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Millington GWM, Palmer HE. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and psychodermatology. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2023; 3:e201. [PMID: 37275429 PMCID: PMC10233089 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychodermatology is the crossover discipline between Dermatology and Clinical Psychology and/or Psychiatry. It encompasses both Psychiatric diseases that present with cutaneous manifestations (such as delusional infestation) or more commonly, the psychiatric or psychological problems associated with skin disease, such as depression associated with psoriasis. These problems may be the result either of imbalance in or be the consequence of alteration in the homoeostatic endocrine mechanisms found in the systemic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or in the local cutaneous corticotrophin-releasing factor-proopiomelanocortin-corticosteroid axis. Alteration in either of these systems can lead to immune disruption and worsening of immune dermatoses and vice-versa. These include diseases such as psoriasis, atopic eczema, acne, alopecia areata, vitiligo and melasma, all of which are known to be linked to stress. Similarly, stress and illnesses such as depression are linked with many immunodermatoses and may reflect alterations in the body's central and peripheral neuroendocrine stress pathways. It is important to consider issues pertaining to skin of colour, particularly with pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. M. Millington
- Dermatology DepartmentNorfolk and Norwich University HospitalNorwichUK
- Norwich Medical SchoolNorwichUK
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Baenas I, Miranda-Olivos R, Solé-Morata N, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F. Neuroendocrinological factors in binge eating disorder: A narrative review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 150:106030. [PMID: 36709632 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine mechanisms play a key role in the regulation of eating behavior. In individuals with binge eating disorder (BED), alterations in these mechanisms signaling hunger and satiety have been observed. It has been investigated that these alterations may underlie the development and maintenance of compulsive overeating in BED. The present narrative review examined the current literature related to the neurobiological processes involved in feeding dysregulation in BED with the aim of updating the most relevant aspects with special attention to neuroendocrine signaling. Studies have shown both central and peripheral endocrine dysfunctions in hormones participating in homeostatic and hedonic pathways in BED. Most studies have been especially focused on orexigenic signals, pointing out the existence of a hyperactivated mechanism promoting hunger. Fewer studies have explored anorexigenic pathways, but the findings so far seem to suggest an abnormal satiety threshold. Despite this, to date, it is unable to identify whether these alterations are typical of the BED pathophysiology or are related to an obesogenic pattern due to most studies included patients with BED and obesity. The identification of endophenotypes in BED may provide a new approach to aberrant eating behavior, favoring the implementation of biological therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Baenas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Romina Miranda-Olivos
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Neus Solé-Morata
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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DONATO KEVIN, CECCARINI MARIARACHELE, DHULI KRISTJANA, BONETTI GABRIELE, MEDORI MARIACHIARA, MARCEDDU GIUSEPPE, PRECONE VINCENZA, XHUFI SUELA, BUSHATI MARSIDA, BOZO DHURATA, BECCARI TOMMASO, BERTELLI MATTEO. Gene variants in eating disorders. Focus on anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E297-E305. [PMID: 36479493 PMCID: PMC9710388 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder, have a deep social impact, concluding with death in cases of severe disease. Eating disorders affect up to 5% of the population in the industrialized countries, but probably the phenomenon is under-detection and under-diagnosis. Eating disorders are multifactorial disorders, resulting from the interaction between environmental triggers, psychological factors, but there is also a strong genetic component. In fact, genetic factors predispose for approximately 33-84% to anorexia nervosa, 28-83% to bulimia nervosa, and 41-57% to binge eating disorder. Twins and family studies have provided an unassailable proof on the heritability of these disorders. Other types of genetic studies, including genome-wide association studies, whole genome sequencing and linkage analysis, allowed to identify the genes and their variants associated with eating disorders and moreover global collaborative efforts have led to delineate the etiology of these disorders. Next Generation Sequencing technologies can be considered as an ideal diagnostic approach to identify not only the common variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphism, but also rare variants. Here we summarize the present knowledge on the molecular etiology and genetic determinants of eating disorders including serotonergic genes, dopaminergic genes, opioid genes, appetite regulation genes, endocannabinoid genes and vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- KEVIN DONATO
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- MAGI Euregio, Bolzano, Italy
- Correspondence: Kevin Donato, MAGI EUREGIO, Via Maso della Pieve 60/A, Bolzano (BZ), 39100, Italy. E-mail:
| | - MARIA RACHELE CECCARINI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- C.I.B., Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - TOMMASO BECCARI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- C.I.B., Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - MATTEO BERTELLI
- MAGI Euregio, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- MAGISNAT, Peachtree Corners (GA), USA
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Drosophila Corazonin Neurons as a Hub for Regulating Growth, Stress Responses, Ethanol-Related Behaviors, Copulation Persistence and Sexually Dimorphic Reward Pathways. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9030026. [PMID: 34287347 PMCID: PMC8293205 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal mechanisms by which complex behaviors are coordinated and timed often involve neuropeptidergic regulation of stress and reward pathways. Recent studies of the neuropeptide Corazonin (Crz), a homolog of the mammalian Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), have suggested its crucial role in the regulation of growth, internal states and behavioral decision making. We focus this review on Crz neurons with the goal to (1) highlight the diverse roles of Crz neuron function, including mechanisms that may be independent of the Crz peptide, (2) emphasize current gaps in knowledge about Crz neuron functions, and (3) propose exciting ideas of novel research directions involving the use of Crz neurons. We describe the different developmental fates of distinct subsets of Crz neurons, including recent findings elucidating the molecular regulation of apoptosis. Crz regulates systemic growth, food intake, stress responses and homeostasis by interacting with the short Neuropeptide F (sNPF) and the steroid hormone ecdysone. Additionally, activation of Crz neurons is shown to be pleasurable by interacting with the Neuropeptide F (NPF) and regulates reward processes such as ejaculation and ethanol-related behaviors in a sexually dimorphic manner. Crz neurons are proposed to be a motivational switch regulating copulation duration using a CaMKII-dependent mechanism described as the first neuronal interval timer lasting longer than a few seconds. Lastly, we propose ideas to use Crz neuron-induced ejaculation to study the effects of fictive mating and sex addiction in flies, as well as to elucidate dimorphic molecular mechanisms underlying reward behaviors and feeding disorders.
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Presseller EK, Clark KE, Fojtu C, Juarascio AS. An empirical examination of appetite hormones and cognitive and behavioral bulimic symptomatology. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1129-1137. [PMID: 32951131 PMCID: PMC8095371 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Existing literature has demonstrated that appetite hormones are frequently dysregulated in individuals with bulimic-spectrum eating disorders (BN-EDs). Although dysregulations in appetite hormones may maintain BN-EDs, very limited research has examined the association between dysregulated appetite hormones and cognitive and behavioral bulimic symptoms. We hypothesized that greater frequency of behavioral symptoms and severity of cognitive symptoms of BN-EDs would correlate with greater dysregulation in appetite hormones. METHODS The association between ghrelin, cortisol, leptin, GLP-1, and amylin levels and eating pathology was examined in treatment-seeking adults with BN-EDs (N = 33). Participants completed bloodwork to assess fasting blood hormone levels and bulimic symptoms were measured by the Eating Disorder Examination. Pearson partial correlations were run to examine the association between hormone levels and eating pathology, controlling for BMI. RESULTS Contrary to hypotheses, none of the appetite hormones tested were significantly associated with frequency of behavioral ED symptoms (p range = 0.13-0.97, negligible to small effect sizes). Global eating pathology was positively associated with leptin (p = 0.03) and negatively associated with GLP-1 (p = 0.03) and amylin (p = 0.04), with medium effect sizes. Post hoc analyses indicated significantly stronger associations between appetite hormones and cognitive eating pathology than between appetite hormones and frequency of binge eating [GLP-1 (p = 0.02) and amylin (p = 0.02)] or compensatory behaviors [leptin (p = 0.03), GLP-1 (p = 0.02), and amylin (p = 0.04)]. CONCLUSION In individuals with BN-EDs, appetite hormones may be more strongly associated with cognitive symptoms than behavioral symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Presseller
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kelsey E Clark
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Fojtu
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adrienne S Juarascio
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Rantala MJ, Luoto S, Krama T, Krams I. Eating Disorders: An Evolutionary Psychoneuroimmunological Approach. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2200. [PMID: 31749720 PMCID: PMC6842941 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders are evolutionarily novel conditions. They lead to some of the highest mortality rates of all psychiatric disorders. Several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed for eating disorders, but only the intrasexual competition hypothesis is extensively supported by evidence. We present the mismatch hypothesis as a necessary extension to the current theoretical framework of eating disorders. This hypothesis explains the evolutionarily novel adaptive metaproblem that has arisen when mating motives conflict with the large-scale and easy availability of hyper-rewarding but obesogenic foods. This situation is exacerbated particularly in those contemporary environments that are characterized by sedentary lifestyles, ever-present junk foods, caloric surplus and the ubiquity of social comparisons that take place via social media. Our psychoneuroimmunological model connects ultimate-level causation with proximate mechanisms by showing how the adaptive metaproblem between mating motives and food rewards leads to chronic stress and, further, to disordered eating. Chronic stress causes neuroinflammation, which increases susceptibility to OCD-like behaviors that typically co-occur with eating disorders. Chronic stress upregulates the serotonergic system and causes dysphoric mood in anorexia nervosa patients. Dieting, however, reduces serotonin levels and dysphoric mood, leading to a vicious serotonergic-homeostatic stress/starvation cycle whereby cortisol and neuroinflammation increase through stringent dieting. Our psychoneuroimmunological model indicates that between-individual and within-individual variation in eating disorders partially arises from (co)variation in gut microbiota and stress responsivity, which influence neuroinflammation and the serotonergic system. We review the advances that have been made in recent years in understanding how to best treat eating disorders, outlining directions for future clinical research. Current evidence indicates that eating disorder treatments should aim to reduce the chronic stress, neuroinflammation, stress responsivity and gut dysbiosis that fuel the disorders. Connecting ultimate causes with proximate mechanisms and treating biopsychosocial causes rather than manifest symptoms is expected to bring more effective and sophisticated long-term interventions for the millions of people who suffer from eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Caroleo M, Carbone EA, Greco M, Corigliano DM, Arcidiacono B, Fazia G, Rania M, Aloi M, Gallelli L, Segura-Garcia C, Foti DP, Brunetti A. Brain-Behavior-Immune Interaction: Serum Cytokines and Growth Factors in Patients with Eating Disorders at Extremes of the Body Mass Index (BMI) Spectrum. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1995. [PMID: 31450770 PMCID: PMC6770139 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the immune system are known in eating disorders (EDs), however the importance of cytokine balance in this context has not been clarified. We compared cytokines and growth factors at opposite ends of BMI ranges, in 90 patients classified in relation to BMI, depressive and EDs comorbidities. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were determined by a biochip analyzer (Randox Labs). Differences were calculated through ANOVA. Possible predictors of higher cytokine levels were evaluated through regression analysis. IL-1α, IL-10, EGF, and IFN-γ were altered individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and binge eating disorder (BED). Night-eating was associated with IL-8 and EGF levels, IL-10 concentrations with post-dinner eating and negatively with sweet-eating, long fasting with higher IFN-γ levels. IL-2 increase was not linked to EDs, but to the interaction of depression and BMI. Altogether, for the first time, IL-1α, IL-10, EGF, and IFN-γ were shown to differ between AN and HCs, and between AN and individuals with obesity with or without BED. Only IL-2 was influenced by depression. Dysfunctional eating behaviors predicted abnormal concentrations of IL-10, EGF, IL-8 and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Caroleo
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elvira Anna Carbone
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Greco
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Biagio Arcidiacono
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gilda Fazia
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marianna Rania
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Aloi
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-Garcia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Daniela Patrizia Foti
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Nedic Erjavec G, Svob Strac D, Tudor L, Konjevod M, Sagud M, Pivac N. Genetic Markers in Psychiatry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:53-93. [PMID: 31705490 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as addiction (substance use and addictive disorders), depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are severe, complex, multifactorial mental disorders that carry a high social impact, enormous public health costs, and various comorbidities as well as premature morbidity. Their neurobiological foundation is still not clear. Therefore, it is difficult to uncover new set of genes and possible genetic markers of these disorders since the understanding of the molecular imbalance leading to these disorders is not complete. The integrative approach is needed which will combine genomics and epigenomics; evaluate epigenetic influence on genes and their influence on neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and hormones; examine gene × gene and gene × environment interplay; and identify abnormalities contributing to development of these disorders. Therefore, novel genetic approaches based on systems biology focused on improvement of the identification of the biological underpinnings might offer genetic markers of addiction, depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, and PTSD. These markers might be used for early prediction, detection of the risk to develop these disorders, novel subtypes of the diseases and tailored, personalized approach to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Ferrús A. Neurogenetics in Spain. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:179-180. [PMID: 29125005 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1396331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ferrús
- a Cajal Institute (CSIC) , Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology , Madrid , Spain
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