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Zhu Y, Liu K, Guo J, Yang J, Su Y. Bisphenol A exposure and thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy: A systematic review. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 129:108680. [PMID: 39134212 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a phenolic chemical that has been found to be associated with human health outcomes. It is one of the risk factors for thyroid function. Pregnancy is a vulnerable window for thyroid problems, because of the fluctuations in hormone levels. This review aimed to evaluate the association between BPA exposure and thyroid function during pregnancy. We conducted a comprehensive search of relevant databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, for original studies published in English that reported data on BPA levels and thyroid-related hormone levels in pregnant women. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) to assess the methodological quality of the studies and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method to evaluate the quality of evidence. In total, 11 studies involving 6526 individuals were included in this systematic review. These studies explored fluctuations in thyroid-related hormones, including TSH, TT3, TT4, FT3, and FT4 levels, as well as the TT4/TT3 and FT4/FT3 ratios. The systematic review is to evaluate the evidences between bisphenol A exposure and thyroid-related hormones in pregnant women. We found that BPA exposure in pregnancy might disturb the homeostasis of maternal thyroid-related hormones and suggest an increased risk of hyperthyroidism. Further studies based on the findings are required to explore the underlying mechanisms and determine the potential effects of BPA exposure on thyroid function during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhu
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Keqin Liu
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jinjin Guo
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jixin Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yanwei Su
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Fathoming the link between anthropogenic chemical contamination and thyroid cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 150:102950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Mallozzi M, Bordi G, Garo C, Caserta D. The effect of maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals on fetal and neonatal development: A review on the major concerns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:224-242. [PMID: 27653964 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a widespread exposure of general population, including pregnant women and developing fetuses, to the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These chemicals have been reported to be present in urine, blood serum, breast milk, and amniotic fluid. Endocrine disruptions induced by environmental toxicants have placed a heavy burden on society, since environmental exposures during critical periods of development can permanently reprogram normal physiological responses, thereby increasing susceptibility to disease later in life-a process known as developmental reprogramming. During development, organogenesis and tissue differentiation occur through a continuous series of tightly-regulated and precisely-timed molecular, biochemical, and cellular events. Humans may encounter EDCs daily and during all stages of life, from conception and fetal development through adulthood and senescence. Nevertheless, prenatal and early postnatal windows are the most critical for proper development, due to rapid changes in system growth. Although there are still gaps in our knowledge, currently available data support the urgent need for health and environmental policies aimed at protecting the public and, in particular, the developing fetus and women of reproductive age. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:224-242, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Mallozzi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza
| | - Giulia Bordi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza
| | - Chiara Garo
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza
| | - Donatella Caserta
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza.
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Ahmed R. Maternal bisphenol A alters fetal endocrine system: Thyroid adipokine dysfunction. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 95:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Romano ME, Webster GM, Vuong AM, Thomas Zoeller R, Chen A, Hoofnagle AN, Calafat AM, Karagas MR, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Braun JM. Gestational urinary bisphenol A and maternal and newborn thyroid hormone concentrations: the HOME Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:453-60. [PMID: 25794847 PMCID: PMC4403004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor used in consumer products, may perturb thyroid function. Prenatal BPA exposure may have sex-specific effects on thyroid hormones (THs). Our objectives were to investigate whether maternal urinary BPA concentrations during pregnancy were associated with THs in maternal or cord serum, and whether these associations differed by newborn sex or maternal iodine status. We measured urinary BPA concentrations at 16 and 26 weeks gestation among pregnant women in the HOME Study (2003-2006, Cincinnati, Ohio). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free and total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured in maternal serum at 16 weeks (n=181) and cord serum at delivery (n=249). Associations between BPA concentrations and maternal or cord serum TH levels were estimated by multivariable linear regression. Mean maternal urinary BPA was not associated with cord THs in all newborns, but a 10-fold increase in mean BPA was associated with lower cord TSH in girls (percent change=-36.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI): -58.4, -1.7%), but not boys (7.8%; 95% CI: -28.5, 62.7%; p-for-effect modification=0.09). We observed no significant associations between 16-week BPA and THs in maternal or cord serum, but 26-week maternal BPA was inversely associated with TSH in girls (-42.9%; 95% CI: -59.9, -18.5%), but not boys (7.6%; 95% CI: -17.3, 40.2%; p-for-effect modification=0.005) at birth. The inverse BPA-TSH relation among girls was stronger, but less precise, among iodine deficient versus sufficient mothers. Prenatal BPA exposure may reduce TSH among newborn girls, particularly when exposure occurs later in gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Glenys M Webster
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ann M Vuong
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Vilela J, Hartmann A, Silva EF, Cardoso T, Corcini CD, Varela-Junior AS, Martinez PE, Colares EP. Sperm impairments in adult vesper mice (Calomys laucha) caused byin uteroexposure to bisphenol A. Andrologia 2013; 46:971-8. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Vilela
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG); Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - A. Hartmann
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG); Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - E. F. Silva
- ReproPel; Faculdade de Veterinária; Campus Capão do Leão; Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel); Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - T. Cardoso
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG); Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - C. D. Corcini
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG); Rio Grande RS Brazil
- ReproPel; Faculdade de Veterinária; Campus Capão do Leão; Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel); Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - A. S. Varela-Junior
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG); Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - P. E. Martinez
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG); Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - E. P. Colares
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG); Rio Grande RS Brazil
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Sriphrapradang C, Chailurkit LO, Aekplakorn W, Ongphiphadhanakul B. Association between bisphenol A and abnormal free thyroxine level in men. Endocrine 2013; 44:441-7. [PMID: 23377699 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical that is used in a variety of consumer products, and exposure to BPA is widespread among the general population. Recent studies have suggested that BPA may affect the thyroid and related pathways. However, human studies are still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between BPA exposure and thyroid function. We obtained survey data and blood samples from The Thai National Health Examination Survey IV 2009, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey using a multistage, stratified sampling of the Thai population. A total of 2,340 subjects aged 18-94 years were sampled for the present study. Serum BPA, TSH, FT4, and related covariates were measured. BPA was log-transformed prior to analysis. BPA was detected in 52.8 % of serum samples with a median concentration of 0.33 (range 0-66.91) ng/mL. We excluded subjects who tested positive for thyroid autoantibody and then stratified the remaining subjects by gender; the analysis showed a significantly negative correlation between serum BPA and FT4 levels in males (r = -0.14, P < 0.001). In contrast, no association was observed in females. BPA was not associated with TSH in either gender. This gender-related discrepancy is possibly related to androgen-related differences in the metabolism of BPA. Our preliminary results provide evidence of a negative association between BPA and FT4 levels. Additional detailed studies are needed to investigate the temporal relationship and potential public health implications of such an association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutintorn Sriphrapradang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Chevrier J, Gunier RB, Bradman A, Holland NT, Calafat AM, Eskenazi B, Harley KG. Maternal urinary bisphenol a during pregnancy and maternal and neonatal thyroid function in the CHAMACOS study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:138-44. [PMID: 23052180 PMCID: PMC3553432 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic bottles, food and beverage can linings, thermal receipts, and dental sealants. Animal and human studies suggest that BPA may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormones play a determinant role in human growth and brain development, no studies have investigated relations between BPA exposure and thyroid function in pregnant women or neonates. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to evaluate whether exposure to BPA during pregnancy is related to thyroid hormone levels in pregnant women and neonates. METHODS We measured BPA concentration in urine samples collected during the first and second half of pregnancy in 476 women participating in the CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas) study. We also measured free thyroxine (T4), total T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in women during pregnancy, and TSH in neonates. RESULTS Associations between the average of the two BPA measurements and maternal thyroid hormone levels were not statistically significant. Of the two BPA measurements, only the one taken closest in time to the TH measurement was significantly associated with a reduction in total T4 (β = -0.13 µg/dL per log2 unit; 95% CI: -0.25, 0.00). The average of the maternal BPA concentrations was associated with reduced TSH in boys (-9.9% per log2 unit; 95% CI: -15.9%, -3.5%) but not in girls. Among boys, the relation was stronger when BPA was measured in the third trimester of pregnancy and decreased with time between BPA and TH measurements. CONCLUSION Results suggest that exposure to BPA during pregnancy is related to reduced total T4 in pregnant women and decreased TSH in male neonates. Findings may have implications for fetal and neonatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chevrier
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94704-7392, USA.
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9
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Flint S, Markle T, Thompson S, Wallace E. Bisphenol A exposure, effects, and policy: a wildlife perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 104:19-34. [PMID: 22481365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of anthropogenic chemicals are present in the environment, and mounting evidence indicates that some have endocrine-disrupting effects in a variety of organisms. Of particular concern are chemicals that act as agonists or antagonists on vertebrate estrogen or androgen receptors. One such compound is bisphenol A (BPA), which appears to be both an estrogen receptor agonist and an androgen receptor antagonist. Used in the manufacture of plastic resins, BPA is found at low levels in surface-water, sediments, soils, and biota. Although it degrades quickly, it is pseudo-persistent in the environment because of continual inputs. Due to its environmental ubiquity, organisms may be exposed to BPA chronically or during sensitive life stages. While the impacts of BPA-related endocrine disruption in humans have been extensively studied, the endocrinal and systemic effects in wildlife are less well known. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of BPA inputs to the environment, routes of exposure, and effects on wildlife. We then critically examine the regulatory structure governing the environmental endpoints of BPA in the United States, European Union, and Canada, and discuss major challenges to the effective regulation of BPA. We conclude with a survey of treatment and mitigation options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Flint
- University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Boas M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Main KM. Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:240-8. [PMID: 21939731 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many studies of thyroid-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals have been published. Of special concern is the exposure of pregnant women and infants, as thyroid disruption of the developing organism may have deleterious effects on neurological outcome. Chemicals may exert thyroid effects through a variety of mechanisms of action, and some animal experiments and in vitro studies have focused on elucidating the mode of action of specific chemical compounds. Long-term human studies on effects of environmental chemicals on thyroid related outcomes such as growth and development are still lacking. The human exposure scenario with life long exposure to a vast mixture of chemicals in low doses and the large physiological variation in thyroid hormone levels between individuals render human studies very difficult. However, there is now reasonably firm evidence that PCBs have thyroid-disrupting effects, and there is emerging evidence that also phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals may have thyroid disrupting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Boas
- Department of Growth and Reproduction GR, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Saad-Hussein A, Hamdy H, Aziz HM, Mahdy-Abdallah H. Thyroid functions in paints production workers and the mechanism of oxidative-antioxidants status. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 27:257-63. [PMID: 20937627 DOI: 10.1177/0748233710386409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of occupational exposure to paints production chemicals mainly organic solvents in production of thyroid dysfunction and the mechanism of oxidative-antioxidant imbalance. Triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and total antioxidants was measured in 36 workers and 40 controls. T(3) and T(4) were elevated in 18.8% and 44.4% of the workers, respectively. T(3), T(4), MDA and NO levels were significantly higher in workers compared to controls. Total antioxidants was significantly lower in workers than in controls. T(3) and T(4) were significantly correlated with duration of exposure, while, total antioxidants was inversely correlated. In workers, T(3) was significantly correlated with MDA and inversely correlated with total antioxidants levels. MDA and NO were significantly higher in workers with abnormal T( 4) than normal workers. Workers exposed to organic solvents proved to be at risk for hyperthyroidism. Oxidative-antioxidant imbalance was found to have a significant role in development of hyperthyroidism with increasing duration of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Saad-Hussein
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To overview the effects of endocrine disrupters on thyroid function. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in recent years have revealed thyroid-disrupting properties of many environmentally abundant chemicals. Of special concern is the exposure of pregnant women and infants, as thyroid disruption of the developing fetus may have deleterious effects on neurological outcome. Evidence is reviewed for the following groups of chemicals: polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, flame retardants, pesticides, perfluorinated chemicals, phthalates, bisphenol A and ultraviolet filters. Chemicals may exert thyroid effects through a variety of mechanisms of action, and some publications have focused on elucidating the mechanisms of specific (groups of) chemicals. SUMMARY A large variety of ubiquitous chemicals have been shown to have thyroid-disrupting properties, and the combination of mechanistic, epidemiological and exposure studies indicates that the ubiquitous human and environmental exposure to industrial chemicals may impose a serious threat to human and wildlife thyroid homeostasis. Currently, available evidence suggests that authorities need to regulate exposure to thyroid-disrupting chemicals of pregnant women, neonates and small children in order to avoid potential impairment of brain development. Future studies will indicate whether adults also are at risk of thyroid damage due to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Boas
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chapin RE, Adams J, Boekelheide K, Gray LE, Hayward SW, Lees PSJ, McIntyre BS, Portier KM, Schnorr TM, Selevan SG, Vandenbergh JG, Woskie SR. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of bisphenol A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 83:157-395. [PMID: 18613034 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Crain DA, Eriksen M, Iguchi T, Jobling S, Laufer H, LeBlanc GA, Guillette LJ. An ecological assessment of bisphenol-A: Evidence from comparative biology. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 24:225-39. [PMID: 17604601 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review assesses the effects of environmental concentrations of bisphenol-A (BPA) on wildlife. Water concentrations of BPA vary tremendously due to proximity to point and non-point sources, but reported concentrations in stream/river water samples are less than 21 microg/L, and concentrations in landfill leacheate are less than 17.2mg/L. Extensive evidence indicates that BPA induces feminization during gonadal ontogeny of fishes, reptiles, and birds, but in all cases the amount of BPA necessary to cause such ontogenetic disruption exceeds concentrations in the environment. Extensive evidence also exists that adult exposure to environmental concentrations of BPA is detrimental to spermatogenetic endpoints and stimulates vitellogenin synthesis in model species of fish. Most of the reported effects of BPA on vertebrate wildlife species can be attributed to BPA acting as an estrogen receptor agonist, but mechanisms of disruption in invertebrates are less certain. A comparison of measured BPA environmental concentrations with chronic values suggests that no significant margin of safety exists for the protection of aquatic communities against the toxicity of BPA. Further studies should examine the most vulnerable vertebrate and invertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Andrew Crain
- Department of Biology, Maryville College, 502 E. Lamar Alexander Parkway, Maryville, TN 37804-5907, USA.
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Teles M, Pacheco M, Santos MA. Sparus aurata L. liver EROD and GST activities, plasma cortisol, lactate, glucose and erythrocytic nuclear anomalies following short-term exposure either to 17beta-estradiol (E2) or E2 combined with 4-nonylphenol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2005; 336:57-69. [PMID: 15589249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immature Sparus aurata L. (gilthead seabream) were exposed to 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) 4000 ng/l and to the same E(2) concentration mixed with 50,000 ng/l 4-nonylphenol (E(2) + NP) during 4, 8, 12 and 16 h. E(2) availability and E(2) plasma level variations were assessed. Liver biotransformation capacity was measured as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities. Plasma cortisol, lactate and glucose were also determined. Genotoxicity was assessed through erythrocytic nuclear anomalies (ENA) frequency. Liver EROD activity significantly decreased during the whole experiment for both treatments, with the exception of 16 h exposure to E(2). Liver GST activity was significantly increased after 8 and 12 h of exposure either to E(2) or E(2) + NP. An endocrine disruption expressed as plasma cortisol decrease was observed after 16 h exposure under both tested conditions, concomitantly with a plasma lactate increase. No genotoxic responses, measured as ENA frequency, were detected. Analyzing the E(2) water concentration in aquaria without fish it was demonstrated an intense and fast E(2) loss, considerably reducing its availability to fish. In the presence of fish, E(2) water levels were drastically reduced after 4 h exposure, being this reduction more pronounced in E(2) aquarium when compared to E(2) + NP aquarium. In addition, it was demonstrated a rapid E(2) uptake from the water since the highest E(2) plasma concentrations were observed after 4 h exposure, followed by a continuous decrease, which became more pronounced between 8 and 12 h of exposure. Furthermore, during the first 8 h exposure to E(2) and E(2) + NP, seabream plasma E(2) concentrations were higher than the initial water exposure concentration. Comparing the E(2) plasma levels in both seabream-exposed groups, it was clear that its concentration is always higher in E(2) + NP-treated fish. Despite the previous results, no significant differences were found in the measured responses between E(2) and E(2) + NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teles
- Biology Department, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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16
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Teles M, Gravato C, Pacheco M, Santos MA. Juvenile sea bass biotransformation, genotoxic and endocrine responses to beta-naphthoflavone, 4-nonylphenol and 17 beta-estradiol individual and combined exposures. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 57:147-158. [PMID: 15294438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2003] [Revised: 12/31/2003] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., were exposed during 2, 4, 8, and 24 h to 0.9 microM beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), 131 nM 17 beta-estradiol (E(2)), 4.05 microM 4-nonylphenol (NP), as well as to BNF combined either to E(2) or NP (maintaining the previous concentrations). Liver cytochrome P450 content (P450), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were measured in order to evaluate biotransformation responses. Genotoxicity was assessed as erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) frequency. The effects on endocrine function were evaluated as plasma cortisol and glucose. Cortisol was not affected by xeno/estrogens tested, either in single exposure or mixed with BNF. Nevertheless, the intermediary metabolism was affected since glucose concentration increased after 4 h exposure to E(2), and after all BNF+NP exposure lengths. Moreover, a synergism between BNF and NP was thoroughly demonstrated, whereas a sporadic antagonistic interaction was found at 4 h BNF + E(2) exposure. Liver EROD and GST activities were not significantly altered by single E(2) or NP exposure. However, both compounds were able to induce EROD activity in the presence of BNF. NP single exposure was able to significantly increase liver P450 content, while its mixture with BNF displayed an antagonistic interference. Considering the xeno/estrogens single exposures, only NP induced an ENA increase; however, both mixtures (BNF + E(2) and BNF + NP) displayed genotoxic effects. Fish responses to mixtures of xenobiotics are complex and the type of interaction (synergism/potentiation or antagonism) in a particular mixture can vary with the evaluated biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teles
- Department of Biology, Aveiro University, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Nieminen P, Lindström-Seppä P, Mustonen AM, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Kukkonen JVK. Bisphenol A affects endocrine physiology and biotransformation enzyme activities of the field vole (Microtus agrestis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2002; 126:183-9. [PMID: 12030774 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.2002.7792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental estrogen, was given subcutaneously for 4 days to 48 field voles at three doses (10, 50, or 250 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). Plasma sex steroids, thyroxine, weight-regulatory hormones, and liver biotransformation enzymes were determined. There was no mortality in the control group but the mortality in the BPA-exposed animals was significant. BPA increased the plasma testosterone concentrations at 250 mg BPA kg(-1) day(-1). The plasma ghrelin levels measured from pooled plasma increased and at the same time the leptin levels measured from pooled plasma decreased at 50 or 250 mg BPA kg(-1) day(-1). The liver 7-ethoxyrufin-o-deethylase activity decreased slightly at all doses, as did the liver cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity at 250 mg BPA kg(-1) day(-1). The results show that wild mammals such as the field vole could be more susceptible to BPA than laboratory rodents. More studies on wild mammals are needed to determine the risks of endocrine disruptors in natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Nieminen
- Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Nieminen P, Mustonen AM, Lindström-Seppä P, Asikainen J, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Kukkonen JVK. Phytosterols act as endocrine and metabolic disruptors in the European polecat (Mustela putorius). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 178:22-8. [PMID: 11781076 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols or plant sterols (PS) are consumed as natural remedies and margarines by the general population in developed countries to lower elevated serum cholesterol levels. They are also present in high concentrations in pulp mill effluents. The aim of the study was to screen the endocrine and metabolic parameters of the European polecat (Mustela putorius) for the effects of PS. The results showed an increase in the plasma estradiol and TH levels with no effects on the hypophyseal regulatory hormones. The plasma ghrelin levels decreased. PS also affected intermediary metabolism. The liver glycogen content increased as did the kidney glucose-6-phosphatase activity. The liver lipase esterase activity, on the other hand, decreased due to PS. In serum lipids the total cholesterol did not change, but the low-density lipoprotein levels increased and the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio decreased. PS had widespread previously unreported effects on the physiology of the polecat. The multiple effects indicate the need of a thorough risk assessment of the effects and interactions of PS.
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