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Shaw S, Kundu S, Chattopadhyay A, Rao S. Indoor air pollution and cognitive function among older adults in India: a multiple mediation approach through depression and sleep disorders. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:81. [PMID: 38253994 PMCID: PMC10802029 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies across multiple countries reveal that depression and sleep disorders can lead to cognitive decline. This study aims to speculate on the effect of different sources of indoor air pollution on cognition and to explore the mediation effect of depression and sleep disorders on cognition when exposed to indoor air pollution. We hypothesize that an older adult experiences higher cognitive decline from indoor pollution when mediated by depression and sleep disorders. METHODS We use data from Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), 2017-2018, and employ a multiple mediation model to understand the relationship between indoor air pollution and cognition through sleep disorders and depression while adjusting for possible confounders. Sensitivity analysis was applied to see the effect of different sources of indoor pollution (cooking fuel, indoor smoke products, and secondhand smoke) on cognitive performance. RESULTS The effect of three sources of indoor pollutants on cognition increased when combined, indicating stronger cognitive decline. Unclean cooking practices, indoor smoke (from incense sticks and mosquito coils), and secondhand smoke were strongly associated with sleep disorders and depression among older adults. Indoor air pollution was negatively associated with cognitive health (β= -0.38) while positively associated with depression (β= 0.18) and sleep disorders (β= 0.038) acting as mediators. Sensitivity analysis explained 45% variability while adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION The study lays a foundation for future investigations into the nexus of indoor pollution and mental health. It is essential to formulate policies to reduce exposure to varying sources of indoor air pollutants and improve screening for mental health services as a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Shaw
- Department of Population and Development, International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai, 88, India
| | - Sampurna Kundu
- Centre of Social Medicine & Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aparajita Chattopadhyay
- Department of Population and Development, International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai, 88, India.
| | - Smitha Rao
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43214, USA
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2
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Altieri M, Cerciello F, Gallo A, Santangelo G. The relationship between depression and cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 38:21-41. [PMID: 36964744 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2192963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Studies on the relationship between depression and cognition on patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are inconsistent and it is not clear whether higher depression levels are associated with impairment of specific cognitive domains or processes. This meta-analytic study aimed at evaluating the possible association between depressive symptomatology and performance on cognitive tests assessing several cognitive domains (global cognition, attention, processing speed, verbal, spatial and working memory, verbal fluency, inhibitory control, set-shifting) in individuals living with MS. Method: The literature search on three electronic databases yielded 5402 studies (4333 after the duplicates removal); after the evaluation of titles, abstracts full-text articles, 37 studies were included in the meta-analytic study. A random-effect model meta-analysis was performed and mean weighted effect sizes (ESs) were calculated using Hedges' g. Results: Small ESs were found for the relationship between depression and verbal memory (g = 0.25, p < 0.001), spatial memory (g = 0.23, p < 0.001), verbal fluency (g = 0.26, p < 0.001), and inhibitory control (g = 0.32, p = 0.003). Medium ESs were found for the relationship between depression and global cognition (g = 0.46, p < 0.001), attention (g = 0.43, p < 0.001), processing speed (g = 0.47, p < 0.001) and working memory (g = 0.38, p = 0.037). The relationship between set-shifting abilities and depression was not significant (g = 0.39, p = 0.095). Conclusions: Results suggest that patients with MS and higher levels of depressive symptomatology may also show more difficulties in several aspects of cognition, especially those needed to retain, respond, and process information in one's environment, and to those needed be adequately stimulated in processing relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Altieri
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, CE, Italy
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Francesco Cerciello
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, CE, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Gabriella Santangelo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, CE, Italy
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3
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Chainay H, Ceresetti R, Pierre-Charles C, Plancher G. Modulation of maintenance and processing in working memory by negative emotions. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:1774-1784. [PMID: 37126205 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that working memory processes are affected by emotions. However, it is not clear if both components - maintenance and processing of information - are modulated by emotion. Since emotion is intimately related to attention, we focused on attentional maintenance in working memory. In a previous study, using a complex span task, we showed that processing emotionally negative information reduced maintenance of neutral information in working memory. The objective of the present study was first to replicate the results of our previous study and second to investigate whether maintaining emotional information would affect processing of neutral information. In Experiment 1, young adults were asked to remember a series of five letters each followed by images, either negative or neutral, to be categorized. In Experiment 2, participants were required to memorize a series of five images, either negative or neutral, each followed by digits to be categorized. In order to focus on attentional maintenance, in both experiments the tasks were performed under continuous articulatory suppression. In Experiment 1, longer processing times were observed for emotional stimuli than neutral ones, and lower recall of series of letters when negative stimuli were processed. In Experiment 2, higher memory performance was observed for negative images than neutral ones and longer processing times of digits when a series of negative stimuli was maintained. Overall, our results show that emotion impacts both processing and attentional maintenance in working memory. This is consistent with models of working memory suggesting an attentional trade-off between maintenance and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Chainay
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France.
- , 5 avenue Pierre Mendes, 69676, Bron, France.
| | - Romain Ceresetti
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Carl Pierre-Charles
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Gaën Plancher
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France
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Kundu S, Acharya SS. Linkage of premature and early menopause with psychosocial well-being: a moderated multiple mediation approach. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:228. [PMID: 37559104 PMCID: PMC10413596 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Menopause occurring before the age of 40 is premature and between 40 and 44 years age is early, since the natural age of menopause lies between 45 and 50. The endocrine changes that come with menopause include an erratic decline in estrogen levels which affects the brain. Thus, leading to changes in cognitive function in the longer term due to the menopausal transition. The study aims to explore the effect of premature and early menopause on cognitive health, and psychosocial well-being. The moderated multiple mediation hypothesis of the study is that the effect of premature or early menopause is mediated by depression and insomnia, while all the pathways are moderated by smoking habits. DATA AND METHODS The study utilized Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), 2017-2018, Wave 1 data. The sample of 31,435 women were aged 45 and above and did not undergo hysterectomy. A moderated multiple mediation model was used to understand the association between premature or early menopause (X), insomnia (M1), depression (M2), moderator (W), and cognitive health (Y), while controlling for possible confounders. RESULTS Premature menopause was negatively associated with cognition (β:-0.33; SE:0.12; p < 0.05), whereas positively associated with insomnia (β:0.18; SE:0.03; p < 0.001) and depression (β:0.25; SE:0.04; p < 0.001). There is a moderating effect of smoking or tobacco consumption has a significant moderating effect on the pathways among premature menopause, depression, insomnia and cognition. When the same model was carried out for early menopause (40-44 years), the results were not significant. CONCLUSIONS The findings emphasize the fact that smoking is associated with premature menopause, depression and insomnia. Women who experienced premature menopause has lower cognitive scores, depressive symptoms and insomnia symptoms, which were higher among those who consumed tobacco. The study, strongly recommends the dissemination of information on the negative effects of tobacco consumption and making more informed choices to maintain a healthy life. More research into various methods and therapy is needed to determine the relationship between the age of early menopause and their psychosocial well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Kundu
- Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Sanghmitra Sheel Acharya
- Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110067, India
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Rutherford AV, McDougle SD, Joormann J. "Don't [ruminate], be happy": A cognitive perspective linking depression and anhedonia. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 101:102255. [PMID: 36871425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia, a lack of pleasure in things an individual once enjoyed, and rumination, the process of perseverative and repetitive attention to specific thoughts, are hallmark features of depression. Though these both contribute to the same debilitating disorder, they have often been studied independently and through different theoretical lenses (e.g., biological vs. cognitive). Cognitive theories and research on rumination have largely focused on understanding negative affect in depression with much less focus on the etiology and maintenance of anhedonia. In this paper, we argue that by examining the relation between cognitive constructs and deficits in positive affect, we may better understand anhedonia in depression thereby improving prevention and intervention efforts. We review the extant literature on cognitive deficits in depression and discuss how these dysfunctions may not only lead to sustained negative affect but, importantly, interfere with an ability to attend to social and environmental cues that could restore positive affect. Specifically, we discuss how rumination is associated to deficits in working memory and propose that these deficits in working memory may contribute to anhedonia in depression. We further argue that analytical approaches such as computational modeling are needed to study these questions and, finally, discuss implications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Tichenor SE, Wray AH, Ravizza SM, Yaruss JS. Individual differences in attentional control predict working memory capacity in adults who stutter. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2022; 100:106273. [PMID: 36274445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior research has suggested that people who stutter exhibit differences in some working memory tasks, particularly when more phonologically complex stimuli are used. This study aimed to further specify working memory differences in adults who stutter by not only accounting for linguistic demands of the stimuli but also individual differences in attentional control and experimental influences, such as concomitant processing requirements. METHOD This study included 40 adults who stutter and 42 adults who do not stutter who completed the Attention Network Test (ANT; Fan et al., 2002) and three complex span working memory tasks: the Operation Span (OSPAN), Rotation Span, and Symmetry Span (Draheim et al., 2018; Foster et al., 2015; Unsworth et al., 2005, 2009). All complex span tasks were dual-tasks and varied in linguistic content in task stimuli. RESULTS Working memory capacities demonstrated by adults who stutter paralleled the hierarchy of linguistic content across the three complex span tasks, with statistically significant between-group differences in working memory capacity apparent in the task with the highest linguistic demand (i.e., OSPAN). Individual differences in attentional control in adults who stutter also significantly predicted working memory capacity on the OSPAN. DISCUSSION Findings from this study extend existing working memory research in stuttering by showing that: (1) significant working memory differences are present between adults who stutter and adults who do not stutter even using relatively simple linguistic stimuli in dual-task working memory conditions; (2) adults who stutter with stronger executive control of attention demonstrate working memory capacity more comparable to adults who do not stutter on the OSPAN compared to adults who stutter with lower executive control of attention.
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Schweizer S, Auer T, Hitchcock C, Lee-Carbon L, Rodrigues E, Dalgleish T. Affective Control Training (AffeCT) reduces negative affect in depressed individuals. J Affect Disord 2022; 313:167-176. [PMID: 35792299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, with prevalence rates rising. Despite the scale of the problem, available pharmacological and psychological interventions only have limited efficacy. The National Institute of Health's Science of Behaviour Change framework proposes to address this issue by capitalising on insights from basic science to identify mechanisms that can be targeted by novel interventions. The current study evaluated the potential of a computerized programme aimed at improving affective control, a mechanistic target involved in both risk and maintenance of depression. In a first phase the cognitive profiles of 48 depressed individuals (mean age: 39 years, 75 % female) were compared to cognitive functioning in 16 never-depressed individuals (mean age: 31 years, 56 % female). The sole index of functioning that differed between diagnostic groups was reaction time across negative and positively valanced trials on an affective Stroop task (d = 0.58). This index was then used to evaluate an affective control training (AffeCT) against a placebo training. Results showed no significant changes on tasks that showed no differences with never-depressed individuals in Phase I. However, compared to placebo training, AffeCT led to significantly greater improvement in the target index, affective Stroop performance (d = 1.17). Importantly, AffeCT led to greater reductions in negative affect as measured by the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule compared to the placebo training (d = 0.98). This proof-of-concept study shows promising benefits of AffeCT on depressed individuals' affect, but not depressive symptoms. It further supports the utility of the Science of Behaviour Change framework, highlighting the need for determining meaningful assays of target mechanisms when evaluating novel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schweizer
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychology, Cambridge, UK; University of New South Wales, School of Psychology, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Tibor Auer
- University of Surrey, School of Psychology, Guildford, UK
| | - Caitlin Hitchcock
- University of Cambridge, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK; University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leonie Lee-Carbon
- University of Cambridge, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evangeline Rodrigues
- University of Cambridge, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- University of Cambridge, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Carpenter RK, Horton JC, Alloway TP. Time Perspective, Working Memory, and Depression in Non-Clinical Samples: Is There a Link? THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 156:414-434. [PMID: 35737895 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2022.2078948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-clinical depression is a major issue on college campuses, with some surveys estimating that 30% of college students have experienced a major depressive episode. One theoretical framework of depression is Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) time perspective model, which posits that our perspectives on time impact different aspects of life including our emotions, judgments, and decision making. The current study seeks to determine the role of this time perspectives model and a range of cognitive constructs including hope, rumination, and working memory on their influence in depression. Currently enrolled college students and participants not currently enrolled in college completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Adult Hope Scale, the Rumination Reflection Questionnaire, and the Automated Working Memory Assessment. Linear regression analysis revealed that, for the college students, Rumination and Past Negative scores predicted depressive symptoms. For the non-college students, Rumination, Present Fatalism, Hope Agency and Verbal Working Memory scores predicted depressive symptoms. The current results reiterate the importance of rumination in depression symptomology and that current cognitive depression models and treatments may benefit from including time perspective measures. Further implications of the results are discussed.
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Huang ZJ, Li FF, Zhang YT, Li X. Interaction between working memory load and the ability to resist interference from negative distractors in dysphoria. Psych J 2022; 11:285-295. [PMID: 35068070 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the relationship between emotional working memory (WM) and depressive symptoms has been well established in clinical samples, research in the subclinical population has produced mixed results. The present study tested the effect of WM load on control of interference from emotional (positive, negative, neutral) distractors in dysphoria. Dysphoric (n = 32) and non-dysphoric (n = 35) university students were administered the emotional 2-back (lower WM load) and 3-back (higher WM load) tasks. Results showed that resisting negative distractors was more difficult for the dysphoric group than the non-dysphoric group, but only in the 3-back task. The results demonstrate that dysphoria is associated with greater interference from negative distractors under high WM load. We conclude that both WM load and emotional valence have an effect on WM performance in dysphoria, and the poor ability to resist interference from negative distractors in WM might be a key cognitive vulnerability factor for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior Central China Normal University (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Human Development and Mental Health Key Laboratory (Central China Normal University), School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan-Fan Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior Central China Normal University (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Human Development and Mental Health Key Laboratory (Central China Normal University), School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior Central China Normal University (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Human Development and Mental Health Key Laboratory (Central China Normal University), School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior Central China Normal University (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Human Development and Mental Health Key Laboratory (Central China Normal University), School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Shari NI, Zainal NZ, Ng CG. Effects of brief acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on subjective cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. J Psychosoc Oncol 2020; 39:695-714. [PMID: 33287685 DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2020.1856283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the efficacy of a brief acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on subjective cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS Data collection was carried out in 3-time points: baseline (T1), screening (T2), and post-treatment (T3). Respondents who had significant subjective cognitive impairment were randomly divided into two groups: intervention (n = 30) and waitlist (n = 30). Respondents in the intervention group received 4 sessions of 1 hour of ACT therapy. FINDINGS Respondents in the intervention group showed significant improvement in subjective cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and psychological inflexibility after the ACT intervention (p < 0.05). After controlling the covariates, group differences in all variables were significant except for fatigue and psychological inflexibility has the highest effect size (d = 4.69). CONCLUSION ACT could be considered as an effective intervention to ameliorate subjective cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and psychological inflexibility in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROVIDERS This study highlights the importance of screening for subjective cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and heightens their opportunity to receive proper management as earlier as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Izzah Shari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Zuraida Zainal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chong Guan Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Noreen S, Cooke R, Ridout N. Investigating the mediating effect of working memory on intentional forgetting in dysphoria. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 84:2273-2286. [PMID: 31324973 PMCID: PMC7515956 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine if deficits in intentional forgetting that are associated with depression and dysphoria (subclinical depression) could be explained, at least in part, by variations in working memory function. Sixty dysphoric and 61 non-dysphoric participants completed a modified version of the think/no-think (TNT) task and a measure of complex working memory (the operation span task). The TNT task involved participants learning a series of emotional cue-target word pairs, before being presented with a subset of the cues and asked to either recall the associated target (think) or to prevent it from coming to mind (no think) by thinking about a substitute target word. Participants were subsequently asked to recall the targets to all cues (regardless of previous recall instructions). As expected, after controlling for anxiety, we found that dysphoric individuals exhibited impaired forgetting relative to the non-dysphoric participants. Also as expected, we found that superior working memory function was associated with more successful forgetting. Critically, in the dysphoric group, we found that working memory mediated the effect of depression on intentional forgetting. That is, depression influenced forgetting indirectly via its effect on working memory. However, under conditions of repeated suppression, there was also a direct effect of depression on forgetting. These findings represent an important development in the understanding of impaired forgetting in depression and also suggest that working memory training might be a viable intervention for improving the ability of depressed individuals to prevent unwanted memories from coming to mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Noreen
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Cooke
- Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nathan Ridout
- Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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12
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Hubbard NA, Siless V, Frosch IR, Goncalves M, Lo N, Wang J, Bauer CCC, Conroy K, Cosby E, Hay A, Jones R, Pinaire M, Vaz De Souza F, Vergara G, Ghosh S, Henin A, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Hofmann SG, Rosso IM, Auerbach RP, Pizzagalli DA, Yendiki A, Gabrieli JDE, Whitfield-Gabrieli S. Brain function and clinical characterization in the Boston adolescent neuroimaging of depression and anxiety study. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 27:102240. [PMID: 32361633 PMCID: PMC7199015 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a Human Connectome Project study tailored toward adolescent anxiety and depression. This study is one of the first studies of the Connectomes Related to Human Diseases initiative and is collecting structural, functional, and diffusion-weighted brain imaging data from up to 225 adolescents (ages 14-17 years), 150 of whom are expected to have a current diagnosis of an anxiety and/or depressive disorder. Comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological evaluations and longitudinal clinical data are also being collected. This article provides an overview of task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocols and preliminary findings (N = 140), as well as clinical and neuropsychological characterization of adolescents. Data collection is ongoing for an additional 85 adolescents, most of whom are expected to have a diagnosis of an anxiety and/or depressive disorder. Data from the first 140 adolescents are projected for public release through the National Institutes of Health Data Archive (NDA) with the timing of this manuscript. All other data will be made publicly-available through the NDA at regularly scheduled intervals. This article is intended to serve as an introduction to this project as well as a reference for those seeking to clinical, neurocognitive, and task fMRI data from this public resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Hubbard
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - V Siless
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - I R Frosch
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - M Goncalves
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - N Lo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - J Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - C C C Bauer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - K Conroy
- Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - E Cosby
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - A Hay
- Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - R Jones
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - M Pinaire
- Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - F Vaz De Souza
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - G Vergara
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - S Ghosh
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - A Henin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - D R Hirshfeld-Becker
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S G Hofmann
- Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - I M Rosso
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - R P Auerbach
- Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - D A Pizzagalli
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - A Yendiki
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - J D E Gabrieli
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - S Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reduction in the amount of information (storage capacity) retained in working memory (WM) has been associated with sleep loss. The present study examined whether reduced WM capacity is also related to poor everyday sleep quality and, more importantly, whether the effects of sleep quality could be dissociated from the effects of depressed mood and age on WM. METHODS In two studies, WM was assessed using a short-term recall task, producing behavioral measures for both the amount of retained WM information (capacity) and how precise the retained WM representations were (precision). Self-report measures of sleep quality and depressed mood were obtained using questionnaires. RESULTS In a sample of college students, Study 1 found that poor sleep quality and depressed mood could independently predict reduced WM capacity, but not WM precision. Study 2 generalized these sleep- and mood-related WM capacity effects to a community sample (aged 21-77 years) and further showed that age was associated with reduced WM precision. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings demonstrate dissociable effects of three health-related factors (sleep, mood, and age) on WM representations and highlighte the importance of assessing different aspects of WM representations (e.g., capacity and precision) in future neuropsychological research.
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Plancher G, Massol S, Dorel T, Chainay H. Effect of negative emotional content on attentional maintenance in working memory. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:1489-1496. [PMID: 30584794 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1561420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that emotional stimuli may interfere with working memory (WM) processes, but little is known about the process affected. Using a complex span task, the present study investigated the influence of processing negative emotional content on attentional maintenance in WM. In two experiments conducted under articulatory suppression, participants were asked to remember a series of five letters, each of which was followed by an image to be categorised. In half of the trials, the images were negative and in the other half, they were neutral. In both experiments, our results showed longer processing times for emotional stimuli than neutral stimuli, and lower memory performance when participants processed negative stimuli. We propose that emotional stimuli direct more attentional resources towards the processing component of the WM task, thereby reducing the storage capacity available for the items that are to be remembered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaën Plancher
- a Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2 , Bron , France
| | - Sarah Massol
- a Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2 , Bron , France
| | - Tiphaine Dorel
- a Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2 , Bron , France
| | - Hanna Chainay
- a Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2 , Bron , France
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15
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Black S, Kraemer K, Shah A, Simpson G, Scogin F, Smith A. Diabetes, Depression, and Cognition: a Recursive Cycle of Cognitive Dysfunction and Glycemic Dysregulation. Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:118. [PMID: 30267224 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The study aims to examine the effects of diabetes and depression on executive functioning (EF) and to review the effects of EF deficits on diabetes management. RECENT FINDINGS Both type 2 diabetes and depression influence EF, and in turn, EF has an impact on diabetes management. Individuals with both comorbidities (i.e., diabetes and depression) experience greater deficits in EF than individuals with just one of the morbidities (i.e., depression or diabetes). The disruption in EF results in poor diabetes management and poor emotion regulation which ultimately increases the probability of a recursive cycle of depression and hyperglycemia. This recursive cycle can ultimately lead to diabetes-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Black
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Kyle Kraemer
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Avani Shah
- School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Box 870314, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35401, USA
| | - Gaynell Simpson
- School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Box 870314, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35401, USA
| | - Forrest Scogin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Annie Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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16
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Xie W, Li H, Zou Y, Sun X, Shi C. A suicidal mind tends to maintain less negative information in visual working memory. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:549-557. [PMID: 28967442 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The motivation to avoid psychological pain may characterize a suicidal mindset. This study examines how this motivational manifestation of suicidal ideation modulates the maintenance of affective information in visual working memory (WM). Forty-five outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and twenty-five healthy participants performed visual WM change localization tasks with emotional (e.g., positive or negative schematic facial expressions) and non-emotional (e.g., colors) stimuli. The number of items that participants retained in WM (i.e., capacity) for each of those stimuli was measured. Based on the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, MDD patients were categorized into high and low suicidal ideation groups. These two groups had comparable depression levels. In addition to showing a smaller overall WM capacity for emotionally neutral information (colors), MDD patients with high suicidal ideation retained fewer negative schematic facial stimuli in WM. This disproportional reduction in the amount of negative information held in visual WM was correlated with levels of suicidal ideation and psychological pain across participants. Together, these results reveal the impact of pain avoidance motivation on information processing in WM and provide a novel perspective to understand aberrant cognitive patterns that are potentially driven by maladaptive affective processing in individuals with higher suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Xie
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Yingmin Zou
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China; Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Shi
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
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17
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Xie W, Cappiello M, Park HB, Deldin P, Chan RCK, Zhang W. Schizotypy is associated with reduced mnemonic precision in visual working memory. Schizophr Res 2018; 193:91-97. [PMID: 28760538 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory (WM) maintains a limited amount of information over a short period of time at the service of other ongoing mental activities. Deficits in this function are often observed in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The present study examined whether self-report schizotypy was associated with the qualitative, quantitative, or both aspects of visual WM and whether these impairments could be accounted for by sensory memory deficits and/or depressed mood in a group of non-clinical, medication-naïve participants. METHOD Visual WM and sensory memory were assessed in 164 medication-naïve college students using delayed and immediate color estimation tasks, respectively. Self-report measures of schizotypy and depressed mood were also collected. RESULTS Individuals with more schizotypal features retained less precise representations in visual WM, without a significant reduction in the number of retained WM representations (i.e., capacity). In contrast, there was no significant correlation between sensory memory precision and schizotypy, suggesting that schizotypy-related imprecision in visual WM was unlikely a result of imprecise sensory memory. Furthermore, opposite patterns of WM deficits were observed for depressed mood in that it was negatively associated with WM capacity, but not with WM precision. CONCLUSION Together, the present findings demonstrated dissociable WM deficits in schizotypy and depressed mood, providing strong evidence for unstable mental representations in schizotypy and reduced cognitive resource in depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Xie
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, USA.
| | - Marcus Cappiello
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Hyung-Bum Park
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | | | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E. Garrison
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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19
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Schweizer S, Navrady L, Breakwell L, Howard RM, Golden AM, Werner-Seidler A, Dalgleish T. Affective enhancement of working memory is maintained in depression. Emotion 2018; 18:127-137. [PMID: 28406681 PMCID: PMC5819821 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We currently know little about how performance on assessments of working memory capacity (WMC) that are designed to mirror the concurrent task demands of daily life are impacted by the presence of affective information, nor how those effects may be modulated by depression-a syndrome where sufferers report global difficulties with executive processing. Across 3 experiments, we investigated WMC for sets of neutral words in the context of processing either neutral or affective (depressogenic) sentences, which had to be judged on semantic accuracy (Experiments 1 and 2) or self-reference (Experiment 3). Overall, WMC was significantly better in the context of depressogenic compared with neutral sentences. However, there was no support for this effect being modulated by symptoms of depression (Experiment 1) or the presence of recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD; Experiments 2 and 3). Implications of these findings for cognitive theories of the role of WM in depression are discussed in the context of a growing body of research showing no support for a differential impact of depressogenic compared with neutral information on WM accuracy. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Dalgleish
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council
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20
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Hubbard NA, Weaver TP, Turner MP, Rypma B. Re-examination of "release-from-PI" phenomena: recall accuracy does not recover after a semantic switch. Memory 2018; 26:1191-1205. [PMID: 29376767 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1428349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recall accuracy decreases over successive memory trials using similar memoranda. This effect reflects proactive interference (PI) - the tendency for previously studied information to reduce recall of new information. However, recall improves if memoranda for a subsequent trial are semantically dissimilar from the previous trials. This improvement is thought to reflect a release from PI. We tested whether PI is reduced or released from the semantic category for which it had been induced by employing paradigms which featured inducement, semantic switch, and then return-to-original category epochs. Two experiments confirmed that PI was not released after various semantic switch trials (effects from d = -0.93 to -1.6). Combined analyses from both studies demonstrated that the number of intervening new category trials did not reduce or release PI. In fact, in all conditions recall accuracy decreased, demonstrating that PI is maintained and can increase after the new category trials. The release-from-PI account cannot accommodate these broader dynamics of PI. This account is also incongruent with evidence and theory from cognitive psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience. We propose a reintroduction-of-PI account which explains these broader PI dynamics and is consistent with the wider psychological and neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Hubbard
- a McGovern Institute for Brain Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Travis P Weaver
- b Department of Psychology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Monroe P Turner
- c School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences , University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , TX , USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- c School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences , University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , TX , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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21
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Jonkman LM, Markus CR, Franklin MS, van Dalfsen JH. Mind wandering during attention performance: Effects of ADHD-inattention symptomatology, negative mood, ruminative response style and working memory capacity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181213. [PMID: 28742115 PMCID: PMC5524389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In adulthood, depressive mood is often comorbid with ADHD, but its role in ADHD-inattentiveness and especially relations with mind wandering remains to be elucidated. This study investigated the effects of laboratory-induced dysphoric mood on task-unrelated mind wandering and its consequences on cognitive task performance in college students with high (n = 46) or low (n = 44) ADHD-Inattention symptomatology and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity symptoms in the normal range. METHODS These non-clinical high/low ADHD-Inattention symptom groups underwent negative or positive mood induction after which mind wandering frequency was measured in a sustained attention (SART), and a reading task. Effects of ruminative response style and working memory capacity on mind wandering frequency were also investigated. RESULTS Significantly higher frequencies of self -reported mind wandering in daily life, in the SART and reading task were reported in the ADHD-Inattention symptom group, with detrimental effects on text comprehension in the reading task. Induced dysphoric mood did specifically enhance the frequency of mind wandering in the ADHD-Inattention symptom group only during the SART, and was related to their higher self-reported intrusive ruminative response styles. Working memory capacity did not differ between high/low attention groups and did not influence any of the reported effects. CONCLUSIONS These combined results suggest that in a non-clinical sample with high ADHD-inattention symptoms, dysphoric mood and a ruminative response style seem to be more important determinants of dysfunctional mind wandering than a failure in working memory capacity/executive control, and perhaps need other ways of remediation, like cognitive behavioral therapy or mindfulness training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Jonkman
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C. Rob. Markus
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S. Franklin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Jens H. van Dalfsen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Conijn JM, van der Ark LA, Spinhoven P. Satisficing in Mental Health Care Patients: The Effect of Cognitive Symptoms on Self-Report Data Quality. Assessment 2017; 27:178-193. [PMID: 28703008 PMCID: PMC6906541 DOI: 10.1177/1073191117714557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Respondents may use satisficing (i.e., nonoptimal) strategies when responding to
self-report questionnaires. These satisficing strategies become more likely with
decreasing motivation and/or cognitive ability (Krosnick, 1991). Considering
that cognitive deficits are characteristic of depressive and anxiety disorders,
depressed and anxious patients may be prone to satisficing. Using data from the
Netherland’s Study of Depression and Anxiety (N = 2,945), we
studied the relationship between depression and anxiety, cognitive symptoms, and
satisficing strategies on the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Results showed that
respondents with either an anxiety disorder or a comorbid anxiety and depression
disorder used satisficing strategies substantially more often than healthy
respondents. Cognitive symptom severity partly mediated the effect of anxiety
disorder and comorbid anxiety disorder on satisficing. The results suggest that
depressed and anxious patients produce relatively low-quality self-report
data—partly due to cognitive symptoms. Future research should investigate the
degree of satisficing across different mental health care assessment
contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Conijn
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Spinhoven
- Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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23
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Shi Z, Liu P. Worrying Thoughts Limit Working Memory Capacity in Math Anxiety. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165644. [PMID: 27788235 PMCID: PMC5082927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-one high-math-anxious persons and sixty-one low-math-anxious persons completed a modified working memory capacity task, designed to measure working memory capacity under a dysfunctional math-related context and working memory capacity under a valence-neutral context. Participants were required to perform simple tasks with emotionally benign material (i.e., lists of letters) over short intervals while simultaneously reading and making judgments about sentences describing dysfunctional math-related thoughts or sentences describing emotionally-neutral facts about the world. Working memory capacity for letters under the dysfunctional math-related context, relative to working memory capacity performance under the valence-neutral context, was poorer overall in the high-math-anxious group compared with the low-math-anxious group. The findings show a particular difficulty employing working memory in math-related contexts in high-math-anxious participants. Theories that can provide reasonable interpretations for these findings and interventions that can reduce anxiety-induced worrying intrusive thoughts or improve working memory capacity for math anxiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Shi
- School of Education, China West Normal University, No 1 Shi Da Road, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Southeast University, Research Center for Learning Science, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiru Liu
- School of Education, China West Normal University, No 1 Shi Da Road, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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