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Freitas L, Bezerra A, Boppre G, Amorim T, Fernandes RJ, Fonseca H. Does Swimming Exercise Impair Bone Health? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing the Evidence in Humans and Rodent Models. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02052-x. [PMID: 38900358 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of swimming on bone health remains unclear, namely due to discrepant findings between studies in humans and animal models. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to identify the available evidence on the effects of swimming on bone mass, geometry and microarchitecture at the lumbar spine, femur and tibia in both humans and rodent animal models. METHODS The study followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered at PROSPERO (CRD4202236347 and CRD42022363714 for human and animal studies). Two different systematic literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, retrieving 36 and 16 reports for humans and animal models, respectively. RESULTS In humans, areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was similar between swimmers and non-athletic controls at the lumbar spine, hip and femoral neck. Swimmers' tibia diaphysis showed a higher cross-sectional area but lower cortical thickness. Inconsistent findings at the femoral neck cortical thickness were found. Due to the small number of studies, trabecular microarchitecture in human swimmers was not assessed. In rodent models, aBMD was found to be lower at the tibia, but similar at the femur. Inconsistent findings in femur diaphysis cross-sectional area were observed. No differences in femur and tibia trabecular microarchitecture were found. CONCLUSION Swimming seems to affect bone health differently according to anatomical region. Studies in both humans and rodent models suggest that tibia cortical bone is negatively affected by swimming. There was no evidence of a negative effect of swimming on other bone regions, both in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Freitas
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Andrea Bezerra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Giorjines Boppre
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Nucleus of Research in Human Movement Science, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán, Chile
| | - Tânia Amorim
- Fame Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Bezerra A, Freitas L, Maciel L, Fonseca H. Bone Tissue Responsiveness To Mechanical Loading-Possible Long-Term Implications of Swimming on Bone Health and Bone Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:453-468. [PMID: 36401774 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To revisit the bone tissue mechanotransduction mechanisms behind the bone tissue response to mechanical loading and, within this context, explore the possible negative influence of regular swimming practice on bone health, particularly during the growth and development period. RECENT FINDINGS Bone is a dynamic tissue, responsive to mechanical loading and unloading, being these adaptative responses more intense during the growth and development period. Cross-sectional studies usually report a lower bone mass in swimmers compared to athletes engaged in weigh-bearing sports. However, studies with animal models show contradictory findings about the effect of swimming on bone health, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies. Due to its microgravity characteristics, swimming seems to impair bone mass, but mostly at the lower limbs. It is unkown if there is a causal relationship between swimming and low BMD or if other confounding factors, such as a natural selection whithin the sport, are the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Bezerra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Laura Freitas
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Campus Lagarto, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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Freitas L, Bezerra A, Amorim T, Fernandes RJ, Duarte J, Fonseca H. Is competitive swimming training a risk factor for osteoporosis? A systematic review of the literature and quality of evidence. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Costa DC, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Sousa-E-Silva P, Martinho DV, Duarte JP, Tavares OM, Castanheira JM, Oliveira TG, Abreu S, Leite N, Agostinete RR, Fernandes RA, Courteix D, Coelho-E-Silva MJ. Growth, body composition and bone mineral density among pubertal male athletes: intra-individual 12-month changes and comparisons between soccer players and swimmers. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:275. [PMID: 35562680 PMCID: PMC9102354 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Puberty is a period of intense changes in human body and, additionally, participation in sports is viewed as prominent form of physical activity among male adolescent athletes. The current study was aimed to examine the intra-individual changes in body composition and bone tissue during years of maximal growth and the effect of 12-month participation in sports contrasting in mechanical impact. Methods The sample included 40 male adolescent athletes (soccer: n = 20; swimming: n = 20) aged 12.57 ± 0.37 years who were followed for 12 months. Stature and body mass were measured, bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), lean soft and fat tissues assessed using DXA. Food intake was estimated using a questionnaires and training sessions individually monitored. Repeated measures ANOVA tested the differences between sports and 12-month intra-individual variation (time moments: TM1, TM2). The analyses on aBMD for total body and total body less head were repeated controlling for variation in stature at baseline. Results Soccer players completed 63 ± 31 sessions (95 ± 47 h). Respective values for swimmers were 248 ± 28 sessions and 390 ± 56 h. In general, the analysis of aBMD as dependent variable evidenced significant effect of sport-associated variation (F = 5.254, p < 0.01; η2 = 0.35) and 12-month increments, particularly at lower limbs (F = 97.238, p < 0.01; η2 = 0.85). Respective mean values for aBMD were SCCTM1 = 0.885 g.cm−2, SWMTM1 = 0.847 g.cm−2, SCCTM2 = 0.939 g.cm−2, SWMTM2 = 0.880. Regarding the lean soft tissue, the magnitude of effects was very large for intra-individual variation (F = 223.043, p < 0.01; η2 = 0.92) and moderate between sports (F = 7.850, p < 0.01; η2 = 0.41): SCCTM1 = 30.6 kg, SWMTM1 = 34.9 kg, SCCTM2 = 35.8 kg, SWMTM2 = 40.5 kg). Finally, d-cohen values reporting percentage of intra-individual changes in aBMD between soccer players ad swimmers were large for the trochanter (d = 1.2; annual increments: SCC = 8.1%, SWM = 3.6%). Conclusion Puberty appeared as a period of significant intra-individual changes in lean soft tissue and bone mineral density. With increasing accumulated training experience, mean difference between sports contrasting in mechanical impact tended to me more pronounced in particular at the lower limbs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03321-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Costa
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, CIDEFES, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa-E-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P Duarte
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Oscar M Tavares
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Castanheira
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tomás G Oliveira
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Neiva Leite
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R Agostinete
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rômulo A Fernandes
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Laboratory AME2P, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, 3040-248, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess bone mass in children and adolescent soccer players and to evaluate the influence of both gender and pubertal status on bone mass. A total of 110 soccer players (75 males / 35 females; 12.73 ± 0.65 / 12.76 ± 0.59 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. They were divided into two groups according to their pubertal status. Bone and lean masses were measured with Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry. An independent t-test and an adjusted by subtotal lean and training experience multivariate analysis of covariance were used to analyse the differences in bone mass values between genders and maturity status. Female soccer players presented higher bone mass values than their male counterparts in most of the measured weight-bearing sites. Moreover, when stratifying by pubertal status, peripubertal and postpubertal females had higher subtotal body and lumbar spine bone mass than males. Comparing between pubertal status groups before adjustment, both male and female postpubertal players showed higher bone mass than their pubertal counterparts. After adjusting, these differences disappeared and, in fact results were inverted as bone mass at the femoral neck was higher in both male and female peripubertal soccer players than in postpubertal players. Bone mass seems to be more intensely stimulated by playing soccer in female than male players, particularly in the lumbar spine. The results of peripubertal players showing higher bone mass at the femoral neck after adjusting suggest that playing soccer during the peripubertal stage could be an effective activity to achieve optimal bone mass values.
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Soccer helps build strong bones during growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:295-310. [PMID: 29282554 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-017-3060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of soccer practice on bone in male and female children and adolescents. MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were searched for scientific articles published up to and including October 2016. Twenty-seven studies were included in this systematic review (13 in the meta-analysis). The meta-analysis was performed by using OpenMeta[Analyst] software. It is well documented that soccer practice during childhood provides positive effects on bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) compared to sedentary behaviors and other sports, such as tennis, weightlifting, or swimming. Furthermore, soccer players present higher BMC and BMD in most weight-bearing sites such as the whole body, lumbar spine, hip, and legs. Moreover, bone differences were minimized between groups during prepuberty. Therefore, the maturity status should be considered when evaluating bone. According to meta-analysis results, soccer practice was positively associated with whole-body BMD either in males (mean difference 0.061; 95%CI, 0.042-0.079) or in females (mean difference 0.063; 95%CI, 0.026-0.099). CONCLUSION Soccer may be considered a sport that positively affects bone mass during growth. Pubertal soccer players presented increased bone mass compared to controls or other athletes; however, these bone differences are minimized during the prepubertal stage. What is known: • It has been described that childhood and adolescence are important periods for bone mass and structure. • Previous studies have demonstrated that soccer participation improves bone mass in male and female children and adolescents. What is new: • The differences between soccer players and controls are more marked during puberty than prepuberty. • Weight-bearing sites such as lumbar spine, hip, femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanteric region and both legs are particularly sensitive to soccer actions.
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Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Ortega FB, Krustrup P, Metcalf B, Castro Pinero J, Ruiz JR, Knapp KM, Williams CA, Moreno LA, Gracia-Marco L. The effect of 12-month participation in osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescent male athletes. The PRO-BONE study. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 21:404-409. [PMID: 28886923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research investigating the longitudinal effects of the most popular sports on bone development in adolescent males is scarce. The aim is to investigate the effect of 12-month participation in osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development. DESIGN A 12-month study was conducted in adolescent males involved in football, swimming and cycling and compared with an active control group. METHODS 116 adolescent males (13.1±0.1years at baseline): 37 footballers, 37 swimmers, 28 cyclists and 14 active controls were followed for 12 months. Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone stiffness was measured by quantitative ultrasound. Bone outcomes at 12 months were adjusted for baseline bone status, age, height, lean mass and moderate to vigorous physical activity. RESULTS Footballers had higher improvement in adjusted BMC at the total body, total hip, shaft, Ward's triangle, legs and bone stiffness compared to cyclists (6.3-8.0%). Footballers had significantly higher adjusted BMC at total body, shaft and legs compared to swimmers (5.4-5.6%). There was no significant difference between swimmers and cyclists for any bone outcomes. Swimming and cycling participation resulted in non-significant lower bone development at most sites of the skeleton compared to controls (-4.3 to -0.6%). CONCLUSIONS Football participation induces significantly greater improvements in BMC and bone stiffness over 12 months compared to cycling and swimming. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN17982776.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Ubago-Guisado
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom; IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Brad Metcalf
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Castro Pinero
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Luis A Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom; PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Spain.
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Diniz TA, Agostinete RR, Costa P, Saraiva BTC, Sonvenso DK, Freitas IF, Fernandes RA, Christofaro DGD. Relationship between total and segmental bone mineral density and different domains of physical activity among children and adolescents: cross-sectional study. SAO PAULO MED J 2017; 135:444-449. [PMID: 28832809 PMCID: PMC10027243 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2017.0042070417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the relationship between total and segmental bone mineral density (BDM) and physical activity (PA) in different domains (school, leisure and sports) among adolescents and children. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study in the Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP). METHODS The study sample consisted of 173 children and adolescents (10.31 ± 1.87 years). The BMDs for the whole body (WB) and the regions of the trunk and legs were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). PA was measured using the Baecke questionnaire. A regression model was used to analyze the relationship between all the BMDs and the different domains of PA. RESULTS 41.5% of the adolescents had high percentages of body fat. Regarding the comparison between physically active and insufficiently active adolescents, there were no statistically significant differences in any BMD variables (P > 0.05). The BMD of the legs showed positive relationships with the total PA (β = 0.009; P = 0.013) and sports PA (β = 0.010; P = 0.049) after insertion of the confounders. Similarly, the WB BMD showed the same relationships (total PA: β = 0.005; P = 0.045; and sports PA: β = 0.008; P = 0.049). No relationship was found between leisure and school PA and any of the BMDs (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results indicated that practice of sport was related to higher BMD values, independent of sex, age and body fatness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiego Aparecido Diniz
- Doctoral Student, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete
- Master's Student, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil
| | - Paulo Costa
- Master's Student, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil
| | - Bruna Thamyres Ciccotti Saraiva
- Master's Student, Department of Physical Exercise, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Diego Kanashiro Sonvenso
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Physical Exercise, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Ismael Forte Freitas
- Associate Professor, Department of Physical Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil
| | - Rômulo Araujo Fernandes
- Associate Professor, Department of Physical Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil
| | - Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro
- Associate Professor, Department of Physical Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil
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Agostinete RR, Ito IH, Kemper H, Pastre CM, Rodrigues-Júnior MA, Luiz-de-Marco R, Fernandes RA. Somatic maturation and the relationship between bone mineral variables and types of sports among adolescents: cross-sectional study. SAO PAULO MED J 2017; 135:253-259. [PMID: 28746660 PMCID: PMC10019843 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2016.0270210217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Peak height velocity (PHV) is an important maturational event during adolescence that affects skeleton size. The objective here was to compare bone variables in adolescents who practiced different types of sports, and to identify whether differences in bone variables attributed to sports practice were dependent on somatic maturation status. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, São Paulo State University (UNESP). METHODS: The study was composed of 93 adolescents (12 to 16.5 years old), divided into three groups: no-sport group (n = 42), soccer/basketball group (n = 26) and swimming group (n = 25). Bone mineral density and content were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and somatic maturation was estimated through using peak height velocity. Data on training load were provided by the coaches. RESULTS: Adolescents whose PHV occurred at an older age presented higher bone mineral density in their upper limbs (P = 0.018). After adjustments for confounders, such as somatic maturation, the swimmers presented lower values for bone mineral density in their lower limbs, spine and whole body. Only the bone mineral density in the upper limbs was similar between the groups. There was a negative relationship between whole-body bone mineral content and the weekly training hours (β: -1563.967; 95% confidence interval, CI: -2916.484 to -211.450). CONCLUSION: The differences in bone variables attributed to sport practice occurred independently of maturation, while high training load in situations of hypogravity seemed to be related to lower bone mass in swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete
- MSc. Postgraduate Student, Postgraduate Program on Physical Therapy, Laboratory for Exercise Investigation (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Igor Hideki Ito
- MSc. Postgraduate Student, Postgraduate Program on Kinesiology, Laboratory for Exercise Investigation (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Han Kemper
- PhD. Emeritus Professor, Department of Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Carlos Marcelo Pastre
- PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Mário Antônio Rodrigues-Júnior
- MSc. Postgraduate Student, Postgraduate Program on Kinesiology, Laboratory for Exercise Investigation (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Rafael Luiz-de-Marco
- MSc. Postgraduate Student, Laboratory for Exercise Investigation (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Rômulo Araújo Fernandes
- PhD. Assistant Professor, Laboratory for Exercise Investigation (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
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VLACHOPOULOS DIMITRIS, BARKER ALANR, WILLIAMS CRAIGA, ARNGRíMSSON SIGURBJA, KNAPP KARENM, METCALF BRADS, FATOUROS IOANNISG, MORENO LUISA, GRACIA-MARCO LUIS. The Impact of Sport Participation on Bone Mass and Geometry in Male Adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:317-326. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The Effect of Swimming During Childhood and Adolescence on Bone Mineral Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2016; 46:365-79. [PMID: 26607734 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) have been studied by several researchers, with inconsistent results. AIM This meta-analysis aims to determine whether systematic swimming training may influence BMD during childhood and adolescence. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed, SPORTDiscus and ClinicalTrials.gov from the earliest possible year to March 2015, with data extraction and quality assessment performed independently by two researchers following the PRISMA methodology. Swimmers were compared to sedentary controls and to athletes performing highly osteogenic sports. Therefore, a total of two meta-analyses were developed. RESULTS Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analyses. Swimmers presented similar BMD values to sedentary controls and lower than other high-impact athletes. Femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD differences between swimmers and sedentary controls and between swimmers and athletes practicing osteogenic sports appeared to increase with age and favored the non-swimming groups. There were no differences by sex. CONCLUSION While swimming is associated with several health benefits, it does not appear to be an effective sport for improving BMD. Swimmers might be in need of additional osteogenic exercises for increasing BMD values.
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Mantovani AM, Lima MCS, Agostinete RR, Ito IH, Codogno JS, Lynch KR, Fernandes RA. Sports Practice and Bone Mass in Prepubertal Adolescents and Young Adults: A Cross-sectional Analysis. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201600040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Madia Mantovani
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | | | - Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | - Igor Hideki Ito
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | - Jamile Sanches Codogno
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | - Kyle Robinson Lynch
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | - Rômulo Araújo Fernandes
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
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13
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Agostinete RR, Lynch KR, Gobbo LA, Lima MCS, Ito IH, Luiz-de-Marco R, Rodrigues-Junior MA, Fernandes RA. Basketball Affects Bone Mineral Density Accrual in Boys More Than Swimming and Other Impact Sports: 9-mo Follow-Up. J Clin Densitom 2016; 19:375-81. [PMID: 27174316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different sports on bone mineral density (BMD) accrual among male adolescents during a 9-mo follow-up. The sample was composed of 82 boys (control [n = 13], basketball [n = 14], karate [n = 9], soccer [n = 18], judo [n = 12], and swimming [n = 16]) who were followed up for 9 mo (from October 2013 to August 2014). BMD (gram per square centimeter) was assessed at baseline and follow-up using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner, whereas somatic maturation was estimated through the use of the peak height velocity. Vitamin D consumption was assessed by questionnaire. After 9 mo of follow-up, all groups (including the control group) presented significant BMD accrual (overall sample: 4.5% in the whole body). On the other hand, the basketball group presented higher BMD accrual in the upper limbs (17.6%) than the control group (7.2%). A similar difference was observed in whole-body BMD (control group: 4.1% vs basketball group: 7.1%). The basketball group had significantly higher BMD gains than the control group and other sports groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo R Agostinete
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physical Therapy, Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kyle R Lynch
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís A Gobbo
- Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Carlos Spiguel Lima
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor H Ito
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Luiz-de-Marco
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario A Rodrigues-Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romulo A Fernandes
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physical Therapy, Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Weaver CM, Gordon CM, Janz KF, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Lewis R, O'Karma M, Wallace TC, Zemel BS. The National Osteoporosis Foundation's position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and implementation recommendations. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:1281-1386. [PMID: 26856587 PMCID: PMC4791473 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lifestyle choices influence 20-40 % of adult peak bone mass. Therefore, optimization of lifestyle factors known to influence peak bone mass and strength is an important strategy aimed at reducing risk of osteoporosis or low bone mass later in life. The National Osteoporosis Foundation has issued this scientific statement to provide evidence-based guidance and a national implementation strategy for the purpose of helping individuals achieve maximal peak bone mass early in life. In this scientific statement, we (1) report the results of an evidence-based review of the literature since 2000 on factors that influence achieving the full genetic potential for skeletal mass; (2) recommend lifestyle choices that promote maximal bone health throughout the lifespan; (3) outline a research agenda to address current gaps; and (4) identify implementation strategies. We conducted a systematic review of the role of individual nutrients, food patterns, special issues, contraceptives, and physical activity on bone mass and strength development in youth. An evidence grading system was applied to describe the strength of available evidence on these individual modifiable lifestyle factors that may (or may not) influence the development of peak bone mass (Table 1). A summary of the grades for each of these factors is given below. We describe the underpinning biology of these relationships as well as other factors for which a systematic review approach was not possible. Articles published since 2000, all of which followed the report by Heaney et al. [1] published in that year, were considered for this scientific statement. This current review is a systematic update of the previous review conducted by the National Osteoporosis Foundation [1]. [Table: see text] Considering the evidence-based literature review, we recommend lifestyle choices that promote maximal bone health from childhood through young to late adolescence and outline a research agenda to address current gaps in knowledge. The best evidence (grade A) is available for positive effects of calcium intake and physical activity, especially during the late childhood and peripubertal years-a critical period for bone accretion. Good evidence is also available for a role of vitamin D and dairy consumption and a detriment of DMPA injections. However, more rigorous trial data on many other lifestyle choices are needed and this need is outlined in our research agenda. Implementation strategies for lifestyle modifications to promote development of peak bone mass and strength within one's genetic potential require a multisectored (i.e., family, schools, healthcare systems) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Weaver
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Women's Global Health Institute, Purdue University, 700 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - C M Gordon
- Division of Adolescent and Transition Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 4000, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - K F Janz
- Departments of Health and Human Physiology and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 130 E FH, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - H J Kalkwarf
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7035, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - J M Lappe
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, Creighton University, 601 N. 30th Street, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA
| | - R Lewis
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Dawson Hall, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - M O'Karma
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3535 Market Street, Room 1560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - T C Wallace
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, MS 1 F8, 10340 Democracy Lane, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
- National Osteoporosis Foundation, 1150 17th Street NW, Suite 850, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
- National Osteoporosis Foundation, 251 18th Street South, Suite 630, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA.
| | - B S Zemel
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Room 1560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Room 1560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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15
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Abrahin O, Rodrigues RP, Marçal AC, Alves EAC, Figueiredo RC, de Sousa EC. Swimming and cycling do not cause positive effects on bone mineral density: a systematic review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 56:345-51. [PMID: 27476628 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is considered a common metabolic bone disease and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. In this context, physical activity has been used as a non-pharmacological tool for prevention and auxiliary treatment of this disease. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of cycling and swimming practice on bone mineral density (BMD). This research was conducted in accordance with the recommendations outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The studies were consulted in the period from 2004 to 2014, through major electronic databases: PubMed(®), SciELO(®) and LILACS(®). Ten studies evaluated the effects of cycling on BMD, and the results showed that nine studies have linked the practice of professional cycling with low levels of BMD. Another 18 studies have reported that swimming has no positive effects on bone mass. We conclude that cycling and swimming do not cause positive effects on BMD; thus, these are not the most suitable exercises for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilon Abrahin
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Resistive Exercise and Health Laboratory (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Rejane Pequeno Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Resistive Exercise and Health Laboratory (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Rosa Costa Figueiredo
- Resistive Exercise and Health Laboratory (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Evitom Corrêa de Sousa
- Resistive Exercise and Health Laboratory (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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16
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Noll M, de Avelar IS, Lehnen GC, Vieira MF. Back Pain Prevalence and Its Associated Factors in Brazilian Athletes from Public High Schools: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150542. [PMID: 26938456 PMCID: PMC4777545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on the prevalence of back pain have evaluated it in developed countries (Human Development Index--HDI > 0.808), and their conclusions may not hold for developing countries. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of back pain in representative Brazilian athletes from public high schools. This cross-sectional study was performed during the state phase of the 2015 Jogos dos Institutos Federais (JIF), or Federal Institutes Games, in Brazil (HDI = 0.744), and it enrolled 251 athletes, 173 males and 78 females (14-20 years old). The dependent variable was back pain, and the independent variables were demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, hereditary, exercise-level, anthropometric, strength, behavioral, and postural factors. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated using multivariable analysis according to the Poisson regression model (α = 0.05). The prevalence of back pain in the three months prior to the study was 43.7% (n = 104), and 26% of the athletes reported feeling back pain only once. Multivariable analysis showed that back pain was associated with demographic (sex), psychosocial (loneliness and loss of sleep in the previous year), hereditary (ethnicity, parental back pain), strength (lumbar and hand forces), anthropometric (body mass index), behavioral (sleeping time per night, reading and studying in bed, smoking habits in the previous month), and postural (sitting posture while writing, while on a bench, and while using a computer) variables. Participants who recorded higher levels of lumbar and manual forces reported a lower prevalence of back pain (PR < 0.79), whereas feeling lonely in the previous year, obesity, and ethnicity exhibited the highest prevalence ratio (PR > 1.30). In conclusion, there is no association between exercise levels and back pain but there is an association between back pain and non-exercise related variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Noll
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Instituto Federal Goiano–Campus Ceres, Ceres, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Ivan Silveira de Avelar
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Georgia Cristina Lehnen
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marcus Fraga Vieira
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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17
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Abrahin O, Rodrigues RP, Marçal AC, Alves EAC, Figueiredo RC, Sousa ECD. Swimming and cycling do not cause positive effects on bone mineral density: a systematic review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 56:S0482-5004(16)00026-7. [PMID: 26949150 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is considered a common metabolic bone disease and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. In this context, physical activity has been used as a non-pharmacological tool for prevention and auxiliary treatment of this disease. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of cycling and swimming practice on bone mineral density (BMD). This research was conducted in accordance with the recommendations outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The studies were consulted in the period from 2004 to 2014, through major electronic databases: PubMed®, SciELO® and LILACS®. Ten studies evaluated the effects of cycling on BMD, and the results showed that nine studies have linked the practice of professional cycling with low levels of BMD. Another 18 studies have reported that swimming has no positive effects on bone mass. We conclude that cycling and swimming do not cause positive effects on BMD; thus, these are not the most suitable exercises for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilon Abrahin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil; Laboratório de Exercício Resistido e Saúde (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil.
| | - Rejane Pequeno Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil; Laboratório de Exercício Resistido e Saúde (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | | | - Rosa Costa Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Exercício Resistido e Saúde (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Evitom Corrêa de Sousa
- Laboratório de Exercício Resistido e Saúde (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
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18
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Mohr M, Helge EW, Petersen LF, Lindenskov A, Weihe P, Mortensen J, Jørgensen NR, Krustrup P. Effects of soccer vs swim training on bone formation in sedentary middle-aged women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2671-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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ALLISON RICHARDJ, FAROOQ ABDULAZIZ, HAMILTON BRUCE, CLOSE GRAEMEL, WILSON MATHEWG. No Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Markers of Bone Health in Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:782-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Sritara C, Thakkinstian A, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Pornsuriyasak P, Warodomwichit D, Akrawichien T, Vathesatogkit P, Sritara P. Work- and travel-related physical activity and alcohol consumption: relationship with bone mineral density and calcaneal quantitative ultrasonometry. J Clin Densitom 2015; 18:37-43. [PMID: 24878331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of healthy workers rarely exercise because of a lack of time or resources. Physical activity related to work and everyday travel may be more feasible, but evidence of its beneficial effect on bone health is scarce. We assessed if this form of physical activity was associated with higher bone mineral density (BMD) and stiffness index (SI) when adjusted for recreational physical activity, age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Healthy workers, aged 25-54 yr, of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand were surveyed. The outcomes were BMD (lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip) and calcaneal SI. Physical activity was estimated using the global physical activity questionnaire and considered active when >600 metabolic equivalent tasks (min). Of 2268 subjects, 74% were men. Active male subjects had significantly higher BMD at the femoral neck and total hip (p<0.005). However, the association was not significant with male lumbar spine BMD, male SI, or any bone parameters in women (p>0.05). In men, work and travel physical activity seems beneficial to male bone health; hence, it should be encouraged. Furthermore, smoking appeared harmful while moderate alcohol consumption was beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Sritara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Ammarin Thakkinstian
- Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonsong Ongphiphadhanakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Pornsuriyasak
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daruneewan Warodomwichit
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Akrawichien
- Medical and Health Office, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Prin Vathesatogkit
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyamitr Sritara
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Gómez-Bruton A, González-Agüero A, Gómez-Cabello A, Matute-Llorente A, Casajús JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G. The effects of swimming training on bone tissue in adolescence. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e589-602. [PMID: 25640142 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to analyze bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in regular swimming trained adolescents and the interaction that weigh-bearing sports may have on these values. Bone mass was evaluated by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in 77 swimmers (34 females/43 males) and 52 normoactive controls (CG; 23 females/29 males) from 11 to 18 years. Swimmers who had performed or were performing other sports (OSP; 11 females/20 males) were compared with pure swimmers (PSW; 23 females/23 males). Both groups were compared with CG. Bone values were compared using analyses of covariance adjusting for height, calcium intake, subtotal lean (whole body lean minus head), and pubertal status. Male PSW showed lower BMD and BMC at several sites than male CG. However, for male OSP, only lumbar spine BMC was lower in OSP than male CG. Male PSW showed lower BMD and BMC when compared with male OSP. Female PSW showed higher arm BMD and lower leg BMC than female CG, while female OSP only presented lower leg BMC than female CG. Contrary to males, female-PSW presented higher BMD and BMC than female OSP. No differences in QUS values were found between swimmers and CG. To summarize, although more information is needed for females, it seems that for males, swimming is associated with lower BMC and BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gómez-Bruton
- GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A González-Agüero
- GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - A Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Matute-Llorente
- GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J A Casajús
- GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - G Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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22
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Rhodes LA, Cooper W, Oldroyd B, Hind K. Cross-calibration of a GE iDXA and Prodigy for total and regional body bone parameters: the importance of using cross-calibration equations for longitudinal monitoring after a system upgrade. J Clin Densitom 2014; 17:496-504. [PMID: 24210497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine if cross-calibration equations could be applied to convert GE Lunar Prodigy total and regional bone measurements to the GE iDXA model to support longitudinal monitoring of subjects. The cross-calibration group comprised 63 adults (age 45.1 [12.8] yr; body mass index: 25.6 [3.7] kg/m(2)) and the validation group comprised 25 adults (age 40.5 [11.5] yr; body mass index: 25.7 [3.5] kg/m(2)). The parameters reported were total and regional bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content, and bone area. There were significant differences between densitometers for all anatomical regions and reported bone parameters (p < 0.0001); iDXA reported lower BMD than the Prodigy apart from the ribs. Linear regression indicated good agreement for all measurements. Bland-Altman analyses indicated significant bias for all measurements and that cross-calibration equations were required. The derived cross-calibration equations were effective in reducing differences between predicted and measured results for each parameter and at each region apart from leg BMD, where the difference remained significant (0.013 g/cm(2); p < 0.05). Our results indicate that cross-calibration is important to maintain comparability of total body-derived regional bone measurements between the Lunar Prodigy and iDXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Rhodes
- Division of Medical Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - William Cooper
- Division of Medical Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Brian Oldroyd
- Division of Medical Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Karen Hind
- Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Metropolitan University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, UK
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23
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Chaari H, Zouch M, Zribi A, Bouajina E, Zaouali M, Tabka Z. Specific sites of bone expansion depend on the level of volleyball practice in prepubescent boys. Biol Sport 2013; 30:227-34. [PMID: 24744493 PMCID: PMC3944564 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1059297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 18 months of high and low levels of volleyball practice on bone acquisition. 130 prepubescent boys (mean age 11.4 ± 0.7) were divided into a high-level training group (HLG), low-level training group (LLG), and controls. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area at the whole body, lumbar spine L2-L4, femoral neck of the dominant leg, and right and left radius were measured using dual-photon X-ray absorptiometry. Enhanced BMC resulted from high-training volleyball activity in all measured sites except the third left and right distal radius, which is not modified by low-level training in prepubescent players but it was accompanied by a bone area expansion in radius and weight-bearing sites for the HLG, and in legs, whole right and left radius for the LLG. Significant improvement of skeletal tissues is associated with the intensity and duration of volleyball training.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chaari
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Medecine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - M Zouch
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Medecine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - A Zribi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Medecine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - E Bouajina
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - M Zaouali
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Medecine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Z Tabka
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Medecine, Sousse, Tunisia
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24
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Gómez-Bruton A, Gónzalez-Agüero A, Gómez-Cabello A, Casajús JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G. Is bone tissue really affected by swimming? A systematic review. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70119. [PMID: 23950908 PMCID: PMC3737199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swimming, a sport practiced in hypogravity, has sometimes been associated with decreased bone mass. Aim This systematic review aims to summarize and update present knowledge about the effects of swimming on bone mass, structure and metabolism in order to ascertain the effects of this sport on bone tissue. Methods A literature search was conducted up to April 2013. A total of 64 studies focusing on swimmers bone mass, structure and metabolism met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results It has been generally observed that swimmers present lower bone mineral density than athletes who practise high impact sports and similar values when compared to sedentary controls. However, swimmers have a higher bone turnover than controls resulting in a different structure which in turn results in higher resistance to fracture indexes. Nevertheless, swimming may become highly beneficial regarding bone mass in later stages of life. Conclusion Swimming does not seem to negatively affect bone mass, although it may not be one of the best sports to be practised in order to increase this parameter, due to the hypogravity and lack of impact characteristic of this sport. Most of the studies included in this review showed similar bone mineral density values in swimmers and sedentary controls. However, swimmers present a higher bone turnover than sedentary controls that may result in a stronger structure and consequently in a stronger bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gómez-Bruton
- GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gónzalez-Agüero
- GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A. Casajús
- GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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LISMAN PETER, O’CONNOR FRANCISG, DEUSTER PATRICIAA, KNAPIK JOSEPHJ. Functional Movement Screen and Aerobic Fitness Predict Injuries in Military Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31827a1c4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) in perinatally HIV-infected (HIV+) and HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) children, and to determine predictors of BMD in HIV+. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis within a 15-site United States and Puerto Rico cohort study. METHODS Total body and lumbar spine BMD were measured using dual energy-X-ray absorptiometry. BMD Z-scores accounted for bone age and sex. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate differences in Z-scores by HIV status and for predictors of BMD in HIV+. RESULTS 350 HIV+ and 160 HEU were enrolled. Mean age was 12.6 and 10.7 years for HIV+ and HEU, respectively. Most (87%) HIV+ were receiving HAART. More HIV+ than HEU had total body and lumbar spine Z-scores less than -2.0 (total body: 7 vs. 1%, P = 0.008; lumbar spine: 4 vs. 1%, P = 0.08). Average differences in Z-scores between HIV+ and HEU were attenuated after height and/or weight adjustment. Among HIV+, total body Z-scores were lower in those with higher CD4% and in those who ever used boosted protease inhibitors or lamivudine. Lumbar spine Z-scores were lower with higher peak viral load and CD4%, more years on HAART, and ever use of indinavir. CONCLUSION Rates of low BMD in HIV+ children were greater than expected based on normal population distributions. These differences were partially explained by delays in growth. As most HIV+ children in this study had not entered their pubertal growth spurt, prepubertal factors associated with BMD, magnified or carried forward, may result in sub-optimal peak BMD in adulthood.
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Greene DA, Naughton GA, Bradshaw E, Moresi M, Ducher G. Mechanical loading with or without weight-bearing activity: influence on bone strength index in elite female adolescent athletes engaged in water polo, gymnastics, and track-and-field. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30:580-7. [PMID: 22614913 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-012-0360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone health is considered not to benefit from water-based sports because of their weight-supported nature, but available evidence primarily relies on DXA technology. Our purpose was to investigate musculoskeletal health in the upper and lower body in well-trained adolescent female athletes using pQCT and compare these athletes with less-active, age- and sex-matched peers. Bone mineral content, volumetric cortical and trabecular BMD, total and cortical area, and bone strength index were assessed at the distal and proximal tibia and radius in four groups of adolescent females (mean age, 14.9 years) including water polo players (n = 30), gymnasts (n = 25), track-and-field athletes (n = 34), and nonactive controls (n = 28). Water polo players did not show any benefit in bone strength index or muscle size in the lower leg when compared with controls. In contrast, gymnasts showed 60.1 % and 53.4 % greater bone strength index at the distal and proximal tibia, respectively, than nonactive females (p < 0.05). Similarly, track-and-field athletes displayed 33.9 % and 14.7 % greater bone strength index at the distal and proximal tibia, respectively, compared with controls (p < 0.05). In the upper body, water polo players had 31.9 % greater bone strength index at the distal radius, but not the radial shaft, and 15.2 % larger forearm muscle cross-sectional area than controls (p < 0.05). The greatest musculoskeletal benefits in the upper body were found in gymnasts. In conclusion, despite training at an elite level, female water polo players did not show any benefits in musculoskeletal health in the lower leg and only limited benefits in the upper body when compared with nonactive girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Greene
- Centre of Physical Activity Across the Lifespan (CoPAAL), School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Locked Bag 2002, Strathfield, NSW, 2763, Australia.
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Burt LA, Greene DA, Ducher G, Naughton GA. Skeletal adaptations associated with pre-pubertal gymnastics participation as determined by DXA and pQCT: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2012; 16:231-9. [PMID: 22951266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Participation in gymnastics prior to puberty offers an intriguing and unique model, particularly in girls. The individuality comes from both upper and lower limbs being exposed to high mechanical loading through year long intensive training programs, initiated at a young age. Studying this unique model and the associated changes in musculoskeletal health during growth is an area of specific interest. Previous reviews on gymnastics participation and bone health have been broad; and not limited to a particular maturation period, such as pre-puberty. OBJECTIVES To determine the difference in skeletal health between pre-pubertal girls participating in gymnastics compared with non-gymnasts. DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS Following a systematic search, 17 studies were included in this meta-analysis. All studies used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess bone mineral density and bone mineral content. In addition, two studies included peripheral quantitative computed tomography. RESULTS Following the implementation of a random effects model, gymnasts were found to have greater bone properties than non-gymnasts. The largest difference in bone health between gymnasts and non-gymnasts was observed in peripheral quantitative computed tomography-derived volumetric bone mineral density at the distal radius (d=1.06). CONCLUSIONS Participation in gymnastics during pre-pubertal growth was associated with skeletal health benefits, particularly to the upper body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Burt
- Centre of Physical Activity Across the Lifespan, Australian Catholic University, Australia.
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Moretto de Oliveria MR, Cristiane da Silva C, Kurokawa CS, Teixeira Fortes CM, Campos Capela R, Santos Teixeira A, Carlos Dalmas J, Lederer Goldberg TB. Bone mineral density in healthy female adolescents according to age, bone age and pubertal breast stage. Open Orthop J 2011; 5:324-30. [PMID: 21966336 PMCID: PMC3178934 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001105010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy female Brazilian adolescents in five groups looking at chronological age, bone age, and pubertal breast stage, and determining BMD behavior for each classification. Methods: Seventy-two healthy female adolescents aged between 10 to 20 incomplete years were divided into five groups and evaluated for calcium intake, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), pubertal breast stage, bone age, and BMD. Bone mass was measured by bone densitometry (DXA) in lumbar spine and proximal femur regions, and the total body. BMI was estimated by Quetelet index. Breast development was assessed by Tanner’s criteria and skeletal maturity by bone age. BMD comparison according to chronologic and bone age, and breast development were analyzed by Anova, with Scheffe’s test used to find significant differences between groups at P≤0.05. Results: BMD (g·cm-2) increased in all studied regions as age advanced, indicating differences from the ages of 13 to 14 years. This group differed to the 10 and 11 to 12 years old groups for lumbar spine BMD (0.865±0.127 vs 0.672±0.082 and 0.689±0.083, respectively) and in girls at pubertal development stage B3, lumbar spine BMD differed from B5 (0.709±0.073 vs 0.936±0.130) and whole body BMD differed from B4 and B5 (0.867±0.056 vs 0.977±0.086 and 1.040±0.080, respectively). Conclusion: Bone mineralization increased in the B3 breast maturity group, and the critical years for bone mass acquisition were between 13 and 14 years of age for all sites evaluated by densitometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Regina Moretto de Oliveria
- Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Botucatu School of Medicine - UNESP, São Paulo State University, Brazil
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