1
|
Bergeron MF, Côté J, Cumming SP, Purcell R, Armstrong N, Basilico L, Burrows K, Charrin JB, Felix A, Groesswang H, Iwasaki Y, Kocher MS, Martowicz M, McConnell K, Moran J, Holm Moseid C, Mountjoy M, Soligard T, Tetelbaum E, Thiel A, Vertommen T, Viseras G, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U. IOC consensus statement on elite youth athletes competing at the Olympic Games: essentials to a healthy, safe and sustainable paradigm. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:946-965. [PMID: 39197945 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
With the pronounced ongoing growth of global youth sports, opportunities for and participation of youth athletes on the world sports stage, including the Olympic Games, are expected to escalate. Yet, adolescence is a vulnerable period of development and inherently dynamic, with non-linear and asynchronous progression of physical, physiological, psychological and social attributes. These non-concurrent changes within and between individuals are accompanied by irregular and unpredictable threats and impediments. Likewise, the evident age-based criteria and conventional path for those youth athletes deemed eligible candidates for the Olympic Games are not well or consistently defined. Furthermore, the unstructured and largely varying policies and practices across the sporting International Federations specific to youth participation underscore the need to establish a contemporary universal paradigm that would enable elite youth athletes to navigate an individualised healthy pathway to personal, athletic and sport success. First, we reviewed and summarised key challenges facing elite youth athletes and the relevant evidence fundamental to facilitating and supporting central aspects of health and well-being, while empowering safe, sustainable and positive engagement during athletic and personal advancement and competition. Second, we developed and present a modern elite youth athlete model that emphasises a child-centred, practical framework with corresponding guidelines and recommendations to protect health and well-being while safely and favourably managing international sport competition. Our proposed evidence-informed paradigm will enable and support individualised pathways for healthy, well-rounded and sustainable positive engagement while achieving sport success for youth contending or aiming to compete at world-class international sporting events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bergeron
- Performance Health, WTA Women's Tennis Association, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
- Health Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jean Côté
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Jamaica, Canada
| | | | - Rosemary Purcell
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil Armstrong
- Childrens Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Luca Basilico
- World Skate, Maison du Sport International, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kirsty Burrows
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoit Charrin
- Corporate and Sustainable Development Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Allyson Felix
- Athletes' Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heike Groesswang
- International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation (IBSF), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yasunobu Iwasaki
- Anti-Doping, Medical and Scientific Commission, Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Anshinkai Anshin Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mininder S Kocher
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Magali Martowicz
- Corporate and Sustainable Development Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kit McConnell
- Sports Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jane Moran
- Medical Commission, International Skating Union, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia - Vancouver Campus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Holm Moseid
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evgenia Tetelbaum
- Sports Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Thiel
- President, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tine Vertommen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Expertise Center People and Well-being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gloria Viseras
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malina RM, Freitas D, Skrzypczak M, Konarski JM. Body size and three estimates of skeletal age: Relationships with strength and motor performance among male soccer players 9-12 and 13-16 years. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24044. [PMID: 38441402 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the associations between height, weight, and three estimates of skeletal age (SA) and the strength and motor performance of male soccer players in two chronological age (CA) groups, 9-12 (n = 60) and 13-16 (n = 52) years. METHODS Height, weight, strength (grip), speed (5 m, 20 m sprints), acceleration (time at crossing 10 m in 20 m sprint), agility (figure-of-eight run), power (vertical jump), and endurance (intermittent shuttle run) were measured. SA was assessed with the TW2 RUS, TW3 RUS, and Fels methods; each SA was expressed as the standardized residual of the regression of SA on CA (SAsr). Hierarchical multiple regression was used. RESULTS Body size accounted for ≥50% of the variance in grip strength in both CA groups; the body size × SAsr for each method and SAsr alone added little to the explained variance. Body size, body size × SAsr interactions, and SAsr per se with each method accounted for small percentages of variance in motor tasks among players 9-12 years, while body size explained a larger proportion of variance in motor tasks (except the endurance run) among players 13-16 years; body size × SAsr interactions for TW2 and TW3 more so than Fels added to the explained variances. For the endurance run, only SAsr per se with each method accounted for significant portions of the variance. CONCLUSION Body size and the three estimates of SA significantly influenced strength and motor performance, but the explained variance varied between CA groups and among SA methods and performance tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Duarte Freitas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mateusz Skrzypczak
- Theory of Sports Department, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan M Konarski
- Theory of Sports Department, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Morais JE, Kilit B, Arslan E, Soylu Y, Neiva HP. Effects of a 6-week on-court training program on the International Tennis Number (ITN) and a range of physical fitness characteristics in young tennis players. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1304073. [PMID: 38873230 PMCID: PMC11169729 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1304073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to (i) verify the effects of an on-court training program on the International Tennis Number (ITN) of young tennis players, as well as on a set of change of direction, linear sprint, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) variables, and (ii) identify the main predictors of ITN. The sample consisted of 20 young male tennis players (mean age, 13.62 ± 0.23 years). Players underwent a 6-week on-court training program. The ITN and a number of change of direction variables (T-drill and repeated sprint ability), linear sprint (5 m, 10 m, and 20 m distances), and VO2max were measured. All variables improved significantly between the pre- and posttest (p < 0.001). The ITN (7.98 ± 6.06%, d = 0.82) and VO2max (6.77 ± 1.21%, d = 1.53) showed the greatest relative improvement with moderate to large effect sizes. The hierarchical linear model retained the time (estimate = 18.90, p < 0.001) and the T-drill (estimate = -64.77, p < 0.001) as significant predictors of the ITN. This indicates that the ITN improved significantly over the 6-week training program and that the T-drill test was the best and most significant predictor. Coaches and researchers are encouraged to monitor the ITN along with other physical fitness and technical variables. They can also use the T-drill test to understand the ITN of their players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Morais
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Bulent Kilit
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ersan Arslan
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Soylu
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Henrique P. Neiva
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernandez-Fernandez J, Herrero-Molleda A, Álvarez-Dacal F, Hernandez-Davó JL, Granacher U. The Impact of Sex and Biological Maturation on Physical Fitness in Adolescent Badminton Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:191. [PMID: 37888518 PMCID: PMC10611229 DOI: 10.3390/sports11100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of maturity status and sex on selected measures of physical fitness in adolescent badminton players. Eighty-one badminton players (39 boys, 42 girls; age: 12.7 ± 1.4 years; body height: 153.5 ± 10.5 cm; body mass: 48.3 ± 13.2 kg) participated in the study and were divided into pre-peak height velocity (PHV, n = 31), circa-PHV (n = 29), and post-PHV (n = 21) groups. The assessment of physical fitness included linear sprint (5-m, 10-m) and change-of-direction (CoD) speed tests using a modified 5-0-5 CoD test (CoD deficit [CoDD%]) and an on-court CoD test, as well as the countermovement jump (CMJ) test as a proxy of lower limbs' muscle power. Pre-PHV players presented lower performance levels (p < 0.001; ES: 1.81-1.21) than post-PHV in CMJ, linear sprint (5, 10-m) speed, and both CoD tests. In addition, compared to circa-PHV, pre-PHV players demonstrated moderately lower performances in the 10 m sprint and CoD tests (p < 0.05; ES: 0.65-1.00). Regarding the CoDD%, no between-group differences were found. Irrespective of the maturity status, boys outperformed girls in CMJ (p = 0.01; ES: 0.71), linear sprint speed (p < 0.05, ES: 0.52-0.77), and the modified 505 test (p = 0.01; ES: 0.71). Findings only showed significant sex-by-maturity interactions for the pre-PHV group. In addition, sex-related performance differences were found in favor of the boys for most measures except for CoDD%. Our results imply that maturity status (i.e., PHV) and not chronological age should be used to design training programs. Female adolescent badminton players should receive specifically targeted exercise interventions based on their fitness status and needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain; (J.F.-F.); (A.H.-M.)
- AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
- Regional Badminton Technification Center (CTD), 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Alba Herrero-Molleda
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain; (J.F.-F.); (A.H.-M.)
- AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
| | | | | | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Radnor JM, Oliver JL, Dobbs I, Wong M, Brown TW, Lloyd RS, Kelly AL. Selection into youth cricket academies: The influence of relative age and maturity status. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:272-279. [PMID: 37163466 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2208924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the birth quartile and maturity status distributions of male academy cricketers. Participants included 213 junior cricket players, aged between 9 and 18 years. Players were separated into birth quartiles and also grouped as early, average or late maturers. For the whole cohort, there was a medium effect bias towards players born in BQ1, but the number of early, average and late maturers was as expected. However, there were significantly more early maturers in the U10 and U11 groups than expected, and maturity distributions of the BQ groups showed that there was a small effect size bias towards early maturers in BQ4. Selection biases towards cricketers who are born earlier in the competitive year are consistent from U9 to U16, but more prevalent in the U12 and U14 age groups. There is a bias towards early maturers at U10 and U11, but this reduces as age increases. Practitioners working in academy pathways should be encouraged to assess the maturity status of players to assist in the retention and progression of players. Relative age effects should also be considered, and strategies may be required to identify players born later in the year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian Dobbs
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Megan Wong
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas W Brown
- Centre for Life and Sport Science (C-LaSS), Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
- Warwickshire County Cricket Club, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Centre for Life and Sport Science (C-LaSS), Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sousa-E-Silva P, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Celis-Moreno JM, Costa DC, Martinho DV, Ribeiro LP, Oliveira T, Gonçalves-Santos J, Tavares OM, Castanheira JM, Pereira T, Conde J, Cayolla RR, Duarte-Mendes P, Myburgh GK, Cumming SP, Malina RM. Intra-observer reproducibility and inter-observer agreement of Fels skeletal age assessments among male tennis players 8-16 years. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:196. [PMID: 37101252 PMCID: PMC10131323 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal age (SA) is an estimate of biological maturity status that is commonly used in sport-related medical examinations. This study considered intra-observer reproducibility and inter-observer agreement of SA assessments among male tennis players. METHODS SA was assessed with the Fels method in 97 male tennis players with chronological ages (CA) spanning 8.7-16.8 years. Radiographs were evaluated by two independent trained observers. Based on the difference between SA and CA, players were classified as late, average or early maturing; if a player was skeletally mature, he was noted as such as an SA is not assigned. RESULTS The magnitude of intra-individual differences between repeated SA assessments were d = 0.008 year (observer A) and d = 0.001 year (observer B); the respective coefficients of variation were 1.11% and 1.75%. Inter-observer mean differences were negligible (t = 1.252, p = 0.210) and the intra-class correlation coefficient was nearly perfect (ICC = 0.995). Concordance of classifications of players by maturity status between observers was 90%. CONCLUSION Fels SA assessments were highly reproducible and showed an acceptable level of inter-observer agreement between trained examiners. Classifications of players by skeletal maturity status based on assessments of the two observers were highly concordant, though not 100%. The results highlight the importance of experienced observers in skeletal maturity assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sousa-E-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Jorge M Celis-Moreno
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela C Costa
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís P Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Algarve, School of Health, Faro, Portugal
| | - Tomas Oliveira
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Oscar M Tavares
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Castanheira
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Telmo Pereira
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Conde
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo R Cayolla
- University Portucalense, REMIT (Research Centre on Economics, Management and Information Technologies), Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Duarte-Mendes
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, School of Education, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | | | | | - Robert M Malina
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Austin, TX, USA
- University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kite RJ, Noon MR, Morris R, Mundy P, Clarke ND. Observations of Player (de)Selection Within a Professional UK Soccer Academy. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE IN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37359765 PMCID: PMC9994390 DOI: 10.1007/s42978-023-00222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study engaged in an ethnographical observation of the processes used to determine player (de)selections within a professional academy. English category-2 youth academy players (n = 96) from U10-U16 age groups undertook anthropometric profiling (height, mass and somatic maturation) and fitness assessments (10 m, 20 m & 30 m linear sprints, 505-agility test, countermovement and squat jumps). Each players lead coach (n = 4) subjectively graded players utilising a red, amber and green (RAG) rating system on a weekly (current performance) and quarterly (perceived potential) basis, across 25 weeks. A MANCOVA, controlling for maturation, was applied to determine differences in (de)selection by physical performance. Mann Whitney-U tests were used to distinguish difference in (de)selection by subjective grading (weekly and quarterly). The key finding was that quarterly subjective gradings established a higher cumulative score of green ratings in selected players and a low cumulative score of red ratings, and vice versa for deselected players (P ≤ 0.001 to 0.03). However, whilst these findings suggest that quarterly subjective grades of potential were able to provide the best predictors for player (de)selection, the findings should be viewed with caution due to high potential for confirmatory bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rich J. Kite
- Academy Sports Science and Medical Department, Coventry City Football Club, Coventry, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Mark R. Noon
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Rhys Morris
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Peter Mundy
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Neil D. Clarke
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lopez-Valenciano A, Ayala F, De Ste Croix MBA, Barbado D, Moreno-Perez V, Sanz-Rivas D, Fernandez-Fernandez J. The Association Between Chronological Age and Maturity Status on Lower Body Clinical Measurements and Asymmetries in Elite Youth Tennis Players. Sports Health 2023; 15:250-259. [PMID: 35350941 PMCID: PMC9950987 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221083319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tennis is one of the most popular sports among youths. At elite levels, a notable increase in injury incidence and a temporary decline in performance may occur when children progress through puberty. However, limited research has explored maturity-associated variations in clinical measurements suggested as predictors of injury and tennis performance in elite youth players. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the association between chronological age and maturity status on several measures of neuromuscular capability and physical performance as well as bilateral (interlimb) asymmetries in elite youth tennis players. HYPOTHESIS Youth tennis players around peak height velocity (PHV) will show higher growth-related impairments or deficits in measures of neuromuscular capability and physical performance than their less (pre-PHV) and more (post-PHV) mature counterparts irrespective of sex. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS A total of 68 male (age, 13.7 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.4 ± 9.4 cm; body mass, 51.4 ± 10.3 kg [Mean values ± SD]) and 60 female (age, 13.6 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.8 ± 7.2 cm; body mass, 52.7 ± 7.5 kg [Mean values ± SD]) elite youth tennis players from 2 different age groups (under 13 [U13] and under 15 [U15]) and maturity status (pre-PHV, around PHV, and post-PHV), were tested during national training camps. Tests included the Y Balance Test, isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, hip ranges of motion (ROMs), and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Bayesian analysis was used to establish any significant between-group differences. RESULTS Only dynamic balance (in boys; Bayesian factor [BF10] = 88.2) and jump height (in both boys and girls; BF10 >100) were significatively associated with chronological age, whereby the U15 group showed lower Y Balance Test reach distances (-6%; standardized effect size δ = 0.62) but higher CMJ height scores (+18%; δ = 0.73) than the U13 group. Although boys jump higher (+11%; δ = 0.62) and were stronger in isometric hip adduction strength (+14%; δ = 0.92) than girls, the latter had greater hip internal ROM values (+15%; δ = 0.75). Furthermore, relevant maturity-associated effects (BF10 = 34.6) were solely observed for the CMJ test in boys, with the most mature players demonstrating higher jump height scores (+12%; δ = 0.93). Finally, a significant percentage (>25%) of tennis players, independent of sex, demonstrated bilateral asymmetries in hip ROM, hip strength, and jump height values. CONCLUSION The findings of this study show that in U13 and U15 male and female tennis players, there were neither positive nor negative maturity-associated variations in the clinical measurements analyzed (with the exception of jump height in male players). The high proportion of tennis players showing bilateral asymmetries in dynamic balance, hip ROM, and strength and jump performance highlight the need of future studies to analyze these factors in relation to unilateral tennis-specific adaptations in the musculoskeletal and sensorimotor systems. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results may help to better understand how different clinical measurements are associated with the process of growth and maturation in elite youth tennis players and may aid in the design of specific training interventions during these stages of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - David Barbado
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Perez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez
- Spanish Tennis Federation, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of León, Spain.,AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, University of León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Longitudinal Mediating Influence of Maturation on the Relationship Between Strength and Performance in Male Youth Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:61-68. [PMID: 36460002 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the longitudinal relationships between shoulder internal and external rotation (IR and ER) strength, maturity status, and swim performance (aim 1). To determine whether maturity status mediated (partially/fully) the relationship between shoulder IR/ER strength and performance in age-group swimmers (aim 2). METHODS Using a repeated-measures design, anthropometrics, maturity status, shoulder IR/ER strength, and 200-m front-crawl velocity were assessed over 3 competition seasons in N = 82 Australian male competitive swimmers (10-15 y). For aim 1, linear mixed models examined longitudinal relationships between assessed variables. For aim 2, causal mediation analyses examined proportional (in)direct contributions of maturity status between shoulder IR strength and swim performance. RESULTS For aim 1, linear mixed models identified a significant relationship between shoulder IR strength and swim performance over time (F1,341.25 = 16.66, P < .001, marginal R2 = .13, conditional R2 = .91). However, maturity status was influential (ΔAkaike information criterion = -75.8, χ2 = 19.98, P < .001), suggesting removal of the shoulder IR strength-swim velocity relationship (F1,214.1 = 0.02, P = .88). For aim 2, mediation analyses identified maturity status as fully mediating the shoulder IR strength-swim velocity relationship (92.30%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Shoulder IR and ER strength did not account for variance in longitudinal age-group swim performance independent of maturity status. Interindividual differences in maturity status fully explained the relationship between shoulder IR/ER strength and swim performance. For practitioners, findings promote the need to account for maturation status and question the rationale for upper-limb strength assessment during maturational years.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zháněl J, Válek T, Bozděch M, Agricola A. The relative age effect in top 100 elite female tennis players in 2007-2016. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276668. [PMID: 36413556 PMCID: PMC9681101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Relative Age Effect (RAE) has been the subject of many studies, but few have focused on professional athletes in individual sports. The aim of this study was to verify the existence of the RAE among elite senior female tennis players (top 100 players) in the WTA Rankings (n = 1000) in the years 2007-2016. The analysis was performed among top 100, resp. top 10 female tennis players, among players in 4 age subgroups and among left-handed (LH) and right-handed (RH) players. The existence of the RAE was assessed with the use of chi-square test (goodness of fit). More than half of top 100 players were born in first semester: both in individual years (53.0-63.0%) and in the whole observed period (58.4%). Significant RAE (ES medium) was observed in top 100 female players only in 2012 and 2016; significant RAE (ES small) was detected in the period of 2007-2016. Among the top 10 players, significant RAE (ES medium) was demonstrated during the whole period. No significant RAE (ES medium) was detected in the 17-18y subgroups, significant in 19-24y and 25-30y (ES small) as well as in 31-36y (ES medium). Although significant RAE was observed in the subgroups of LH and RH female players, ES was large only in the LH. The results contribute to the expansion of the knowledge about the reduction of the RAE existence in adulthood among coaches, athletes and tennis officials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Zháněl
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Válek
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Bozděch
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adrián Agricola
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Konarski JM, Krzykała M, Galas S, Beata P, Żurek P, Faria J, Tavares OM, Oliveira TG, Rodrigues I, Martinho DV, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Malina RM. Growth and maturity status of young male table tennis players. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:61-79. [PMID: 33657943 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1888099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A maturity-associated gradient among adolescent athletes in many sports tends to favour early maturing participants. This study was aimed to describe inter-individual variance in growth and skeletal maturation among male youth table tennis. The sample included 99 players registered in competitive clubs for at least 2 years. Chronological age (CA) ranged 10.00-14.63 years. Stature and body mass were plotted relative to US references. Skeletal age (SA) was estimated with the Fels method. Maturity status was given as SA minus CA. Somatic maturation was derived from predicted age at peak height velocity. Mean values for stature and weight were above the reference medians from 10 to 13 years and at the median in the oldest group. In general, SA was in advance to CA (CA: 12.45 ± 1.28 years; SA: 13.44 ± 2.37 years). The majority of the players were early maturing according to SA (52%) and average maturing based on the somatic indicator (80%). The results suggested that table tennis tends to retain taller and heavier participants who are somewhat advanced in skeletal maturity. Participation in youth table tennis and opportunities to win need to consider age- and maturity-associated variations, particularly regarding bands for competitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jan M Konarski
- Poznań University of Physical Education, Theory of Sports Department (Sport Science), Poznań, POLAND
| | - Magdalena Krzykała
- Poznań University of Physical Education, Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Galas
- Poznań University of Physical Education, Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań, Poland
| | - Pluta Beata
- Poznań University of Physical Education, Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Żurek
- Poznań University of Physical Education, Department of Theory and Methodology of Physical Culture, Gorzów Wlkp, POLAND
| | - Jorge Faria
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Oscar M Tavares
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, PORTUGAL
| | | | - Inês Rodrigues
- Portuguese Institute of Sports and Youth, Porto, PORTUGAL
| | - Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal.,Lusofona University of Humanities and Technology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Robert M Malina
- University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,University of Texas, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Austin, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Malina RM, Martinho DV, Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Kozieł SM. Growth and Maturity Status of Female Soccer Players: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1448. [PMID: 33557121 PMCID: PMC7913875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reported mean ages, heights and weights of female soccer players aged <19 years in 161 studies spanning the years 1992-2020 were extracted from the literature or calculated from data available to the authors; 35 studies spanning the years 1981-2020 also included an indicator of biological maturation. Heights and weights were plotted relative to U.S. reference data. Preece-Baines Model 1 was fitted to moving averages to estimate ages at peak velocity. Maturity indicators included skeletal age, pubertal status, age at menarche, percentage of predicted adult height and predicted maturity offset. Heights and weights showed negligible secular variation across the time interval. Heights were slightly above or approximated the reference medians through 14 years old and then varied between the medians and 75th percentiles through 18 years old. Weights were above the reference medians from 9 to 18 years old. Mean ages at menarche ranged from 12.7 to 13.0 years. The trend in heights and weights suggested the persistence and/or selection of taller and heavier players during adolescence, while estimated age at peak height velocity (PHV) and ages at menarche were within the range of mean ages in European and North American samples. Data for skeletal and sexual maturity status were limited; predicted maturity offset increased linearly with mean ages and heights at prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.V.M.); (M.J.C.-e.-S.)
| | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.V.M.); (M.J.C.-e.-S.)
| | - Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kramer T, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Visscher C, Coelho-E-Silva M, Huijgen BCH, Elferink-Gemser MT. Longitudinal development of 5m sprint performance in young female tennis players. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:296-303. [PMID: 32896210 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1816313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sprint performance over short distances is a central component in young tennis players' development. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal development of sprint performance in young female tennis players, and to investigate differences between performance levels. Also potentially explanatory variables were investigated. Female tennis players aged 10-15 (N = 167) participated in a, mixed-longitudinal study (n = 48 elite; n = 119 sub-elite). Players were measured annually on the 5 m sprint as well as for possible explaining variables for 5 m sprint performance development (age, height, body mass, maturity status, lower limb explosive strength). Multilevel analysis was used to obtain a developmental model. Moreover, it was possible to predict sprint performance (5 m) based on chronological age, body size given by height, and lower limb strength performance (p < .05). Significant different developmental patterns were found for elite and sub-elite players, with elite players aged 10-14 being faster. After age 14, no significant differences were found in sprint performance between elite and sub-elite players (p > . 05). Sprint performance is an important characteristic of young female tennis players and seemed to depend on growth and maturation in parallel to physical fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kramer
- HAN Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- CIDAF (UID/DTP/04213/2019), University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Chris Visscher
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Coelho-E-Silva
- CIDAF (UID/DTP/04213/2019), University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Barbara C H Huijgen
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije T Elferink-Gemser
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pluta B, Galas S, Krzykała M, Andrzejewski M. The Motor and Leisure Time Conditioning of Young Table Tennis Players' Physical Fitness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165733. [PMID: 32784410 PMCID: PMC7459928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the association between physical fitness and the lifestyle determinants of elite junior table tennis players. The basic anthropometric characteristics (body height and body weight) were collected of 87 Polish table tennis players (girls, n = 38 and boys, n = 49, at different stages of sport training, targeted and specialized) aged 11–17 years. The level of special fitness tests from the Table Tennis Specific Battery Test were used, assessing reaction speed and displacement speed. All eight International Physical Fitness Test trials were also used to determine the level of general fitness of the participants. Selected questions from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children questionnaire were asked to measure factors associated with leisure time. The findings confirm a relationship between sedentary forms of leisure time activity and the training of young players at the targeted stage (Z = −2.93, p = 0.003 school days and Z = −2.12, p = 0.034 days off). Moreover, competitors with longer training experience more often chose active forms of spending free time. Knowledge of the global physical activity undertaken by young athletes during their leisure time provides a better understanding of their individual needs and may help young table tennis players to succeed at a world-class level in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pluta
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: (48-6-1835-5000; Fax: +48-6-1835-5099
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jeon Y, Eom K. Role of physique and physical fitness in the balance of Korean national snowboard athletes. J Exerc Sci Fit 2020; 19:1-7. [PMID: 32904222 PMCID: PMC7452248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study is to understand the relationship between physique, physical fitness, and balance performance for snowboard athletes. Methods We considered all Korean national snowboard athletes (n = 9 with 6 males and 3 females, age = 17.44 ± 4.42), who have an experience of competition at continental cup level, to measure their physique, physical fitness, and (both static and dynamic) balance. Static balance was evaluated based on one-legged standing, while dynamic balance was estimated using a stability platform. Results Static balance is strongly correlated (p < 0.05) with circumference of the left lower leg (34.49 ± 2.42 cm; ρ = 0.68), sit-up (57.56 ± 8.8; ρ = 0.72), sargent jump (50.22 ± 11.78 cm; ρ = 0.67), strength of bench press (39.11 ± 17.73 kg; ρ = 0.67), angle of left ankle dorsiflexion (73.78 ± 7.86°; ρ = 0.77), average extension strength at 180° for left knee (321 ± 63.95 %BW; ρ = 0.77) and right knee (337 ± 60.32 %BW; ρ = 0.77), and right knee peak flexion strength at 60° (148 ± 25.61 %BW; ρ = 0.73). Center dynamic balance is negatively correlated with circumference of the right lower leg (34.63 ± 2.38 cm; ρ = −0.67, p < 0.05), while right dynamic balance is positively correlated with left ankle flexion (148.44 ± 5.20°; ρ = 0.78, p < 0.05). Conclusion Static balance is related to core muscle endurance and power, ankle flexibility, and knee stability, while dynamic balance is negatively correlated with circumference of the most frequently used lower leg (i.e., the leg dominating the snowboarding stance). The relationship between physique, physical fitness, and balance provides an insight into improving the balance performance of elite snowboard athletes through a training program that can affect the physique and physical fitness factors related to balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngirl Jeon
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilho Eom
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sex differences in competitive surfers' generic and specific strength capacity. Biol Sport 2020; 37:49-57. [PMID: 32205910 PMCID: PMC7075220 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.91498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the pop-up and counter movement jump (CMJ) and to analyse the relationships among the variables between sexes and different ages [under (U16), over (O16) 16 years] in male and female competitive surfers. Eighty-three surfers were divided according to sex, male (n = 55) and female (n = 28), and to age, U16 (n = 47) and O16 (n = 36). Vertical jump and pop-up movements were measured through the vertical ground reaction force with a force plate. CMJ demonstrated that the O16 male group exhibited significantly greater force compared to females in the concentric phase of the jump (CMJFMAX) (p < 0.01, ES = 1.82, large). Female U16 and O16 groups presented increased unloading rates in the eccentric phase compared to male surfers (CMJULR) (p < 0.05, ES = 0.73, moderate and p < 0.05, ES = 0.12, trivial, respectively). O16 males obtained significantly greater values than O16 females in the push-up phase (POPPUSH) (p < 0.05, ES = 0.76, moderate). Moderate correlations were found between lower-body power capacity and the pop-up (r = 0.32; ± 0.16 CL, p < 0.01, 98.1/1.9/0, very likely, moderate). General and skill-specific strengths are different in competitive male and female surfers, dependent upon their age range. The moderate association between CMJ and pop-up suggests that the pop-up might be influenced by other factors such as coordination or upper-body strength. Therefore, competitive surfers should also train the upper body strength and overall coordination in order to improve the performance of the pop-up movement.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abbott S, Moulds K, Salter J, Romann M, Edwards L, Cobley S. Testing the application of corrective adjustment procedures for removal of relative age effects in female youth swimming. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1077-1084. [PMID: 32202222 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1741956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was (1) accurately estimate longitudinal relationships between decimal age (i.e., chronological and relative) and performance in Australian female 100 m (N = 765) and 200 m (N = 428) Breaststroke swimmers (10-18 years); and (2) determine whether corrective adjustment procedures could remove Relative Age Effects (RAEs) in an independent sample of age-matched 100 m (N = 2,491) and 200 m (N = 1,698) state/national level Breaststroke swimmers. In Part 1, growth curve modelling quantified longitudinal relationships between decimal age and swimming performance. In Part 2, relative age distributions (Quartile 1-4) for "All", "Top 25%" and "10%" of swimming times were examined based on raw and correctively adjusted swim times for age-groups. Based on raw swim times, finding identified RAE effect sizes increased in magnitude (small-medium) with selection level ("All"-"Top 25%") in 12-14 years age-groups for both events. However, when correctively adjusted swim performances were examined, RAEs were primarily absent across all age-groups and selection levels. Using longitudinal reference data, corrective adjustment procedures removed relative age advantages in female youth Breaststroke performance. Removing the influence of relative age-related differences is predicted to improve the accuracy of identifying genuinely skilled youth swimmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Abbott
- Discipline of Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Kylie Moulds
- Discipline of Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Michael Romann
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport , Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Lucy Edwards
- Discipline of Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Discipline of Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baxter-Jones ADG, Barbour-Tuck EN, Dale D, Sherar LB, Knight CJ, Cumming SP, Ferguson LJ, Kowalski KC, Humbert ML. The role of growth and maturation during adolescence on team-selection and short-term sports participation. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:316-323. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1707870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donovan Dale
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Lauren B. Sherar
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Camilla J. Knight
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Leah J. Ferguson
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kent C. Kowalski
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - M. Louise Humbert
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Söğüt M. Height- and surface-related variations in match-play outcomes and rankings in professional men’s tennis. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Fernández-García ÁI, Blanca-Torres JC, Nikolaidis PT, Torres-Luque G. Differences in competition statistics between winners and losers in male and female tennis players in Olympic Games. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Myburgh GK, Cumming SP, Malina RM. Cross-Sectional Analysis Investigating the Concordance of Maturity Status Classifications in Elite Caucasian Youth Tennis Players. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2019; 5:27. [PMID: 31264052 PMCID: PMC6603099 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the concordance of skeletal age (SA) with two predicted estimates of biological maturity status in elite British youth tennis players. METHOD Participants were 71 male and female elite youth tennis players aged 8 to 16 years. Weight, height, and sitting height were measured. SA (Fels method) was the criterion indicator of maturity status. Maturity status was predicted with two methods: predicted age at peak height velocity and percentage of predicted adult height at the time of observation. Players were classified as late, average (on time), or early maturing with each method. Concordance of classifications was evaluated with kappa coefficients and Spearman's rank order correlations. RESULTS Kappa coefficients between maturity status classifications were low in both sexes, - 0.11 to 0.22, while Spearman's rank order correlations between maturity status classifications based on SA and the percentage of predicted mature height were moderate in males (0.35) and females (0.25), but the corresponding correlations based on predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV) varied, moderate and negative in boys (- 0.37) and low and positive in girls (0.11). Concordance of maturity status classifications based on the prediction methods and SA among tennis players was thus limited. CONCLUSIONS Maturity status based on the percentage of predicted mature height at the time of observation correlated better with maturity status based on SA in contrast to status based on predicted age at PHV in this sample of elite youth tennis players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian K. Myburgh
- National Tennis Centre, Lawn Tennis Association, 100 Priory Lane, Roehampton, London, SW15 5JQ UK
- Sport, Health and Exercises Science Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sean P. Cumming
- Sport, Health and Exercises Science Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ranking in young tennis players—a study to determine possible correlates. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
González-González I, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Clavero-Martín D, Mora-Custodio R, Pareja-Blanco F, García JMY, González-Badillo JJ. Reliability and Accuracy of Ball Speed During Different Strokes in Young Tennis Players. Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E133-E141. [PMID: 30539130 PMCID: PMC6259460 DOI: 10.1055/a-0662-5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between anthropometric and sport level (SL) variables and both ball speed and accuracy in young male competitive tennis players. A secondary aim of this study was to analyze the possible differences in ball speed and accuracy between players of different competitive levels. A total of 85 players (age: 14.7±2.4 years; height: 1.65±0.12 m; body weight: 56.3±13.4 kg) were divided into five groups according to their positions in the ranking list. To measure stroke performances, the goal was to hit 20 balls at the maximum possible speed inside the court, with the opportunity of hitting a maximum of 30 balls for each groundstroke and 40 for serve. Accuracy was calculated by dividing the number of balls inside the default surface by the total number of hits. The ball speed showed high reliability for all three strokes assessed. The ball speed progressively increased as SL increased for all strokes, whereas accuracy remained unchanged across SL groups. All independent variables presented significant relationships (r=0.59-0.85, p<0.05-0.001) with ball speed for all strokes. However, after applying partial correlations these relationships decreased substantially (r=0.02-0.51). The accuracy showed significant relationships with SL only in the serve (r=0.31, p<0.05) and backhand (r=0.26, p<0.05) strokes. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that tennis performance depends on increasing ball speed while maintaining a relatively stable level of accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene González-González
- Fundación San Pablo Andalucía CEU, Bormujos, Spain
- Andalusian Tennis Federation, Seville, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - David Clavero-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mora-Custodio
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Yáñez García
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|