major isoform expressed in the olfactory tissue of mammals, may be particularly prone to catalyze the reductive metabolism of halothane both in anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marini
- Istituto di Mutagenesi e Differenziamento, CNR, Area della Ricerca-Via Moruzzi, via Svezia 10, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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28
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Giorgi M, Marini S, Longo V, Mazzaccaro A, Amato G, Gervasi PG. Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities and their inducibility by classic P450 inducers in the liver, kidney, and nasal mucosa of male adult ring-necked pheasants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 167:237-45. [PMID: 10986015 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.8994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, several P450-dependent monoxygenase activities in the liver, kidney, and nasal mucosa of ring-necked pheasants were examined. In addition, the presence and inducibility of P450 isoenzymes in the hepatic and renal tissues of pheasants were examined by using typical substrates and inducers of P450s along with polyclonal antibodies raised against mammalian isoforms. Anti-rat P450 1A1 recognized in microsomes of both pheasant liver and kidney a protein that was markedly induced by beta-naphthoflavone and accompanied by an increase of various monooxygenases, in particular, methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (MROD) activity. Anti-rat P450 2E1 revealed in microsomes of the pheasant liver but not in kidney an immunoreactive protein that was slightly induced by acetone but not accompanied by an increase of para-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity. On the other hand, acetone treatment caused an induction of other hepatic monoxygenases including MROD, erythromycin N-demethylase, and 6beta-testosterone hydroxylase. These two latter activities, known to be markers for 3A isoenzymes in rodents, were also enhanced in pheasant liver by phenobarbital but not by dexamethasone. The treatment with these two inducers also lacked to point out hepatic and renal proteins immunorelated to P450 3A or 2B subfamily, suggesting that these isoforms may be not expressed in pheasant. On the other hand, anti-rat P450 2C11 recognized two immunorelated proteins in the liver of both control and treated pheasants. The treatment with clofibrate, a mammalian inducer of 4A subfamily, induced both in liver and kidney of pheasant: i) a protein that cross-reacted with anti rat P450 4A1 and ii) the (omega) and (omega-1) lauric acid hydroxylase activities, known to be associated in mammals to this P450 subfamily. In the nasal mucosa of pheasant, a protein immunorelated to P450 2A and some monooxygenase activities (i.e., 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase) linked, in mammals, to this isoform have been found; by contrast a protein immunoreactive with anti P450 2G1 was not found. In conclusion, the immunochemical properties and monooxygenase activities of constitutive and inducible P450s in pheasants were different not only from those of mammals but also from those of chickens. The findings of the present work also suggest that the P450 induction profiles might provide a potential biomarker of pheasant exposure to chemicals or environmental pollutants in the wild-field or in the stock-farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giorgi
- Laboratory of Genetic and Biochemical Toxicology, Istituto di Mutagenesi e Differenziamento, Area della Ricerca CNR, via San Cataldo, Pisa, 56100, Italy
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