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Ding T, Xiong M, Xu Y, Pu X, Wang QS, Xu MR, Shao HX, Qian K, Dang HB, Qin AJ. Dynamic Changes in Viral Loads during Co-Infection with a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Vector Vaccine and Very Virulent Marek's Disease Virus In Vivo. Viruses 2024; 16:1042. [PMID: 39066205 PMCID: PMC11281522 DOI: 10.3390/v16071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD), caused by the Marek's disease virus (MDV), is a common infectious tumor disease in chickens and was the first neoplastic disease preventable by vaccination. However, the vaccine cannot completely prevent virulent MDV infections, allowing both the vaccine and virulent MDV to coexist in the same chicken for extended periods. This study aims to investigate the changes in viral load of the very virulent strain Md5 and the rHVT-IBD vaccine in different chicken tissues using a real-time PCR assay. The results showed that the rHVT-IBD vaccine significantly reduced the viral load of MDV-Md5 in different organs, while the load of rHVT-IBD was significantly increased when co-infected with Md5. Additionally, co-infection with Md5 and rHVT-IBD in chickens not only changed the original viral load of both viruses but also affected the positive rate of Md5 at 14 days post-vaccination. The positive rate decreased from 100% to 14.29% (feather tips), 0% (skin), 33.33% (liver), 16.67% (spleen), 28.57% (thymus), 33.33% (bursa), and 66.67% (PBL), respectively. This study enhances our understanding of the interactions between HVT vector vaccines and very virulent MDV in chickens and provides valuable insights for the future development of MD vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ding
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.D.); (M.X.); (Q.-s.W.); (M.-r.X.); (H.-x.S.); (K.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Min Xiong
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.D.); (M.X.); (Q.-s.W.); (M.-r.X.); (H.-x.S.); (K.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China;
| | - Xing Pu
- Nanchang Boehringer—Ingelheim Animal Health Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China; (X.P.); (H.-b.D.)
| | - Qin-sen Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.D.); (M.X.); (Q.-s.W.); (M.-r.X.); (H.-x.S.); (K.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mo-ru Xu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.D.); (M.X.); (Q.-s.W.); (M.-r.X.); (H.-x.S.); (K.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hong-xia Shao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.D.); (M.X.); (Q.-s.W.); (M.-r.X.); (H.-x.S.); (K.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Kun Qian
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.D.); (M.X.); (Q.-s.W.); (M.-r.X.); (H.-x.S.); (K.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Hai-bin Dang
- Nanchang Boehringer—Ingelheim Animal Health Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China; (X.P.); (H.-b.D.)
| | - Ai-jian Qin
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.D.); (M.X.); (Q.-s.W.); (M.-r.X.); (H.-x.S.); (K.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
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Khairat J, Hatta M, Abdullah N, Azman A, Calvin S, Syed Hassan S. Unearthing the role of septins in viral infections. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231827. [PMID: 38372298 PMCID: PMC10920062 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Septin proteins are a subfamily of closely related GTP-binding proteins conserved in all species except for higher plants and perform essential biological processes. Septins self-assemble into heptameric or octameric complexes and form higher-order structures such as filaments, rings, or gauzes by end-to-end binding. Their close association with cell membrane components makes them central in regulating critical cellular processes. Due to their organisation and properties, septins function as diffusion barriers and are integral in providing scaffolding to support the membrane's curvature and stability of its components. Septins are also involved in vesicle transport and exocytosis through the plasma membrane by co-localising with exocyst protein complexes. Recently, there have been emerging reports of several human and animal diseases linked to septins and abnormalities in their functions. Most of our understanding of the significance of septins during microbial diseases mainly pertains to their roles in bacterial infections but not viruses. This present review focuses on the known roles of septins in host-viral interactions as detailed by various studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Elanie Khairat
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nur Adam Hatta
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nurshariza Abdullah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Adzzie Shazleen Azman
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shee Yin Ming Calvin
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Davidson I, Lupini C, Catelli E, Quaglia G, Maddaloni L, Mescolini G. Virulence evaluation of Israeli Marek's disease virus isolates from commercial poultry using their meq gene sequence. Virus Genes 2024; 60:32-43. [PMID: 38184501 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Fifty-seven Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2) isolates, collected during a 30-year period (1990-2019) from commercial poultry flocks affected by Marek's disease (MD), were molecularly characterised. The GaHV-2 meq gene was amplified and sequenced to evaluate the virus virulence, based on the number of PPPPs within the proline-rich repeats (PRRs) of its transactivation domain. The present illustration of virus virulence evaluation on a large scale of field virus isolates by molecular analysis exemplifies the practical benefit and usefulness of the molecular marker in commercial GaVH-2 isolates. The alternative assay of GaVH-2 virulence pathotyping is the classical Gold Standard ADOL method, which is difficult and impossible to employ on a large scale using the Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) chicks of the ADOL strains kept in isolators for two months. The phylogenetic analysis performed in the present study showed that the meq gene amino acid sequences of the 57 Israeli strains divide into 16 phylogenetic branches. The virulence evaluation was performed in comparison with 36 GaHV-2 prototype strains, previously characterised by the in vivo Gold Standard ADOL assay. The results obtained revealed that the GaHV-2 strains circulating in Israel have evolved into a higher virulence potential during the years, as the four-proline stretches number in the meq gene decreased over the investigated period, typically of very virulent virus prototypes. The present study supports the meq gene molecular markers for the assessment of field GaVH-2 strains virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Maddaloni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
- Operating Unit of Animal Health and Hygiene of Livestock Production, Department of Public Health, AUSL della Romagna, Forlì, FC, Italy
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Li W, Meng H, Liang X, Peng J, Irwin DM, Shen X, Shen Y. The genome evolution of Marek's disease viruses in chickens and turkeys in China. Virus Genes 2023; 59:845-851. [PMID: 37851282 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The virus that causes Marek's disease (MD) is globally ubiquitous in chickens, continuously evolving, and poses a significant threat to the poultry industry. Although vaccines are extensively used, MD still occurs frequently and the virus has evolved increased virulence in China. Here, we report an outbreak of MD in vaccinated chickens and unvaccinated turkeys in a backyard farm in Guangdong province, China, in 2018. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two lineages of MDVs at this farm, with one lineage, containing isolates from two turkeys and five chickens, clustering with virulent Chinese strains and displays a relatively high genetic divergence from the vaccine strains. These new isolates appear to have broken through vaccine immunity, yielding this outbreak of MD in chickens and turkeys. The second lineage included four chicken isolates that clustered with the CVI988 and 814 vaccine strains. The large diversity of MDVs in this single outbreak reveals a complex circulation of MDVs in China. Poor breeding conditions and the weak application of disease prevention and control measures make backyard farms a hotbed for the evolution of viruses that cause infectious diseases. This is especially important in MDV as the MD vaccines do not provide sterilizing immunity, which allows the replication and shedding of virulent field viruses by vaccinated individuals and supporting the continuous evolution of MDVs. Hence, constant monitoring of the evolution of MDVs is necessary to understand the evolution of these field viruses and potential expansions of their host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Meng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghui Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Peng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang B, Wang J, Cao M, Jin H, Liu W, Cheng J, Zhou L, Xu J, Li Y. Differential Replication and Cytokine Response between Vaccine and Very Virulent Marek's Disease Viruses in Spleens and Bursas during Latency and Reactivation. Viruses 2022; 15:6. [PMID: 36680047 PMCID: PMC9864003 DOI: 10.3390/v15010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection results in Marek's disease (MD) in chickens, a lymphoproliferative and oncogenic deadly disease, leading to severe economic losses. The spleen and bursa are the most important lymphoid and major target organs for MDV replication. The immune response elicited by MDV replication in the spleen and bursa is critical for the formation of latent MDV infection and reactivation. However, the mechanism of the host immune response induced by MDV in these key lymphoid organs during the latent and reactivation infection phases is not well understood. In the study, we focused on the replication dynamics of a vaccine MDV strain MDV/CVI988 and a very virulent MDV strain MDV/RB1B in the spleen and bursa in the latent and reactivation infection phases (7-28 days post-inoculation [dpi]), as well as the expression of some previously characterized immune-related molecules. The results showed that the replication ability of MDV/RB1B was significantly stronger than that of MDV/CVI988 within 28 days post-infection, and the replication levels of both MDV strains in the spleen were significantly higher than those in the bursa. During the latent and reactivation phase of MDV infection (7-28 dpi), the transcriptional upregulation of chicken IL-1β, IL6, IL-8L1 IFN-γ and PML in the spleen and bursa induced by MDV/RB1B infection was overall stronger than that of MDV/CVI988. However, compared to MDV/RB1Binfection, MDV/CVI988 infection resulted in a more effective transcriptional activation of CCL4 in the latent infection phase (7-14 dpi), which may be a characteristic distinguishing MDV vaccine strain from the very virulent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengyao Cao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huan Jin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wenxiao Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Linyi Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Li K, Yu Z, Lan X, Wang Y, Qi X, Cui H, Gao L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Liu C. Complete genome analysis reveals evolutionary history and temporal dynamics of Marek’s disease virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1046832. [PMID: 36406400 PMCID: PMC9669313 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1046832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease has caused enormous losses in poultry production worldwide. However, the evolutionary process and molecular mechanisms underlying Marek’s disease virus (MDV) remain largely unknown. Using complete genomic sequences spanning an unprecedented diversity of MDVs, we explored the evolutionary history and major patterns in viruses sampled from 1964 to 2018. We found that the evolution of MDV strains had obvious geographical features, with the Eurasian and North American strains having independent evolutionary paths, especially for Asian strains. The evolution of MDVs generally followed a clock-like structure with a relatively high evolutionary rate. Asian strains had evolved at a faster rate than European strains, with most genetic mutations occurring in Asian strains. Our results showed that all recombination events occurred in the UL and US subregions. We found direct evidence of a closer correlation between Eurasian strains, related to a series of reorganization events represented by the European strain ATE2539. We also discovered that the vaccine strains had recombined with the wild virulent strains. Base substitution and recombination were found to be the two main mechanisms of MDV evolution. Our study offers novel insights into the evolution of MDVs that could facilitate predicting the spread of infections, and hence their control.
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Viet Thu HT, Trang HN, Phuoc Chien NT, Ngu NT, Hien ND. Occurrence of Marek's Disease in Backyard Chicken Flocks in Vietnam. Avian Dis 2022; 66:230-236. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Thi Viet Thu
- Can Tho University, Campus II, Area II, 3/2 Street, Xuan-Khanh Ward, Ninh-Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Huynh Ngoc Trang
- Can Tho University, Campus II, Area II, 3/2 Street, Xuan-Khanh Ward, Ninh-Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tran Phuoc Chien
- Can Tho University, Campus II, Area II, 3/2 Street, Xuan-Khanh Ward, Ninh-Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trong Ngu
- Can Tho University, Campus II, Area II, 3/2 Street, Xuan-Khanh Ward, Ninh-Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Duc Hien
- Can Tho University, Campus II, Area II, 3/2 Street, Xuan-Khanh Ward, Ninh-Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
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Wilson LA, Lewis M, Baigent SJ, Abate V, Dolega BA, Morrison LR, Poulos C, Walker D. Marek's Disease in an Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) with Clinical Ocular Disease and Paraparesis. J Comp Pathol 2022; 195:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kurokawa A, Yamamoto Y. Development of monoclonal antibodies specific to Marek disease virus- EcoRI-Q (Meq) for the immunohistochemical diagnosis of Marek disease using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:458-464. [PMID: 35260010 PMCID: PMC9254047 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221080444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek disease (MD) is a viral disease characterized by the development of lymphoma in poultry. Although morphologic confirmation of lymphoma is used to diagnose MD, immunohistochemical detection of MD virus-EcoRI-Q (Meq), which is a viral protein that is expressed exclusively in MD tumor cells, would further improve the accuracy of diagnosis. We developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically detect Meq by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of 14 mAbs that we produced, using FFPE samples of MDCC-MSB1 cells, MD tumor tissues, and tissues of uninfected chickens. Four different antigen retrieval conditions were investigated. Thirteen mAbs reacted with Meq in FFPE sections, but immunohistochemical reactivity and specificity varied depending on the mAb and antigen retrieval condition; heat-induced antigen retrieval (HIAR) was more effective at detecting Meq than the other tested conditions. HIAR pH 9 tended to increase immunoreactivity and decrease specificity. Of the 5 mAbs that immunoreacted strongly with Meq without nonspecific reactions under the optimal antigen retrieval conditions, 3 mAbs (1C1-121, 3A3-112, 5F7-82) did not produce background staining of tumor or non-tumor tissues; 2 mAbs (2C5-11, 4A5-54) produced background staining. The mAb 6B5-128 reacted moderately with Meq without nonspecific reactions and background staining. The remaining mAbs showed weak immunoreactivity or problematic nonspecific reactions. Our results suggest that some of our developed mAbs can be used in IHC to detect Meq in FFPE sections with high specificity, and that the use of IHC may greatly improve the diagnosis of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Kurokawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yu Yamamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kamble N, Gurung A, Kaufer BB, Pathan AA, Behboudi S. Marek's Disease Virus Modulates T Cell Proliferation via Activation of Cyclooxygenase 2-Dependent Prostaglandin E2. Front Immunol 2022; 12:801781. [PMID: 35003129 PMCID: PMC8727754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.801781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an avian alphaherpesvirus, infects chickens, transforms CD4+ T cells, and induces immunosuppression early during infection. However, the exact mechanisms involved in MDV-induced immunosuppression are yet to be identified. Here, our results demonstrate that MDV infection in vitro and in vivo induces activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This exerts its inhibitory effects on T cell proliferation at day 21 post infection via PGE2 receptor 2 (EP2) and receptor 4 (EP4). Impairment of the MDV-induced T cell proliferation was associated with downregulation of IL-2 and transferrin uptake in a COX-2/PGE2 dependent manner in vitro. Interestingly, oral administration of a COX-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, during MDV infection inhibited COX-2 activation and rescued T cell proliferation at day 21 post infection. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism that contributes to immunosuppression in the MDV-infected chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angila Gurung
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ansar Ahmed Pathan
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Kannaki TR, Priyanka E, Nishitha Y, Krishna SV, Haunshi S, Subbiah M. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Marek's disease virus virulence-associated genes from vaccinated flocks in southern India reveals circulation of virulent MDV genotype. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e244-e253. [PMID: 34403565 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a re-emerging viral disease of chickens and a serious economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Continuous surveillance with molecular investigation is essential to monitor the emergence of virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) strains and to devise any appropriate vaccination strategy and implement bio-security programmes. In the present study, we investigated the cases of MD outbreaks in vaccinated poultry flocks. The MD outbreak was confirmed through necropsy (mainly visceral tumours), histopathology and viral gene specific PCR. The pathotypes of the field MDV strains were assessed by molecular analysis of three virulence-associated genes, meq, pp38 and vIL-8. The Meq sequence of the field strains analyzed in this study lacked the 59 aa unique to mild strains, indicating that they are potentially virulent strains. Mutation at position 71 and the presence of five proline rich repeats in the transactivation domain, both associated with virulence were observed in these strains; however, the signature sequences specific to very virulent plus strains were absent. Phylogenetic analysis of meq oncogene sequences revealed clustering of the field strains with North Indian strains and with a very virulent plus ATE 2539 strain from Hungary. Analyses of pp38 protein at positions 107 and 109 and vIL-8 protein at positions 4 and 31 showed signatures of virulence. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of oncogene and virulence-associated genes of field MDVs from vaccinated flock indicated that these strains possessed molecular features of virulent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Kannaki
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - E Priyanka
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Nishitha
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, P. V. Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Vamshi Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, P. V. Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Santosh Haunshi
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Madhuri Subbiah
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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12
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The Marek's Disease Virus Unique Gene MDV082 Is Dispensable for Virus Replication but Contributes to a Rapid Disease Onset. J Virol 2021; 95:e0013121. [PMID: 34011541 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00131-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus of chickens that causes lymphomas in various organs. Most MDV genes are conserved among herpesviruses, while others are unique to MDV and may contribute to pathogenesis and/or tumor formation. High transcript levels of the MDV-specific genes MDV082, RLORF11, and SORF6 were recently detected in lytically infected cells; however, it remained elusive if the respective proteins are expressed and if they play a role in MDV pathogenesis. In this study, we first addressed if these proteins are expressed by inserting FLAG tags at their N or C termini. We could demonstrate that among the three genes tested, MDV082 is the only gene that encodes a protein and is expressed very late in MDV plaques in vitro. To investigate the role of this novel MDV082 protein in MDV pathogenesis, we generated a recombinant virus that lacks expression of the MDV082 protein. Our data revealed that the MDV082 protein contributes to the rapid onset of Marek's disease but is not essential for virus replication, spread, and tumor formation. Taken together, this study sheds light on the expression of MDV-specific genes and unravels the role of the late protein MDV082 in MDV pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE MDV is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes Marek's disease in chickens. The virus causes immense economic losses in the poultry industry due to the high morbidity and mortality, but also the cost of the vaccination. MDV encodes over 100 genes that are involved in various processes of the viral life cycle. Functional characterization of MDV genes is an essential step toward understanding the complex virus life cycle and MDV pathogenesis. Here, we have identified a novel protein encoded by MDV082 and two potential noncoding RNAs (RLORF11 and SORF6). The novel MDV082 protein is not needed for efficient MDV replication and tumor formation. However, our data demonstrate that the MDV082 protein is involved in the rapid onset of Marek's disease.
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Sun A, Yang S, Luo J, Teng M, Xu Y, Wang R, Zhu X, Zheng L, Wu Y, Yao Y, Nair V, Zhang G, Zhuang G. UL28 and UL33 homologs of Marek's disease virus terminase complex involved in the regulation of cleavage and packaging of viral DNA are indispensable for replication in cultured cells. Vet Res 2021; 52:20. [PMID: 33579382 PMCID: PMC7881644 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing and packaging of herpesvirus genomic DNA is regulated by a packaging-associated terminase complex comprising of viral proteins pUL15, pUL28 and pUL33. Marek’s disease virus (MDV) homologs UL28 and UL33 showed conserved functional features with high sequence identity with the corresponding Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) homologs. As part of the investigations into the role of the UL28 and UL33 homologs of oncogenic MDV for DNA packaging and replication in cultured cells, we generated MDV mutant clones deficient in UL28 or UL33 of full-length MDV genomes. Transfection of UL28- or UL33-deleted BAC DNA into chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) did not result either in the production of visible virus plaques, or detectable single cell infection after passaging onto fresh CEF cells. However, typical MDV plaques were detectable in CEF transfected with the DNA of revertant mutants where the deleted genes were precisely reinserted. Moreover, the replication defect of the UL28-deficient mutant was completely restored when fragment encoding the full UL28 gene was co-transfected into CEF cells. Viruses recovered from the revertant construct, as well as by the UL28 co-transfection, showed replication ability comparable with parental virus. Furthermore, the transmission electron microscopy study indicated that immature capsids were assembled without the UL28 expression, but with the loss of infectivity. Importantly, predicted three-dimensional structures of UL28 between MDV and HSV-1 suggests conserved function in virus replication. For the first time, these results revealed that both UL28 and UL33 are essential for MDV replication through regulating DNA cleavage and packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaikang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research On Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research On Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yijie Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Luping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research On Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research On Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research On Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, GU24 0NF, Surrey, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research On Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research On Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, GU24 0NF, Surrey, UK
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research On Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guoqing Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China. .,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Ozan E, Muftuoglu B, Sahindokuyucu I, Kurucay HN, Inal S, Kuruca N, Elhag AE, Karaca E, Tamer C, Gumusova S, Albayrak H, Barry G, Gulbahar MY, Yazici Z. Marek's disease virus in vaccinated poultry flocks in Turkey: its first isolation with molecular characterization. Arch Virol 2021; 166:559-569. [PMID: 33409548 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is an important disease of avian species and a potential threat to the poultry industry worldwide. In this study, 16 dead commercial chickens from flocks with suspected MD were necropsied immediately after death. Pathological findings were compatible with MD, and gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 was identified in PCR of spleen samples. Virus isolation was performed in primary cell culture, and partial sequencing of the meq gene of the isolate revealed >99% nucleotide sequence identity to virulent and very virulent plus strains from a number of European countries, placing it in the same subclade of clade III as two virulent Italian strains and a very virulent plus Polish strain as well as virulent strains of geese and ducks. The data reported here indicate that a virulent strain of Marek's disease virus is circulating in Turkey and has not been stopped by the current national vaccination programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Ozan
- Department of Veterinary Experimental Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Bahadir Muftuoglu
- Department of Veterinary Experimental Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ismail Sahindokuyucu
- Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Veterinary Control Institute Directorates, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 35010, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hanne Nur Kurucay
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sinem Inal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Kuruca
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmed Eisa Elhag
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Efe Karaca
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Tamer
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Semra Gumusova
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Harun Albayrak
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gerald Barry
- Veterinary Science Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mustafa Yavuz Gulbahar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Zafer Yazici
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
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Occurrence of Marek's Disease in Poland on the Basis of Diagnostic Examination in 2015-2018. J Vet Res 2020; 64:503-507. [PMID: 33367138 PMCID: PMC7734681 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Marek’s disease (MD) is a tumourous disease caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV) and most commonly described in poultry. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of Marek’s disease virus infections in Poland and analyse clinical cases in the years 2015–2018. Material and Methods The birds for diagnostic examination originated from 71 poultry flocks of various types of production. Birds were subjected to anatomopathological examination post mortem, during which liver and spleen sections and other pathologically changed internal organs were taken. These sections were homogenised with generally accepted methods, then total DNA was isolated and amplified with a real-time PCR. A pair of primers complementary to the MDV genome region encoding the meq gene were used. Results MDV infection was found predominantly in broiler chicken flocks (69.01%), and also in layer breeder (9.85%) and commercial layer flocks (7.04% each). Conclusion The results of research conducted in the years 2015–2018 clearly indicate that the problem of MDV infections is still current.
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Effect of gga-miR-155 on cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of Marek's disease virus (MDV) transformed cell line MSB1 by targeting RORA. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:23. [PMID: 31992293 PMCID: PMC6988224 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marek's disease (MD) is caused by the oncogenic Marek's disease virus (MDV), and is a highly contagious avian infection with a complex underlying pathology that involves lymphoproliferative neoplasm formation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in most cancers. The gga-miR-155 is downregulated in the MDV-infected chicken tissues or lymphocyte lines, although its exact role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of gga-miR-155 on the proliferation, apoptosis and invasiveness of an MDV-transformed lymphocyte line MSB1 and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS The expression level of gga-miR-155 was manipulated in MSB1 cells using specific mimics and inhibitors. While overexpression of gga-miR-155 increased proliferation, decreased the proportion of G1 phase cells relative to that in S and G2 phases, reduced apoptosis rates and increased invasiveness. However, its downregulation had the opposite effects. Furthermore, gga-miR-155 directly targeted the RORA gene and downregulated its expression in the MSB1 cells. CONCLUSION The gga-miR-155 promotes the proliferation and invasiveness of the MDV-transformed lymphocyte line MSB1 and inhibits apoptosis by targeting the RORA gene.
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17
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Current scenario of viral diseases in Turkish poultry industry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933919000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Li K, Liu Y, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Luo D, Gao Y, Qian Y, Bao C, Liu C, Zhang Y, Qi X, Cui H, Wang Y, Gao L, Wang X. Avian oncogenic herpesvirus antagonizes the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway to mediate immune evasion. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007999. [PMID: 31539404 PMCID: PMC6799934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular DNA sensor cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) detects cytosolic viral DNA via the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to initiate innate antiviral response. Herpesviruses are known to target key immune signaling pathways to persist in an immune-competent host. Marek’s disease virus (MDV), a highly pathogenic and oncogenic herpesvirus of chickens, can antagonize host innate immune responses to achieve persistent infection. With a functional screen, we identified five MDV proteins that blocked beta interferon (IFN-β) induction downstream of the cGAS-STING pathway. Specifically, the MDV major oncoprotein Meq impeded the recruitment of TANK-binding kinase 1 and IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) to the STING complex, thereby inhibiting IRF7 activation and IFN-β induction. Meq overexpression markedly reduced antiviral responses stimulated by cytosolic DNA, whereas knockdown of Meq heightened MDV-triggered induction of IFN-β and downstream antiviral genes. Moreover, Meq-deficient MDV induced more IFN-β production than wild-type MDV. Meq-deficient MDV also triggered a more robust CD8+ T cell response than wild-type MDV. As such, the Meq-deficient MDV was highly attenuated in replication and lymphoma induction compared to wild-type MDV. Taken together, these results revealed that MDV evades the cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway, which underpins the efficient replication and oncogenesis. These findings improve our understanding of the virus-host interaction in MDV-induced lymphoma and may contribute to the development of novel vaccines against MDV infection. Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an avian oncogenic herpesvirus that causes a fatal disease in poultry worldwide. Chickens infected with MDV become more susceptible to secondary viral or bacterial infections. However, the mechanisms of MDV-induced immunosuppression and tumorigenesis remain largely unknown. The cGAS-STING pathway is crucial for innate immune responses against both microbial pathogens and intrinsic tumors. Here we identified the MDV oncoprotein, Meq, as an inhibitor of the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway. Mechanistically, Meq interacted with STING and IRF7, and impaired the recruitment of TBK1 and IRF7 to the STING complex, thus inhibiting IRF7 activation and IFN-β induction. Loss of Meq potently enhanced innate immune response, while impaired the replication and oncogenesis of MDV in chickens. Our findings reveal an important mechanism of immune evasion of MDV, instructing us on the virus-host interaction in MDV-induced lymphoma and potential new means to develop MDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zengkun Xu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyi Bao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (LG); (XW)
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (LG); (XW)
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Mescolini G, Lupini C, Davidson I, Massi P, Tosi G, Catelli E. Marek's disease viruses circulating in commercial poultry in Italy in the years 2015-2018 are closely related by their meq gene phylogeny. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:98-107. [PMID: 31411371 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease important to the poultry industry worldwide; it is caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2). The virulence of GaHV-2 isolates has shifted over the years from mild to virulent, very virulent and very virulent +. Nowadays the disease is controlled by vaccination, but field strains of increased virulence are emerging worldwide. Economic losses due to MD are mostly associated with its acute form, characterized by visceral lymphomas. The present study aimed to molecularly classify a group of 13 GaHV-2 strains detected in vaccinated Italian commercial chicken flocks during acute MD outbreaks, and to scrutinize the ability of predicting GaHV-2 virulence, according to the meq gene sequence. The full-length meq genes were amplified, and the obtained amino acid (aa) sequences were analysed, focusing mainly on the number of stretches of four proline molecules (PPPP) within the transactivation domain. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out with the Maximum Likelihood method using the obtained aa sequences, and the sequences of Italian strains detected in backyard flocks and of selected strains retrieved from GenBank. All the analysed strains showed 100% sequence identity in the meq gene, which encodes a Meq protein of 339 aa. The Meq protein includes four PPPP motifs in the transactivation domain and an interruption of a PPPP motif due to a proline-to-serine substitution at position 218. These features are typically encountered in highly virulent isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the analysed strains belonged to a cluster that includes high-virulence GaHV-2 strains detected in Italian backyard flocks and a hypervirulent Polish strain. Our results support the hypothesis that the virulence of field isolates can be suggested by meq aa sequence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Paola Massi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione Diagnostica di Forlì, Forlì, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione Diagnostica di Forlì, Forlì, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
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Adedeji AJ, Akanbi OB, Luka PD, Abdu P. Natural outbreak of Marek's disease in indigenous chicken and Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica) in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Open Vet J 2019; 9:151-156. [PMID: 31360655 PMCID: PMC6626159 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcasses of an indigenous adult chicken and Japanese quail from different flocks were presented to a veterinary clinic for postmortem (PM) examination in 2014 in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. PM observations revealed cutaneous, hepatic, and splenic tumors in the Indigenous chicken. The quail carcass was emaciated with hepatic tumors. Histopathology revealed severe focally extensive non-encapsulated circumscribed large nodules with pleomorphic population of cells mainly composed of lymphoplasmacytic and mixed neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the chicken. The pleomorphic infiltration of lymphohistioplasmacytic cells mixed with neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the quail was consistent with Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out, and the Meq oncogene of the MDV was amplified in the samples collected from the chicken and quail to confirm the presence of the virulent MDV. The samples were also subjected to PCR for detection of MDV Rispens CVI988 vaccine strain which was detected in both chicken and quail samples. The findings in this study represent the first report of confirmatory diagnosis of MD using histopathology in an indigenous chicken and Japanese quail in Nigeria. It is also the first report of the detection of MDV Rispens CVI988 vaccine strain in unvaccinated chicken and quail in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Abdu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
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Wen L, Zhang A, Li Y, Lai H, Li H, Luo Q, Jin S, Chen R. Suspension culture of Marek’s disease virus and evaluation of its immunological effects. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:183-190. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1556385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianghai Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Zhang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China
- ZhaoqingDaHuaNong Biology Medicine Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanzhang Lai
- ZhaoqingDaHuaNong Biology Medicine Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- ZhaoqingDaHuaNong Biology Medicine Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangxing Jin
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China
- ZhaoqingDaHuaNong Biology Medicine Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China
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