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Iglesias LE, Junco M, Sallovitz JM, Lifschitz AL, Saumell CA. Effects of ivermectin on development of Calliphora vicina, Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Parasitol Res 2024; 123:211. [PMID: 38748261 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Ivermectin is one of the most widely used drugs for parasite control. Previous studies have shown a reduction in the abundance and diversity of "non-target" coprophilous organisms due to the presence of ivermectin (IVM) in bovine faecal matter (FM). Due to its breadth of behavioural habits, Calliphora vicina is a suitable dipteran species to evaluate the effects of IVM in FM. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of five concentrations of IVM in FM (3000, 300, 100, 30, and 3 ng/g) on the development of C. vicina. The following endpoints were evaluated: survival (between the first larval stage and emergence of new adults), larval development times to pupation and pupation times to adult, and adult emergence (% sex) and LC50. Sampling was performed from larval hatching at 60 and 120 min and at 3, 4, 5, and 12 h, and every 24 h specimens were weighed until pupae were observed. Data were analysed by ANOVA using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and as a function of elapsed development time and accumulated degree hours (ADH). Mortality at 3000 and 300 ng/g was 100% and 97%, respectively. There were statistically significant delays in adult emergence time (p = 0.0216) and in the ADH (p = 0.0431) between the control group (C) and 100 ng/g. The LC50 was determined at 5.6 ng/g. These results demonstrate the lethal and sub-lethal effects of IVM on C. vicina, while highlighting the usefulness of this species as a bioindicator for ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía E Iglesias
- Área Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Dpto. Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Centro Investigaciones Sanidad Animal Pública y Ambiental (CISAPA), CIVETAN (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Milagros Junco
- Área Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Dpto. Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Centro Investigaciones Sanidad Animal Pública y Ambiental (CISAPA), CIVETAN (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Sallovitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Dpto. Fisiopatología, CIVETAN (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián L Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Dpto. Fisiopatología, CIVETAN (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Saumell
- Área Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Dpto. Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Centro Investigaciones Sanidad Animal Pública y Ambiental (CISAPA), CIVETAN (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Lyons M, Brown TL, Lahuerta-Marin A, Morgan ER, Airs PM. A molecular assessment of Ostertagia leptospicularis and Spiculopteragia asymmetrica among wild fallow deer in Northern Ireland and implications for false detection of livestock-associated species. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:141. [PMID: 38500187 PMCID: PMC10949651 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild deer populations utilizing livestock grazing areas risk cross-species transmission of gastrointestinal nematode parasites (GINs), including GINs with anthelmintic resistance (AR) traits. Wild deer have been shown to carry problematic GIN species such as Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus species in the UK, but the presence of livestock GINs in Northern Ireland deer populations is unknown. Also, is it not known whether AR traits exist among GINs of deer such as Ostertagia leptospicularis and Spiculopteragia asymmetrica in pastureland where anthelmintics are heavily used. METHODS Adult-stage GIN samples were retrieved from Northern Irish wild fallow deer abomasa. Individual specimens were subject to a species-specific PCR analysis for common sheep and cattle GIN species with ITS-2 sequence analysis to validate species identities. In addition, the beta-tubulin gene was subject to sequencing to identify benzimidazole (BZ) resistance markers. RESULTS ITS-2 sequencing revealed O. leptospicularis and S. asymmetrica, but species-specific PCR yielded false-positive hits for H. contortus, Teladorsagia circimcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus and Ostertagia ostertagi. For beta-tubulin, O. leptospicularis and S. asymmetrica yielded species-specific sequences at the E198 codon, but no resistance markers were identified in either species at positions 167, 198 or 200 of the coding region. DISCUSSION From this report, no GIN species of significance in livestock were identified among Northern Ireland fallow deer. However, false-positive PCR hits for sheep and cattle-associated GINs is concerning as the presence of deer species in livestock areas could impact both deer and livestock diagnostics and lead to overestimation of both GIN burden in deer and the role as of deer as drivers of these pathogens. ITS-2 sequences from both O. leptospicularis and S. asymmetrica show minor sequence variations to geographically distinct isolates. AR has been noted among GINs of deer but molecular analyses are lacking for GINs of wildlife. In producing the first beta-tubulin sequences for both O. leptospicularis and S. asymmetrica, we report no BZ resistance in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS This work contributes to genetic resources for wildlife species and considers the implications of such species when performing livestock GIN diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Lyons
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute Northern Ireland, 12 Stoney Road, Belfast, Co Antrim, BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Tony L Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Angela Lahuerta-Marin
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute Northern Ireland, 12 Stoney Road, Belfast, Co Antrim, BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Eric R Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Paul M Airs
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
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3
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Obregon D, Guerrero O, Sossa D, Stashenko E, Prada F, Ramirez B, Duplais C, Poveda K. Route of exposure to veterinary products in bees: Unraveling pasture's impact on avermectin exposure and tolerance in stingless bees. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae068. [PMID: 38444603 PMCID: PMC10914370 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Deforestation rapidly increases in tropical regions, primarily driven by converting natural habitats into pastures for extensive cattle ranching. This landscape transformation, coupled with pesticide use, are key drivers of bee population decline. Here, we investigate the impact of pasture-dominated landscapes on colony performance, pesticide exposure, and insecticide sensitivity of the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula. We monitored 16 colonies located in landscapes with varying proportions of pasture. We collected bee bread for pesticide and palynological analysis. We found a positive correlation between pollen diversity and colony growth, with no effect of the proportion of pasture in the landscape. In contrast, we detected prevalent and hazardous concentrations of the insecticide abamectin (9.6-1,856 µg/kg) in bee bread, which significantly increased with a higher proportion of pasture. Despite the abamectin exposure, the bee colonies displayed no adverse effects on their growth, indicating a potential tolerance response. Further investigations revealed that bees from sites with higher proportions of pasture showed significantly reduced mortality when exposed to a lethal concentration of abamectin (0.021 µg/µL) after 48 h. Since abamectin is scarcely used in the study area, we designed an experiment to track ivermectin, a closely related antiparasitic drug used in cattle. Our findings uncovered a new exposure route of bees to pesticides, wherein ivermectin excreted by cattle is absorbed and biotransformed into abamectin within flowering plants in the pastures. These results highlight that unexplained exposure routes of bees to pesticides remain to be described while also revealing that bees adapt to changing landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Obregon
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Olger Guerrero
- Department of Agronomic Engineering, La Salle University, Yopal, Casanare 850008, Colombia
| | - David Sossa
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Elena Stashenko
- CROM-MASS Laboratory, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Fausto Prada
- CROM-MASS Laboratory, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Ramirez
- Department of Conservation and Environmental Sovereignty, ABC Colombia, Yopal, Casanare 850008, Colombia
| | - Christophe Duplais
- Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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4
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Kustovskiy Y, Karpov P, Blume Y, Yemets A. Ivermectin affects Arabidopsis thaliana microtubules through predicted binding site of β-tubulin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108296. [PMID: 38141401 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The ivermectin is a potent nematocide and insecticide, which has low toxicity for humans and domestic animals, but due to low biotransformation, it can be dangerous for non-target organisms. The recent determination of ivermectin absorption and accumulation in tissues of higher plants and multiple shreds of evidence of its negative impact on plant physiology provide a basis for the search for ivermectin's molecular targets and mechanisms of action in plant cells. In this research, for the first time, the ivermectin effect on microtubules of Arabidopsis thaliana cells was studied. It was revealed that ivermectin (250 μg mL-1) disrupts the microtubule network, induces the loss of microtubule orientation, leads to microtubule curvature and shrinkage, and their longitudinal and cross-linked bundling in various cells of A. thaliana primary roots. Further, the previously proposed binding of ivermectin to the β1-tubulin taxane site was developed and confirmed using molecular dynamics simulations of ivermectin complexes with Haemonchus contortus and A. thaliana β1-tubulins. It was predicted that similar to other microtubule stabilizing agents ivermectin binding causes M-loop stabilization in both H. contortus and A. thaliana β-tubulin, which leads to the enhancement of lateral contacts between subunits of adjacent protofilaments preventing microtubule depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevhen Kustovskiy
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskoho str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine; National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Skovorody str., 2, Kyiv, 04070, Ukraine.
| | - Pavel Karpov
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskoho str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
| | - Yaroslav Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskoho str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
| | - Alla Yemets
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskoho str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine; National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Skovorody str., 2, Kyiv, 04070, Ukraine.
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Vokřál I, Podlipná R, Matoušková P, Skálová L. Anthelmintics in the environment: Their occurrence, fate, and toxicity to non-target organisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140446. [PMID: 37852376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthelmintics are drugs used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by parasitic worms (helminths). While the importance of anthelmintics in human as well as in veterinary medicine is evident, they represent emerging contaminants of the environment. Human anthelmintics are mainly used in tropical and sub-tropical regions, while veterinary anthelmintics have become frequently-occurring environmental pollutants worldwide due to intensive agri- and aquaculture production. In the environment, anthelmintics are distributed in water and soil in relation to their structure and physicochemical properties. Consequently, they enter various organisms directly (e.g. plants, soil invertebrates, water animals) or indirectly through food-chain. Several anthelmintics elicit toxic effects in non-target species. Although new information has been made available, anthelmintics in ecosystems should be more thoroughly investigated to obtain complex knowledge on their impact in various environments. This review summarizes available information about the occurrence, behavior, and toxic effect of anthelmintics in environment. Several reasons why anthelmintics are dangerous contaminants are highlighted along with options to reduce contamination. Negative effects are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, Praha 6, CZ-165 02, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
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Laber L, Eichberg C, Zimmerbeutel A, Düring RA, Donath TW. Effects of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics on seed germination of temperate grassland species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:1046-1057. [PMID: 37703534 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics are widely used to control invertebrate pests in livestock, such as sheep. While anthelmintic effects on non-target animals, such as dung-dwelling insects, are well studied, effects on seed germination are largely unknown. Seeds can come into contact with anthelmintics either during passage through the gastro-intestinal tract of grazing animals or when anthelmintics are excreted with their dung into the environment, which may result in changed germination patterns. We used four commonly applied macrocyclic lactones to assess their effects on germination: moxidectin, ivermectin, abamectin and doramectin as pure substances; moxidectin and ivermectin also in formulated form. We tested these pharmaceuticals on 17 different temperate grassland species from five plant families. Seeds were exposed to three concentrations of macrocyclic lactones (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg·l-1 ) under controlled conditions, and germination was assessed over a 6-week period. From these data, we calculated germination percentage, mean germination time and germination synchrony. Most of the tested species were significantly affected in germination percentage and/or mean germination time by at least one of the tested pharmaceuticals, with formulated moxidectin having the largest impact. In general, the effects found were species- and pharmaceutical-specific. While formulated substances generally reduced germination percentage and increased mean germination time, pure substances increased germination percentage. Synchrony showed less clear patterns in all pharmaceuticals. Although effect size and sign varied between species, our study shows that non-target effects of macrocyclic lactones commonly occur in terrestrial plants. This may impede successful seed exchange between habitats via sheep, and even translate into profound changes to grazed ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Laber
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Eichberg
- Geobotany, Spatial and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - A Zimmerbeutel
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - R-A Düring
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - T W Donath
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Lagos S, Tsetsekos G, Mastrogianopoulos S, Tyligada M, Diamanti L, Vasileiadis S, Sotiraki S, Karpouzas DG. Interactions of anthelmintic veterinary drugs with the soil microbiota: Toxicity or enhanced biodegradation? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122135. [PMID: 37406753 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthelmintic (AH) compounds are used to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in livestock production. They are only partially metabolized in animals ending in animal excreta whose use as manures leads to AH dispersal in agricultural soils. Once in soil, AHs interact with soil microorganisms, with the outcome being either detrimental, or beneficial. We aimed to disentangle the mechanisms of these complex interactions. Two soils previously identified as « fast » or « slow», regarding the degradation of albendazole (ABZ), ivermectin (IVM), and eprinomectin (EPM), were subjected to repeated applications at two dose rates (1, 2 mg kg-1and 10, 20 mg kg-1). We hypothesized that this application scheme will lead to enhanced biodegradation in «fast » soils and accumulation and toxicity in «slow » soils. Repeated application of ABZ resulted in different transformation pathways in the two soils and a clear acceleration of its degradation in the «fast » soil only. In contrast residues of IVM and EPM accumulated in both soils. ABZ was the sole AH that induced a consistent reduction in the abundance of total fungi and crenarchaea. In addition, inhibition of nitrification and reduction in the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) by all AHs was observed, while commamox bacteria were less responsive. Amplicon sequencing analysis showed dose-depended shifts in the diversity of bacteria, fungi, and protists in response to AHs application. ABZ presented the most consistent effect on the abundance and diversity of most microbial groups. Our findings provide first evidence for the unexpected toxicity of AHs on key soil microbial groups that might have to be considered in a regulatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stathis Lagos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsetsekos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Spyridon Mastrogianopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Tyligada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Lamprini Diamanti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios Vasileiadis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Veterinary Research Institute, 57001, Thermi, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Karpouzas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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Gkimprixi E, Lagos S, Nikolaou CN, Karpouzas DG, Tsikou D. Veterinary drug albendazole inhibits root colonization and symbiotic function of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad048. [PMID: 37156498 PMCID: PMC10696295 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are plant symbionts that have a pivotal role in maintaining soil fertility and nutrient cycling. However, these microsymbionts may be exposed to organic pollutants like pesticides or veterinary drugs known to occur in agricultural soils. Anthelminthics are veterinary drugs that reach soils through the application of contaminated manures in agricultural settings. Their presence might threaten the function of AMF, considered as sensitive indicators of the toxicity of agrochemicals to the soil microbiota. We determined the impact of the anthelminthic compounds albendazole and ivermectin on the establishment and functionality of the symbiosis between the model-legume Lotus japonicus and the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis. Our analyses revealed negative effects of albendazole on the development and functionality of arbuscules, the symbiotic organelle of AMF, at a concentration of 0.75 μg g-1. The impairment of the symbiotic function was verified by the reduced expression of genes SbtM1, PT4 and AMT2;2 involved in arbuscules formation, P and N uptake, and the lower phosphorus shoot content detected in the albendazole-treated plants. Our results provide first evidence for the toxicity of albendazole on the colonization capacity and function of R. irregularis at concentrations that may occur in agricultural soils systematically amended with drug-containing manures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Gkimprixi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Stathis Lagos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina N Nikolaou
- Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Karpouzas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Daniela Tsikou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
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Carrillo Heredero AM, Segato G, Menotta S, Faggionato E, Vismarra A, Genchi M, Bertini S. A New Method for Ivermectin Detection and Quantification through HPLC in Organic Matter (Feed, Soil, and Water). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2023; 2023:6924263. [PMID: 36909924 PMCID: PMC9995184 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6924263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone widely used in veterinary medicine for its broad-spectrum antiparasitic properties. It has been proven to be effective and safe. The purpose of this study was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography method with a diode array detector for ivermectin screening in feed and water for animal consumption. Furthermore, the objective was to quantify ivermectin levels that were higher than 0.5 mg/kg in solid matrixes and 0.1 mg/kg in water. Doramectin was used as process standard. Samples were extracted using solid phase extraction with silica and C-18 columns. The method involved the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array detector (DAD). The results were interpreted using a calibration curve built with ivermectin standards at multiple concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 12.5 mg/kg). Statistical evaluation of data was done using ANOVA. The data analysis showed that the linear regression was highly significant (P < 0.001), the intercept values were not significantly different from zero, and the correlation coefficient values (>0.999) indicated excellent linearity. Further tests demonstrated that this method is also useful when studying soil matrixes. The soil was dried and analyzed in the same way as feed; the same recoveries were realized on the spiked samples. The method is easy, inexpensive, precise, and repeatable; it requires very small amounts of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Segato
- Food and Feed Chemical Department, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, Brescia 25124, BS, Italy
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Food and Feed Chemical Department, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, Brescia 25124, BS, Italy
| | - Elena Faggionato
- Food and Feed Chemical Department, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, Brescia 25124, BS, Italy
| | - Alice Vismarra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - Marco Genchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy
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10
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de Souza RB, de Souza CP, Guimarães JR. Environmentally realistic concentrations of eprinomectin induce phytotoxic and genotoxic effects in Allium cepa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80983-80993. [PMID: 35727508 PMCID: PMC9209316 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Eprinomectin, a veterinary drug within the family of avermectins, is widely used in the agricultural sector to combat a variety of parasites, mainly nematodes. However, only 10% of the drug is metabolized in the organism, so large quantities of the drug are released into the environment through urine and/or feces. Soil is the first and main environmental compartment to be contaminated by it, and nontargeted organisms can be affected. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the phytotoxicity (through the evaluation of germination, root development, and germination speed) and genotoxicity (through an assessment of the induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations) of eprinomectin. For the analyses, Allium cepa seeds were germinated in soil contaminated with a range of concentrations of eprinomectin: from 0.5 to 62.5 μg/g for the genotoxicity test and from 0.5 to 128.0 μg/g for the phytotoxicity test. The results showed that seed germination was not affected, but root development was affected at concentrations of 0.5 μg/g, 1.0 μg/g, 4.0 μg/g, 8.0 μg/g, 64.0 μg/g, and 128.0 μg/g, and germination speed was significantly changed at concentrations of 1.0 μg/g, 4.0 μg/g, 16.0 μg/g, 32.0 μg/g, and 64.0 μg/g. Significant differences in the mitotic index and genotoxicity index were observed only at concentrations of 2.5 μg/g and 12.5 μg/g, respectively. Only the 0.5 μg/g concentration did not show significant induction of micronuclei in the meristematic cells, but the damage observed at other concentrations did not persist in F1 cells. According to the results, eprinomectin is both phytotoxic and genotoxic, so the release of eprinomectin into the environment should be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael B de Souza
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | - José Roberto Guimarães
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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11
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Qiao L, Xu J, Yang Z, Li X, Chen L, Sun H, Mu Y. Residual Risk of Avermectins in Food Products of Animal Origin and Their Research Progress on Toxicity and Determination. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2132402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Huiwu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Mu
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Lagos S, Moutzoureli C, Spiropoulou I, Alexandropoulou A, Karas PA, Saratsis A, Sotiraki S, Karpouzas DG. Biodegradation of anthelmintics in soils: does prior exposure of soils to anthelmintics accelerate their dissipation? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62404-62422. [PMID: 35397025 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthelmintics (AHs) control animal infections with gastrointestinal nematodes. They reach soil through animal faeces deposited on soils or through manuring. Although soil constitutes a major AH sink, we know little about the mechanisms controlling their soil dissipation. We employed studies with fumigated and non-fumigated soils collected from 12 sheep farms with a variable record of albendazole (ABZ), ivermectin (IVM) and eprinomectin (EPM) use. From each farm, we collected soils from inside small ruminant barn facilities (series A, high exposure) and the associated grazing pastures (series B, low exposure). We asked the following questions: (a) What is the role of soil microorganisms in AH dissipation? (b) Does repeated exposure of soils to AHs lead to their accelerated biodegradation? (c) Which soil physicochemical properties control AH dissipation? Soil fumigation significantly retarded ABZ (DT50 1.9 and 4.33 days), IVM (34.5 and 108.7 days) and EPM dissipation (30 and 121 days) suggesting a key role of soil microorganisms in AH dissipation. No significant acceleration in AH dissipation was evident in soils from units with a record of the administration of AHs or in soil series A vs series B, suggesting that the level of prior exposure was not adequate to induce their enhanced biodegradation. Significant positive and negative correlations of soil total organic carbon (TOC) and ABZ and IVM dissipation, respectively, were observed. Soil adsorption of AHs increased in the order IVM > ABZ > EPM. TOC controlled soil adsorption of IVM and EPM, but not of ABZ, in support of the contrasting effect of TOC on IVM and ABZ dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stahis Lagos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Chrysovalantou Moutzoureli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ifigenia Spiropoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Alexandropoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A Karas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anastasios Saratsis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, Veterinary Research Institute, 57001, Thermi, Greece
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, Veterinary Research Institute, 57001, Thermi, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Karpouzas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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13
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de Souza RB, Guimarães JR. Effects of Avermectins on the Environment Based on Its Toxicity to Plants and Soil Invertebrates-a Review. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2022; 233:259. [PMID: 35789787 PMCID: PMC9243718 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-05744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Avermectins are pharmaceutical drugs widely used mainly in livestock to combat both ectoparasites and endoparasites. Drugs belonging to this family include ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, selamectin, eprinomectin, and emamectin benzoate, and they share similar chemical characteristics. When administered to livestock, between 80 and 98% of the drug is estimated to leave the body without being metabolized in feces, thus reaching the soil. For this reason, concern for avermectin contamination in soil is increasing, and researchers are focused on estimating the effects on non-target organisms, such as plants and soil invertebrates. This review aimed to compile and discuss updated data of avermectin toxicity on non-target organisms to better comprehend its effect on the environment. Effects on plants are scarcely studied, since they were not believed to absorb these drugs. However, recent studies suggest that plants can be negatively affected. Regarding soil invertebrates, negative effects such as increased mortality and reduced reproduction are best known to dung-beetles. Recently, some studies have also suggested that earthworms, springtails, and enchytraeids can be adversely affected by avermectin exposure. Since ivermectin was the first avermectin marketed, most of the data refers to this product. According to new data on scientific literature, avermectins can now be considered harmful to non-target organisms, and its prudent use is recommended in order to reduce negative effects on the environment. For future investigations, inclusion of avermectins other than ivermectin, as well as field and "omics" studies is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael B. de Souza
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, R. Saturnino de Brito, 224 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-889 Brazil
| | - José Roberto Guimarães
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, R. Saturnino de Brito, 224 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-889 Brazil
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14
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Mahefarisoa K, Simon Delso N, Zaninotto V, Colin M, Bonmatin J. The threat of veterinary medicinal products and biocides on pollinators: A One Health perspective. One Health 2021; 12:100237. [PMID: 33851001 PMCID: PMC8022246 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The One Health approach acknowledges that human health is firmly linked to animal and environmental health. It involves using animals such as bees and other pollinators as sentinels for environmental contamination or biological indicators. Beekeepers noticed intoxications of apiaries located in the vicinity of sheep and cattle farms, which led to the suspicion of bees' intoxication by the products used for livestock: veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) and Biocides, confirmed by laboratory analysis. We review the legal context of VMPs and Biocidal products considering Europe as a case study, and identify shortcomings at the environmental level. We describe the possible ways these products could intoxicate bees in the vicinity of livestock farms. We also illustrate the way they may impact non-target species. The cases of ivermectin and abamectin as VMPs, deltamethrin and permethrin as Biocides are considered as case studies. We show bees can be exposed to new and unrecognized routes of exposure to these chemicals, and demonstrate that their application in livestock farming can affect the survival of pollinators, such as bees. We conclude that: (1) figures on the marketing/use of these chemicals should be harmonized, centralized and publicly available, (2) research should be devoted to clarifying how pollinators are exposed to VMPs and Biocides, (3) toxicity studies on bees should be carried out, and (4) pollinators should be considered as non-targeted species concerning the environmental risk assessment before their marketing authorization. We propose the term "Multi-use substances" for active ingredients with versatile use.
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Key Words
- BTV, Bluetongue virus
- Bees
- ECHA, European Chemical Agency
- EIA, environmental impact assessment
- EMA, Environmental Medicine Agency
- ERA, environmental risk assessment
- Ecotoxicology
- Environmental health
- Livestock
- MA, market authorisation
- Multi-use substances
- PEC, predicted environmental concentration
- PNEC, predicted no effect concentration
- Pesticide
- RQ, risk quotient
- Risk assessment
- SPs, synthetic pyrethroids
- VICH, International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products.
- VMPs, veterinary medicinal products
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Affiliation(s)
- K.L. Mahefarisoa
- Catholic University of Louvain, Faculty of bioscience engineering, Place Croix du Sud 2, 1348 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - N. Simon Delso
- Beekeeping Center of Research and Information (CARI asbl), BeeLife European Beekeeping Coordination, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
| | - V. Zaninotto
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, University of Paris, UPEC, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris (IEES-Paris), 75005 Paris, France
| | - M.E. Colin
- Montpellier Fédération Nationale des Organisations Sanitaires Apicoles Départementales (FNOSAD), 41 Rue Pernety, 75014 Paris, France
| | - J.M. Bonmatin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de biophysique moléculaire, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
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15
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Effect of macrocyclic lactones on nontarget coprophilic organisms: a review. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:773-783. [PMID: 33501585 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic lactones are frequently used dewormers in livestock farms around the world. Due to their wide spectrum of action against nematodes and arthropods and their practicality of application at very low doses, their use has become massive since their discovery. These compounds are eliminated in a large percentage in the feces of animals, causing adverse effects on coprophilic fauna. Several research groups around the world have been devoted to evaluating these effects on this fauna. The aim of this review is to register the adverse effects of the concentrations in which macrocyclic lactones are eliminated in the feces of domestic animals and the importance of the coprophilic and edaphilous fauna on the degradation of the feces of the animals. The documented data shows that the use of macrocyclic lactones has a high toxicological risk for the different species that colonize the dung, thus causing an adverse effect on its disintegration and its subsequent incorporation into the soil. Even so, more studies at the regional level and their standardization are necessary to make the comparison between different areas possible.
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16
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El-Saber Batiha G, Alqahtani A, Ilesanmi OB, Saati AA, El-Mleeh A, Hetta HF, Magdy Beshbishy A. Avermectin Derivatives, Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutic and Toxic Dosages, Mechanism of Action, and Their Biological Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E196. [PMID: 32824399 PMCID: PMC7464486 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avermectins are a group of drugs that occurs naturally as a product of fermenting Streptomyces avermitilis, an actinomycetes, isolated from the soil. Eight different structures, including ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, moxidectin, and selamectin, were isolated and divided into four major components (A1a, A2a, B1a and B2a) and four minor components (A1b, A2b, B1b, and B2b). Avermectins are generally used as a pesticide for the treatment of pests and parasitic worms as a result of their anthelmintic and insecticidal properties. Additionally, they possess anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiviral, antifungal, and are used for treatment of several metabolic disorders. Avermectin generally works by preventing the transmission of electrical impulse in the muscle and nerves of invertebrates, by amplifying the glutamate effects on the invertebrates-specific gated chloride channel. Avermectin has unwanted effects or reactions, especially when administered indiscriminately, which include respiratory failure, hypotension, and coma. The current review examines the mechanism of actions, biosynthesis, safety, pharmacokinetics, biological toxicity and activities of avermectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Omotayo B. Ilesanmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke 561, Nigeria;
| | - Abdullah A. Saati
- Department of Community Medicine & Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amany El-Mleeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm 32511, Egypt;
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
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17
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Navrátilová M, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Moťková K, Szotáková B, Skálová L, Langhansová L, Podlipná R. The Uptake of Ivermectin and Its Effects in Roots, Leaves and Seeds of Soybean ( Glycine max). Molecules 2020; 25:E3655. [PMID: 32796616 PMCID: PMC7466097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years interest has grown in the occurrence and the effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. The aim of this work is to evaluate the risk of fertilizing crops with manure from livestock treated with anthelmintics. The present study was designed to follow the fate of the commonly used anthelmintic drug, ivermectin (IVM) and its metabolites in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), a plant that is grown and consumed world-wide for its high content of nutritional and health-beneficial substances. In vitro plantlets and soybean plants, cultivated in a greenhouse, were used for this purpose. Our results showed the uptake of IVM and its translocation to the leaves, but not in the pods and the beans. Four IVM metabolites were detected in the roots, and one in the leaves. IVM exposure decreased slightly the number and weight of the beans and induced changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, the presence of IVM affected the proportion of individual isoflavones and reduced the content of isoflavones aglycones, which might decrease the therapeutic value of soybeans. Fertilization of soybean fields with manure from IVM-treated animals appears to be safe for humans, due to the absence of IVM in beans, the food part of plants. On the other hand, it could negatively affect soybean plants and herbivorous invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (B.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (B.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Kateřina Moťková
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (B.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (B.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lenka Langhansová
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.L.)
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18
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Syslová E, Landa P, Navrátilová M, Stuchlíková LR, Matoušková P, Skálová L, Szotáková B, Vaněk T, Podlipná R. Ivermectin biotransformation and impact on transcriptome in Arabidopsis thaliana. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:528-535. [PMID: 31229714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs enter the environment in many ways and may affect non-target organisms, including plants. The present project was focused on the biotransformation of ivermectin (IVM), one of the mostly used anthelmintics, in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results certified the ability of plants to uptake IVM by roots and translocate it to the aboveground parts. Using UHPLC-MS/MS, six metabolites in roots and only the parent drug in rosettes were found after 24- and 72-h incubation of A. thaliana with IVM. The metabolites were formed only via hydroxylation and demethylation, with no IVM conjugates detected. Although IVM did not induce changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in A. thaliana rosettes, the expression of genes was significantly affected. Surprisingly, a higher number of transcripts, 300 and 438, respectively, was dysregulated in the rosettes than in roots. The significantly affected genes play role in response to salt, osmotic and water deprivation stress, in response to pathogens and in ion homeostasis. We hypothesize that the above described changes in gene transcription in A. thaliana resulted from disrupted ionic homeostasis caused by certain ionophore properties of IVM. Our results underlined the negative impact of IVM presence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Syslová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Rozvojová 313, 165 02, Lysolaje, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Přemysl Landa
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Rozvojová 313, 165 02, Lysolaje, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Vaněk
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Rozvojová 313, 165 02, Lysolaje, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Rozvojová 313, 165 02, Lysolaje, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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19
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Vokřál I, Michaela Š, Radka P, Jiří L, Lukáš P, Dominika S, Kateřina L, Barbora S, Lenka S. Ivermectin environmental impact: Excretion profile in sheep and phytotoxic effect in Sinapis alba. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:944-949. [PMID: 30597795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM), a macrocylic lactone from the avermectin family, is a potent broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug widely used in veterinary as well as human medicine. Although the health benefits of IVM treatment are particularly important, this drug also represents an environmental pollutant with potentially negative effects on many non-target species. To evaluate the ecotoxicological risk of IVM administration to livestock, information evaluating achievable environment-reaching concentration is needed. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the excretion profile of subcutaneously administered IVM in sheep. The standard recommended dose of IVM (0.2 mg kg-1 b.w.) was used. UHPLC/MS/MS was used for the analysis of IVM faecal concentration. In addition, the effect of IVM on seed germination and early roots growth of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) was evaluated in order to estimate the potential phytotoxic effect of IVM. Based on the obtained results, the parameters of IVM pharmacokinetics (maximum concentration (cmax), time to achieve maximum concentration (tmax), mean residence time (MRT), area under the curve (AUC)) were calculated. IVM elimination in sheep was slow, but faster than the elimination reported previously in cattle. Great interindividual differences were also observed. A two-peak profile of concentration curves indicate the importance of the active efflux of IVM via enterocytes. A "seed germination and early roots growth" test revealed significant IVM phytotoxicity (20% inhibition of root growth) even at 50 nM concentration, a level which may be found in the environment. This newly demonstrated phytotoxicity of IVM together with its well-known toxicity to invertebrates should be taken into account, and thus animals treated with IVM should not be kept in pastures, especially not in sites with high ecological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Šadibolová Michaela
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Podlipná Radka
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lamka Jiří
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Prchal Lukáš
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sobotová Dominika
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lokvencová Kateřina
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Szotáková Barbora
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Skálová Lenka
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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