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Guo Y, Miao Y, Chen H, Wang K, Wang S, Wang R, Wu Z, Li J. Revealing the mechanism: the influence of Baicalin on M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 imbalances in mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104145. [PMID: 39127004 PMCID: PMC11367134 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a pathogen that induces chronic respiratory illnesses in chickens, leading to tracheal and lung injury, and eliciting immune reactions that support sustained colonization. Baicalin, a compound found in scutellaria baicalensis, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. This study aimed to investigate the potential of baicalin in alleviating lung and cell damage caused by MG by restoring imbalances in M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 differentiation and to explore its underlying mechanism. In this research, a model for M1/M2 polarization induced by MG was initially developed. Specifically, infection with MG at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 400 for 6 h represented the M1 model, while infection for 10 h represented the M2 model. The polarization markers were subsequently validated using qRT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot analysis. Baicalin disrupts the activation of M1 cells induced by MG and has the potential to restore the balance between M1 and M2 cells, thereby mitigating the inflammatory damage resulting from MG. Subsequent studies on MG-infected chickens detected imbalances in M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 differentiation in alveolar lavage fluid, as well as imbalances in macrophages and Th cells in the lung. The M1/Th1 model was exposed to MG for 5 d, while the M2/Th2 model was infected with MG for 7 d. The utilization of both light and electron transmission microscopes revealed that the administration of baicalin resulted in a reduction in the number of M1 cells, a decrease in cytoplasmic vacuoles, restoration of mitochondrial swelling and chromatin agglutination, as well as alleviation of alveolar rupture and inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, baicalin restored MG-induced M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 imbalances and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and p65 proteins, thereby hindering the activation of the TLR4-p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. This study provides insights into the potential long-term effects of baicalin in MG infection and offers a theoretical basis for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Guo
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yusong Miao
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shun Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shandong Tianmu Technology Co. LTD, Dongying, 257500, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jichang Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Corrigan A, McCooey P, Taylor-Pickard J, Stockdale S, Murphy R. Breaking the Cycle: A Yeast Mannan-Rich Fraction Beneficially Modulates Egg Quality and the Antimicrobial Resistome Associated with Layer Hen Caecal Microbiomes under Commercial Conditions. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1562. [PMID: 39203404 PMCID: PMC11356413 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics and antibiotic growth promoters have been extensively employed in poultry farming to enhance growth performance, maintain bird health, improve nutrient uptake efficiency, and mitigate enteric diseases at both sub-therapeutic and therapeutic doses. However, the extensive use of antimicrobials in poultry farming has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microbial reservoirs, representing a significant global public health concern. In response, non-antibiotic dietary interventions, such as yeast mannan-rich fraction (MRF), have emerged as a promising alternative to modulate the gut microbiota and combat the AMR crisis. This study investigated whether a yeast mannan-rich fraction containing feed supplement impacted the performance of laying hens, their microbiomes, and the associated carriage of antimicrobial resistance genes under commercial conditions. High-throughput DNA sequencing was utilised to profile the bacterial community and assess changes in the antibiotic resistance genomes detected in the metagenome, the "resistome", in response to MRF supplementation. It was found that supplementation favourably influenced laying hen performance and microbial composition. Notably, there was a compositional shift in the MRF supplemented group associated with a lower relative abundance of pathobionts, e.g., Escherichia, Brachyspira and Trueperella, and their AMR-encoded genes, relative to beneficial microbes. Overall, the findings further demonstrate the ability of prebiotics to improve laying hen performance through changes associated with their microbiome and resistome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Corrigan
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, A86 X006 Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland; (P.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Paula McCooey
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, A86 X006 Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland; (P.M.); (R.M.)
| | | | - Stephen Stockdale
- Novogene (UK) Company Ltd., 25 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0FW, UK;
- BioFigR, Ballyvoloon, P24 N524 Cobh, Cork, Ireland
| | - Richard Murphy
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, A86 X006 Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland; (P.M.); (R.M.)
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Ma X, Wang L, Li J, Guo Y, He S. The pathogenicity and immune effects of different generations of Mycoplasma synoviae on chicken embryos. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:19-27. [PMID: 38018666 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2287733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
1. Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is the primary causative agent of synovitis in avian species. In order to investigate the pathogenicity and immunological responses associated with MS in specific pathogen-free chicken embryos, a series of generations (F1, F95, F120, F160 and F200) of MS were introduced into 7-day-old SPF chicken embryos and subsequent mortality rates were recorded and analysed2. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect expression of heat shock proteins HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90 and inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β, caspase-1 and IL-18 in the tracheal tissue.3. The results showed that the mortality rate of SPF chicken embryos decreased with an increase in the number of passages, with the highest being 80% (8/10) for F1 generation and the lowest being 10% (1/10) for F200. The expression of HSP27, IL-1β, HSP40, caspase-1, HSP70 and HSP90 showed a significant downregulation trend with an increase in the generation (except IL-18; P < 0.05). The HSP60 expression was significantly upregulated with increasing generations (P < 0.05).4. A relationship between pathogenicity and the number of passages was observed and the decrease in pathogenicity appeared to be associated with HSP and genes related to inflammatory factors. The present work offers a scientific foundation for screening potential MS strains that might be employed to develop attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ma
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - L Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - J Li
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Y Guo
- Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science's Yinchuan, Institute of Animal Science, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - S He
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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4
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Kursa O, Tomczyk G, Sieczkowska A, Kostka S, Sawicka-Durkalec A. Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in Turkeys in Poland. Pathogens 2024; 13:78. [PMID: 38251385 PMCID: PMC10820008 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mycoplasmas are among the bacteria causing significant losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) are economically important pathogens causing chronic respiratory disease, decreased growth, egg production and hatchability rates, and significant downgrading of carcasses. Effective diagnosis of infection with these species in poultry is highly requisite considering their two routes of spreading-horizontal and vertical. Their prevalence and molecular epidemiology were investigated in 184 turkey flocks in Poland. Tracheal samples were selected from 144 broiler flocks and 40 turkey breeder flocks collected in 2015-2023. The prevalence of MG was determined by real-time PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene and PCR targeting the mgc2 gene, and MS was determined by a 16-23S rRNA real-time PCR and a vlhA gene PCR. Further identification and molecular characterization were carried out using PCR and sequencing. M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae were found in 8.33% and 9.72% of turkey broiler flocks respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of MG isolates in most cases showed high similarity to the ts-11-like strains. MS isolates showed high similarity to strains isolated from flocks of laying hens causing EAA. Additional tests detected Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Gallibacterium anatis, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus and Riemerella anatipestifer. These secondary pathogens could have significantly heightened the pathogenicity of the mycoplasma infections studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Kursa
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (G.T.); (A.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.-D.)
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Wei X, Zhong Q, Wang D, Yan Z, Liang H, Zhou Q, Chen F. Epidemiological investigations and multilocus sequence typing of Mycoplasma gallisepticum collected in China. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102930. [PMID: 37716233 PMCID: PMC10507435 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is one of the important pathogens in poultry industry and has led to major economic losses. Understanding the epidemiology is crucial to improve the control and eradication program of MG. This study collected 1,250 chicken samples, including trachea and lung, from China in 2022 to investigate the epidemiology of MG. Among the collected samples, 938 samples were positive for MG infection, resulting in an average positive rate of 75.04%. Additionally, 570 samples were positive for both MG and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) coinfection, with an average positive rate of 45.60%. A total of 183 MG infection positive samples in this study were selected for genotyping, and the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method based on 7 housekeeping genes was used. As a result, 183 samples belonged to 11 sequence types (STs), with ST-78 being the most prevalent. After BURST analysis, all 183 sequences were divided into group 3. Besides, 119 reference sequences from database and 183 sequences of this study were selected to construct the phylogenetic tree using the neighbor-joining method. The results revealed that the sequences from China, total 196 sequences, were classified into 4 branches. The findings suggest that the MG strains in China exhibit diverse genotypes, which may be related to international trade and the use of live vaccines. Furthermore, we detected the drug susceptibility of 10 isolated strains randomly, which may be helpful to guide the clinical use of drugs to control MG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wei
- Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China; Yunfu Branch of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, 527439, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dingai Wang
- Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuanqiang Yan
- Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China; Yunfu Branch of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, 527439, China
| | - Huazhen Liang
- Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China; Yunfu Branch of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, 527439, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Garrido LFC, Sato STM, Costa LB, Daros RR. Can We Reliably Detect Respiratory Diseases through Precision Farming? A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071273. [PMID: 37048529 PMCID: PMC10093556 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases commonly affect livestock species, negatively impacting animal's productivity and welfare. The use of precision livestock farming (PLF) applied in respiratory disease detection has been developed for several species. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate if PLF technologies can reliably monitor clinical signs or detect cases of respiratory diseases. A technology was considered reliable if high performance was achieved (sensitivity > 90% and specificity or precision > 90%) under field conditions and using a reliable reference test. Risk of bias was assessed, and only technologies tested in studies with low risk of bias were considered reliable. From 23 studies included-swine (13), poultry (6), and bovine (4) -only three complied with our reliability criteria; however, two of these were considered to have a high risk of bias. Thus, only one swine technology fully fit our criteria. Future studies should include field tests and use previously validated reference tests to assess technology's performance. In conclusion, relying completely on PLF for monitoring respiratory diseases is still a challenge, though several technologies are promising, having high performance in field tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F C Garrido
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T M Sato
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Leandro B Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Ruan R Daros
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
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7
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Reinoso-Pérez MT, Dhondt KV, Levitskiy AA, Dupont G, Tulman ER, Geary SJ, Dhondt AA. Are Purple Finches (Haemorhous purpureus) the Next Host for a Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis Epidemic? Avian Dis 2023; 67:42-48. [PMID: 37140110 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Ever since 1994, when the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum jumped from poultry to wild birds, it has been assumed that the primary host species of this pathogen in wild North American birds was the house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus), in which disease prevalence was higher than in any other bird species. Here we tested two hypotheses to explain a recent increase in disease prevalence in purple finches (Haemorhous purpureus) around Ithaca, New York. Hypothesis 1 is that, as M. gallisepticum evolved and became more virulent, it has also become better adapted to other finches. If this is correct, early isolates of M. gallisepticum should cause less-severe eye lesions in purple finches than in house finches, while more-recent isolates should cause eye lesions of similar severity in the two species. Hypothesis 2 is that, as house finch abundance declined following the M. gallisepticum epidemic, purple finches around Ithaca increased in abundance relative to house finches and purple finches are thus more frequently exposed to M. gallisepticum-infected house finches. This would then lead to an increase in M. gallisepticum prevalence in purple finches. Following an experimental infection with an early and a more-recent M. gallisepticum isolate, eye lesions in purple finches were more severe than in house finches. This did not a support Hypothesis 1; similarly, an analysis of Project Feeder Watch data collected around Ithaca did not show differences in changes in purple and house finches' abundance since 2006, a result which does not support Hypothesis 2. We conclude that purple finch populations will, unlike those of house finches, not suffer a severe decline because of a M. gallisepticum epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keila V. Dhondt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Gates Dupont
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544
| | - Edan R. Tulman
- Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CN 06269
| | - Steven J. Geary
- Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CN 06269
| | - André A. Dhondt
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
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Mugunthan SP, Kannan G, Chandra HM, Paital B. Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020469. [PMID: 36851345 PMCID: PMC9967393 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma sp. comprises cell wall-less bacteria with reduced genome size and can infect mammals, reptiles, birds, and plants. Avian mycoplasmosis, particularly in chickens, is primarily caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae. It causes infection and pathology mainly in the respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. MG is the most widely distributed pathogenic avian mycoplasma with a wide range of host susceptibility and virulence. MG is transmitted both by horizontal and vertical routes. MG infection induces innate, cellular, mucosal, and adaptive immune responses in the host. Macrophages aid in phagocytosis and clearance, and B and T cells play critical roles in the clearance and prevention of MG. The virulent factors of MG are adhesion proteins, lipoproteins, heat shock proteins, and antigenic variation proteins, all of which play pivotal roles in host cell entry and pathogenesis. Prevention of MG relies on farm and flock biosecurity, management strategies, early diagnosis, use of antimicrobials, and vaccination. This review summarizes the vital pathogenic mechanisms underlying MG infection and recapitulates the virulence factors of MG-host cell adhesion, antigenic variation, nutrient transport, and immune evasion. The review also highlights the limitations of current vaccines and the development of innovative future vaccines against MG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganapathy Kannan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecology Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Harish Mani Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore 632115, India
- Correspondence: (H.M.C.); (B.P.)
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
- Correspondence: (H.M.C.); (B.P.)
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Yadav JP, Tomar P, Singh Y, Khurana SK. Insights on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in poultry: a systematic review. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1711-1720. [PMID: 33840372 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1908316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Avian mycoplasmosis mainly caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae is an economically important disease of poultry industry. It causes huge economic losses in terms of decrease in weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, egg production, hatchability; increase in embryo mortality, carcass condemnation, prophylaxis and treatment cost in broiler, layer and breeder flocks. The disease is caused by four major pathogenic mycoplasmas viz., M. gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), M. meleagradis (MM) and M. iowae (MI). The MG and MS are World Organization for Animal Health listed respiratory pathogens. MG causes chronic respiratory disease in chicken and infectious sinusitis in turkey; however, MS causes synovitis and airsacculitis in birds. The infection is transmitted both horizontally and vertically. Prevention and control measures of avian mycoplasmosis mainly comprises of biosecurity, treatment and vaccination. For vaccination of birds, inactivated bacterins, live attenuated and/or recombinant live poxvirus vaccines are commercially available against MG and MS infection. The present systematic review summarizes the different epidemiological studies carried out on MG and MS infection in poultry in different geographical locations of India and abroad over the last decade (2010-2020), economic impact, diagnosis and prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Piyush Tomar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Yarvendra Singh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
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CHANGES IN TISSUE TROPISM OF MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM FOLLOWING HOST JUMP. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:716-724. [PMID: 36302353 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen of worldwide economic importance in poultry, is recovered in chickens, especially from the respiratory tract. Some strains, however, are specialized to other tissues and because it jumps from poultry to wild birds, the new strains also cause severe conjunctivitis in new hosts. Nevertheless, most studies of M. gallisepticum in wild birds use choanal swabs or combine choanal and conjunctival swabs to quantify bacterial load. Because the clinical signs associated with M. gallisepticum infection differ markedly between poultry and House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), we compared the bacterial load in choanal and conjunctival samples following experimental inoculation of House Finches with M. gallisepticum isolates originating from poultry or from House Finches. This allowed us to test two hypotheses: M. gallisepticum changed tissue tropism, or M. gallisepticum simply expanded its within-host niche. By comparing bacterial loads from choanal and conjunctival swabs in birds inoculated with one of a suite of M. gallisepticum isolates, we found support for hypothesis 2. The choanal loads in House Finches did not differ between isolates, while the conjunctival loads of birds inoculated with poultry isolates were lower than in birds inoculated with House Finch isolates. When measuring the bacterial load of M. gallisepticum in birds, it is important to sample and analyze separately choanal and conjunctival swabs, as quantifying bacterial loads in pooled samples may not provide reliable information on differences in virulence.
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The Ring-Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) Industry within the United Kingdom and the Threat Posed by Mycoplasma gallisepticum: A Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080391. [PMID: 36006306 PMCID: PMC9413133 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection is frequently associated with infectious sinusitis. This condition causes swelling of the infraorbital sinuses, upper respiratory distress, depression and variable levels of mortality, and is considered one of the most important clinical and economic diseases of pheasants. This review provides a brief overview of the structure of the UK pheasant industry, with reference to the various stages within the supply chain, common diseases and challenges facing the industry. The current understanding of MG transmission, prevalence, clinical expression, diagnosis and control strategies in pheasants is subsequently summarised. In addition, this review aims to assess the current gaps in knowledge relating specifically to MG in pheasants, with reference and extrapolation where appropriate to data gathered from other species. This review will be of particular interest to clinicians in the field when planning MG control or treatment strategies in pheasants. It may also be of academic interest as it provides a summary of poorly studied areas. Abstract In ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection is frequently associated with infectious sinusitis. This condition causes swelling of the infraorbital sinuses, upper respiratory distress, depression and variable levels of mortality, and is considered one of the most important clinical and economic diseases of pheasants. This review provides a brief overview of the structure of the UK pheasant industry, with reference to the various stages within the supply chain, common diseases and challenges facing the industry. The current understanding of MG transmission, prevalence, clinical expression, diagnosis and control strategies in pheasants is subsequently summarised. In addition, this review aims to assess the current gaps in knowledge relating specifically to MG in pheasants, with reference and extrapolation where appropriate to data gathered from other species.
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12
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Wei X, Chen W, Sun Q, Zhong Q, Yan Z, Zhou Q, Cao Y, Chen F, Zhang X. Epidemiological Investigations and Multi-locus Sequence Typing of Mycoplasma synoviae Isolates from Chicken Farms in China. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102006. [PMID: 37099877 PMCID: PMC10165133 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) is an important pathogen in poultry industry and has led to major economic losses. Understanding the epidemiology is crucial to improve control and eradication program of M. synoviae. In this study, 487 samples suspected with M. synoviae infection were collected from August 2020 to June 2021 in China. Among 487 samples, 324 samples were MS positive, the positive rate was 66.53%, and 104 strains were isolated from 324 positive samples. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method based on seven housekeeping genes was used to conduct genotyping 104 M. synoviae strains isolated, and the 104 isolates belonged to 8 sequence types (STs) after MLST genotyping, and ST-34 had the highest proportion. After BURST analysis, all 104 isolates were divided into group 12 with other 56 strains isolated from China. Phylogenetic tree constructed by neighbor-joining method showed that nearly all of Chinese isolates (160 isolates) clustered together and separated from other reference isolates (217 isolates) in the PubMLST database. In conclusion, this study suggested that the M. synoviae strains in China were highly similar and independent of abroad strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China; Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qianjin Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhuanqiang Yan
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China; Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China; Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiangbin Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, China; Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Dawood A, Algharib SA, Zhao G, Zhu T, Qi M, Delai K, Hao Z, Marawan MA, Shirani I, Guo A. Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855731. [PMID: 35646746 PMCID: PMC9137434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host's immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, HZAU, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kong Delai
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Sun Q, Wei X, Chen W, Zhong Q, Yan Z, Zhou Q, Cao Y, Chen F. Characterization and Evaluation of a Novel Conserved Membrane Antigen P35 of Mycoplasma synoviae. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:836110. [PMID: 35280133 PMCID: PMC8905291 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.836110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is a major avian pathogen that causes respiratory damage, infectious synovitis, and arthritis in chickens and causes serious economic losses to the global poultry industry. Despite its significance, knowledge on pathogenicity and pathogenic mechanism of MS is lacking, especially regarding its antigens. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the known MS proteins are only the tip of the iceberg among many MS membrane proteins. In this study, we identified and expressed a novel MS membrane protein P35. Sequence similarity showed that P35 was conservative and commonly existed among MS strains. Membrane protein extraction and immunofluorescence assay confirmed that P35 was distributed on the surface of MS. The production of specific antibodies after immunization with recombinant protein rP35 suggested its immunogenicity. The antigenicity of P35 was evaluated from two aspects by using polyantiserum against MS and rP35. Furthermore, in assays to identify the immune peptides of P35, all successfully expressed truncated segments could react with positive polyantiserum of MS, suggesting that P35 had more than one immune peptide. In conclusion, our study successfully identified P35 as a conservative antigen of MS, which may act as a potential candidate for the future development of a vaccine against MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, China
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuanqiang Yan
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, China
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen's Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, China
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Chen
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15
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Complete Genome Sequencing of the Attenuated Strain Mycoplasma synoviae 5-9. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0098121. [PMID: 34881981 PMCID: PMC8656387 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00981-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma synoviae strain 5-9. Strain 5-9 was attenuated by chemical mutagenesis from a field strain isolated from egg breeders in Ningxia, China. It was completely sequenced and its genome annotated; it is presented with the relevant data as a potential vaccine candidate.
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16
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Le Gall-Ladevèze C, Nouvel LX, Souvestre M, Croville G, Hygonenq MC, Guérin JL, Le Loc'h G. Detection of a novel enterotropic Mycoplasma gallisepticum-like in European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) around poultry farms in France. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e883-e894. [PMID: 34738732 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in southwest France have raised questions regarding the role of commensal wild birds in the introduction and dissemination of pathogens between poultry farms. To assess possible infectious contacts at the wild-domestic bird interface, the presence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was studied in the two sympatric compartments in southwest France. Among various peridomestic wild birds (n = 385), standard PCR primers targeting the 16S rRNA of MG showed a high apparent prevalence (up to 45%) in cloacal swabs of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris, n = 108), while the MG-specific mgc2 gene was not detected. No tracheal swab of these birds tested positive, and no clinical sign was observed in positive birds, suggesting commensalism in the digestive tract of starlings. A mycoplasma strain was then isolated from a starling swab and its whole genome was sequenced using both Illumina and Nanopore technologies. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it was closely related to MG and M. tullyi, although it was a distinct species. A pair of specific PCR primers targeting the mgc2-like gene of this MG-like strain was designed and used to screen again the same avian populations and a wintering urban population of starlings (n = 50). Previous PCR results obtained in starlings were confirmed to be mostly due to this strain (20/22 positive pools). In contrast, the strain was not detected in fresh faeces of urban starlings. Furthermore, it was detected in one cloacal pool of white wagtails, suggesting infectious transmissions between synanthropic birds with similar feeding behaviour. As the new Starling mycoplasma was not detected in free-range ducks (n = 80) in close contact with positive starlings, nor in backyard (n = 320) and free-range commercial (n = 720) chickens of the area, it might not infect poultry. However, it could be involved in mycoplasma gene transfer in such multi-species contexts.
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17
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Cruz CEF, Funkler GR, Zani ALS, Wagner PGC, Andretta I, Segura LN, Fagundes NJR. A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential Health and Genetic Impacts of Releasing Confiscated Passerines Into the Wild: A Reduced-Risk Approach. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:679049. [PMID: 34708099 PMCID: PMC8542797 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.679049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The illegal capture and trade of wild birds have long been threats to biodiversity. The rehabilitation and release of confiscated animals may be a useful conservation tool in species management. However, differences between populations regarding health (e.g., different pathogens) and adaptation (e.g., local adaptation) must be taken into account, since both can negatively impact the recipient population. In this pilot study, we used two of the most illegally trafficked Brazilian wild passerine species, namely the red-crested cardinal (Paroaria coronata) and green-winged saltator (Saltator similis) as case studies and assessed some of the health threats that the release of confiscated passerines may pose to free-living birds. We also investigated the level of difference in mitochondrial genetic structure among populations living in different ecoregions. Blood, feces, and oropharyngeal swabs from confiscated (n = 115) and free-living (n = 120) passerines from the release sites were tested for the Newcastle disease virus, Salmonella spp., and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. These are considered major avian diseases by the Brazilian National Avian Health Program. We analyzed mtDNA to study the difference in genetic structure between populations using samples from 127 free-living passerines. We found no evidence of the Newcastle disease virus or Salmonella spp. in confiscated or free-living passerines from either species. However, the levels of infection with M. galissepticum detected in our study for red-crested cardinals and green-winged saltators calls for a high degree of caution in captive release programs. The difference in genetic structure between populations occurring in different regions was low, and was not significant between those from the Pampa/Subtropical Grasslands region. These results suggest that it may be possible to establish a cost-effective and sensitive protocol for releasing confiscated songbirds, provided that further genome-wide studies indicate that the functional genetic diversity among (at least some of the) populations is also low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio E F Cruz
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Funkler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório Porto Belo, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André L S Zani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo G C Wagner
- Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Inês Andretta
- Laboratório de Ensino Zootécnico, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano N Segura
- Museo de La Plata, Sección Ornitología, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nelson J R Fagundes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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18
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Sawicka-Durkalec A, Kursa O, Bednarz Ł, Tomczyk G. Occurrence of Mycoplasma spp. in wild birds: phylogenetic analysis and potential factors affecting distribution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17065. [PMID: 34426624 PMCID: PMC8382738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different Mycoplasma species have been reported in avian hosts. However, the majority of studies focus on one particular species of Mycoplasma or one host. In our research, we screened a total of 1141 wild birds representing 55 species, 26 families, and 15 orders for the presence of mycoplasmas by conventional PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. Selected PCR products were sequenced to perform the phylogenetic analysis. All mycoplasma-positive samples were tested for M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae, which are considered the major pathogens of commercial poultry. We also verified the influence of ecological characteristics of the tested bird species including feeding habits, habitat types, and movement patterns. The presence of Mycoplasma spp. was confirmed in 498 birds of 29 species, but none of the tested birds were positive for M. gallisepticum or M. synoviae. We found possible associations between the presence of Mycoplasma spp. and all investigated ecological factors. The phylogenetic analysis showed a high variability of Mycoplasma spp.; however, some clustering of sequences was observed regarding particular bird species. We found that wild migratory waterfowl, particularly the white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) and mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) could be reservoirs and vectors of mycoplasmas pathogenic to commercial waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sawicka-Durkalec
- grid.419811.4Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Olimpia Kursa
- grid.419811.4Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bednarz
- Bird Horizons Foundation, Spółdzielcza 34, 24-220 Niedrzwica Duża, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tomczyk
- grid.419811.4Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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19
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Feberwee A, de Wit S, Dijkman R. Clinical expression, epidemiology and monitoring of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae: an update. Avian Pathol 2021; 51:2-18. [PMID: 34142880 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1944605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are of clinical and economic importance for the global poultry industry. Many countries and integrations are involved in monitoring programs to control both mycoplasma species. This review provides an extensive historic overview of the last seven decades on the development of the knowledge regarding the factors that influence the clinical expression of the disease, the epidemiology and monitoring of both MG and MS. This includes the detection of new virulent strains, studies unravelling the transmission routes, survival characteristics and the role of other avian hosts. Also the role of molecular typing tests in unravelling epidemiology, and factors that complicate the interpretation of test results such as heterologous mycoplasma infections, use of heterologous oil-emulsion vaccines, use of antibiotic treatments, occurrence of MG and MS strains with low virulence, and last but not least the use of live and/or inactivated MG and MS vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sjaak de Wit
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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20
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Zhang X, Chen Y, Xie D, Guo M, Ma S, Chen M, Chu D, Wu Y. Multi-locus sequence typing analysis of Mycoplasma synoviae isolates reveals unique sequence types in China. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109101. [PMID: 34166888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae is a common pathogen affecting poultry and has important economic significance. Infectious synovitis is the most common clinical effect. Since 2010, the incidence of M. synoviae infection in China has rapidly risen, causing significant economic losses to the chicken industry; however, the cause of the disease outbreak remains unclear. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of field strains will help unravel the mystery. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) method is typically utilized to conduct genotyping and traceability analysis of microorganisms. MLST of M. synoviae has previously been established and shown strong discriminatory power. In this study, 54 Chinese M. synoviae strains isolated from 2016 to 2020 were genotyped by MLST based on seven housekeeping genes. This study aimed to investigate the dominant genotypes of M. synoviae in China and reveal the genetic and evolutionary relationships of these isolates. All 54 isolates were found to have new allelic sequences, which may indicate new sequence types. The results of BURST analysis indicated that all 54 strains belonged to group 11, which is an independent phylogenetic branch, and were separated from any other reference strains (189 isolates) in the PubMLST database. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the M. synoviae strains circulating in China are relatively independent in terms of transmission and evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccines, Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong, 266114, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Di Xie
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Shuang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccines, Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong, 266114, China.
| | - Mengyao Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Dianfeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccines, Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong, 266114, China.
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The International Joint Research Laboratory of Agricultural and Agri-product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yanzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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21
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Ul-Rahman A, Ishaq HM, Raza MA, Shabbir MZ. Zoonotic potential of Newcastle disease virus: Old and novel perspectives related to public health. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2246. [PMID: 33971048 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a worldwide distribution, causing lethal infection in a wide range of avian species. Affected birds develop respiratory, digestive and neurologic symptoms with profound immunosuppression. Mild systemic Newcastle disease (ND) infection restricted to the respiratory and neurological systems can be observed in humans and other non-avian hosts. Evidence of ND infection and its genome-based detection have been reported in Bovidae (cattle and sheep), Mustelidae (mink), Cercetidae (hamster), Muridae (mice), Leporidae (rabbit), Camelidae (camel), Suidae (pig), Cercophithecidae (monkeys) and Hominidae (humans). Owing to frequent ND outbreaks in poultry workers, individuals engaged in the veterinary field, including poultry production or evisceration and vaccine production units have constantly been at a much higher risk than the general population. A lethal form of infection has been described in immunocompromised humans and non-avian species including mink, pig and cattle demonstrating the capability of NDV to cross species barriers. Therefore, contact with infectious material and/or affected birds can pose a risk of zoonosis and raise public health concerns. The broad and expanding host range of NDV and its maintenance within non-avian species hampers disease control, particularly in disease-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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22
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Liu R, Xu B, Zhang J, Sun H, Liu C, Lu F, Pan Q, Zhang X. Mycoplasma synoviae induces serum amyloid A upregulation and promotes chicken synovial fibroblast cell proliferation. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104829. [PMID: 33727170 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infection causes infectious synovitis and arthritis with hyperplasia of synovial cells in the chicken joint. However, its mechanism is unknown. We used primary chicken synovial fibroblast (CSF) as the research object to study the role of MS in the proliferation of MS-infected CSF and determine the mechanisms involved. Using integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the interaction between CSF and MS, we screened a proliferation-regulated factor, serum amyloid A (SAA), that may regulate proliferation of MS-infected CSF. SAA appears to be associated with MS-induced CSF proliferation. To study the role of SAA in MS-induced CSF proliferation, a eukaryotic expression vector overexpressing SAA and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Saa were constructed to manipulate the expression of SAA. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected via cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), or terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-dnd labeling (TUNEL) assays, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to examine the protein expression level of SAA, cyclin E1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). In vitro, MS significantly promoted the proliferation of CSF and increased the production of SAA. Overexpression of SAA accelerated the proliferative ability of CSF, whereas knockdown of SAA depressed the proliferative ability of CSF. A TUNEL assay indicated that MS did not induce apoptosis. Silencing of SAA suppressed the expression of cyclin E1 and CDK2. These results suggest that MS may upregulate the expression of SAA, accelerate the cell cycle, and promote proliferation of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huawei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qunxing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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Kursa O, Tomczyk G, Sawicka-Durkalec A, Giza A, Słomiany-Szwarc M. Bacterial communities of the upper respiratory tract of turkeys. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2544. [PMID: 33510238 PMCID: PMC7843632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tracts of turkeys play important roles in the overall health and performance of the birds. Understanding the bacterial communities present in the respiratory tracts of turkeys can be helpful to better understand the interactions between commensal or symbiotic microorganisms and other pathogenic bacteria or viral infections. The aim of this study was the characterization of the bacterial communities of upper respiratory tracks in commercial turkeys using NGS sequencing by the amplification of 16S rRNA gene with primers designed for hypervariable regions V3 and V4 (MiSeq, Illumina). From 10 phyla identified in upper respiratory tract in turkeys, the most dominated phyla were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Differences in composition of bacterial diversity were found at the family and genus level. At the genus level, the turkey sequences present in respiratory tract represent 144 established bacteria. Several respiratory pathogens that contribute to the development of infections in the respiratory system of birds were identified, including the presence of Ornithobacterium and Mycoplasma OTUs. These results obtained in this study supply information about bacterial composition and diversity of the turkey upper respiratory tract. Knowledge about bacteria present in the respiratory tract and the roles they can play in infections can be useful in controlling, diagnosing and treating commercial turkey flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Kursa
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Tomczyk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Sawicka-Durkalec
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Giza
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Słomiany-Szwarc
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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24
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de Jong A, Youala M, Klein U, El Garch F, Simjee S, Moyaert H, Rose M, Gautier-Bouchardon AV, Catania S, Ganapathy K, Gyuranecz M, Möller Palau-Ribes F, Pridmore A, Ayling RD. Minimal inhibitory concentration of seven antimicrobials to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae isolates from six European countries. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:161-173. [PMID: 33291970 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1861216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae are bacterial pathogens that cause disease in poultry, adversely affecting their health and welfare, and are a financial burden on producers. This manuscript describes the results of the MycoPath project that is the first international antimicrobial susceptibility programme for mycoplasma pathogens isolated from poultry. Improved comparative analysis of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) results from participating countries was facilitated by using one laboratory determining all MICs. Chicken and turkey isolates were obtained from France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy and Spain during 2014-2016. One isolate per farm was retained. The MIC of seven antimicrobial agents was determined using a broth microdilution method, with Friis Medium (M. gallisepticum) or Modified Chanock's Medium (M. synoviae). Of the 222 isolates recovered, 82 were M. gallisepticum and 130 were M. synoviae. M. gallisepticum MIC50/90 values were 0.12/0.5, 2/8, 0.5/4, 0.12/>64, 0.008/0.062, 0.008/32, 0.062/4 mg/l for doxycycline, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, spiramycin, tiamulin, tilmicosin and tylosin, respectively. For M. synoviae, the values were 0.5/1, 8/16, 0.5/1, 0.5/8, 0.25/0.5, 0.062/2 and 0.062/16 mg/l respectively. A bimodal MIC distribution for the fluoroquinolone (enrofloxacin) and the macrolides (spiramycin, tilmicosin and tylosin) indicate that both species have sub-populations that are less susceptible in vitro to those antimicrobials. Some differences in susceptibilities were observed according to host species, Mycoplasma species, and country of origin. This study provides a baseline of novel data for future monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in poultry Mycoplasma species. Additionally, this information will facilitate the selection of the antimicrobial agents most likely to be effective, thus ensuring their minimal use with targeted and correct therapeutic treatments.Highlights First large-scale pan-European collection of representative Mg and Ms isolates.MIC values assessed in central laboratory for Mg and Ms from chickens and turkeys.Range of MIC values for 82 Mg and 130 Ms isolates to seven licenced antibiotics shown.Data can be used to help determine Mg and Ms veterinary-specific breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Markus Rose
- MycoPath Study Group, CEESA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne V Gautier-Bouchardon
- Mycoplasmology, Bacteriology, and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Salvatore Catania
- Mycoplasma Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Verona, Italy
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Miklos Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research CAR-HAS, Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Isolation and Antimicrobial Sensitivity of Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum from Vaccinated Hens in Mexico. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110924. [PMID: 33171787 PMCID: PMC7695013 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) strains were isolated at 39.5 °C to rule out temperature-sensitive strains (ts+) and identified using random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Then, their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC100) were calculated in isolated strains from broiler breeders and laying hens vaccinated with ts+ MS-H and ts+ MG TS-11 vaccines in Mexico. We sampled 631 lots of hens. A total of 28 of the 123 MS isolates and 12 of the 23 MG isolates were analyzed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA, of which 24 and 3 matched the DNA banding patterns of the MS-H and MG-F strains, respectively. The isolated MS and MG strains were sensitive to tiamulin and tylosin and showed intermediate sensitivity or resistance to lincomycin, florfenicol, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, and curcumin. Although both the MS and MG strains were sensitive to the same antibiotics (MIC100 lower than 1 mg mL−1), the MG strains were 5 to 10 times more sensitive than the MS strains. MS is the most frequently isolated mycoplasma in Mexican poultry production. The MS vaccine used (ts+ MS-H) could reverse its thermosensitivity and therefore could regain its virulence. MS was less sensitive to tiamulin and tylosin compared to MG.
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26
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Ayala AJ, Yabsley MJ, Hernandez SM. A Review of Pathogen Transmission at the Backyard Chicken-Wild Bird Interface. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:539925. [PMID: 33195512 PMCID: PMC7541960 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.539925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat conversion and the expansion of domesticated, invasive species into native habitats are increasingly recognized as drivers of pathogen emergence at the agricultural-wildlife interface. Poultry agriculture is one of the largest subsets of this interface, and pathogen spillover events between backyard chickens and wild birds are becoming more commonly reported. Native wild bird species are under numerous anthropogenic pressures, but the risks of pathogen spillover from domestic chickens have been historically underappreciated as a threat to wild birds. Now that the backyard chicken industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, it is imperative that the principles of biosecurity, specifically bioexclusion and biocontainment, are legislated and implemented. We reviewed the literature on spillover events of pathogens historically associated with poultry into wild birds. We also reviewed the reasons for biosecurity failures in backyard flocks that lead to those spillover events and provide recommendations for current and future backyard flock owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Ayala
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sonia M. Hernandez
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Athens, GA, United States
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27
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Cisneros-Tamayo M, Kempf I, Coton J, Michel V, Bougeard S, de Boisséson C, Lucas P, Bäyon-Auboyer MH, Chiron G, Mindus C, Gautier-Bouchardon AV. Investigation on eggshell apex abnormality (EAA) syndrome in France: isolation of Mycoplasma synoviae is frequently associated with Mycoplasma pullorum. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:271. [PMID: 32758240 PMCID: PMC7404918 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is known to cause Eggshell Apex Abnormality (EAA) syndrome characterized by an altered shell surface with increased translucency on the apex. However, no large-scale studies have been conducted to obtain prevalence data of EAA and MS isolates associated to this syndrome. This manuscript reports the results of two field studies performed in the French poultry industry (2015-2017): focusing mainly on investigation of presence and prevalence of EAA in different types of laying hen flocks (phase 1), and isolation of MS strains from EAA-infected flocks (phase 2). RESULTS The first survey included 77 farms of commercial layers in three French egg-production regions, hosting 40 flocks in alternative systems (ALT) and 56 in furnished cages (FC). Seven flocks (4 FC and 3 ALT) presented EAA clinical signs, giving a prevalence of 7.3% in this studied sample. A second independent field study was conducted to identify MS by in vitro cultivation and PCR in samples from 28 flocks with clinical signs of EAA. Different types of biological specimens were collected in EAA-affected flocks and submitted to the laboratory. M. synoviae was detected in 25/28 flocks, from both production systems (5/5 ALT and 20/23 FC). Detection of MS was significantly higher in tracheal swabs (59%) than in cloacal (10.5%), albumen (3.6%) and egg yolk (1.1%) swabs. It is worth to mention that attempts to clone MS from positive samples were often hampered by the presence of another Mycoplasma species, which showed fast growing behaviour in the selective media used in this study (Frey Medium 4 and Frey Medium 4 supplemented with erythromycin). The use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in combination with next-generation sequencing (NGS) results allowed the identification of this fast growing mycoplasma as Mycoplasma pullorum, which was detected in 14 of the 25 (56%) MS-positive flocks. CONCLUSIONS These results confirmed the presence of the EAA syndrome in MS-positive flocks of layers in France, reared in different regions and in different production systems (ALT and FC). Studies need to be conducted to test whether M. pullorum may influence the expression of clinical signs of EAA in MS-infected layer farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cisneros-Tamayo
- Mycoplasmology, Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - I Kempf
- Mycoplasmology, Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - J Coton
- Epidemiology and Welfare in Poultry and Rabbits, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - V Michel
- Animal Welfare National Coordination, ANSES, Niort, France
| | - S Bougeard
- Epidemiology and Welfare in Pigs, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - C de Boisséson
- Viral Genetics and Biosafety unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - P Lucas
- Viral Genetics and Biosafety unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | | | | | | | - A V Gautier-Bouchardon
- Mycoplasmology, Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.
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28
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Sawicka A, Tomczyk G, Kursa O, Stenzel T. Occurrence and Relevance of Mycoplasma spp. in Racing and Ornamental Pigeons in Poland. Avian Dis 2020; 63:468-473. [PMID: 31967430 DOI: 10.1637/12018-122718-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This report is one of the first studies describing the relationship between the occurrence of Mycoplasma spp. as regards the type of breed and health status of pigeons. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma columbinum, Mycoplasma columborale, and Mycoplasma columbinasale in Polish populations of racing and ornamental pigeons in the context of their correlation with type of breed and health status. The study was conducted on 179 samples (100 racing and 79 ornamental pigeons) collected from pigeons in different regions of Poland. Tracheal swabs were examined for Mycoplasma spp. using genus-specific PCR. If Mycoplasma spp. were detected, the species were identified by species-specific PCR developed on the 16-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. Ninety-two of 100 (92%) racing pigeons and 67 of 79 (85%) ornamental pigeons were Mycoplasma spp. positive. None of the tested pigeons were positive for M. gallisetpticum or M. synoviae. The average prevalence of M. columbinum was determined at 49%, M. columborale at 79%, and M. columbinasale at 23% in all birds tested. A single mycoplasma infection was found in 40% of pigeons whereas multiple infections were found in 49% of tested birds. Differences were found in the occurrence of mycoplasmas between racing and ornamental pigeons. Our results have shown a high prevalence of Mycoplasma species both as a single and as multiple infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sawicka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland,
| | - G Tomczyk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - O Kursa
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - T Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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29
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Puvača N, Lika E, Tufarelli V, Bursić V, Ljubojević Pelić D, Nikolova N, Petrović A, Prodanović R, Vuković G, Lević J, Giannenas I. Influence of Different Tetracycline Antimicrobial Therapy of Mycoplasma ( Mycoplasma synoviae) in Laying Hens Compared to Tea Tree Essential Oil on Table Egg Quality and Antibiotic Residues. Foods 2020; 9:E612. [PMID: 32403221 PMCID: PMC7278781 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The food of animal origin that is the most consumed is the table egg, but laying hens treated with antibiotics can produce eggs contaminated with antibiotic residues. Residues of antibiotics may present a risk for consumer health. Keeping in mind that laying hens almost always suffer from Mycoplasma (Mycoplasma synoviae), for which they are treated with antibiotics, high-quality egg production is even harder. Our research aimed to investigate the influence of three different antibiotics compared to the tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil administered to naturally infected laying hens with M. synoviae, on antibiotic residues in eggs as well as the egg nutritive and sensory qualities. A total of 20,000 laying hens, housed in one facility and divided into four lines each consisting of 5000 hens naturally infected with M. synoviae, was used. For the antimicrobial therapy, tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) were used, respectively. As a control, tea tree essential oil (TT) was used. Based on the gained results all tetracyclines treatment residue values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to the control treatment (TT), but without any significant differences (p > 0.05) between themselves. The results showed no differences in the nutritive and the sensory qualities of eggs between the control and the experimental treatments (p > 0.05). Keeping in mind the obtained results from this study, it can be concluded that tea tree essential oil could be successfully used as a natural antibiotic in the treatment of M. synoviae, without any adverse effects on table egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Puvača
- Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management in Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Cvećarska 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Erinda Lika
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Kodor Kamez, 1000 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Vojislava Bursić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | | | - Nedeljka Nikolova
- Institute of Animal Science, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Av. Ilinden 92/a, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Aleksandra Petrović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Radivoj Prodanović
- Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management in Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Cvećarska 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Gorica Vuković
- Institute of Public Health of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 54a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jovanka Lević
- Scientific Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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30
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Occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in wild birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231545. [PMID: 32298318 PMCID: PMC7162529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is one of the most important poultry pathogens that can also infect wild birds, but knowledge of potential non-poultry hosts that could be reservoirs of M. gallisepticum is limited. For the paper presented here, we screened three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Knowledge) to find articles on the occurrence of M. gallisepticum in different wild bird species that were published between 1951 and 2018. Among 314 studies found, we selected and included 50 original articles that met the pre-established criteria. From those publications we extracted the following information: name of the first author, year of publication, year of sample isolation, country, region, number of birds sampled, number of birds tested by each method, number of positive samples, diagnostic criteria, and if birds were wild or captive. Because different detection techniques were used to confirm the presence of M. gallisepticum in one animal, we decided to perform the meta analyses separately for each method. The estimated prevalence of M. gallisepticum in wild birds was different by each method of detection. Our summary revealed that M. gallisepticum was present in 56 species of bird belonging to 11 different orders, of which 21 species were reported suffering both past and current infection. Our work provides information on wild bird species that could be considered potential reservoirs or carriers of M. gallisepticum and could be helpful to set the direction for future research on the spread and phylogeny of M. gallisepticum in different hosts.
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31
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Liu R, Xu B, Yu S, Zhang J, Sun H, Liu C, Lu F, Pan Q, Zhang X. Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of the Interaction Between Chicken Synovial Fibroblasts and Mycoplasma synoviae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:576. [PMID: 32318048 PMCID: PMC7147270 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), which causes respiratory disease, eggshell apex abnormalities, infectious synovitis, and arthritis in avian species, has become an economically detrimental poultry pathogen in recent years. In China, the disease is characterized by infectious synovitis and arthritis. However, the mechanism by which MS causes infectious synovitis and arthritis remains unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that synovial fibroblasts (SF) play a key role in the pathogenesis of arthritis. Here, both RNA sequencing and tandem mass tag analyses are utilized to compare the response of primary chicken SF (CSF) following infection with and without MS. The host response between non-infected and infected cells was remarkably different at both the mRNA and protein levels. In total, 2,347 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (upregulated, n = 1,137; downregulated, n = 1,210) and 221 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) (upregulated, n = 129; downregulated, n = 92) were detected in the infected group. A correlation analysis indicated a moderate positive correlation between the mRNA and protein level changes in MS-infected CSF. At both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels, 149 DEGs were identified; 88 genes were upregulated and 61 genes were downregulated in CSF. Additionally, part of these regulated genes and their protein products were grouped into seven categories: proliferation-related and apoptosis-related factors, inflammatory mediators, proangiogenic factors, antiangiogenic factors, matrix metalloproteinases, and other arthritis-related proteins. These proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of MS-induced arthritis in chickens. To our knowledge, this is the first integrated analysis on the mechanism of CSF-MS interactions that combined transcriptomic and proteomic technologies. In this study, many key candidate genes and their protein products related to MS-induced infectious synovitis and arthritis were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huawei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qunxing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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32
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Magalhães BSN, Pereira VLA, Machado LS, Dias TS, Balthazar DA, Barreto ML, Troccoli F, Cunha NC, Nascimento ER, Almeida FM, Almosny NR. Occurrence of Avian Mycoplasmas in Free-Living Muscovy-Ducks (Cairina Moschata). BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - TS Dias
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | - DA Balthazar
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - F Troccoli
- Fundação Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - NC Cunha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
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33
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Chu TT, Alemu SW, Norberg E, Sørensen AC, Henshall J, Hawken R, Jensen J. Benefits of testing in both bio-secure and production environments in genomic selection breeding programs for commercial broiler chicken. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:52. [PMID: 30390619 PMCID: PMC6215651 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A breeding program for commercial broiler chicken that is carried out under strict biosecure conditions can show reduced genetic gain due to genotype by environment interactions (G × E) between bio-secure (B) and commercial production (C) environments. Accuracy of phenotype-based best linear unbiased prediction of breeding values of selection candidates using sib-testing in C is low. Genomic prediction based on dense genetic markers may improve accuracy of selection. Stochastic simulation was used to explore the benefits of genomic selection in breeding schemes for broiler chicken that include birds in both B and C for assessment of phenotype. Results When genetic correlations (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$r_{g}$$\end{document}rg) between traits measured in B and C were equal to 0.5 and 0.7, breeding schemes with 15, 30 and 45% of birds assessed in C resulted in higher genetic gain for performance in C compared to those without birds in C. The optimal proportion of birds phenotyped in C for genetic gain was 30%. When the proportion of birds in C was optimal and genotyping effort was limited, allocating 30% of the genotyping effort to birds in C was also the optimal genotyping strategy for genetic gain. When \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$r_{g}$$\end{document}rg was equal to 0.9, genetic gain for performance in C was not improved with birds in C compared to schemes without birds in C. Increasing the heritability of traits assessed in C increased genetic gain significantly. Rates of inbreeding decreased when the proportion of birds in C increased because of a lower selection intensity among birds retained in B and a reduction in the probability of co-selecting close relatives. Conclusions If G × E interactions (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$r_{g}$$\end{document}rg of 0.5 and 0.7) are strong, a genomic selection scheme in which 30% of the birds hatched are phenotyped in C has larger genetic gain for performance in C compared to phenotyping all birds in B. Rates of inbreeding decreased as the proportion of birds moved to C increased from 15 to 45%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinh T Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark. .,Wageningen University and Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Setegn W Alemu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Elise Norberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.,Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Anders C Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - John Henshall
- Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, AR, 72761-1030, USA
| | - Rachel Hawken
- Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, AR, 72761-1030, USA
| | - Just Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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Xue J, Xu M, Ma Z, Zhao J, Jin N, Zhang G. Serological investigation of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in China from 2010 to 2015. Poult Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): avian mycoplasmosis ( Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. meleagridis). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04953. [PMID: 32625619 PMCID: PMC7010150 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma meleagridis) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of avian mycoplasmosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of avian mycoplasmosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to avian mycoplasmosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, avian mycoplasmosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The assessment here performed on compliance with the criteria as in Section 3 of Annex IV referred to in point (c) of Article 9(1) is inconclusive. The animal species to be listed for avian mycoplasmosis according to Article 8(3) criteria are mainly domestic and wild birds of the order Galliformes, and also Passeriformes for M. gallisepticum.
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Feberwee A, Dijkman R, Klinkenberg D, Landman WJM. Quantification of the horizontal transmission of Mycoplasma synoviae in non-vaccinated and MS-H-vaccinated layers. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:346-358. [PMID: 28116916 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1282602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of newly infected birds attributable to one infectious bird per day (= transmission rate β) was assessed in non-vaccinated and MS-H-vaccinated experimental specified pathogen-free White Leghorns after Mycoplasma synoviae challenge. Furthermore, the effect of vaccination on the shedding of the challenge strain was determined. The following groups were made: a negative control group (n = 5), a vaccinated (MS-H vaccine by eye drop (>105.7 colour changing units/bird)) non-challenged group (n = 5), two non-vaccinated challenged groups (n = 18 each) and two vaccinated challenged groups (n = 18 each). In the challenged groups, six seeder birds were intratracheally inoculated with 105.4 colony forming units (CFUs)/bird. Trachea swabs were taken at day (D)2, D3, D4, D5, D7, D9, D11, D14, D17, D21, D25, D28, D32, D35, D42 and D46 after contact with seeders and analyzed with a quantitative PCR able to detect the vaccine and field strain separately. The transmission rate and shedding were estimated using the susceptible exposed infectious transmission model and a linear mixed model, respectively. The mean shedding of the challenge strain was 106.4 CFU equivalents M. synoviae/g trachea mucus in vaccinates shedding MS-H, while in the birds not shedding the vaccine (non-vaccinates and vaccinates not shedding MS-H) it was 106.9 CFU equivalents M. synoviae/g trachea mucus. In vaccinates shedding MS-H, β was 0.0012 (95% C.I.: 0.00048 - 0.0024), while in birds not shedding vaccine (non-vaccinates and vaccinates not shedding MS-H) a significantly higher β of 0.022 (95% C.I.: 0.015 - 0.031) was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feberwee
- a GD - Animal Health , Deventer , The Netherlands
| | - R Dijkman
- a GD - Animal Health , Deventer , The Netherlands
| | - D Klinkenberg
- b National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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Hutton S, Bettridge J, Christley R, Habte T, Ganapathy K. Detection of infectious bronchitis virus 793B, avian metapneumovirus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry in Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:317-322. [PMID: 27924415 PMCID: PMC5253144 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted into respiratory infectious diseases of poultry on a chicken breeder farm run by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), located in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 117 randomly selected birds, and blood was taken from a subset of 73 of these birds. A combination of serological and molecular methods was used for detection of pathogens. For the first time in Ethiopia, we report the detection of variant infectious bronchitis virus (793B genotype), avian metapneumovirus subtype B and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry. Mycoplasma gallisepticum was also found to be present; however, infectious laryngotracheitis virus was not detected by PCR. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was not detected by PCR, but variable levels of anti-NDV HI antibody titres shows possible exposure to virulent strains or poor vaccine take, or both. For the burgeoning-intensive industry in Ethiopia, this study highlights several circulating infectious respiratory pathogens that can impact on poultry welfare and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hutton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Bettridge
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - R Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Habte
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - K Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
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