1
|
Coelho-Junior HJ, Calvani R, Picca A, Landi F, Marzetti E. The influence of ageism on the hallmarks of aging: Where age stigma and biology collide. Exp Gerontol 2024; 196:112575. [PMID: 39241989 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Ageism encompasses the creation of negative stereotypes of aging that culminate in the development of prejudicial thoughts and discriminatory actions against people in advanced age. Stereotypes refer to major characteristics, overgeneralized, not supported by observations, that are created to categorize, simplify, and combine complex characteristics, attributes, and behaviors shared by members of a group into more simplistic categories. Negative aging stereotypes include the assumption that old people are weak, reminiscent, sick, and tired, to quote a few. In early age, these views may generate intergenerational conflicts between young and old people, but they seem to have little effect on other aspects of life. However, in middle-aged and older adults, the presence of negative-self stereotypes of aging are significantly associated with several health parameters, including walking speed, cognitive function, mental health problems, and accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Furthermore, observational studies found that ageism might be associated with cardiovascular events, obesity, dementia, and death. These harmful effects are possibly mediated by the interaction between ageism and fundamental mechanisms of aging, mainly inflammation. Given the clinical implications of this relationship, the present manuscript provides a critical review of the available literature that examined associations between ageism and health parameters. We also discuss the main possible mechanisms underlying this association, the main limitations of the current literature, candidate strategies to counteract ageism, and directions to future studies. Finally, we provide a critical opinion of the current scenario and its potential adaptability to the clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Durand MJ, Coutu MF, Lecours A, Léonard G, Lederer V, Nastasia I, Carrière J, Paquette MA. Rehabilitating Workers Aged 55 and Over: Professionals' Perspectives and Solutions. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2024:10.1007/s10926-024-10236-5. [PMID: 39261413 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-024-10236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Work disability affects a growing number of workers aged 55 and over (W55 +). While rehabilitation programs have demonstrated efficacy for workers with an average age of 42, they often have not been designed to meet unique needs of aging workers. This study aimed to describe the difficulties encountered by work rehabilitation professionals and explore their solutions for improving services offered to W55 + . METHODS This study used a simple descriptive design with purposive sampling. Occupational therapists, physical therapists, and psychologists were mainly recruited in private clinics. An interview guide based on the Work Disability Paradigm was piloted and used with the participants. Qualitative interviews were conducted with work rehabilitation professionals and then transcribed. A thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS The sample consisted of fifteen participants (average age 38 years) with near equal representation across genders and disciplines. Difficulties were identified in relation to the (1) characteristics of W55 + , (2) work environment, (3) compensation system, and (4) communication among stakeholders. Five solutions were proposed to improve the services offered: provide healthcare professionals with access to tools and training, implement communication mechanisms, integrate a return-to-work coordinator, develop a joint action plan for managing W55 + , and implement an integrative prevention approach in workplaces. CONCLUSIONS Our results represent a first step in mapping various stakeholders' needs to ensure better support for W55 + with work disabilities. These results delineate a roadmap for future research that should expand upon these stakeholders' perspectives to provide a more comprehensive description of their needs and potential solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Durand
- Centre d'Action en Prévention et Réadaptation des Incapacités au Travail (CAPRIT), Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche Charles-Le Moyne, Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada.
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Marie-France Coutu
- Centre d'Action en Prévention et Réadaptation des Incapacités au Travail (CAPRIT), Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Charles-Le Moyne, Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Lecours
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 555 de l'Université Blvd., Drummondville, QC, J2C 0R5, Canada
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale (Cirris), 525 Wilfrid-Hamel Blvd., H Wing, Room 1300, Quebec, QC, G1M 2S8, Canada
| | - Guillaume Léonard
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Sur Le Vieillissement (CdRV), CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, 1036 Belvedere South Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Valérie Lederer
- Department of Industrial Relations, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), 283 Alexandre-Taché Blvd., Gatineau, QC, J8X 3X7, Canada
| | - Iuliana Nastasia
- Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et Sécurité au Travail (IRSST), 505 Maisonneuve West Blvd., Montreal, QC, H3A 3C2, Canada
| | - Junie Carrière
- Centre d'Action en Prévention et Réadaptation des Incapacités au Travail (CAPRIT), Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Charles-Le Moyne, Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marie-Andrée Paquette
- Centre d'Action en Prévention et Réadaptation des Incapacités au Travail (CAPRIT), Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Charles-Le Moyne, Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohd Tohit NF, Haque M. Preparing the Younger Generation for an Aging Society: Strategies, Challenges, and Opportunities. Cureus 2024; 16:e64121. [PMID: 38983672 PMCID: PMC11231670 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The global demographic landscape is experiencing a monumental shift as populations age, driven by advances in healthcare and declining birth rates. This transition underscores the need to prepare the younger generation to navigate and contribute effectively to an aging society. This manuscript comprehensively reviews strategies to equip younger generations with the requisite knowledge, skills, and empathy to support an aging population. This study identifies critical challenges and opportunities in fostering intergenerational solidarity and understanding through an extensive analysis of existing literature and innovative educational programs. The review highlights the importance of early education, community engagement, and policy interventions in bridging the generational divide. Additionally, it explores the role of technology and digital media in facilitating awareness and empathy among young people. Key findings suggest that incorporating aging-related content into educational curricula, promoting volunteerism, and implementing supportive policies can significantly enhance the younger generation's readiness to support an aging society. The manuscript concludes with recommendations for future research and practical steps for educators, policymakers, and community leaders to foster a more inclusive and age-friendly environment. By preparing the younger generation today, we can build a more cohesive and supportive society for tomorrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Faiza Mohd Tohit
- Department of Community Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, MYS
| | - Mainul Haque
- Karnavati Scientific Research Center (KSRC), School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MYS
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Erwin MJ, Cherry KE. "Am I Too Old to Pursue a Degree?" Ageism at Midlife in a Community College Setting. J Genet Psychol 2024; 185:282-296. [PMID: 38214501 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2023.2297302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Adults who are beginning or returning to finish a degree program at midlife face different challenges than do their younger counterparts whose college experience begins at 18 years of age. We suspect that internalized ageism, defined as self-directed ageist attitudes and behaviors, may hinder nontraditional age students along with the experience of individual and institutional ageism. To evaluate this notion, we assessed the prevalence of self-reported positive and negative ageist behaviors in 205 students (M = 21.95, SD = 7.28, age range: 16-52 years) and 29 faculty (M = 49.55, SD = 11.07, age range: 33-71 years) in a community college in southeast Louisiana in the spring of 2019. All completed the Relating to Older People Evaluation (ROPE; Cherry & Palmore, 2008) and an open-ended question on how they viewed middle-aged students. Quantitative analyses indicated that students' ROPE scores exceeded those of the faculty and more positive than negative ageist behaviors were reported. Qualitative analyses revealed mostly positive expectations of middle-aged students among narrative responses to the open-ended question. As a follow-up, 10 nontraditional age students were individually interviewed in person to obtain an in-depth assessment of their community college experience. Strong evidence of internalized, individual, and institutional ageism were evident in their responses. Their narratives also revealed atypical life experiences and rich details of faculty-level and institutional-level policies that supported or hindered their academic progress. Implications of these data for addressing ageism on multiple levels in higher education are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marla J Erwin
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Katie E Cherry
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lytle A. Reducing ageism: comparing the efficacy of videos, written information, and infographics as intervention mediums. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38530857 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2024.2334739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Ageism (prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping directed toward individuals based on age) is pervasive in the U.S. and around the world. Ageism is a significant social issue which negatively impacts general health and well-being. As such, ageism interventions that are scale-able and accessible to many people is paramount. Building on the PEACE (Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences) model, undergraduates (n = 497) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions that provided education about aging (which included challenging age stereotypes) and extended positive intergenerational contact via 1) written information, 2) infographics, 3) videos, or 4) a control condition (no stimuli). Participants in all three of the experimental conditions (vs. control condition) reported lower levels of ageism, less negative age stereotypes, and more positive age stereotypes. There were no significant differences in aging anxiety. Out of the experimental conditions, watching videos was the most effective experimental condition. These findings highlight the promise of providing information about aging and depictions of positive intergenerational contact in a variety of different mediums as a way to reduce ageism. Brief online ageism reduction interventions based on the PEACE model are a promising tool for reducing ageism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lytle
- Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (HASS), Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tuohy D, Tuohy T, Graham M, McCarthy J, Murphy J, Shanahan J, Cassidy I. Student nurses' views of participating in an intergenerational café with older people. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2024; 133:106050. [PMID: 38007986 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2023.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the context of global ageing, older people will require health care during times in their later lives. As most nurses will care for older people across a variety of care settings, it is crucial that older people and nurses can work together in partnership. In preparation for this, it is important to develop intergenerational learning innovations for student nurses and older people. An online intergenerational discussion café was developed to provide an opportunity for older people and student nurses to meet and get to know each other. OBJECTIVES 1) Evaluate the effectiveness of an intergenerational discussion café as a way of facilitating intergenerational learning, 2) Elicit participants' views on whether intergenerational learning had occurred. DESIGN Ethically approved survey research. SETTINGS Tertiary education institution. PARTICIPANTS Third year student nurses (n = 50) across three BSc Nursing pre-registration degree programmes enrolled on a shared community care module. METHODS Post-café, student nurses were invited via email to voluntarily participate in the research and to complete an anonymous online survey. Questionnaire return implied consent. Fifty student nurses (n = 50) participated in the post café survey. Descriptive statistical analysis of Likert scale quantitative data and thematic analysis of open-ended questions was undertaken. RESULTS Participants reported that the intergenerational cafés were well organised, worked well and strongly agreed that the cafés were helpful in facilitating student nurses and older people to connect socially and share views. Results also showed that participants felt they got to know a lot about older people and that they were in many ways quite similar to older people. CONCLUSIONS This study provides valuable information on the use of intergenerational cafés as a means of facilitating intergenerational learning. Findings indicate that it was a positive learning experience for participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dympna Tuohy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Teresa Tuohy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Margaret Graham
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Jane McCarthy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Jill Murphy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland.
| | | | - Irene Cassidy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morgan S, Pasco JC, Demers L, Young ME, Jindal SK. Combating ageism in medical education with narrative medicine. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38217514 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2024.2302594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Ageism is common in medical trainees and difficult to overcome. The My Life, My Story program has been shown to be an effective tool for increasing empathy. We explored its use as an instrument for combating ageism by implementing it in a Geriatrics clerkship for fourth year medical students. During our evaluation, 151 students interviewed patients about their lives using a semi-structured question guide. Students completed the UCLA Geriatrics Attitudes Scale and the Expectations Regarding Aging Survey pre-and post-clerkship. We also facilitated 9 student debriefs and 5 faculty interviews. After completing My Life, My Story, students were more likely to disagree with "I would rather see younger patients than elderly ones" and "it's normal to be depressed when you are old". In qualitative analysis of the debriefs, we identified a key summative theme: "impact of the intervention on care teams". Within that, we describe three subthemes: an awareness of richness of the lives led by older people, their current value to society, and the social determinants of health they have faced. After participating in My Life, My Story, students' attitudes toward aging changed. A narrative medicine program using life stories can be a practical tool for addressing ageist stereotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Morgan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Carlo Pasco
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lindsay Demers
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan E Young
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shivani K Jindal
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Section of General Internal Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- New England Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ermer AE, Verna N. Older Adults' Perceptions of Campus Accessibility. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2023; 44:528-539. [PMID: 35786364 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2022.2096601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Attention should be devoted to the accessibility of campus facilities to older adults and as a means to increase age-diversity. In this paper, we sought to uncover older adults' perceptions of campus accessibility via an online survey. Participants were recruited through local newsletters, and word of mouth, and included 81 community members (M Age = 71.58 years; 79% female; 89% White). Descriptive analyses were conducted for closed-ended responses and a constant comparative method was used to code open-ended responses. Based on the closed-ended responses, participants felt that the campus was somewhat accessible, moderately easy to walk around, and felt somewhat welcome on campus. The following general themes emerged in the open-ended responses: 1) inaccessibility on campus was related to parking and topography constraints (e.g., due to stairs, distance, hills); 2) accessibility on campus was due to sidewalks and access to transportation; 3) feeling welcome on campus was related to people being helpful, and 4) not feeling welcome was related to not 'being in the know' and not feeling like they belonged. These findings have implications for campus initiatives that aim to attract older adults, especially for campuses that have topography constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ermer
- Department of Family Science and Human Development, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey United States
| | - Nadine Verna
- Department of Family Science and Human Development, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tuohy D, Cassidy I, Graham M, McCarthy J, Murphy J, Shanahan J, Tuohy T. Facilitating intergenerational learning between older people and student nurses: An integrative review. Nurse Educ Pract 2023; 72:103746. [PMID: 37625363 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the literature on intergenerational learning between older people and student nurses. BACKGROUND Intergenerational activities offer opportunities for intergenerational learning and help reduce ageism. There are several older person/school children intergenerational learning initiatives. However, there is less known about how intergenerational learning occurs in nurse education programmes outside of service provision. METHODS Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) integrative review framework was used to guide the review process. Population, intervention, context and outcome (PICO) was used to develop the review question, search strategy and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Database (CINAHL, Cochrane library, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and PsychInfo) searches and hand searching occurred from 2012 to 2023. Screening, appraisal and data extraction was undertaken according to Prisma guidelines. RESULTS Nine papers were included (North American (n = 5), Canadian (n = 1) Chinese (n = 2), Taiwanese (n = 1)). Mixed methods designs were included. Four themes were identified: 1) Seeing beyond first glance; 2) Connecting and getting to know each other; 3) Learning together; and 4) Challenges for intergenerational learning. CONCLUSION This review demonstrates the relevance of intergenerational learning in nurse education and highlights the importance of embedding initiatives which will promote and support mutual learning. Innovative intergenerational initiatives enable students to explore their underlying attitudes and views in a way that they may not be able to in the more traditional service and care giving learning situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dympna Tuohy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, Health Research Institute, Ageing Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Irene Cassidy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, Health Research Institute, Ageing Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Margaret Graham
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Jane McCarthy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Jill Murphy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | | | - Teresa Tuohy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paris M, Audet M, Brochu H, Brochu M, Desjardins C, Langlois L, Rousseau C. [La mise en abyme d'un projet intergénérationnel de recherche: Un comité intergénérationnel comme processus et sujet de recherche]. Can J Aging 2023; 42:416-424. [PMID: 37424443 DOI: 10.1017/s0714980823000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Les projets de nature intergénérationnelle sont aujourd'hui hautement valorisés par les décideurs publics et les responsables académiques. La pandémie de COVID-19 a fait ressurgir l'importance des relations entre les générations et des projets intergénérationnels ancrés dans la communauté. Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude visant à faire travailler ensemble des personnes aînées et des jeunes adultes au sein d'un projet intergénérationnel ancré dans la communauté. La particularité dans cette étude c'est qu'elle utilise une démarche méthodologique co-constructive, c'est-à-dire qu'elle jumelle des chercheurs et des chercheures académiques de différents horizons et des personnes aînées citoyennes tout au long du processus de recherche. Les résultats portent particulièrement sur les attentes des personnes participantes au projet intergénérationnel, la description du déroulement du projet (sur une période de dix mois) et les perceptions des relations intergénérationnelles au cours du projet. Nous terminons l'article par une discussion autour des constats centraux de notre étude et de notre expérience dans le cadre d'une recherche co-constructive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Paris
- Université de Moncton, École de travail social, 1 Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Mélisa Audet
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Martin Brochu
- Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté des sciences de l'activité physique, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ekwonye AU, Brueggemann A, Gerdes SP, Phi KM, Kloepfer V, Karmacharya P, Phung V, Sidek SM. We will all age and one day be older adults ourselves: College students' reflections on facilitating compassionate presence (CP) sessions for older adults. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2023; 44:298-315. [PMID: 35352618 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2022.2057968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
College students are likely to hold negative ageist views and attitudes toward older people. The compassionate presence (CP) intervention could be a promising approach to reduce ageist attitudes that younger adults have of older adults. College students were trained virtually in deep, active, and compassionate listening and were matched with older adults living in assisted-living facilities. The partners met virtually for an hour once per week. Students completed weekly reflections throughout the ten-week intervention. The weekly reflections revealed that students had preconceived notions about older adults before the CP training. After the CP training and throughout the intervention, we noted a positive shift in perception, knowledge, and attitudes toward older adults and aging. Students built meaningful social bonds with older adults, developed strong communication and interpersonal skills, and acquired research and core leadership skills needed for future careers and professional practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela U Ekwonye
- Department of Public Health, St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alvina Brueggemann
- Department of Public Health, St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah P Gerdes
- Department of Public Health, St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kieu M Phi
- Department of Public Health, St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vanessa Kloepfer
- Department of Public Health, St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pragya Karmacharya
- Department of Public Health, St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vy Phung
- Department of Public Health, St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Safia M Sidek
- Department of Public Health, St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lytle A, Macdonald J, Levy SR. An experimental investigation of a simulated online intergenerational friendship. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2023; 44:286-297. [PMID: 35043755 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2021.2023810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Reducing ageism is a significant social issue. The current study involved a novel experimental examination of whether a one-time simulated online intergenerational friendship would reduce ageism. Undergraduate participants were randomly assigned to complete an interpersonal closeness exercise (the "fast friends" procedure, Aron et al., 1997; Lytle & Levy, 2015) with a confederate who used a script to answer the fast friends questions, during which they either did not reveal their age (control condition) or revealed being an older adult (age 65; experimental condition). Results indicate that experimental (vs. control) participants reported less ageism and more positive behavior (friendlier responses). These findings suggest that positive online intergenerational contact may help combat ageism. As intergenerational contact was limited before the COVID-19 pandemic and even more so during the pandemic, facilitating online intergenerational contact may be a particularly worthwhile ageism reduction strategy. Further implications of these findings and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lytle
- College of Arts and Letters, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jamie Macdonald
- Department of Psychology, St Francis College, Brooklyn Heights, New York, USA
| | - Sheri R Levy
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang L, Zou H, Liu J. Mediating effects of ageism and knowledge on the relationship between contact with older adults and attitudes toward older adults' sexuality among nursing students. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2023; 122:105740. [PMID: 36724590 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals often ignore sexuality in aging and avoid discussing related topics, especially in China. Nursing students, as future professionals, can address the sexuality of older adults encountered in clinical practice by establishing positive attitudes toward aging sexuality. Previous studies have demonstrated that contact has positive impacts on nursing students' attitudes toward aging sexuality. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying this relationship between contact and attitudes. OBJECTIVES To explore the mediating effects of ageism and knowledge on the relationship between contact and nursing students' attitudes toward aging sexuality. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. SETTINGS The study was conducted at a nursing school in Hefei city, China. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS 614 nursing students completed online-administered questionnaires measuring the level of contact with older adults, ageism, knowledge, and attitudes toward aging sexuality. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. RESULTS The mean scores for knowledge and attitudes toward aging sexuality were 85.70 (SD = 16.39) and 104.91 (SD = 14.88), respectively. Overall, our findings confirmed that these hypotheses were accepted. Ageism (β = -0.079, P = 0.007) and knowledge (β = -0.070, P < 0.001) mediated the relationship between contact and attitude. CONCLUSION Given the mediating role of ageism and knowledge in the relationship between contact and attitude, reducing ageism and enhancing knowledge are vital to changing students' attitudes, including integrating ageism and aging sexuality knowledge learning into the nursing curriculum and creating opportunities for contact with older adults. The frequency and quality of contact between nursing students and older adults can be improved by rationalizing the internship duration, tasks, and assessment objectives of placements on geriatric wards and by the role of clinical faculty role models in cultivating positive attitudes toward aging sexuality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Haiou Zou
- School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Nursing, Beijing An Ding Hospital, Beijing 100088, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Campbell F, Whear R, Rogers M, Sutton A, Robinson‐Carter E, Barlow J, Sharpe R, Cohen S, Wolstenholme L, Thompson‐Coon J. Non-familial intergenerational interventions and their impact on social and mental wellbeing of both younger and older people-A mapping review and evidence and gap map. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2023; 19:e1306. [PMID: 36913218 PMCID: PMC9934919 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Opportunities for social connection between generations in the UK have diminished over the last few decades because of changes in the way that we live and work. The decline in communal spaces such as libraries, youth clubs and community centres mean that there are fewer opportunities to meet and mix socially with other generations outside our own families. Increased working hours, improved technology, changes in family patterns, relationship breakdowns within families and migration are also believed to be contributory factors to generation segregation. There are many potential economic, social and political impacts of generations living separate and parallel lives, for example, higher health and social care costs, an undermining of trust between generations reduced social capital, a reliance on the media to form understanding of others' viewpoints and higher levels of anxiety and loneliness. Intergenerational programmes and activities can take many forms and are delivered in many settings. Evidence suggests that intergenerational activity can have a positive impact on participants, for example, in reducing loneliness and exclusion for both older people and children and young people, improving mental health, increasing mutual understanding and addressing important issues such as ageism, housing and care. There are currently no other EGMs that exist that address this type of intervention; however, it would complement existing EGMs addressing child welfare. Objectives To identify, appraise and bring together the evidence on the use of intergenerational practice, to answer the following specific research questions: What is the volume, nature and diversity of research on, and evaluation of, intergenerational practice and learning?What approaches have been used to deliver intergenerational activities and programmes that may be relevant to providing such services during and in the subsequent recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic?What promising intergenerational activities and programmes have been developed and are being used but have not yet been subject to formal evaluation? Search Methods We searched MEDLINE (via OvidSp), EMBASE (via OvidSp), PsycINFO (via OvidSp), CINAHL (via EBSCOHost), Social Policy and Practice (via OvidSp), Health Management Information Consortium (via OvidSp), Ageline (via EBSCOhost), ASSIA (via ProQuest), Social Science Citations Index (via Web of Science), ERIC (via EBSCOhost), Community Care Inform Children, Research in Practice for Children, ChildData (via Social Policy and Practice), the Campbell Library, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the CENTRAL database between 22 and 30 July 2021. We searched for additional grey literature via the Conference Proceedings Citation Index (via Web of Science) and ProQuest Dissertation & Theses Global and via relevant organisation websites, for example, Age UK, Age International, the Centre for Ageing Better, Barnado's, Children's Commission, UNICEF, Generations Working Together, the Intergenerational Foundation, Linking Generations and The Beth Johnson Foundation) and the Ottawa initiative called Older Adults and Students for Intergenerational support. Selection Criteria Any intervention that brings older and younger people together with the purpose of interacting to achieve positive health and/or social and/or educational outcomes from any study design including systematic reviews, randomised controlled studies, observational studies, surveys and qualitative studies are included. The titles and abstracts, and later full texts, of records identified by the search methods were screened against inclusion criteria by two independent reviewers. Data Collection and Analysis Data extraction was undertaken by one reviewer and checked by a second with any inconsistencies identified and resolved through discussion. The data extraction tool was developed on EPPI reviewer and was modified and tested through stakeholder and advisor consultation, and piloting of the process. The tool was informed by the research question and the structure of the map. We did not undertake quality appraisal of the included studies. Main Results Our searches identified 12,056 references, after screening 500 research articles were included in the evidence gap map conducted across 27 countries. We identified 26 systematic reviews, 236 quantitative comparative studies (of which 38 were randomised controlled trials), 227 were qualitative studies (or had a qualitative element), 105 were observational studies (or had elements of observational methods) and 82 used a mixed methods approach. The outcomes reported in the research cover mental health (n = 73), physical health (n = 62), attainment and knowledge (n = 165), agency (n = 174), mental wellbeing (n = 224), loneliness and social isolation (n = 54), attitudes towards the other generation (n = 283), intergenerational interactions (n = 196), peer interactions (n = 30) and health promotion (n = 23) and including mutual outcomes such as the impact on community (n = 37) and perceptions on the sense of community (n = 43). Gaps in the evidence that were identified include: research that reports on mutual, societal and community outcomes of intergenerational interventions; more research on interventions classified as levels 1-4 and level 7 on the Intergenerational Engagement Scale, mental health, loneliness, social isolation, peer interactions, physical health and health promotion outcomes in children and young people; health promotion in older people; outcomes centred on care giver wellbeing, mental health and attitudes; economic outcomes; process outcomes and adverse or unexpected outcomes. Authors’ Conclusions Whilst a substantional amount of research on intergenerational interventions has been identified in this EGM, as well as the gaps identified above, there is a need to explore promising interventions not yet formally evaluated. Research on this topic is gradually increasing, and systematic reviews will be important to determine how and why interventions are or are not beneficial. However, the primary research needs to build more cohesively so that the findings can be comparable and avoid research waste. The EGM presented here will nevertheless be a useful resource for decision-makers allowing them to explore the evidence with regard to the different interventions that may be relevant to their population needs and the settings or resources available to them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Campbell
- Evidence Synthesis Group Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
| | - Rebecca Whear
- NIHR CLAHRC South West Peninsula (PenCLAHRC)University of Exeter Medical SchoolExeterUK
| | - Morwenna Rogers
- NIHR PenCLAHRC, Institute of Health ResearchUniversity of Exeter Medical SchoolExeterUK
| | - Anthea Sutton
- Health Economics and Decision Science, ScHARRUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | - Jane Barlow
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordCoventryUK
| | - Richard Sharpe
- Public Health, Cornwall CouncilUniversity of Exeter Medical SchoolSt. AustellUK
| | - Stuart Cohen
- NHS Kernow Clinical Commissioning GroupSt. AustellUK
| | | | - Joanna Thompson‐Coon
- NIHR ARC South West Peninsula (PenARC)University of Exeter Medical SchoolExeterUK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fong BYF, Yee HH, Ng TKC, Chiu WK. Intergenerational Service-learning: An Experience in Health Promotion among Undergraduate Students in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2023.2172514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Y. F. Fong
- College of Professional and Continuing Education, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hilary H.L. Yee
- School of Professional Education and Executive Development, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tommy K. C. Ng
- School of Professional Education and Executive Development, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wang-Kin Chiu
- College of Professional and Continuing Education, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ramirez L, Monahan C, Palacios‐Espinosa X, Levy SR. Intersections of ageism toward older adults and other isms during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 78:965-990. [PMID: 36718347 PMCID: PMC9877883 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a significant global issue that has exacerbated pre-existing structural and social inequalities. There are concerns that ageism toward older adults has intensified in conjunction with elevated forms of other "isms" such as ableism, classism, heterosexism, racism, and sexism. This study offers a systematic review (PRISMA) of ageism toward older adults interacting with other isms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Articles were searched in 10 databases resulting in 354 ageism studies published between 2019 and August 2022 in English, French, Portuguese, or Spanish. Only 32 articles met eligibility criteria (ageism together with other ism(s); focus on the COVID-19 pandemic); which were mostly review papers (n = 25) with few empirical papers (n = 7), reflecting almost all qualitative designs (n = 6). Articles discussed ageism with racism (n = 15), classism (n = 11), ableism (n = 9), sexism (n = 7), and heterosexism (n = 2). Authors represented numerous disciplines (gerontology, medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, and sociology) and countries (n = 14) from several continents. Results from this study underscore that ageism intersects with other isms in profoundly negative ways and that the intersections of ageism and other isms are understudied, requiring more research and intervention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ramirez
- Department of PsychologyUniversidad del RosarioBogotá D.C.Colombia
| | - Caitlin Monahan
- Department of PsychologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Sheri R. Levy
- Department of PsychologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gendron T, Van Aartrjik A, Carpenter K, Backer R, Applewhite A. Ageism Interventions: The Need for An Ecological Perspective. J Aging Soc Policy 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36208461 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2022.2132803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Ageism is a dynamic force of oppression that presents systemically within all levels of Bronfenbrenner's ecological system framework (microsystem, exosystem, mesosystem and macrosystem). Although ageism is a well-documented phenomenon with wide-reaching negative impacts, interventions to mitigate ageism's effects remain understudied. This internal evaluation conducted a deductive content analysis of 208 resources on an anti-ageism resource clearinghouse, OldSchool.info. Resources were organized using two coding schemes; to determine focal points based on the ecological systems theory and to ascertain the mechanisms of the intervention (e.g., active or passive approach). Results indicate the majority of ageism interventions are passive-oriented societal-level macrosystem approaches. Findings indicate active-oriented interventions at the personal and relational levels are lacking. Since ageism is embedded within all of the interacting levels of the ecological system, meaningful change in policy and practice will require multiple approaches to developing positive change toward building an age-inclusive society. An ecological approach to ageism can provide critical insights toward the development of policy and law to reduce or eliminate ageism, including promoting positive behaviors and attitudes at the individual level and raising awareness of anti-discrimination and human rights laws at the macrosystem level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Gendron
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sutter A, Vaswani M, Denice P, Choi KH, Bouchard J, Esses VM. Ageism toward older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: Intergenerational conflict and support. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 78:JOSI12554. [PMID: 36249557 PMCID: PMC9538750 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A cross-national representative survey in Canada and the U.S. examined ageism toward older individuals during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, including ageist consumption stereotypes and perceptions of older people's competence and warmth. We also investigated predictors of ageism, including economic and health threat, social dominance orientation, individualism and collectivism, social distancing beliefs, and demographics. In both countries, younger adults were more likely to hold ageist consumption stereotypes, demonstrating intergenerational conflict about the resources being used by older people. Similarly, young adults provided older people with the lowest competence and warmth scores, though adults of all ages rated older individuals as more warm than competent. Particularly among younger individuals, beliefs about group-based dominance hierarchies, the importance of competition, and the costs of social distancing predicted greater endorsement, whereas beliefs about interdependence and the importance of sacrificing for the collective good predicted lower endorsement of ageist consumption stereotypes. Support for group-based inequality predicted lower perceived competence and warmth of older individuals, whereas beliefs about interdependence and the importance of sacrificing for the collective good predicted higher perceived competence and warmth of older individuals. Implications for policies and practices to reduce intergenerational conflict and ageist perceptions of older individuals are discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ekwonye AU. Compassionate presence sessions: A qualitative exploration of experiences of older adults and college students. AGING AND HEALTH RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ahr.2022.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
|
20
|
Lytle A, Apriceno M. Understanding Intergenerational Tension during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Ambivalent Ageism. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2022.2113586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lytle
- Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lytle A, Levy SR. Reducing ageism toward older adults and highlighting older adults as contributors during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 78:JOSI12545. [PMID: 36249548 PMCID: PMC9537920 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated ageism (stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination) toward older adults in the United States, highlighting the belief that older adults are a burden. Prior to the pandemic, a growing body of research sought to reduce ageism using the PEACE (Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences) model. Extending that research, participants were randomly assigned to watch three videos (less than 10 min total) that challenged stereotypes about aging and older adults, depicted positive intergenerational contact, and highlighted older adults as contributors to society (experimental condition) or three videos on wallpaper (control condition). Experimental participants (undergraduate students in Study 1 and a national community sample of young adults in Study 2) reported increased endorsement of older adults as contributors to society and positive stereotypes of older adults. In addition, in Study 2, negative stereotypes of older adults and views of intergenerational conflict were also reduced among experimental (vs. control) participants. These promising findings show that relatively brief ageism reduction interventions are effective during the pandemic and for the first time, that the perception of older adults as contributors to society can be increased. Future directions and implications for social policies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lytle
- Stevens Institute of TechnologyHobokenNew JerseyUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cohn‐Schwartz E, Finlay JM, Kobayashi LC. Perceptions of societal ageism and declines in subjective memory during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal evidence from US adults aged ≥55 years. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 78:JOSI12544. [PMID: 36249550 PMCID: PMC9538955 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive health of older adults since the COVID-19 pandemic onset is unclear, as is the potential impact of pandemic-associated societal ageism on perceived cognition. We investigated associations between perceptions of societal ageism and changes in subjective memory over a 10-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected longitudinal data from monthly online questionnaires in the nationwide COVID-19 Coping Study of US adults aged ≥55 from April 2020 to January 2021 (N = 4444). We analyzed the data using multivariable longitudinal multilevel models. We identified an overall decline in subjective memory, especially in the initial months of the pandemic. Adults who perceived that societal respect for older adults decreased during the pandemic experienced more rapid declines in their subjective memory. These findings suggest that aging adults perceived a decline in their memory, especially during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Societal interventions to combat ageism may help improve subjective memory and could decrease risk for cognitive decline among middle-aged and older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella Cohn‐Schwartz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Community Health SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesBen‐Gurion UniversityBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Jessica M. Finlay
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population HealthDepartment of EpidemiologyUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Social Environment and Health ProgramSurvey Research CenterUniversity of Michigan Institute for Social ResearchAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Lindsay C. Kobayashi
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population HealthDepartment of EpidemiologyUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jarrott SE, Leedahl SN, Shovali TE, De Fries C, DelPo A, Estus E, Gangji C, Hasche L, Juris J, MacInnes R, Schilz M, Scrivano RM, Steward A, Taylor C, Walker A. Intergenerational programming during the pandemic: Transformation during (constantly) changing times. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 78:JOSI12530. [PMID: 36249546 PMCID: PMC9537804 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Intergenerational programs have long been employed to reduce ageism and optimize youth and older adult development. Most involve in-person meetings, which COVID-19 arrested. Needs for safety and social contact were amplified during COVID-19, leading to modified programming that engaged generations remotely rather than eliminating it. Our collective case study incorporates four intergenerational programs in five US states prior to and during COVID-19. Each aims to reduce ageism, incorporating nutrition education, technology skills, or photography programming. Authors present case goals, participants, implementation methods, including responses to COVID-19, outcomes, and lessons learned. Technology afforded opportunities for intergenerational connections; non-technological methods also were employed. Across cases, programmatic foci were maintained through adaptive programming. Community partners' awareness of immediate needs facilitated responsive programming with universities, who leveraged unique resources. While new methods and partnerships will continue post-pandemic, authors concurred that virtual contact cannot fully substitute for in-person relationship-building. Remote programming maintained ties between groups ready to resume shared in-person programming as soon as possible; they now have tested means for responding to routine or novel cancellations of in-person programming. Able to implement in-person and remote intergenerational programming, communities can fight ageism and pursue diverse goals regardless of health, transportation, weather, or other restrictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Jarrott
- Social Work, Ohio State University(Lead author and Case Study 4 contact)ColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Skye N. Leedahl
- Human Development and Family ScienceUniversity of Rhode Island (Case Study 2 contact)KingstonRhode IslandUSA
| | - Tamar E. Shovali
- Human DevelopmentEckerd College (Case Study 3 contact)St. PetersburgFloridaUSA
| | - Carson De Fries
- Social WorkUniversity of Denver (Case Study 1 contact)DenverColoradoUSA
| | - Amy DelPo
- Denver Public LibraryDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Erica Estus
- College of PharmacyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode IslandUSA
| | - Caroline Gangji
- The Village Common of Rhode Island & formerly Age‐Friendly Rhode IslandProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Leslie Hasche
- Social WorkUniversity of Denver (Case Study 1 contact)DenverColoradoUSA
| | - Jill Juris
- Recreation Management and Physical EducationAppalachian State UniversityBooneNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Roddy MacInnes
- College of ArtsHumanities, and Social Sciences at the University of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Matthew Schilz
- Social WorkUniversity of Denver (Case Study 1 contact)DenverColoradoUSA
| | - Rachel M. Scrivano
- Social Work, Ohio State University(Lead author and Case Study 4 contact)ColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Andrew Steward
- Social WorkUniversity of Denver (Case Study 1 contact)DenverColoradoUSA
| | - Catherine Taylor
- AARP Rhode Island & formerly Age‐Friendly Rhode IslandKingstonRhode IslandUSA
| | - Anne Walker
- College of ArtsHumanities, and Social Sciences at the University of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lytle A, Macdonald J, Monahan C, Apriceno M, Levy SR. Age Stereotypes and Perceived Control of Health Predict COVID-19 Health- and Economy-Focused Beliefs. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2022.2096167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lytle
- Social Science Department, College of Arts and Letters, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jamie Macdonald
- Psychology Department, St. Francis College, Brooklyn, New york, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Long Y, Jiang X, Wang Y, Zhou X, You X. You Are Old, but Are You Out? Intergenerational Contact Impacts on Out-Group Perspective-Taking and on the Roles of Stereotyping and Intergroup Anxiety. Front Psychol 2022; 13:781072. [PMID: 35369171 PMCID: PMC8970797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.781072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perspective-taking (PT) is an important ability to imagine the world from another's point of view. Prior studies have shown that younger adults are more likely to consider the opinions of age-based in-group members relative to out-group members. However, the cause of this priority is still unknown. We conducted three independent studies to explore the effect of intergenerational contact on younger adults' PT toward older adults and the possible roles of stereotyping and intergroup anxiety. A total of 192 college students completed the Perspective taking Scale in Study 1 after being primed with age-based intergroup relationships. The results indicated that younger adults found it more difficult to take the perspective of older adults than that of their peers. 200 college students completed the Prior Contact Scale, Intergroup Anxiety Scale, Negative Stereotype Scale, and PT Scale in Study 2. The results demonstrated that intergenerational contact improved PT toward older adults by disrupting negative stereotypes, and intergroup anxiety moderated this mediating relationship. A total of 215 college students completed the PT Scale in the context of imagining intergenerational contact in Study 3. Interestingly, imagined contact effectively increased younger adults' ability to take older adults' perspectives. The present research verifies that contact is important for influencing younger adults' emotional (intergroup anxiety) and attitudinal (stereotyping) factors that are critical to improving younger adults' ability to take older people's perspectives. This is of great significance for developing harmonious intergenerational relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Long
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinxin Jiang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- The Mental Health Education Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuqun You
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Crutzen C, Missotten P, Adam S, Schroyen S. Does caring lead to stigmatisation? The perception of older people among healthcare professionals and the general population: A cross-sectional study. Int J Older People Nurs 2022; 17:e12457. [PMID: 35267232 DOI: 10.1111/opn.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well recognised that healthcare professionals are particularly at risk for developing a negative perception of older people. Indeed, in addition to receiving education centred on a biomedical view of ageing, they are constantly exposed to the most vulnerable and dependent older individuals. AIM The purpose of our study is to compare the perception of older people between health professionals, working in a nursing home and the general population. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. The perception of older people was measured using two different instruments: the image-of-ageing question and the Aging Semantic Differential (ASD) scale. We performed t-test to compare the perception of older individuals between the general population and healthcare professionals. RESULTS The image-of-ageing question does not show any difference between the general population (n = 148) and healthcare professionals (n = 107). In these both groups, almost half of the words cited in reference to older individuals were negative. Concerning the ASD, results show that healthcare professionals have significantly more negative perceptions towards older individuals than the general population (with the control of age, gender and educational level). CONCLUSION Healthcare professionals seem to have a more negative view of older people than the general population. Their regular contact with the frailest older adults could explain this finding. Another hypothesis could be a non-optimal quality of contact in nursing homes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Such results highlight the importance to promote a more holistic view of ageing in educational programs of healthcare professional. Improving the quality of contact with nursing homes residents should be strongly considered to reduce ageism among healthcare professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coline Crutzen
- Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Stéphane Adam
- Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sarah Schroyen
- Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The demographic data and projections show that the world is ageing at a high pace and that this has transversal consequences to society. The available data on ageism show that it constitutes the most prevalent form of discrimination in Europe. Whilst this seems logical because ageism, potentially, affects everybody (unlike sexism or racism), public debates on the phenomenon are rare. The awareness of people of its importance is minimal, the resources and investigation devoted to understanding it are relatively small and the initiatives towards combating ageism are not enough. There is a mismatch between the dimension of the phenomenon and the attention that we have given it. Ageism has various negative consequences for the older adults themselves; for the institutions at large (but especially for the working world institutions) and for countries. In a fast-ageing world that will witness structural changes in age groups, ageism is a complex phenomenon that needs to be counteracted. So far, in Europe, combating ageism through law and public policy seems to have produced poor results. However, the literature shows that adult education and learning can provide very effective means to improve the mutual knowledge between generations, combat myths and prejudice and deconstruct age-based stereotypes.
Collapse
|
28
|
Anti-Ageism Social Actions: Lights and Shadows. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ageism refers to the stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination towards others or oneself due to age, and it is the most prevalent type of social disadvantage, even more so than those due to gender and race, with negative effects worldwide. Ageism is an evidently real social problem that needs to be addressed and fought. Our study has two main objectives: firstly, to study to what extent programmes, projects or actions have been developed to combat ageism around the world; and secondly, to what extent they have been evaluated via the positive outcomes registered by the participants. Two different information sources were used: (a) a literature review of ageism programmes or interventions; and (b) an online questionnaire sent to international and national institutions surveying their policies or programmes against ageism. Our results show a relatively high number of actions combating ageism but a lack of a systematic evaluation of the outcomes of those actions. In conclusion, first, it is necessary to develop programmes and actions combating ageism, and the evaluation of these programmes is urgently needed in order to identify strategies that truly and effectively tackle ageism. There is a need to urge institutions to perform external evaluations of their anti-ageism social policies and to encourage scientists to conduct randomized and controlled studies.
Collapse
|
29
|
Thurlow CB, Ward-Smith P. Effect of COVID-19 Isolation on Nursing Student and Older Adult Interview Assignment. J Patient Exp 2022; 9:23743735221117368. [PMID: 36034757 PMCID: PMC9403469 DOI: 10.1177/23743735221117368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The US population is aging. Young people may have ageist views that may deter
them from careers working with older adults. Intergenerational teaching
strategies in college courses offer opportunities for young and older people to
interact. In a nursing course, 7 semi-structured interviews, discussion board
content, and a synthesis project provide the framework for a sharing
relationship to develop. The COVID-19 required alterations in the interview
format, and understanding these changes from the elders' viewpoints were added
to the interviews. This data identified 4 themes with positive and negative
reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peggy Ward-Smith
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Nursing and Health Science, Kansas City, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sharif Nia H, She L, Rasiah R, Khoshnavay Fomani F, Kaveh O, Pahlevan Sharif S, Hosseini L. Psychometrics of Persian Version of the Ageism Survey Among an Iranian Older Adult Population During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:683291. [PMID: 34869136 PMCID: PMC8637902 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.683291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have revealed an increase in discrimination, neglect, and abuse among the older adult population during this period. This study assessed the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the ageism survey instrument tested on a sample of the Iranian older adult population during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. An important move in counteracting ageism is to classify the ageism scale comprehensively by employing adequate psychometrics. Methods: The Persian version of the ageism scale was developed using a two-step procedure. The first step involved translating and revising the original scale to develop a Persian version of the ageism scale. The second step involved assessing the psychometric features of the newly adapted scale using construct validity through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and thereafter assessing the reliability through the average inter-item correlation (AIC), Cronbach's alpha. The sample consisted of 400 older adults (age 65 and older), who were recruited through online data collection, with samples for EFA and CFA randomly selected from the total samples. Results: The Persian version of the ageism survey has three factors: age-related deprivation with five items, dignity with three items, and employment with three items; all of which explained 57.02% of the total variance. The outcome of the EFA was verified by the CFA, with internal consistency reliability being excellent (Cronbach's alpha was 0.725, 0.698, and 0.708 for the three factors). Conclusion: This study specifically offers a restructured three factors Persian version of the ageism survey for Iranian older adults with acceptable construct validity and reliability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sharif Nia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Long She
- Saito University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Omolhoda Kaveh
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Lida Hosseini
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lytle A, Kowal M, Macdonald J, Levy SR. An Examination of Intergenerational Contact Experiences Using 10,338 Journal Entries from 2,414 Young Adults. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2021; 62:397-403. [PMID: 34792137 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES With continued negative depictions of older adults and limitations on positive intergenerational contact, ageism is a significant social issue. Using a rich dataset of journal entries, we examined sentiments, emotions, and optimal intergenerational contact conditions among volunteers in an intergenerational program. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 10,338 journal entries were analyzed from 2,414 young adult volunteers from GlamourGals Foundation, Inc., a U.S. non-profit, which aims to reduce isolation by facilitating intergenerational contact. Applying the PEACE (Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences) theoretical model, each sentence was coded using sentiment analysis, emotional analysis, and supervised learning methods across five optimal intergenerational contact conditions. RESULTS Out of 74,475 sentences, participants reported predominantly positive sentiments (64.2%, 29% neutral, and 6.8% negative) and more positive emotions (e.g., joy) than negative emotions (e.g., disgust). Nearly all participants (98.2%) wrote at least a sentence that included at least one of the five optimal intergenerational contact conditions. Moreover, positive sentiment was present in higher percentages when more instances of optimal contact conditions were reported (54.4% for none, 71.6% for one category, 81.5% for two, 83% for three, 89.2% for four, 98.4% for five). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS The present investigation applied a theoretical model to assess a long-standing community intergenerational program. Contact that provided one-to-one, cooperative, equal status interactions involving personal disclosure that was sanctioned by the program administrators was associated with positive sentiment. Future directions and implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lytle
- College of Arts and Letters, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Kowal
- College of Arts and Letters, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jamie Macdonald
- Department of Psychology, St Francis College, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Sheri R Levy
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ng R, Chow TYJ, Yang W. The Impact of Aging Policy on Societal Age Stereotypes and Ageism. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2021; 62:598-606. [PMID: 34636402 PMCID: PMC9019649 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives While studies have researched ageism in public policy, few investigated the impact of aging policy on ageism—typically, an unintended consequence. Ageism is linked to $63 billion in health care costs, so its antecedents are of interest. We test the association between Aging Policy Agenda Setting and Societal Age Stereotypes and hypothesize a mediating pathway via Medicalization of Aging, moderated by demographics. Research Design and Methods Scholars identified Singapore’s Pioneer Generation Policy (PGP) as one of the largest policy implementations in recent years, where the agenda was set by the Prime Minister at an equivalent State of the Union address in 2013, and US$7 billion allocated to fund outpatient health care costs for aged 65 years or older. More than 400,000 older adults received a PGP card and home visits by trained volunteers who co-devised a personalized utilization plan. We leveraged a 10-billion-word data set with more than 30 million newspaper and magazine articles to dynamically track Societal Age Stereotype scores over 8 years from pre- to postpolicy implementation. Results Societal Age Stereotypes followed a quadratic trend: Prior to the Aging Policy Agenda Setting from 2010 to 2014, stereotypes were trending positive; after 2014, it trended downward to become more negative. Medicalization of Aging mediated the relationship between Aging Policy Agenda Setting and Societal Age Stereotypes. Furthermore, Old-age Support Ratio moderated the mediational model, suggesting that the impact of policy on medicalization is stronger when a society is more aged. Discussion and Implications We provided a framework for policymakers to ameliorate the unintended consequences of aging policies on societal ageism—if unaddressed, it will exert an insidious toll on older adults, even if initial policies are well-intentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Ng
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Lloyd's Register Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ting Yu Joanne Chow
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenshu Yang
- Lloyd's Register Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ng R. Societal Age Stereotypes in the U.S. and U.K. from a Media Database of 1.1 Billion Words. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8822. [PMID: 34444578 PMCID: PMC8391425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, 194 World Health Organization member states called on the international organization to develop a global campaign to combat ageism, citing its alarming ubiquity, insidious threat to health, and prevalence in the media. Existing media studies of age stereotypes have mostly been single-sourced. This study harnesses a 1.1-billion-word media database comprising the British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary American English-with genres including spoken/television, fiction, magazines, newspapers-to provide a comprehensive view of ageism in the United Kingdom and United States. The US and UK were chosen as they are home to the largest media conglomerates with tremendous power to shape public opinion. The most commonly used synonym of older adults was identified, and its most frequently used descriptors were analyzed for valence. Such computational linguistics techniques represent a new advance in studying aging narratives. The key finding is consistent, though no less alarming: Negative descriptions of older adults outnumber positive ones by six times. Negative descriptions tend to be physical, while positive ones tend to be behavioral. Magazines contain the highest levels of ageism, followed by the spoken genre, newspapers, and fiction. Findings underscore the need to increase public awareness of ageism and lay the groundwork to design targeted societal campaigns to tackle ageism-one of our generation's most pernicious threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Ng
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore;
- Lloyd’s Register Foundation Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gendron T, Cimarolli VR, Inker J, Rhodes A, Hennessa A, Stone R. The efficacy of a video-based intervention to reduce ageism among long-term services and supports staff. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2021; 42:316-330. [PMID: 33497313 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2021.1880904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that ageism can act as a barrier to both quality of life and quality of care delivery within the continuum of residential care settings. Anti-ageism interventions have the hefty task of improving attitudes and behaviors toward aging and older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a one-hour video-based intervention designed to address ageism could decrease self-reported ageist attitudes and behaviors among staff members of long-term service and support settings. This cross-sectional study used data collected from 265 staff members of aging services organizations. The study examined ageist attitudes and behaviors at pre-intervention, and at two follow-up points: immediately after the intervention and three-month post-intervention. Results demonstrated that internalized aging anxiety significantly decreased from pre-intervention to the immediate follow-up and stayed stable at the 2nd follow-up. Results showed that ageist behaviors significantly decreased over the three-month study period and that participants were able to identify specific actions they had taken as a result of the video intervention. The study suggests that a low-cost, short video-based intervention on ageism can improve ageism-related attitudes and behaviors among staff in long-term services and supports settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Gendron
- Department of Gerontology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Jenny Inker
- Department of Gerontology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Annie Rhodes
- Department of Gerontology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Robyn Stone
- LTSS Center @UMass Boston, LeadingAge, Washington DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Macdonald J, Levy SR. Addressing stereotypes of aging and interest in careers working with older adults through education. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2021; 42:363-379. [PMID: 33280539 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2020.1854246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Negative stereotypes about older adults are increasing and contributing to a shortage of professionals in gerontology. Building on the PEACE model (Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences), two experiments used education to address stereotypes associated with older adults. Participants were randomly assigned to read brief articles that: challenged stereotypes about older adults (condition 1), challenged stereotypes about careers working with older adults (condition 2), challenged both stereotypes (condition 3), or described careers in general (control; condition 4). In Study 1, 399 undergraduates in all 3 experimental conditions (vs. control participants) reported lower levels of ageism, more positive age perceptions, and more aging knowledge in an immediate and delayed (1-2 weeks) post-test. In Study 2, 446 national community participants (ages 18- 25) in all experimental conditions (vs. control participants) reported greater positive age perceptions, aging knowledge, and interest in psychology and social work careers with older adults in an immediate post-test. These findings highlight the promise of using brief online methods to challenge stereotypes, provide more positive and accurate views of aging and older adults, and increase interest in careers working with older adults. Implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Macdonald
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sheri R Levy
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ng R, Chow TYJ, Yang W. Culture Linked to Increasing Ageism during Covid-19: Evidence from a 10-billion-word Corpus across 20 Countries. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:1808-1816. [PMID: 33786581 PMCID: PMC8083600 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older adults experience higher risks of getting severely ill from COVID-19, resulting in widespread narratives of frailty and vulnerability. We test: (1) Whether global aging narratives have become more negative from before to during the pandemic (Oct'19 to May'20) across 20 countries; (2) Model pandemic (incidence and mortality), and cultural factors associated with the trajectory of aging narratives. METHODS We leveraged a 10-billion-word online-media corpus, consisting of 28 million newspaper and magazine articles across 20 countries, to identify nine common synonyms of 'older adults' and compiled their most frequently-used descriptors (collocates) from Oct'19 to May'20-culminating in 11,504 collocates that were rated to create a Cumulative-Aging-Narrative-Score-(CANS) per month. Widely used cultural dimension scores were taken from Hofstede, and pandemic variables, from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. RESULTS Aging narratives became more negative as the pandemic worsened across 20 countries. Globally, scores were trending neutral from Oct'19 to Feb'20, and plummeted in Mar'20, reflecting COVID-19's severity. Pre-pandemic (Oct'19), UK evidenced the most negative aging narratives; peak-pandemic (May'20), South Africa took on the dubious honor. Across the 8-month period, Philippines experienced the steepest trend towards negativity in aging narratives. Ageism, during the pandemic, was ironically, not predicted by COVID-19's incidence and mortality rates, but by cultural variables: Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long-term Orientation. DISCUSSION The strategy to reverse this trajectory lay in the same phenomenon that promoted it: A sustained global campaign-though, it should be culturally nuanced and customized to a country's context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Ng
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Lloyd's Register Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ting Yu Joanne Chow
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenshu Yang
- Lloyd's Register Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yoelin AB. Intergenerational Service Learning within an Aging Course and Its Impact on Undergraduate Students’ Attitudes about Aging. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2021.1881019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
38
|
Ng R, Chow TYJ. Aging Narratives over 210 years (1810-2019). J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 76:1799-1807. [PMID: 33300996 PMCID: PMC7798532 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The World Health Organization launched a recent global campaign to combat ageism, citing its ubiquity and insidious threat to health. The historical context that promoted this pernicious threat is understudied, and such studies lay the critical foundation for designing societal-level campaigns to combat it. We analyzed the trend and content of aging narratives over 210 years across multiple genres—newspaper, magazines, fiction, nonfiction books—and modeled the predictors of the observed trend. Method A 600-million-word dataset was created from the Corpus of Historical American English and the Corpus of Contemporary American English to form the largest structured historical corpus with over 150,000 texts from multiple genres. Computational linguistics and statistical techniques were applied to study the trend, content, and predictors of aging narratives. Results Aging narratives have become more negative, in a linear fashion (p = .003), over 210 years. There are distinct shifts: From uplifting narratives of heroism and kinship in the 1800s to darker tones of illness, death, and burden in the 1900s across newspapers, magazines, and nonfiction books. Fiction defied this trend by portraying older adults positively through romantic courtship and war heroism. Significant predictors of ageism over 210 years are the medicalization of aging, loss of status, warmth, competence, and social ostracism. Discussion Though it is unrealistic to reverse the course of ageism, its declining trajectory can be ameliorated. Our unprecedented study lay the groundwork for a societal-level campaign to tackle ageism. The need to act is more pressing given the Covid-19 pandemic where older adults are constantly portrayed as vulnerable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Ng
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Lloyd's Register Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Innovation 4.0, 3 Research Link, Singapore
| | - Ting Yu Joanne Chow
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lytle A, Apriceno M, Macdonald J, Monahan C, Levy SR. Pre-pandemic Ageism Toward Older Adults Predicts Behavioral Intentions During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 77:e11-e15. [PMID: 33386844 PMCID: PMC7798635 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, older adults have been disproportionately affected by high rates of health complications and mortality. Reactions toward older adults included a mix of prosocial behaviors and ageist responses, consistent with the history of positive and negative views and treatment of older adults in the United States. METHODS In a two-part study (n = 113, Mage = 18.49, SD = 0.50; range 18-19), we examined whether pre-pandemic ageism among undergraduates predicts prosocial behavioral intentions toward older adults both specific to COVID-19 and in general. RESULTS Pre-pandemic ageism toward older adults predicted less intentions to help older adults generally and specific to COVID-19. Whereas viewing older adults as incompetent predicted greater intentions to help specific to COVID-19. DISCUSSION These results reflect the complexity of predicting helping behaviors and suggest that even supportive behaviors toward older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic may be rooted in negative ageist stereotypes. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lytle
- College of Arts and Letters, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - MaryBeth Apriceno
- Psychology Department, Stony Brook University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jamie Macdonald
- Psychology Department, St Francis College Brooklyn Heights, New York, USA
| | - Caitlin Monahan
- Psychology Department, Stony Brook University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sheri R Levy
- Psychology Department, Stony Brook University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lytle A, Macdonald J, Apriceno M, Levy SR. Reducing Ageism With Brief Videos About Aging Education, Ageism, and Intergenerational Contact. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2020; 61:1164-1168. [PMID: 33103201 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES With an increasing older population, ageism continues to be a significant social issue. Interventions to reduce ageism and improve intergenerational contact are needed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Building on the Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences (PEACE) model, undergraduates in an online experiment were randomly assigned to watch videos that provided education about aging, ageism, and positive intergenerational contact (experimental condition) or education about wallpaper (control condition). RESULTS In Part 1, 845 undergraduates in the experimental condition (vs. control condition) reported lower levels of ageism, less negative age stereotypes, more positive age stereotypes, and more aging knowledge in an immediate post-test. In Part 2 (1-6 weeks later), undergraduates in the experimental condition (vs. control condition) reported more positive age stereotypes in a delayed post-test. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings highlight the promise of providing information about aging and positive intergenerational contact to reduce ageism. Brief online educational videos based on the PEACE model hold promise as an effective tool to reach a wide audience and reduce ageism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lytle
- College of Arts and Letters, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Jamie Macdonald
- Department of Psychology, St Francis College, Brooklyn, New York
| | | | - Sheri R Levy
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, New York
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ng R, Lim WJ. Ageism linked to culture, not demographics: Evidence from an 8-billion-word corpus across 20 countries. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 76:1791-1798. [PMID: 33099600 PMCID: PMC8557828 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ageism has increased over 200 years and costs the U.S. health care system $63 billion a
year. While scholars agree on the consequences of ageism, there are disagreements on
whether it is related to the demographics of aging, or society’s cultural values. We
test both hypotheses across 20 countries. Method To circumvent the sampling limitations of survey studies, we used an 8-billion-word
corpus, identified 3 synonyms with the highest prevalence—aged, elderly, old people—and
compiled the top 300 words (collocates) that were used most frequently with these
synonyms for each of the 20 countries. The resulting 6,000 collocates were rated on an
ageism scale by 2 raters to create an ageism score per country. Cultural dimension
scores—Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long-term
Orientation—were taken from Hofstede, and demographics—size and speed of population
aging—came from the World Development Indicators. Results Of the 20 countries, UK topped the ageism table, while Sri Lanka had the lowest ageism
score. Multiple regression models showed that higher levels of masculinity and long-term
orientation are associated with ageism, controlling for other cultural dimensions,
demographics (size and speed of aging), and economics (GDP-per-capita). Discussion Our findings blunt the deterministic nature of ageism at the societal level.
Demographics is only one side of the ageism coin, and the cultural side is equally, if
not more important. This study lays the groundwork to tackle societal ageism—one of our
generation’s most pernicious threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Ng
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore.,Lloyds Register Foundation Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk, National University of Singapore
| | - Weizhong J Lim
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|